श्रावस्ती

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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thumb|250px|prachin jain mandir ke avashesh, shravasti bharat ke uttar pradesh rajy ke goanda-baharaich ziloan ki sima par yah bauddh tirth sthan hai. goanda-balaramapur se 12 mil pashchim mean adhunik sahet-mahet gaanv hi shravasti hai. pahale yah kaushal desh ki doosari rajadhani thi, bhagavan ram ke putr lav ne ise apani rajadhani banaya tha, shravasti bauddh jain donoan ka tirth sthan hai, tathagat shravasti mean rahe the, yahaan ke shreshthi anathapindik ne bhagavan buddh ke liye jetavan bihar banavaya tha, ajakal yahaan bauddh dharmashala, math aur mandir hai.

prachin nagar

yah kosal-janapad ka ek pramukh nagar tha. vahaan ka doosara prasiddh nagar ayodhya tha. shravasti nagar achiravati nadi ke tat par basa tha, jisaki pahachan adhunik rapti nadi se ki jati hai. is sarita ke tat par sthit aj ka sahet-mahet prachin shravasti ka pratinidhi hai. is nagar ka yah nam kyoan p da, is sanbandh mean kee tarah ke varnan milate haian. bauddh dharm -granthoan ke anusar is samriddh nagar mean dainik jivan mean kam ane vali sabhi chhoti-b di chijean bahutayat mean b di suvidha se mil jati thian, atev isaka yah nam p d gaya tha.

sthiti

prachin shravasti ke avashesh adhunik ‘sahet’-‘mahet’ namak sthanoan par prapt hue haian.[1] yah nagar 27°31’ uttari akshaansh aur 82°1’ poorvi deshaantar par sthir tha.[2] ‘sahet’ ka samikaran ‘jetavan’ se tatha ‘mahet’ ka prachin shravasti nagar se kiya gaya hai. prachin tila evan bhagnavashesh goanda evan baharaich zilo ki sima par bikhare p de haian, jahaan balaramapur steshan se pahuancha ja sakata hai. baharaich evan balaramapur se isaki doori kramash: 26 evan 10 mil hai.[3] ajakal ‘sahet’ (jetavan) ka bhag baharaich zile mean aur ‘mahet’ goanda jile mean p data hai. balaramapur-baharaich marg par s dak se 800 phut ki doori par ‘sahet’ sthit hai jabaki ‘mahet’ 1/3 mil ki doori par sthit hai.[4]vianseant smith ne sarvapratham shravasti ka samikaran charada se kiya tha jo ‘sahet-mahet’ se 40 mil uttar-pashchim mean sthit hai.[5] lekin jetavan ke utkhanan se goviand chand gah daval ke 1128 ee. ke ek abhilekh ki prapti se isaka samikaran ‘sahet-mahet’ se nishchit ho gaya hai.[6]

prachin shravasti nagar achiravati nadi (adhunik rapti) ke tat par sthit tha.[7] yah nadi nagar ke samip hi bahati thi. bauddh yug mean yah nadi nagar ko gher kar bahati thi.[8] bauddh sahity mean shravasti ka varnan koshal janapad ki rajadhani aur rajagrih se dakshin-pashchim mean kalak aur assak tak jane vale rajamarg par savatthi namak do mahattvapoorn p davoan ke roop mean milata hai.[9][10] thumb|250px|left|jetavan, shravasti
Jetavana, Sravasti

nam ki utpatti

shravasti koshal ka ek pramukh nagar tha. bhagavan buddh ke jivan kal mean yah koshal desh ki rajadhani thi.[11] ise buddhakalin bharat ke 6 mahanagaroan (chanpa, rajagrih, shravasti, saket, koshaanbi aur varanasi) mean ek mana jata tha.[12] isake nam ki vyutpatti ke sanbandh mean kee mat pratipadit hai. savatthi, sanskrit shravasti ka pali aur arddhamagadhi roop hai.[10] bauddh granthoan mean is nagar ke nam ki utpatti ke vishay mean ek any ullekh bhi milata hai. inake anusar savatth (shravast) namak ek rrishi yahaan par rahate the, jinaki b di ooanchi pratishtha thi. inhian ke nam ke adhar par is nagar ka nam shravasti p d gaya tha. panini ne, jinaka samay aj se nahian kuchh to chaubis ya pachis sau sal pahale tha, apane prasiddh vyakaran-granth 'ashtadhyayi' mean saph likha hai ki sthanoan ke nam vahaan rahane vale kisi vishesh vyakti ke nam ke adhar par p d jate the. mahabharat ke anusar shravasti ke nam ki utpatti ka karan kuchh doosara hi tha. brahman sahity, mahakavyoan evan puranoan ke anusar shravasti ka namakaran shravast ya shravastak ke nam ke adhar par hua tha. shravastak yuvanashv ka putr tha aur prithu ki chhathi pidhi mean utpann hua tha. [13][10] vahi is nagar ke janmadata the aur unhian ke nam ke adhar par isaka nam shravasti p d gaya tha. puranoan mean shravastak nam ke sthan par shravast nam milata hai. mahabharat mean ullikhit yah parampara uparyukt any paramparaoan se kahian adhik prachin hai. atev usi ko pramanik manana uchit bat hogi. matsy evan brahmapuranoan mean is nagar ke sansthapak ka nam shravastak ke sthan par shravast milata hai. [14][10]bad mean chal kar kosal ki rajadhani, ayodhya se hatakar shravasti la di gee thi aur yahi nagar kosal ka sabase pramukh nagar ban gaya. ek bauddh granth ke anusar vahaan 57 hazar kul rahate the aur kosal-nareshoan ki amadani sabase zyada isi nagar se hua karati thi. gautam buddh ke samay mean bharatavarsh ke 6 b de nagaroan mean shravasti ki ganana hua karati thi. yah chau di aur gahari khaee se ghira hua tha. isake atirikt isake ird-gird ek suraksha-dival bhi thi, jisamean har disha mean daravaje bane huye the. hamari prachin kala mean shravasti ke daravajoan ka aankan hua hai. usase jnat hota hai ki ve kafi chau de the aur unase kee b di savariyaan ek hi sath bahar nikal sakati thian. kosal ke naresh bahut saj-dhaj kar b di hathiyoan ki pith par kase huye chaandi ya sone ke haudoan mean baith kar b de hi shan ke sath bahar nikala karate the. chini yatri phahiyan aur huyenasaang ne bhi shravasti ke daravajoan ka ullekh kiya hai. shravasti ek samriddh, janakirn aur vyaparik mahattv vali nagari bhi. yahaan manushyoan ke upabhog-paribhog ki sabhi vastuean sulabhi thian at: ise savatthi (sabb atthi) kaha jata tha.[15] pahale yah keval ek dharmik sthan tha, kiantu kalaantar mean is nagar ka samutkarsh hua. jain sahity mean isake lie chandrapuri[16] tatha chandrikapuri nam bhi milate haian. mahakavyoan evan puranoan mean shravasti ko ram ke putr lav ki rajadhani bataya gaya hai. kalidas[17] ne ise ‘saravati’ nam se abhihit kiya hai. uchcharan sanbandhi samanata ke adhar par ‘shravasti’ aur ‘saravati’ donoan ek hi pratit hote haian aur ek nishchit sthan ki taraph iangit bhi karate haian.

shravasti n keval bauddh aur jain dharmoan ka ek mahattvapoorn keandr tha apitu yah brahman dharm evan ved vidya ka bhi ek mahatvapoorn keandr tha. yahaan vaidik shiksha keandr ke kulapati ke roop mean janussoni ka namollekh milata hai.[18] kalaantar mean buddh ke jivan-kal se sanbandhit tatha pramukh vyaparik margoan se ju de hone ke karan shravasti ki bhautik samriddhi mean vriddhi huee.[10]

nagar ka vikas

thumb|250px|stoop, jetavan, shravasti hamare kuchh purane granthoan ke anusar kosal ka yah pradhan nagar sarvada ramanik, darshaniy, manoram aur dhanadhany se sanpann tha. isamean sabhi tarah ke upakaran maujood the. isako dekhane se lagata tha, manoan devapuri akalananda hi sakshat dharatal par utar aee ho. nagar ki s dakean chau di thian aur in par b di savariyaan bhali bhaanti a sakati thian nagarik shrriangar-premi the. ve hathi, gho de aur palaki par savar hokar rajamargoan par nikala karate the. isamean rajakiy koshthagar (kothar) bane huye the jinamean ghi, tel aur khane-pine ki chijean prabhoot matra mean ekatr kar li gee thian. vahaan ke nagarik gautam buddh ke bahut b de bhakt the. 'milindaprashn' namak granth mean chadhav-badhav ke sath kaha gaya hai ki isamean bhikshuoan ki sankhya 5 karo d thi. isake alava vahaan ke tin lakh sattavan hazar grihasth bauddh dharm ko manate the. is nagar mean jetavan nam ka ek udyan tha jise vahaan ke jet namak rajakumar ne aropit kiya tha. is nagar ka anathapindik namak seth jo buddh ka priy shishy tha, is udyan ke shantimay vatavaran se b da prabhavit tha. usane ise kharid kar bauddh sangh ko dan kar diya tha. bauddh granthoan mean katha ati hai ki is pooanjipati ne jetavan ko utani hi mudraoan mean kharidi thian jitani ki bichhane par isaki poori pharsh ko bhali prakar dhak deti thian. usane isake bhitar ek math bhi banava diya jo ki shravasti ane par buddh ka vishramagrih hua karata tha. ise log 'kosal mandir' bhi kahate the. anathapiandik ne jetavan ke bhitar kuchh aur bhi math banava diye jinamean bhikshu log rahate the. inamean pratyek ke nirman mean ek lakh mudrayean kharch huee thian. isake atirikt usane kooean, talab aur chabootare adi ka bhi vahaan nirman kara diya tha. bauddh granthoan mean varnan milata hai ki jetavan mean rahane vale bhikshu subah aur sham rapti nadi mean nahane ke liye ate the. lagata hai ki yah udyan isake tat ke samip hi kahian sthit tha. anathapiandik ne apane jivan ki sari kamaee bauddh sangh ke hit mean laga di thi. usake ghar par shramanoan ko bahusankhya mean prati din yathesht bhojan karaya jata tha. gautam buddh ke prati shraddha ke karan shravasti nareshoan ne is nagar mean danagrih banava rakha tha, jahaan par bhikshuoan ko bhojan milata tha. thumb|250px|left|jetavan, shravasti
Jetavana, Sravasti

mahakavyoan tatha puranoan mean varnit shravasti

mahakavyoan mean shravasti ka vishad varnan milata hai. vayu puran[19] aur ramayan[20] mean do koshal nagaroan ki charcha hai:-

  • uttar koshal jisaki rajadhani shravasti thi,
  • dakshin koshal jisaki rajadhani kushavati thi.

ram ke shasan kal mean in donoan rajadhaniyoan ka varnan milata hai. ram ne apane putr lav ko shravasti ka aur kush ko kushavati ka raja banaya tha.[21] vartaman samay mean shravasti balaramapur se 10 mil, ayodhya se 58 mil tatha rajagir se 720 mil door sthit hai.[22] matsy, liang aur koorm puranoan mean shravasti ko gauda mean sthit batalaya gaya hai, jisaka samikaran kaniangham ne adhunik goanda se kiya hai.[23] shravasti ki sansthapana shravastak ne ki thi. vayu puran ke anusar shravastak ke pita ka nam aandh tha.[24] matsy[25] aur brahm puranoan[26] mean shravast (shravastak) ko yuvanashv ka putr aur adr ka pautr kaha gaya hai (vayupuran ke anusar yah aandhr tatha bhagavat puran ke anusar chandr tha).[27] mahabharat mean inase alag soochana milati hai. isamean shravastak ko shrav ka putr tatha yuvanashv ka pautr kaha gaya hai.[28] kuchh puranoan mean shravastak (shravastak) ko yuvanashv ka putr aur adr ka pautr kaha gaya hai.[29]

jatakoan mean varnit shravasti

jatakoan mean shravasti ka vishad varnan milata hai. inake anusar shravasti ka dharmik vayumandal bauddh dharm se adhik prabhavat tha. is nagar mean gautam buddh ke anek vyakhyan hue the, jinase prabhavit hokar samast vargoan ke anek vyaktiyoan ne is dharm ko apana liya tha. nagar-shreshthi anathapiandak buddh ka param bhakt tha. usake ghar mean paanch sau bhikshuoan ke nimitt pratidin bhojan taiyar karaya jata tha.[30] kaha jata hai ki anathapiandak ne apane dvara banavae hue sabhi bhavanoan ko bauddh sangh ko samarpit kar diya tha. samarpan ki yah kriya b de samaroh ke sath sanpadit hue thi. isamean usane 18 karo d mudraean vyay ki thian.[31] in nivas grihoan mean gandhakuti, karerikuti tatha kosanbakuti ullekhaniy haian. kosanbakuti evan karerikuti ka namakaran usake samip kareri aur kosanb vrikshoan ke nam ke adhar par hua.[32] gandhakuti jetavan ke madhy bani huee thi.[33] patikaram namak ek any vihar bhi shravasti ke hi samip tha. jab sunakshatr lichchhavi putr bhikshu sangh ko chho dakar gaya, tab bhagavanh is vihar mean hi nivas kar rahe the.[34] ek any vihar rajakaram tha jo pasenadi (prasenajit) dvara banavaya gaya tha. yah nagar ke dakshin-pashchim sthit tha.[35] yahian par amravanoan ke bich ek b da talab tha jise jetavan pokkharani ke nam se jana jata tha. isake charoan taraph upavan itane ghane the ki yah ek jangal ke saman pratit hota tha.[36] shravastivasiyoan ne buddh pramukh bhikshu sangh ko atithy satkar ki ichda se dan diya. unhoanne vihar mean ek dharmaghosh[37] namak bhikshu ko niyukt kiya.[38] shravasti se vyapar ka bhi ullekh jatakoan mean aya hai. vyapariyoan dvara ek purane jalashay ko khodane se loha, jasta, shisha, ratn, sona, mukta aur billaur adi dhatuean prapt huee thian.[39] kuanbh jatak mean shravasti mean samoohik sura-utsav manane ka ullekh milata hai.[40]

bauddh sahity mean shravasti

buddh kal mean koshal jaise samriddhashali janapad ki rajadhani hone ke karan shravasti ka ooancha sthan tha. sath hi bauddh dharm ke prachar ka pramukh keandr hone ke karan bauddh sahity mean is nagar ka vishad varnan milata hai. lalitavistar[41] ke anusar shravasti koshal janapad ki rajadhani thi. yah rajaoan, rajakumaroan, mantriyoan, sabhasadoan tatha unake samarthakoan-kshatriyoan, brahmanoan evan grihasvamiyoan se bhari huee thi.[42] is nagar ke nagarik tathagat ke b de prashansak the. bauddh dharm ke prachar ki or sanket karate hue miliandapanhoan mean bhikshuoan ki sankhya 5 karo d batalayi gee hai[43], jo nishchay hi atiranjana hai. buddhaghosh ke anusar us samay shravasti mean 57 hajar parivar nivas karate the. [44] isi granth mean yahaan ki janasankhya 18 karoan d bataee gee hai, jo spashtat: atiranjit hai.[45]

vyapar ka keandr

shravasti ki bhautik samriddhi ka pramukh karan yah tha ki yahaan par tin pramukh vyaparik path milate the jisase yah vyapar ka ek mahan keandr ban gaya tha. yah nagar poorv mean rajagrih se, uttar-pashchim mean takshashila se aur dakshin mean pratishthan se ju da hua tha.[46] rajagrih se 45 yojan door akar buddh (shasta) ne shravasti mean vihar kiya tha.[47] shravasti se rajagrih ka rasta vaishali hokar gujarata tha. yah marg setavy, kapilavastu, kushinara ([48]), pava, bhoganagar aur vaishali se hokar jata tha.[49] pratishthan ko jane vala marg saket, koshaanbi, vidisha, gonadha aur ujjain se hokar gujarata tha. is nagar ka sanbandh varanasi se bhi tha.[50] in donoan ke madhy kotagiri namak sthan p data tha.[51] shravasti se takshashiksha ka marg soreyy (soroan) hote hue jata tha. is marg mean sarth nirantar chalate rahate the.[52] is prakar ham dekhate haian ki shravasti ka bauddh kal mean bharat ke sabhi pramukh nagaroan se ghanisht vyaparik sanbandh tha.

pali sahity mean shravasti

pali sahity mean vibhinn nagaroan se shravasti ki doori di huee hai, jisase usaka vyaparik mahattv prakat hota hai. shravasti se takshashila 192 yojan[53], sankashy (sankisa) se 30 yojan[54], saket 6 yojan, rajagrih 60 yojan, machchhikasand 30 yojan[55] ugranagar 120 yojan tatha chandrabhaga nadi (chenav) 120 yojan[56] par thi. prachin bharat mean ‘yojan’ ki map nishchit n hone ke karan shravasti se in sthanoan ki vastavik doori nishchit karana kathin hai.

shravasti se bhagavan buddh ke jivan aur karyoan ka vishesh sanbandh tha. ullekhy hai ki buddh ne apane jivan ke aantim pachchis varshoan ke varshavas shravasti mean hi vyatit kie the. bauddh dharm ke prachar ki drishti se bhi shravasti ka mahattvapoorn sthan tha. bhagavanh buddh ne pratham nikayoan ke 871 suttoan ka upadesh shravasti mean diya tha, jinamean 844 jetavan mean, 23 pubbaram mean aur 4 shravasti ke as-pas ke any sthanoan mean upadisht kie ge.[57] bauddh dharm prachar keandr ke roop mean shravasti ki khyati ka jnan yahaan upadisht sootroan ke adhar par nishchit ho jata hai.

jetavan

buddh ke jivan-kal mean shravasti ke dakshin mean sthit jetavan evan pubbaram do prasiddh vaiharik adhishthan evan bauddhamat ke prabhavashali keandr the. bauddh granthoan ke anusar jetavan ka aropan, sanvardhan tatha paripalan jet namak ek rajakumar dvara kiya gaya tha.[58] rajagrih me venuvan aur vaishali ke mahavan ke hi bhaanti jetavan ka bhi vishesh mahattv tha.[59] is nagar mean nivas karane vale anathapiandak ne jetavan mean vihar (bhikshu vishram sthal), pariven (aanganayukt ghar), upasthan shalaean (sabhagrih), kapiy kuti (bhandar), chankram (tahalane ke sthan), pushkaraniyaan aur mandap banavae.[60] anathapiandak ke nimantran par bhagavan buddh shravasti sthit jetavan pahuanche. anathapindak ne unhean khady bhojy apane hathoan se arpit kar jetavan ko bauddh sangh kodan kar diya. isamean anath piandak ko 18 karo d mudraoan ko vyay karana p da tha. ullekhaniy hai ki is ghatana ka aankan bharahut kala mean bhi hua hai.[61] tathagat ne jetavan mean pratham varshavas bodhi ke chaudahavean varsh mean kiya tha. isase yah nishchit hota hai ki jetavan ka nirman isi varsh (514-513 ee. varsh poorv) mean hua hoga. ullekhaniy hai ki jetavan ke nirman ke pashchath anathapindak ne tathagat ko nimantrit kiya tha.

pubbaram

jetavan ke pashchat doosara mahattvapoorn sthan pubbaram (poorvaram) tha. isaka nirman nagar ke ek pramukh dhanik seth migar (mrigadhar) ki putravadhoo vishakha ne karaya tha. yah nagar ke poorvi dvar ke pas sthit tha.[62] sanbhavat: isilie isaka nam poorvaram p da. isake nirman tatha samarpan mean lagabhag 27 karo d mudraoan ka vyay karana p da tha. yah lak di (rukkh) tatha patthar dvara nirmit tha, jisamean do manjilean thian.[63] poorvaram vihar ki adhunik sthiti sahat-mahet ke pas unake poorv ka hanumanava sthan hai.

nagar ka varnan

isake atirikt bauddh sahity mean mallikaram ka nirman prasenajit ki maharani mallika dvara kiya gaya tha. yah ek paribrajakaram tha; jahaan vibhinn sampradayoan ke madhy shastrarth hota tha. tirthakaram ek b da aram tha jisamean 700 se 3000 tak paribrajak nivas kar sakate the. is nagar ki parikha, prakar evan nagar dvar ke vishay mean prachin granthoan mean ullekh milate haian. us samay bhavan nirman mean mukhyat: lak di ka upayog hota tha. nagar ke charoan or mitti ke prakar bane the. nagar ke dvar evan rajamarg paryapt chau de the. sanyukt-nikay mean ullekh hai ki yahaan ke nagarik hathi (hatthikhandamh bharoheyy) rajamargoan par nikalate the.[64] shravasti mean mookhyat: char daravaje the, jinamean tin to uttar-poorv evan dakshin daravajoan ke nam se prasiddh the. inamean se jetavan se nagar mean ane ka pravesh dvar dakshin dvar tha. poorvaram poorv daravaje ke samane tha. inake atirikt pashchim daravaje ka hona bhi svabhavik hai tathapi isaka varnan tripitak ya atthakatha mean nahian milata. ullekhaniy hai in pravesh-dvaroan ke atirikt utkhanan se kee any pravesh dvaroan ka bhi pata chala hai lekin ye daravaje vastavik nahian the. balki samay-samay par prakaroan ke bir jane ke karan suvidhanusar prayog mean lae ge sthanapann daravaje the.[65]

any prasiddh sthan

is nagar ke any prasiddh sthanoan mean poorvaram aur mallikaram ullekhaniy haian. poorvaram ka nirman nagar ke dhanik seth mrigadhar ki putravadhu vishakha ke dvara karaya gaya tha. yah nagar ke poorvi daravaje ke pas bana tha. sanbhavat: isiliye isaka nam poorvaram (arthat poorabi math) p da. yah do manzila bhavan tha, jisamean majabooti lane ke liye pattharoan ki chunaee ki gee thi. lagata hai ki mallikaram isase b da vishram-bhavan tha, jisamean oopar aur niche kee kamare the. isaka nirman shravasti ki mallika nam ki samrajni ke dvara karaya gaya tha. nagaroan mean ane vale bauddh paribrajak, nirgranth, jain sadhu-sannyasi aur nana dharmoan ke anuyayiyoan ke vishram tatha bhojan-vastr ki poori sukh-suvidha thi. gautam buddh ke priy shishy anand, sariputr, maudgalyayan tatha mahakashyap adi ne bhi vahaan ke nagarikoan ko apane sadupadeshoan se prabhavit kiya tha. unaki asthiyoan ke oopar yahaan stoop bane huye the. ashok dharm-yatra ke prasang mean shravasti aya hua tha. usane in stoopoan par bhi pooja chadhaee thi.

jain dharm

thumb|250px|jetavan, shravasti
Jetavana, Sravasti is nagar mean jain matavalanbi bhi rahate the. is dharm ke pravartak mahavir svami vahaan kee bar a chuke the. nagarikoan ne unaka dil khol kar svagat kiya aur anek unake anuyayi ban gaye. vahaan par brahman matavalanbi bhi maujood the. vedoan ka path aur yajnoan ka anushthan adi is nagar mean chalata rahata tha. mallikaram mean saik doan brahman sadhu dharmik vishayoan par vadavivad mean sanlagn raha karate the. visheshata yah thi ki vahaan ke vibhinn dharmanuyayiyoan mean kisi tarah ke saanpradayik jhag de nahian the.

lagata hai ki jaise-jaise kosal-samrajy ka adh:patan hone laga, vaise-vaise shravasti ki bhi samriddhi ghatane lagi. jis samay chini yatri phahiyan vahaan pahuancha, us samay vahaan ke nagarikoan ki sankhya pahale ki samata mean kam rah gee thi. ab kul mila kar keval do sau parivar hi vahaan rah gaye the. poorvaram, mallikaram aur jetavan ke math khandahar ko prapt hone lage the. unaki dasha ko dekhakar vah dukhi ho gaya. usane likha hai ki shravasti mean jo nagarik rah gaye the, ve b de hi atithi-parayan aur dani the. huyenasaang ke agaman ke samay yah nagar uj d chuka tha. charoan or khandahar hi dikhaee de rahe the. vah likhata hai ki yah nagar samriddhikal mean tin mil ke ghere mean basa hua tha. aj bhi agar ap ko goanda zile mean sthit sahet-mahet jane ka avasar mile, to vahaan shravasti ke vishal khandaharoan ko dekh kar isake poorvakalin aishvary ka anuman ap laga sakate haian.

jain granthoan mean varnit shravasti

bauddh matavalanbiyoan ki bhaanti jain dharmanuyayi bhi is nagar ko is pramukh dharmik sthan manate the. ve ise chandrapuri ya chandrikapuri ke nam se abhihit karate the. jain dharm ke prachar kandr ke roop mean bhi yah vikhyat tha. shravasti jain dharm ke tisare tirthankar sanbhavanath[66] v athavean tirthankar chandraprabhanath[67] ki janmasthali thi. mahavir ne bhi yahaan ek varshavas vyatit kiya tha.[68] jain sahity mean savatthi athava savatthipur ke prachur ullekh milate haian. tritiy tirthankar sanbhavanath ke garbh, janam, tap aur keval jnan kalyanak yahian sanpann hue the. ek mat ke matanusar shrivast dvara is nagar ki sthapana ki gee aur inhian ke nam par isaka shravasti nam p da.[69] shravasti ke mahashreshthi nandinipriy, nagadatt adi se jain dharrim ke adhyayanarth shravasti mean log door-door se ate the. isamean kashyap ke putr kapil evan jain vidvan keshi ke nam vishesh roop se ullekhaniy haian.[70] jain granth bhagavati sootr (320 ee.poo. se 600 ee. se madhy) ke anusar shravasti nagar arthik kshetr mean bhautik samriddhi ke charamotkarsh par thi. yahaan ke vyapariyoan mean shankh aur makkhali mukhy the jinhoanne yahaan ke nagarikoan ke bhautik samriddhi ke vikas mean mahattvapoorn yogadan diya tha.[71]

is nagar mean ek bahut hi dhani shreshthi migar tha jo jain dharm ka prabal samarthak tha jabaki usaki putravadhoo vishakha bauddh dharm ki anuyayi thi.[72] bhagavati mootr se pata chalata hai ki ajivak sanpraday ka pradhan makkhaliputr goshal mahavir ka shishy tha. jaine srotoan se pata chalata hai ki kalaantar mean shravasti ajivak sanpraday ka ek pramukh keandr ban gaya. haraman jaikobi[73] aur bi.em. barua[74] ka mat hai ki kuchh dinoan tak mahavir, makkhaliputr goshal ke shishy the. makkhaliputr goshal ka janm shravasti mean hua tha. goshal mahavir se umr mean b da tha. bad mean siddhaantiy matabhedoan ke karan goshal ne mahavir ka sath chho d diya aur ajivak sanpraday ke pramukh ke roop mean shravasti mean 16 varsh vyatit kie.[75]

sanbhavanath ka mandir

eesa ke poorv hi yahaan sanbhavanath ka ek mandir nirmit hua tha. phahyan ne jab shravasti ki yatra ki thi us samay is mandir ka avashesh matr shesh tha. is sthal par utkhanan se ek navin jain-mandir (shobhanath) ke avashesh mile haian, jisaki oopari banavat se yah madhy yug ka pratit hota tha. sath hi bahut si jain pratimaean bhi mili haian.[76] yah nagar adhik samay tak shvetaanbar jain shramanoan ki keandr-sthali tha, kintu bad mean yah diganbar sanpraday ka keandr ban gaya.[77]

phahyan ka itivritt

phahyan saket se dakshin disha ki or ath yojan chalakar koshal[78] janapad ke nagar shravasti[79] mean pahuancha tha. phahyan likhata hai ki nagar mean adhivasiyoan ki sankhya kam hai aur ve bikhare hue haian. usaki yatra ke dauran yahaan par sab milakar keval do sau parivar hi rah ge the. vah age likhata hai ki is nagar mean prachin kal mean raja prasenajit[80] rajy karate the. yahaan par maha prajapati ka prachin vihar vidyaman hai. nagar ke dakshini dvar ke bahar 1200 kadam ki doori par vah sthan hai jahaan vaishyadhipati anathapiandak (sudatt) ne ek vihar banavaya tha. jevatan vihar se uttar-pashchim char li ki doori par ‘chakshukarani’ namak ek van hai, jahaan janmaandh logoan ko shri buddhadev ki kripa se jyoti prapt huee thi. jetavan sangharam ke shraman bhojanaantar pray: is van mean baithakar dhyan lagaya karate the. phahyan ke anusar jetavan vihar ke poorvottar 6.7 li ki doori par mata vishakha dvara nirmit ek vihar tha.[81]

phahyan pun: likhata hai ki jetavan vihar ke pratyek kamare mean, jahaan ki bhikshu rahate hai, do-do daravaje haian; ek uttar aur doosara poorv ki or. vatika us sthan par bani hai jise sudatt ne sone ki muharean bichhakar kharida tha. buddhadev is sthan par bahut samay tak rahe aur unhoanne logoan ko dharmopadesh diya. buddh ne jahaan chakraman kiya, jis sthan par baithe, sarvatr stoop bane haian, aur unake alag-alag nam hai. yahian par suandari ne ek manushy ka vadh karake shri buddhadev par dosharopan kiya tha.[82] phahyan age us sthan ko iangit karata hai jahaan par shri buddhadev aur vidharmiyoan ke bich shastrarth hua tha. yahaan ek 60 phut ooancha vihar bana hua tha.

hvenasaang ka itivritt

hvenasaang likhata hai ki vishoka zile se 500 li (100 mil) uttar-poorv shravasti desh sthit tha. yah desh 6000 li paridhi mean phaila hua tha. is samay yah nagar poornat: vinasht evan janashoony ho gaya tha. jisase isaki sima nirdharit karana kathin hai. nagar ke divaloan ki paridhi nagabhag 20 li mean phaili thi.[83] yahaan ki jalavayu anukool thi aur annadi ki upaj achdi hoti thi. prakriti uttam aur svabhavanukool thi tatha manushy shuddh acharan vale v dharmishth the. yahaan kee sau sangharam the, jinamean se adhikaanshat: vinasht ho ge haian. isake atirikt 100 dev mandir bhi haian, jisamean asankhy dharmavalanbi upasana karate the. hvenasaang ke anusar rajadhani ke poorv tho di doori par ek chhota-sa stoop hai jo prasenajit dvara bhagavan buddh ke lie banavaya gaya tha. isake parshv mean ek any stoop hai. yah usi sthan par bana hai jahaan aangulimal ne nastikata ka parityag kar bauddh dharm ko aangikrit kiya tha.[84] nagar se 5-6 li dakshin jetavan hai jahaan sudatt (anathapiandad)[85] dvara bhagavan buddh ke lie vihar evan mandir banavae ge the. prachin kal mean yahaan ek sangharam bhi tha jo hvenasaang ke samay mean poornat: nasht ho gaya tha.[86]

hvenasaang ke anusar jetavan math ke poorvi pradesh-dvar par do 70 phut ooanche prastar stanbh the. in stanbhoan ka nirman ashok ne karavaya tha. baean khanbhe mean vijay pratik svaroop chakr tatha daean khambhe par bail ki akriti bani huee thi.[87] hvenasaang age likhata hai ki anathapiandad vihar ke uttar-poorv ek stoop hai, vah yah vah sthan hai jahaan bhagavan buddh ne ek rogi bhikshu ko snan karakar rog-nivritt kiya tha.[88] stoop ke nikat hi ek koop hai jisamean se tathagat apani avashyakata ke lie jal liya karate the. isake samip ashok nirmit ek stoop hai, jisamean buddh ke asthi avashesh rakhe ge the. isake atirikt yahaan par kee aise sthal haian jahaan par buddhadev ke tahalane aur dharmopadesh karane ke sthanoan par stoop bane hue haian.

hvenasaang pun: likhata hai ki jetavan math ke 60-70 kadam ki doori par 60 phut ooancha ek vihar hai jisamean poorvabhimukh baithi huee bhagavanh buddh ki ek moorti hai. bhagavan buddh ne yahaan par virodhiyoan se shastrarth kiya tha. is vihar ke 5-6 li poorv disha mean ek stoop hai jahaan sariputr ne tirthakoan se shastrarth kiya tha.[89] is stoop ke parshv mean ek mandir hai jisake samane ek buddh stoop hai. jetavan vihar ke 3-4 li uttar-poorv aptanetravan namak ek jangal tha. is sthal par tathagat bhagavan tapasya karane ke lie ae the. isake smritisvaroop shraddhaluoan ne yahaan shilalekhoan evan stoopoan ka nirman karavaya tha.[90] nagar ke dakshin ek stoop hai, yah van sthan hai jahaan buddh jnan prapt karake apane pita se mile the. nagar ke uttar mean bhi ek stoop hai jahaan buddh ke smriti avashesh sangrihit haian. ye donoan stoop samrat ashok dvara banavae ge the.[91]

puratattv mean shravasti

shravasti ke prachin itihas ko prakash mean lane ke lie pratham prayas janaral kaniangham ne kiya. unhoanne san 1863 ee. mean utkhanan praranbh karake lagabhag ek varsh ke kary mean jetavan ka tho da bhag saph karaya. isamean unako ek bodhisatv ki 7 phut 4 ianch ooanchi pratima prapt huee jis par aankit lekh se isaka shravasti vihar mean sthapit hona jnat hota hai. yah moorti bhikshubal dvara kosanbakutti ke vihar mean sthapit ki gee thi. is pratima ke adhishthan par aankit lekh mean tithi nasht ho gee hai, parantu lipishastr ke adhar par yah lekh kushan-kal ka pratit hota hai.[92] kaniangham ne is adhar par sahet ke kshetr ko jetavan aur mahet ke kshetr ko shravasti se samikrit kiya tha.[93] kaniangham ke anukaran par dablyoo. si. benet ne pakki kuti tile ki kuchh khudaee karavaee thi.[94] chini yatriyoan ke yatra vivaranoan ke adhar par is tile ka samikaran kaniangham ne aangulimal stoop[95] se kiya tha.

sanh 1876 ee. mean kaniangham ne in sthanoan ki khudaee pun: aranbh karavaee, jisamean 16 imaratoan ki nivean prakash mean aeean. inamean adhikaansh stoop aur paravarti kal ke mandir the.[96] is bar unako yahaan se sikke aur mrinmoortiyaan bhi milian. utkhanan se yah nishchit hua ki jis sthan par bodhisatv ki vishal moorti mili thi, vahaan koshanb-kutti namak vihar tha. usi ke uttar mean gandhakuti athava mukhy vihar tha.

dablyoo. hovi ka utkhanan

kaniangham ke sahet mean utkhanan ke samay (1875-76) dablyoo. hovi ne mahet mean khudaee ki. isamean unhean mahet ke pashchim mean sthit shobhanath jain mandir ke khandaharoan mean kuchh moortiyaan mili.[97] shri hovi ne is kshetr ka gahan anveshan 15 disambar 1884 se 15 mee 1885 tak kiya tatha ise kshetr mean b di sankhya mean smarakoan ka pata lagaya. apani riport mean[98] hovi ne kuchh smarakoan ka samikaran chini yatriyoan dvara varnit smarakoan se karane ka prayas kiya, panratu adhikaansh smarakoan ke vishay mean praryapt praman ka abhav hai. hovi dvara utkhanit vastuoan mean kuchh nimnalikhit haian[99]-

  • sanvath 1176 (1119 ee.) ka ek shilalekh.[100]
  • guptalipi mean abhilikhit ek lal rang ka balue patthar ka tuk da.
  • jain tirthankaroan ki moortiyoan par aankit do abhilekhoan ke chh: tuk de.
  • ek prachin davat.
  • ek agnimukh nag ki kaanse ki pratima
  • kachchi mitti ki das muharean. ye sabhi bauddh dharm sanbandhit haian.
  • kachchi mitti ki 500 muharean.
  • karneki (sanbhavat: kanishk) ki ek taanbe ki mudra.

je.pi.ech.phogal tatha shri dayaram sahani ka utkhanan

hovi ke utkhanan ke 23 varsh uparaant pharavari-aprail 1908 ee. mean je.pi.ech.phogal tatha ri dayaram sahani ne utkhanan kiya. phogal ne mahet ke prachir ki divaloan aur usake pravesh-dvaroan ki khoj ki tatha usake vistar ko niroopit kiya. mahet ke pramukh tiloan mean unhoanne pakki kuti, kachchi kuti aur shobhanath mandir ki khoj ki. kachchi kuti mean vishesh roop se mitti ki moortiyaan, khilaune adi mile, jinaka kalatmak evan aitihasik donoan mahatv hai. shobhanath mandir se anek jain moortiyaan bhi prapt hueean. sahet ke kshetr se bhi anek viharoan, stoopoan aur mandiroan ki rooparekha spasht ki gee aur buddh tatha bodhisatv ki moortiyaan, sikke, mrinmoortiyaan v muharean nikali geean.[101] in vastuoan mean sabase mahattvapoorn kannauj ke raja govidachandr ka ek danapatr hai. isi lekh ke adhar par vidvanoan ne sahet ko jetavan se aur mahet ko shravasti se samikrit kiya hai.

san 1910-11 ee. mean vikhyat puratattvavetta sar jan marshal ki adhyakshata mean dayaram sahani ne is kshetr ki pun: khudaee ki. inaka mukhy karyasthal jetavan tila tha. us utkhanan mean kuchh abhilekh, moortiyaan, b di matra mean mudraean tatha lekhayukt muharean, saanche, mrinmoortiyaan, mrinbhaand aur eeantean adi mili haian.[102] yadyapi kaniangham aur hovi ke utkhananoan mean mahet aur shravasti ke samikaran mean koee sandeh nahian rah jata phir bhi vianseant smith ne 1898 mean ek lekh prakashit karake kaniangham ke is samikaran par apatti prastut ki.[103] smith ke tark ka anuman chini yatriyoan ke yatra-vivaranoan par adharit tha. unhoanne shravasti ko nepal ki taraee mean balapur, kamadi aur iantava gaanvoan ke madhy mean sthit batalaya hai.

smith ke anusar

smith ne apane ek paravarti lekh mean bodhisatv ke prapti-sthan ke sandarbh mean apatti ki jis par kaniangham ka siddhaant adharit tha. smith ka yah anuman tarkasangat nahian pratit hota, kyoanki paryapt sahityik aur puratattvik pramanoan ne shravasti ka sahet-mahet se samikaran pramanit kar diya hai. adhik sanbhav hai ki smith dvara anveshit balapur ke bhagnavashesh setavy ke hoan. sahityak pramanoan se bhi is bat ki pushti hoti hai. pali sahity[104] mean setavy ko shravasti aur rajagrih ke marg ke bich mean sthit kaha gaya hai. is prakar setavy, sanbhavat: shravasti aur kapilavastu ke bich kahian sthit rahi hogi. at: smith ka yah kathan ki setavya hi shravasti thi, uchit nahian pratit hota.

sahet ka utkhanan

‘sahet’ jo ki prachin jetavan vihar tha, ek atyant prachin aur mahattvapoorn sthal tha. yah sanpoorn kshetr 457.2 X 152.4 mitar vistrit kshetr mean phaila tha. yah tila maidan se 16 phut ooanchaee par sthit tha. is puratattvik sthal par b di sankhya mean chhote-chhote tile mile haian. in tiloan mean 20 ka utkhanan kaniangham ne karavaya tha. shri hovi ne bhi sahet ka utkhanan karavaya tha, lekin kisi bhi bhavan ka poorn utkhanan n hone se tatkalin itihas par prakash nahian p data.[105] vibhinn utkhananoan se sahet ka jetavan se samikaran nirvivad roop se siddh hota hai. bauddh-sthal hone ke karan yahaan vishesh roop se mandir, stoop aur vihar milate haian. inamean se kuchh pramukh puratatvik sthal nimnalikhit haian-

mandir aur math sthal 19

isaki khoj sarvapratham shri hovi ne ki thi.[106] unhoanne satah se 3 phut niche is bhavan ke charoan taraph khudaee karavaee jisase is mandir ke do bar nirmit hone ki pushti hoti hai. nirman sanrachana se yah bhavan 10vian shatabdi ka pratit hota hai, parantu kalaantar mean phogal ki adhyakshata mean is kshetr ka pun: utkhanan praranbh hua, jisase yah jnat hua ki yah jetavan mean sthit ek vishal bhavan tha, jisaka pravesh-dvar poorv ki or tha. is math mean ek mandir bhi tha. aanganayukt is math mean bauddh bhikshuoan ke nivas ke lie 24 kamare bane hue the.[107] is sanrachana ka nirman tin bar isi nianv par hua tha. praranbhik bhavan ka nirman, jisaki divar par spasht haian, chhathi shatabdi mean hua tha aur madhyavarti bhavan ka nirman-gupt kal mean hua tha. isaka kal-nirdharan divaroan ki nirman-paddhati evan ek kamare se prapt pakaee mitti ki muhar se sanbhav hua. is muhar mean buddh ko dharmachakr-pravartan mudra mean aankit dikhaya gaya hai aur niche gupt-lipi mean tin panktiyaan aankit haian. paravarti bhavan isi nianv par 10vian shatabdi mean nirmit hua tha. shri hovi ke utkhanan se bhi is tathy ki pushti hoti hai.

any utkhanit vastu

any utkhanit vastuoan mean buddh pratimaoan ki sankhya adhik hai. inamean se ek pratima avilokiteshvar v maitrey ke sath bhoomi sparsh mudra mean hai. ek any moorti mean bhagavanh buddh ek bandar se katora grahan kar rahe haian. yah drishy vaishali ki us ghatana ka vivaran prastut karata hai. jisamean buddh ek bandar se shahad grahan karate hue pradarshit kie ge haian. ye donoan moortiyaan 9vian-10vian shatabdi ki haian.

navinatam sanrachana

is sthan par navinatam sanrachana 11vian-12vian shatabdi mean huee, jo chaukor hai. isaka ek bhag 35.90 mitar vistrit hai. isake aantarik bhag ke bich mean ek khula aangan tha, jisake charoan or kaksh bane hue the. kaksh aur aangan ke madhy galiyara bhi tha. isamean bane kamare chhote akar ke haian. ek kamare mean pashchimi didivar or ek eeant ka bana 1.20 mitar ka chabootara tha. yahian ek kamare se kannauj ke shasak goviandrachandr gah daval ka likhit tamrapatr mila hai.[108] in mahattvapoorn soochanaoan se jetavan ki sahet se samanata nishchit ho jati hai. sath hi isase yah bhi spasht ho jata hai ki yahaan bauddh dharm ka prabhav 12vian shatabdi tak sthaee raha.

stoop

math ke samipavarti poorv aur uttar-poorv kee stoopoan ka nirman hua, jinamean ath stoop mukhy hai. inamean se ek stoop ka navinikaran dayaram sahani dvara kiya gaya yahaan se 5vian shatabdi ki ek lipiyukt muhar mili hai jis par buddhadev ka nam aankit hai. in stoopoan ke uttar-pashchim ek ashtabhujiy kuaan sthit tha, jo aj bhi vartaman hai.[109]

mandir sthal 11 aur 12

ye donoan bhavan ek saman the. inaka pravesh-dvar uttarabhimukh tha. pratyek mandir ek keandriy kaksh se yukt tha jo aandar se 2.10 mitar (7 phut) chaukor kshetr mean vistrit tha. is kaksh mean ek 6 ianch ooancha eeantoan ka chabootara tha. mandir ke donoan kinare ke kaksh apekshakrit b de the, jinaki bhitari lanbaee-chau daee 10 phut X 9 phut thi. keandriy kaksh ki banavat se aisa pratit hota hai ki usamean buddh pratima sthapit rahi hogi aur kinare ke kamaroan mean any devataoan ki pratimaean sthapit rahi hoangi. kaniangham ka mat hai ki madhy ka kamara buddh pratima se yukt raha hoga aur kinare ke kamare bauddh-bhikshuoan ke avasagrih rahe hoange.[110] mandir sthal 6 aur 7 : ashtabhujiy kuean ke uttar do mandiroan ke avashesh mile hai. inamean se mandir sthal 6 ka pravesh-dvar uttar ki or hai, jabaki mandir sthal 7 ka pravesh-dvar poorv ki taraph hai. mandir sthal-apekshakrit b da hai jo ki ek 3.60 mitar vargakar kamare se yukth tha. is mandir mean prayukt eeantean b de akar ki haian, jisase sanbhavana hai ki yah mandir jetavan ke prachin mandiroan mean se ek tha.

stoop sthal 17 aur 18

poorv ullikhit mandir ke poorv mean do stoop the jinhean stoop 17 aur 18 nam diya gaya hai. stoop sthal 17 ka mool vargakar hai, usake oopar vrittakar aand hai. isaka vyas 6.70 mitar tha. yah bhag bad mean jo da gaya pratit hota hai. praranbhik adhishthan 60 sentimitar ooancha tha, jo kushanakalin (pratham shati ee.) hai. stoop ka adhobhag kankarit pharsh ke satah se niche khula nahian tha, lekin is saranchana ki gaharaee ko jnat karane ke lie stoop ko shirsh par khol diya gaya tatha paravarti star ki satah se lagabhag 2.10 mitar niche madhyabhag mean ek dand ga d diya gaya. is stoop ke garbh mean ek dhatu-patr mila hai, jisamean sone ke tar, manake evan sphatikatuly vastuean thian.[111] ye sabhi vastuean tatha satah ke niche ki sanrachana kushanakalin (pratham shati ee.) hai.

stoop sthal 18

isaka samipavarti stoop sthal 18 apekshakrit chhota hai. isake aand ka vyas 4.20 mitar (14 phut) hai. utkhanan mean is stoop ke garbh se bhi ek abhilikhit mitti ka katora mila hai, jisamean haddiyoan ke tuk de, patthar ke manake evan motiyaan thian. kator par kushan-lipi mean ‘bhadant buddhadev’ likha h. is stoop ka nirman bhi kushan-kal mean hua tha, is mandir sammukh do chabootaroan ke avashesh bhi milean haian. in chabootaroan (chankram) ka nirman usi sthan par kiya gaya hai jahaan buddh tahalate the.

stoop sthal 5

jetavan vihar mean sthit yah ek mahattvapoorn stoop tha, jo 9.10 mitar ooancha shankvakar tile se dhaka tha. isaka utkhanan sarvapratham kaniangham ne karavaya tha.[112] is stoop ke oopar ka bhag golarddhiy stoop ki bhaanti tha, jisaki niche ek chaukor kaksh tha. yah sanrachana thos eeantoan se nirmit thi. isaki pratyek bhuja ki lanbaee 7.50 mitar thi. stoop ki saphaee karate samay isake tal mean do chabootaroan ka pata chala. nichala chabootara 24.90 X 21.30 mitar chau da tha. ek any paravarti chabootare ke avashesh bhi mile haian jo 17.80 X 15 mitar chau da tha. isamean prayukt eeantean 11 X 71/2 X 2 ianch akar ki haian.[113] nirikshan karane par pata chala ki isaki poorvi dival mean pravesh-dvar ke chinh the, jisase yah nishchit ho gaya ki vastav mean yah ek pradakshina pathayukt stoop tha, kiantu bad mean ise poojagrih (mandir) bana diya gaya tatha kalaantar mean isake pravesh dvar ko band karake ise stoop roop mean parivartit kar diya gaya.[114] praranbhik pradakshina path yukt stoop kushanakalin pratit hota hai. jetavan mean yah sabase lanba stoop hai. utkhanan mean yahaan se kuchh mitti ki muharean bhi mili haian, jo buddh ke jivanakalin chinhoan se yukt hai. stoop ke oopari bhag se prapt vastuean 8 vian-10vian shatabdi ki haian, jo paravarti stoop nirman ka kal-kram nishchit karati haian.


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ drashtavy arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya riportas , bhag 1, prishth 330; tatraiv, bhag 11, prishth 78 aur age.
  2. ↑ em. veanktarammaiya, shravasti, (arkiyolajikalh sarve aph iandiya, dilli 1981), prishth 1
  3. ↑ vimalacharan laha, prachin bharat ka aitihasik bhoogol (uttar pradesh hindi granth akadami, lakhanoo, 1972), prishth 210
  4. ↑ di memayars aph di arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, bhag 50 (dilli 1935) mean uddhrit vimalacharan laha ka lekh ‘shravasti in iandiyan litarechar’, prishth 1
  5. ↑ jarnal aauf di rayal eshiyatik sosaiti, 1900, prishth 9
  6. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas 1907-08, prishth 131-132; tulaniy, vishuddhanand pathak, histri aauf koshal, (motilal banarasidas, varanasi, 1963 ee.) prishth 63
  7. ↑ vinay mahavagg, prishth 191-192; paramatthajotika, prishth 511
  8. ↑ rahul saankrityayan, puratattv nibandhavali (ilahabad, 1958), prishth 24
  9. ↑ 9- vimalacharan laha, prachin bharat ka aitihasik bhoogol, (uttar pradesh hindi granth akadami, lakhanoo, pratham sanskaran, 1972), prishth 211
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, 98-124.
  11. ↑ bharat sianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol (hindi sahity sammelan, prayag, sanvath 2018), prishth 236, didhanikay, prishth 152; rakhil, di laiph aph di buddh lijeand eand histri prishth 136
  12. ↑ didhanikay, prishth 152; rakhil, di laiph aph di buddh lijeand eand histri, prishth 136
  13. ↑ vishvagashva pritho: putr putrastasmadardashchajajnivanh. ardrattu yuvanashvastu shravastasy tu chatmaj: ॥ tasy shravastako jney shravasti yen nirmit:. shravatasy tu dayado vrihadashvo mahabal: ॥mahabharat, adiparv, adhyay 201, shlok 3-4;
  14. ↑ shravastashch mahateja vatsakastatsutoabhavath nirmita yen shravasti gaudadeshe dvijottamh॥ matsyapuran, adhyay 12, shlok 29 ;
  15. ↑ ‘yan kian ch manussan upabhog- paribhogan sabban etth atthiti savattho.’ ek kianvadanti ke anusar ek bar kaphile valoan ne akar yahaan poochha ki yahaan kya saman hai? (kian bhandan atthi) isake uttar mean unase kaha gaya ‘sab kuchh hai.’ (sabban atthiti) ‘sabban atiti vachanamupaday savatthi’ papanchasoodani, bhag 1, prishth 59-60
  16. ↑ jain harivanshapuran, prishth 717; dekhean, vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal prishth 61
  17. ↑ kalidas, raghuvansh, adhyay 15, shlok 97; dekhean, vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal, (molilal banarasidas, varanasi, 1963), prishth 59
  18. ↑ dighanikay, (pali tekst sosayati, landan), bhag 1, prishth 235; sumangalavilasini, bhag 2, prishth 399; machjhimanikay, bhag 1, prishth 16
  19. ↑ kushasy koshalo rajyan puri vapi kushasthali. ramya nirmita ten viandhyaparvat sanushu॥ uttar koshale rajye lavasy ch mahatman:. shravasti lokavikhyata kushavashan nibodhat॥ vayu puran, adhyay 88, 197-98
  20. ↑ koshalesh kushamh viramh uttareshu lavan tatha. abhishijy mahatmanavubhau ram: kushilavau॥ kushasy nagari ramya viandhyaparvat rodhasi. kushavatiti namna sa krita ramen dhimata ॥ shravastiti puri ramya shravita ch lavasy ch. ayodhyaan vijana kritva radhavo bharastada॥ ramayan, uttarakaand, sarg 1, 20-22
  21. ↑ memayars aaufh di arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, bhag 50, prishth 7
  22. ↑ ramayan, uttarakaand, adhyay 121; nandoolal de, di jyographikal dikshanari aph aianshyeant eand midival iandiya, prishth 197
  23. ↑ e. eniangham, di aianshyeant jyographi aph iandiya, prishth 343
  24. ↑ vayupuran, adhyay 88, prishth 24-26; drashtavy, vishnupuran, adhyay 4, prishth 2-12
  25. ↑ matsyapuran, adhyay 12, prishth 29-30
  26. ↑ brahmapuran, adhyay 7, prishth 53; drashtavy, memayars aph arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, sankhya 50. prishth 6
  27. ↑ bhagavatapuran, adhyay 9, prishth 20-21
  28. ↑ mahabharat, vanaparv, 20/3-4; 11/21-22
  29. ↑ brahmapuran, 6, 53; matsyapuran, 12 29-30 26- matsyapuran, adhyay 12, prishth 29-30
  30. ↑ jatak, bhag 4, prishth 91 (bhadant anand kausalyayan sanskaran)
  31. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 92
  32. ↑ ‘karerimandapo tassa kutikay dvarethito tasma karerikutikay dvarethito tasm karerikutika ti vuchchati’ ‘kosanbarukkhass dvare thittata kosanbakutika ti’ suganlabilasini, bhag 2, prishth 407
  33. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 92 (so majjhe gandhakutian karesi)
  34. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 1, prishth 389
  35. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 2, prishth 15
  36. ↑ jatak, bhag 4, prishth 228
  37. ↑ vah bhikshu jo dharmopadesh ki ghoshana kiya karata tha.
  38. ↑ jatak, (bhadant anand kausalyayan sanskaran), khand tritiy, prishth 15
  39. ↑ tatraiv, prishth 24 ‘jarudapanan khanamana, vanija udakatthaka ajajhagansoo ayolohan, tipusisanchi vanija. ratanan jataroopanch mukta bekuriya bahu॥
  40. ↑ tatraiv, bhag 5, prishth 98
  41. ↑ lalitavistar adhyay 1
  42. ↑ vimalacharan laha, shravasti in iandiyan litarechar, di memayars aph di arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya bhag 50, prishth 20
  43. ↑ ‘nagare maharaj panchakotimatta ariyasavaka bhagavati upasak-upasikayo sattanna sahasani tojhi satahasasani anagami phale patitthita ne sabbeapi gihi n pachchajita.’ miliandapanho, prishth 349
  44. ↑ paramatthajotika, bhag 1, prishth 371; samantapasadika, bhag 3, prishth 636
  45. ↑ 46- bharatasianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol (hindi sahity sammelan, prayag, sanvath 2018), prishth 237
  46. ↑ vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal, (motilal banarasidas, varanasi 1963), prishth 59
  47. ↑ ‘rajaganh kapilavasthuto dooran satthi yojanani, savatthi pan panchadash. sattha rajagahato panchatalisayojanan agantya savatthiyan viharati.’ machjhimanikay, atthakatha, 1/3/4
  48. ↑ kushinagar
  49. ↑ pavamotichandr, sarthavah, (bihar rashtr-bhasha parishad, patana, 1953), prishth 17
  50. ↑ suttanipat (saranath sanskaran), prishth 212-13
  51. ↑ machjhimanikay, (pali teksth sosayati, landan), bhag 1, prishth 473; motichandr, sarthavah, prishth 17
  52. ↑ bharatasianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, prishth 239
  53. ↑ ‘vukkasati nam kulaputro (takkasalato) atth hi unakani yojanasatani gato jetavanadvarakothakasth par samipe gachchhatto’ machjhimanikay, atkakatha, 3/4/10
  54. ↑ ‘savatthito sankasy nagaran tisayojanani’ dhammapad atthakatha, 14/2
  55. ↑ rahul saankrityayan, puratattv nibandhavali, prishth 20
  56. ↑ ‘visan yojanasatan pachchuggatva chandrabhagay nadiyatore’ dhammapad atthakatha 6/4
  57. ↑ bharatasianh upadhyay, buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, prishth 237
  58. ↑ tanhi jeten rajakumaren ropitan sanvarddhiant paripalit. so ch tassi sami ahosi, tasma, jetavane ti vuchchati॥ papanchasoodani, bhag 1, prishth 60
  59. ↑ udayanarayan ray, prachin bharat mean nagar tatha nagar jivan, prishth 118
  60. ↑ vinayapitak (hindi anuvad), prishth 462; buddhakalin bharatiy bhoogol, prishth 240; tul. vishuddhanand pathak, histri aph koshal, (motilal banarasidas, varanasi, 1963), prishth 61
  61. ↑ barua, bharahut, bhag 2, prishth 31
  62. ↑ dhammapadatika, bhag 1, prishth 384; aanguttaranikay, pratham bhag (hindi anuvad, bhadant anand kausalyayan, mahabodhi sabha, kalakatta 1957, prishth 212 memayars adi di arkiyolajik sarve aph iandiya bhag 50, prishth 25
  63. ↑ rahul saankrityayan, puratatv nibandhavali, prishth 79
  64. ↑ majjhimanikay, bhag 2, prishth 22
  65. ↑ dekhean, arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 84
  66. ↑ jain harivanshapuran, prishth 717
  67. ↑ es. stiveansan, hart aph jainijm, (dilli, 1970) prishth 42
  68. ↑ si. je. shah, jainijm in narth iandiya, prishth 26
  69. ↑ koshal, risarch aph di iandiyan risarch sosayati aph avadh, bhag 3, prishth 23
  70. ↑ tatraiv, prishth 24
  71. ↑ ogendr chandr shikadar, stadij in bhagavati sootraj, (risarch ianstityoot aph prakrit jainolaji eand ahiansa, mujaphpharapur, 1964), prishth 307
  72. ↑ ke.si.jain, lard mahavir eand hij taians, prishth 63
  73. ↑ haraman yakobi, se.bu.ee. (jain sootraj), motilal banarasidas, dilli, 1964, punarmudrit), bhag 45, prishth 30
  74. ↑ beni madhav barua, ek histri aph buddhistik iandiyan philasaphi, prishth 300
  75. ↑ ke.si. jain, lard mahavir eand hij taians, prishth 165
  76. ↑ jarnal aauf di rayal eshiyatik sosayati, 1908, prishth 102
  77. ↑ vrihatkathakosh (e. en. upadhyay dvara sanpadit), prishth8, 348
  78. ↑ is nam ke do bharatiy rajy the- uttari evan dakshini koshal. yah uttari koshal tha jo ki adhunik avadh ka ek bhag tha.
  79. ↑ isaka adhunik samikaran sahet-mahet haian; drashtavy, jems legge, di traivelsh aph phahyan, (oriyantal pablishars, dilli, 1972), prishth 56
  80. ↑ yah raja gautam buddh ka samakalin tha.
  81. ↑ jems legge, di trevals aph phahyan, prishth 59
  82. ↑ jems legge, di traivels aph phahyan, prishth 60
  83. ↑ thamash vatars, anh yuvanh vchaangsh taivels in iandiya (punarmudrit, muanshiram manoharalal, dilli, pratham sanskaran, 1961), bhag 1, prishth 377
  84. ↑ semual bil, jainijh ekauants aph iandiya, bhag 3 (kalakatta, 1958), prishth 260
  85. ↑ sudatt ka nam anathapiandad bhi likha hai, arthath anath aur din purushoan ka mitr.
  86. ↑ thamash vatars, an yuvan chvaangs traivels in iandiya, bhag 1, prishth 382
  87. ↑ tatraiv, prishth 383
  88. ↑ tatraiv, prishth 387
  89. ↑ tatraiv, prishth 394
  90. ↑ thamas vatars, an yuv aaun chvaangs traivels in iandiya, bhag 1, prishth 397
  91. ↑ tatraiv, prishth 400
  92. ↑ ullekhaniy hai ki isi prakar ki bodhisattv ki ek aur lekhayukt pratima saranath se mili hai jo isi bhikshu bal dvara kanishk ke rajyakal ke tritiy varsh mean sthapit ki gee thi. at: yah pratima praranbhik kushanakal ki pratit hoti hai. dekhean, blak, jarnal aauf di rayal eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal, bhag 67 (1898), plet 1, prishth 274 aur age (plet ke sath). epigraphiya iandika, bhag 8 (1905-06), prishth 179 aur age (plet ke sath).
  93. ↑ e. kaniangham, arkiyolajikal sarve ripotars bhag 1, prishth 377 aur age.
  94. ↑ benet ke utkhanan ke lie drashtavy, gajetiyaraauf di praviansaauf avadh (ilahabad, 1878), prishth 286
  95. ↑ poorvavarti lekhak ise aangulimaliy stoop kahate haian, jabaki isaka sahi prakrit roop aangulimal hona chahie. dekhean, jatak, (phausabol sanskaran), bhag 5, prishth 466
  96. ↑ e. kaniangham, arkiyolajikal sarve ripotars, bhag 11, prishth 78
  97. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarveaauf iandiya, (varshik riport), 1907-08, prishth 83
  98. ↑ jarnalaauf eshiyatik sosayatiaauf bangal (1892), plet 1, atirikt sankhya (bhag 61)
  99. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarveaauf iandiya, (varshik riport), 1907-8, prishth 131-132
  100. ↑ is shilalekh par 18 panktiyoan mean devanagari lipi evan sanskrit bhasha mean ek lekh khuda hua hai. lekh bhagavanh buddh ki vandana se praanrabh hota hai, jise chho dakar shesh sanpoorn lekh chhandoan mean haian.
  101. ↑ vistar ke lie drashtavy, arkiyolajikal sarveaauf iandiya (enual riport), 1907-08, prishth 117
  102. ↑ memayars aauf di arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya, sankhya 50, prishth 3
  103. ↑ vi.e. smith, kaushaanbi eand shravasti, jarnal aph di rayal eshiyatik sosaiti (1898) prishth 527
  104. ↑ suttanipat (saranath sanskaran), prishth 212-13; ji.pi. malalasekar, dikshanari aph pali prapar nems, bhag do, (landan 1960), prishth 1126
  105. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya (varshik riport 1907-8), prishth 117
  106. ↑ jarnal aph di eshiyatik sosayati aph bangal, bhag 1, atirikth sankhya 1892, plet 5
  107. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 119
  108. ↑ debala mitra, buddhist manumeants (kalakatta, pratham sanskaran, 1971), prishth 77
  109. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 120
  110. ↑ tatraiv, 1907-8, prishth 121
  111. ↑ debala mitra, buddhist manumeants (kalakatta, pratham sanskaran, 1971 ee.) prishth 78
  112. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve riport, bhag 11, prishth 88
  113. ↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 122
  114. ↑ debala mitra, buddhist manumeants, prishth 78

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