इंदिरा गाँधी का प्रधानमंत्रित्व काल
[[chitr:Radhakrishnan-Indira-Gandhi-Kamaraj.jpg|thumb|300px|d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan, iandira gaandhi evan kumarasvami kamaraj]] iandira gaandhi bharat ki pratham mahila pradhanamantri ke roop mean apani pratibha aur rajanitik dridhata ke lie 'vishvarajaniti' ke itihas mean jani jati haian. iandira gaandhi lagatar tin bar (1966-1977) aur phir chauthi bar (1980-84) bharat ki pradhanamantri bani.
- bharat ke dvitiy pradhanamantri shri lalabahadur shastri ki mrityu ke bad shrimati iandira gaandhi bharat ki tritiy aur pratham mahila pradhanamantri nirvachit huee.
- 1967 ke chunav mean vah bahut hi kam bahumat se jit sakian.
- 1971 mean punah bhari bahumat se ve pradhamantri bani aur 1977 tak rahian.
- 1977 ke bad ye 1980 mean ek bar phir pradhanamantri banian aur 1984 tak pradhanamantri ke pad par rahian.
tashakand mean 11 janavari 1966 ko pradhanamantri lalabahadur shastri ki asamayik mrityu ke bad gulazari lal nanda ko karyavahak pradhanamantri banaya gaya. unhean tab tak is aantarim pad par rahana tha jab tak ki naya pradhanamantri nahian chun liya jata. tab kaangres ke adhyaksh kamaraj the. kamaraj ne pradhanamantri ke roop mean iandira gaandhi ke nam ka prastav rakha. lekin moraraji desaee ne bhi pradhanamantri pad ke lie svayan ka nam prastavit kar diya. is bar unhean samajhaya nahian ja saka. tab yah nishchay kiya gaya ki kaangres sansadiy parti dvara matadan ke madhyam se is gatirodh ko sulajhaya jae. lihaza matadan hua iandira gaandhi bhari matoan se vijayi huee. moraraji desaee ko parajay ka muanh dekhana p da. 24 janavari, 1966 ko iandira gaandhi ne pradhanamantri pad ki shapath grahan ki. janavari, 1966 mean shastriji ki achanak mrityu ke bad shrimati gaandhi parti ki dakshin aur vam shakhaoan ke bich sulah ke taur par kaangres parti ki neta (aur is tarah pradhanamantri bhi) ban geean, lekin unake netritv ko bhootapoorv vitt mantri moraraji desaee ke netritv mean parti ki dakshin shakha se lagatar chunauti milati rahi. is prakar shri lalabahadur shastri ke nidhan ke 13 din bad tisare pradhanamantri ke roop mean iandira gaandhi ne padabhar sanbhalana aranbh kar diya. rashtrapati d aauktar radhakrishnan ne iandira gaandhi ko pad aur gopaniy ki shapath grahan karaee. yah kahane ki avashyakata nahian hai ki pradhanamantri ki prabhari bhoomika se iandira ji bhali-bhaanti anubhavi thian. unake pita ka lanba karyakram unake lie anubhav bhara sabit hua phir bhi 1967 ke chunav mean vah bahut hi kam bahumat se jit sakian aur unhean desaee ko up-pradhanamantri svikar karana p da. lekin 1971 mean unhoanne any partiyoan ke gathabandhan ko bhari bahumat se parajit kiya.
arthavyavastha mean giravat
us samay desh mean vibhinn prakar ki chunautiyaan aur sankat the. pichhale tin varshoan mean bharat par do yuddh thope ge the. unake karan desh ki arthik sthiti kafi kamazor ho chuki thi. bharatiy arthavyavastha mean giravat ka rukh tha. audyogik utpadan ka graph bhi giravat ko pradarshit kar raha tha. desh mean khadyann sankat tha aur krishi ki sthiti dayaniy thi. iandira gaandhi ne khadyann sankat tatha sookhe ki mar se nibatane ke lie janata ka pratyaksh sahayog prapt kiya. unake ahran par desh ki janata ne dil kholakar rashtrahit mean apana yogadan diya. is prakar sookha rahat kosh ke madhyam se kafi dhan ekatr hua aur usase khadyann sankat ka muqabala kiya gaya. iandira gaandhi ne khadyann vitaran pranali ki kamiyoan ko bhi door kiya isase ganbhir sankat ka samay tal gaya aur bhukhamari se hone vali mautean kam ho gee. joon, 1966 mean iandira gaandhi dvara d aaular ki tulana mean rupaye ka avamoolyan karana galati sabit hua. un par amerika aantarrashtriy mudra kosh aur vishv baiank ka dabav tha ki bharatiy arthavyavastha ko sudharane ke lie rupaye ke mooly mean kami ki jae. lihaza avamoolyan se niryat mean vriddhi ka anuman tha. isamean videshi mudra kamane ka lakshy pramukh tha lekin yah anuman galat sabit hua. darasal bharat ka ayat zyada tha aur niryat kam. aise mean ayat mahanga ho gaya aur niryat sasta ho gaya.
is galat nirnay ka khamiyaja desh ko bhugatana p da aur bharatiy arthavyavastha rasatal mean pahuanch gee. videshoan mean bhi mudra ke avamoolyan se bharat ki sakh ko kafi batta laga. arthik vishleshakoan par khela gaya yah daanv nuqasan ka sauda sabit hua. avamoolyan ke karan jab arthik sthiti big d gee to desh bhar mean iandira gaandhi ke viruddh pradarshan hone lage. kaangres parti mean bhi iandira gaandhi ki alochana aranbh ho gee. vipakshi daloan ne kaangres ke viruddh pradarshan shuroo kar diya. iandira gaandhi ne desh ki khadyann sthiti ko sanbhalane ke lie shastriji dvara aranbh ki gee 'harit kraanti yojana' ka sahara liya. lekin bharat ko tatkal sahayata ki avashyakata thi. vah sahayata amerika pradan kar sakata tha. amerika un dinoan uttari viyatanam par sainik karravaee kar raha tha.
soviyat sangh se maitri
samast vishv do mahashaktiyoan ke samarthan mean banta hua tha. ek khaima amerika ka tha aur doosara soviyat sangh ka. is prakar poori duniya do gutoan mean bant gee thi lekin bharat ki videshi niti ka adhar gutanirapekshata tha. at: iandira gaandhi ne is niti par qayam rahate hue soviyat sangh se mitrata ki ummid rakhi. 1966 ke julaee mah mean iandira gaandhi ne soviyat sangh ki yatra ki. tab unhoanne soviyat sangh ke sath ek sanyukt vaktavy par hastakshar kiya jisamean amerika ki nianda karate hue uttari viyatanam par kie ge hamale ko samrajyavadi niti ka hissa bataya gaya tha. is vaktavy mean yah bhi maang ki gee thi ki amerika avilamb tatha bina kisi shart ke uttari viyatanam mean yuddh band kare. yuddh viram ki vakalat karate hue bharat ne spasht kar diya ki vah amerika ke kheme mean rahane ko qatee ichchhuk nahian hai. is vaktavy ke bad bharat aur soviyat sangh ki maitri ko naya ayam prapt hua. ek vishal janasankhya vale b de desh bharat ko apana mitr banakar soviyat rus bhi kafi prasann tha.
isake atirikt iandira gaandhi ne vaqt ki zarurat ko dekhate hue yah samajh liya ki gutanirapeksh deshoan ke sangathan ko adhik mazaboot banane ki avashyakata hai taki kisi bhi sankat ko apasi sahayog aur rajanitik ichchha shakti se use door kiya ja sake. is prakar kisi bhi gutanirapeksh desh ko shakti sanpann desh ka muanh takane ki avashyakata n rahean. is dauran misr aur yoogoslaviya ke sath bhi bharat ke maitri sanbandh vikasit hue. donoan deshoan ke rashtradhyaksh kramash: abdul nasir aur josef tito ne bhi dilli mean ayojit gutanirapeksh deshoan ke sammelan mean apani upasthiti darj karavaee. is prakar ek svatantr videsh niti dvara bharat ne apani vishisht chhavi banaee.
desh ki aantarik chunautiyaan
[[chitr:Indira-Gandhi-Memorial.jpg|thumb|300px|left|iandira gaandhi ki pratima, shimala
Statue Of Indira Gandhi, Shimla]]
aantarrashtriy star par iandira gaandhi ki prasiddhi badh gayi thi lekin desh mean unaki sthiti kharab ho rahi thi. kaangres ke hi b de neta nahian chahate the ki iandira gaandhi pradhanamantri rahean. iandira gaandhi un samasyaoan ka nirakaran karana chahati thian. jo unhean virasat se prapt huee thi. lekin unake sath kisi bhi prakar ka sahayog nahian kiya gaya desh ki krishi manasoon par adharit thi aur do varsh anavrishti ke roop mean guzare the. kachcha mal upalabdh n hone ke karan audyogik mal ka utpadan bhi kam ho gaya tha.
parti mean gutabazi
desh mean vibhinn staroan par asantosh vyapt tha. iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantri banane se pahale hi logoan mean kee prakar ka akrosh tha. desh mean berozagari ashiksha aur mahangaee ki samasya thi. ae din dharana evan pradarshan adi ho rahe the. pandit neharoo ne jis samajavadi samaj ka svapn dekha tha, vah bhi kafi door hota nazar a raha tha kyoanki desh mean pooanjivadi vyavastha maujood thi. yahi karan hai ki bharat mean amiri aur garibi ke madhy ki khaee gahari hoti ja rahi thi. desh mean dharm, jati, praant, bhasha, aur arthik vishamata ke karan kee varg ban ge the jo tikhe tevar pradarshit kar rahe the tatha vipaksh unake asantosh ko badhava dene ka kary kar raha tha. aisi sthiti mean desh mean hone vale aandolanoan mean hiansa ka prayog badhane laga. asamajik tatvoan dvara sarvajanik sanpattiyoan ko nuqasan pahuanchana ae din ki ghatana ho gee thi. yahaan tak ki pulis par bhi hamala karane mean aandolanakari pichhe nahian rahate the. sarakari karmachari bhi vetan badhae jane ki maang lekar desh ko pangu banane ka kary kar rahe the. unake dvara rajakiy karyoan ka bahishkar kiya ja raha tha.
idhar svayan kaangres ki sthiti bhi kafi kharab thi. parti mean gutabazi aur khaimabandi hone lagi thi. iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri banate samay kee logoan ne socha tha ki ve unhean apani kathaputali banakar rakheange, lekin jab aisa nahian hua to ve log bhi kheme mean shamil ho ge jo asantusht the. udhar sansad mean bhi maryadaoan ka hanan ho raha tha. chooanki 1967 mean chunav hone the, at: vipaksh ne aandolan ko janm dena aranbh kar diya. doosari taraph moraraji desaee pradhanamantri n banane se naraz the. to gulazari lal nanda ko yah du:kh tha ki parti ne unaki vafadari ki koee qimat nahian samajhi. yadyapi gulazari lal nanda us samay desh ke grih mantri the.
vipaksh ki bhoomika
iandira gaandhi ne grih mantri gulazari lal nanda se istipha dene ko kaha. isi ke sath gulazari lal nanda ka rajanitik bhavishy bhi samaptapray ho gaya. samajavadi neta ram manohar lohiya ne iandira gaandhi ko 'gooangi gu diya' ke nam se sanbodhit kiya. us samay ramamanohar lohiya behad sammanit neta the aur pandit neharoo ke sath unake mat bhed the. vah apani nitiyoan ki sada alochana bhi karate the lekin lohiya is sanbandh mean apani maryada mean nahian rah pae. 1967 ke chunav ke dauran kaangres parti mean aantarkalah machi huee thi. us samay janata ke madhy iandira gaandhi jaisi lokapriyata vali shakhsiyat kaangres parti mean koee doosari nahian thi. unaka karishmaee vyaktitv hi parti ko jit dila sakata tha. lekin us samay ke kaangresiyoan ne yah soch liya tha ki kaangres azadi ke bad do am chunav jit chuki hai aur log kaangres parti ko hi vot dete haian. parantu yah kaangres ke asantushtoan ki bhari bhool thi.pandit neharoo ne desh ke lie jo kuchh kiya tha, janata usaki gavah thi.
bharatiy janata yah bhi janati thi ki chin se yuddh harane ka karan neharooji nahian the. balki desh ki kamazor sthiti hi thi. neharooji desh ko mazaboot karana chahate the, n ki sena ko mazaboot banana. is karan shaanti ke pratik neharooji ko bharatiy janata ne dosh nahian diya. lekin karo doan ki abadi vale desh mean sabhi unake sath nahian ho sakate the kyoanki yah manaviy svabhav hai. yadyapi vipaksh ko lagata tha ki janata neharooji se naraz thi.
bhuvaneshvar mean ghayal
aise mean kaangres parti mean asantusht havi ho ge aur iandira gaandhi ko us samay hashiye par dal diya gaya. jab am chunav ke lie tikat vitaran ka kary kiya ja raha tha tab kamaraj ne kaman apane hath mean sanbhal li. bhuvaneshvar ki chunavi sabha mean iandira gaandhi par kuchh asamajik tatvoan ne achanak patthar barasane aranbh kar die. is karan unaki nak ki haddi toot gee aur hoanth phat gaya. iandira gaandhi raktaranjit ho uthian. bhuvaneshvar mean yah bartav kisi bhi nazariye se uchit nahian tha. iandira gaandhi ko aspatal mean upachar karana p da. tab pit patrakarita ne is ghatana ko manovinod ka keandr bana diya. lokatantr ke nam par jis ghatana ki bhartsana honi chahie thi, use midiya ne manoranjan ki tarah pesh kiya. log kahane lage- iandira gaandhi ki nak toot gee athava chunav ke natijoan se poorv hi unaki nak kat gee.
chunavoan ke natije
baharahal chunav sanpann hue aur natije bhi a ge. keandr mean kaangres beshak satta mean a gee, lekin vibhinn kee rajyoan mean usaki sthiti kafi kharab ho gee thi. kee rajyoan mean kshetriy partiyoan ne bazi mari aur kuchh rajyoan mean gathabandhan sarakarean banian. rajyoan ki yah halat keandr mean kaangres parti ki kamazori ke karan huee thi. jin rajyoan mean kaangres parti ki sarakarean thian, vahaan kshetriy kaangres janoan ne satta ka sukh bhoga aur anek logoan ne kafi dhan-sanpada banaee. is karan kaangres ke viruddh aisa mahaul bana. vipaksh ne bhi mudde ki rajaniti karane ke bajay kaangres aur iandira gaandhi ko hi apana nishana banaya. us samay vipaksh kafi had tak sangathit bhi ho gaya tha. lekin janata ke samane vah sakaratmak batean n rakhane ki bhari bhool kar baitha. vipaksh ko laga tha ki kaangres par kich d uchhalane se use vijay ka marg mil jaega athava unhean nicha dikhakar vah ooancha ho jaega. yahi karan tha ki janata ne vipaksh par vishvas nahian kiya. beshak kaangres vijayi rahi, lekin use kee sitoan ki har ka samana karana p da.
rajyoan mean kaangres ki har ka karan avivekapoorn dhang se kiya gaya tikatoan ka vitaran bhi tha. ayogy ummidavaroan ko tikat pradan kie ge. isase yogy ummidavaroan mean asantosh phail gaya. ve bagi ummidavaroan ke roop mean kaangres pratyashiyoan ke viruddh kh de ho ge. is karan kaangres ki aantarkalah ne rajyoan mean kaangres ka nuqasan kar diya. kshetriy partiyoan mean bhi gathabandhan hue the. partiyoan ne gathabandhan karate hue yah dhyan rakha tha ki kaangres ko harana hai. ramamanohar lohiya ki samajavadi parti ne janasangh se hath mila liya. samyavadiyoan ne dakshin panthiyoan se hath milane mean koee hichakichahat pradarshit nahian ki. 'muslim lig' ke sath kee partiyoan ne gathabandhan sarakar banaee. rajasthan ke bhootapoorv raje-maharajaoan ne milakar ek svatantr parti ka gathan kiya. unhoanne iandira gaandhi ki chunav sabhaoan mean hu dadang machaya. ye log vilasitapoorn pravritti ke lie jane jate the aur shoshan ko apana janmasiddh adhikar samajhate the. ve log lokatantr ke madhyam se satta par qabij hone ka prayatn karane lage. in raje-rajava doan mean se anek ne desh ki azadi ke mahasangram ke samay aangrezoan ka sath diya tha.
keandr tatha rajy donoan sthanoan par kaangres mean giravat dekhane ko prapt huee. lekin 1967 ke am chunavoan ke natije iandira gaandhi ke hi paksh mean ge. siandiket ke mazaboot stanbh kahe jane vale netaoan ko janata ne dhool mean mila diya. ke. kamaraj ko parajay ka mukh dekhana p da. tab inhean "kiang mekar" ki sanjna pradan ki jati thi. es. ke. patil sahit siandiket ke anek dhurandharoan ko har ka samana karana p da. iandira gaandhi vijayi rahian. is prakar kaangres mean unaka varchasv svat: qayam ho gaya, kyoanki unake pratidvandvi chunav mean har ge the. siandiket ke mazaboot sipahasalaroan mean se moraraji desaee hi chunav jit pane mean saphal hue, lekin unake sathiyoan ka saphaya ho jane ke karan vah kamazor sthiti mean the. phir bhi iandira gaandhi ne unhean purane kaangresi hone ke karan samman ke sath up-pradhanamantri aur vittamantri ka pad pradan kiya. iandira gaandhi ko ummid thi ki vah santusht hokar kaangres ki behatari ke lie kary kareange, lekin yah iandira gaandhi ki bhool thi. moraraji desaee ko nishthavan banae rakhane mean iandira gaandhi age chalakar viphal rahian.
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