मुग़लकालीन शिक्षा एवं साहित्य
mugalakalin shasakoan ne apane shasanakal mean shiksha ke prachar-prasar ke lie bahut kary kiya. in shasakoan ne apane rajy mean shiksha aur sahity ke kshetr mean mahattvapoorn yogadan kiya tha. is samay ki masjidoan mean ‘makatab’ ki vyavastha hoti thi, jisamean l dake-l dakiyaan praranbhik shiksha grahan karate the. babar ke samay mean ek vibhag ‘shuharate am’ hota tha, jo skool-k aaulejoan ka nirman karavata tha.
mugal shasakoan ka yogadan
humayooan jyotish evan bhoogol ka jnata tha. usane dilli ke purane qile ke ‘sher mandal’ nam ke hal mean apane vyaktigat pustakalay ki sthapana ki thi. humayooan ko pustakoan mean b di ruchi thi. vah sadaiv apane sath ek chuna hua pustakalay lekar chalata tha. humayooan dvara eeran se bharat vapas ane ke uparaant bhari sankhya mean eerani pravasiyoan ka bharat mean agaman hua, jinhean bharat mean uparyukt sahityik vatavaran prapt hua, jo unhean eeran mean prapt nahian tha. unhoanne bharatiy sahityik manishiyoan ke sath ek prithakh bharatiy shaili 'sabak-e-hindi' ka vikas kiya. shlesh, tithibandh vyang, mool upamaean tatha pratyay adi is shaili ki pramukh visheshataean thian.
shiksha ke kshetr mean akabar dvara kiya gaya prayas niahsandeh smaraniy hai. badayooanni ke anusar akabar ne gujarat ko jitane ke bad apane pustakalay ko anek durlabh pustakoan se bhar diya. usane ek anuvad vibhag ki sthapana ki. akabar ke pustakalay ki prashansa mean smith ne kaha ki, 'akabar ka pustakalay us kal v usake poorv ke kal ka advitiy pustakalay tha'. isake atirikt akabar ne fatehapur sikari, agara evan any anek sthanoan par anek 'khanaqah' (ashram) evan 'madarasoan' (pathashala) ki sthapana ki. akabar ki upamata maham anaga ne dilli mean 'khairool manajit' nam se ek madarasa sthapit kiya tha. fatehapur sikari muslim shiksha ka mukhy kendr tha. akabar ke samay fatehapuri sikari mean abdul kadir shekh, faizi, nizamuddin jaise vidvanh rahate the.
akabar ka shasan kal bharat mean farasi sahity ke ‘punarjagaran’ ka kal tha. ‘aina-e-akabari’ mean akabar ke rajadarabar ke 59 mahanh farasi kaviyoan ke nam milate haian. akabar ka rajakavi 'abul faizi', amir khusaro se lekar mugal yug tak ke bharatiy farasi sahity ka mahanatam kavi tha. 'abbas khan saravani' ne akabar ke adesh par 'tohafa-e-akabarashahi' ki rachana ki thi. is pustak mean sherashah soori ke karyakalapoan ko ujagar karane ki bharapoor koshish ki gee hai.
jahaangir ko farasi evan turki bhasha ka achchha jnan tha. usane apane kal mean ek mahattvapoorn parivartan ki ghoshana ki, jisake anusar yadi koee sampann vyakti bina kisi uttaradhikari ke mar jata hai to, usaki sanpatti rajy lekar usase madarase aur mathoan ka nirman v marammat karavayega. shahajahaan ne dilli mean ek k aaulej ka nirman evan ‘darrul baka’ namak k aaulej ki marammat karayi. mugal rajaparivar ka sarvadhik vidvanh dara shikoh tha, usane shrimadbhagavadagita, yogavashishth, upanishad evan ramayan ka anuvad farasi mean karavaya tha. usane ‘sir-e-akabar’ (mahan rahasy) nam se 52 upanishadoan ka anuvad karaya tha.
mugal kal mean rajakumariyaan, raniyaan evan uchch gharanoan ki l dakiyaan bhi shiksha prapt karati thian, jinamean prasiddh thian- 'gulabadan begam' (babar ki putri), farasi pady lekhika 'salima sultan' (humayooan ki bhatiji), noorajahaan, mumataz mahal, jahaanara, jebunnisa, durgavati, chaand bibi adi. akabar ki maan ne purane qile mean ‘kher-dal-manzil’ namak madarase ki sthapana karavayi thi.
mugal kal mean shiksha ke pramukh kendr
mugal kal mean shiksha ke mahattvapoorn kendr ke roop mean agara, fatehapur sikari, dilli, gujarat, lahaur, siyalakot, jaunapur, ajamer adi vishesh roop se prasiddh the. mugal kal ke shasakoan ne ‘farasi’ ko apani rajabhasha banaya tha. is kal ka farasi sahity kafi samriddh tha. farasi ke atirikt hindi, sanskrit, urdoo ka bhi mugal kal mean vikas hua.
farasi sahity
mugalakalin farasi sahity ki pramukh kritiyaan is prakar haian-
babaranama (tujuke babari)
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
babar dvara rachit turki bhasha ki yah kriti, jisaka akabar ne 1583 ee. mean arbdurahaman khanakhana dvara anuvad karavaya tha, bharat ki 1504 se 1529 ee. tak ki rajanitik evan prakritik sthiti par varnanatmak prakash dalati hai.
tarikh-e-rashidi
humayooan ki shahi fauj mean kamaandar ke pad par niyukt mirza haidar dogalat dvara rachit yah kriti madhy eshiya mean turkoan ke itihas tatha humayooan ke shasan kal par vistarapoorvak prakash dalati hai.
qanoone humayooanni
1534 ee. mean khvandamir dvara rachit is kriti mean humayooan ki chapaloosi karate hue use 'sikandar-e-ajam', khuda ka saya adi upadhiyaan dene ka varnan hai.
humayooannama
| rachana | rachanakar |
|---|---|
| ramacharitamanas | tulasidas |
| vinayapatrika | tulasidas |
| soorasagar | sooradas |
| premavatika | rasakhan |
| suandar shrrigar | suandar kaviray |
| kavita ratnakar | senapati |
| kavindr kalpataroo | kavindr achary |
| kavipriya | keshavadas |
| alankar manjari | keshavadas |
| ramachandrika | keshavadas |
do bhagoan mean vibhajit yah pustak ‘gulabadan begam’ dvara likhi gayi, jisake ek bhag mean babar ka itihas tatha doosare mean humayooan ke itihas ka ullekh hai. isake atirikt is pustak se tatkalin samajik sthiti par bhi prakash p data hai.
tajakiratul vakayat
1536-1537 ee. mean 'jauhar apatabachi' dvara rachit is pustak mean humayooan ke jivan ke utar-chadhav ka ullekh hai.
vakayat-e-mushtaki
lodi evan soor kal ke vishay mean janakari dene vali yah kriti 'rijakullah mushtaki' dvara rachit hai.
tohafa-e-akabarashahi
akabar ko samarpit is pustak ko 'abbas khaan saravani' ne akabar ke nirdesh par likha tha. is pustak se sherashah me vishay me janakari milati hai.
tarikh-e-shahi
bahalol lodi ke kal se prarambh hokar evan hemoo ki mrityu ke samay samapt hone vali yah pustak 'ahamad yadagar' dvara rachit hai.
tajakira-e-humayooan v akabar
akabar dvara apane darabariyoan ko hoomayooan ke vishay mean jo kuchh janate haian, likhane ka adesh dene par akabar ke rasoee prabandhak 'bayarjad bayat' ne yah pustak likhi thi.
naphais-ul-masir
akabar ke samay yah pratham aitihasik pustak 'mir alauddaula kajavini' dvara rachit hai, jisase 1565 se 1575 ee. tak ki sthiti ka pata chalata hai.
tarikh-e-akabari
9 bhagoan mean vibhajit yah pustak 'nizamuddin ahamad' dvara rachit hai. isake pratham do bhag mugaloan ke itihas ka ullekh karate haian tatha shesh bhag dakkan, malava, gujarat, bangal, jaunapur, kashmir, siandh evan multan ki sthiti ka abhas karate haian.
iansha
abul fazal ki rachana ‘iansha’ (akabar dvara videshi shasakoan ko bheje gaye shahi patroan ka sankalan) aitihasik evan sahityik donoan drishtiyoan se mahattvapoorn hai.
muntakhab-ut-tavarikh
1590 ee. mean prarambh abdul kadir badayooanni dvara rachit yah pustak hindustan ke am itihas ke roop mean jani jati hai, jo tin bhagoan mean vibhajit hai. pratham bhag jise ‘tabakate-akabari’ ka sankshipt roop bhi kaha jata hai, subuktagin se humayooan ki mrityu tak ki sthiti ka ullekh karata hai tatha tisara bhag soofiyoan, shayaroan evan vidvanoan ki jivaniyoan par prakash dalata hai. pustak ka rachayita badayooanni, akabar ki udar dharmik nitiyoan ka kattar virodhi hone ke karan akabar dvara lagoo ki gee usaki har niti ko islam dharm ke viruddh sazish samajhata tha.
tujuk-e-jahaangari
jahaangir ne is pustak ko apane shasan kal ke 16vean varsh tak likha. usake bad ke 19 varshoan ka itihas 'mautamid khaan ne apane nam se likha. antim roop se is pustak ko poorn karane ka shrey 'muhammad hadi' ko hai. yah pustak jahaangir ke shasan kalin utar-chadhav tatha shasan sambandhi qanoonoan ka ullekh karati hai.
iqabalanama-e-jahaangiri
jahaangir ke shasan kal ke 19vean varsh ke bad ki janakari dene vali yah pustak 'mautamad khaan bakhshi' dvara rachit hai.
padashahanama
'padashahanama' nam se kee pustakoan ki rachana huee hai, jin rachanakaroan ne in pustakoan ki rachana ki hai, ve nimnalikhit haian-
- shahajahaan ke shasan kal mean prarambhik 10 varshoan ka ullekh karane vali 'padashahanama' namak pustak ko shahajahaan ke samay ke pratham itihasakar 'mohammad amin kajavini' ne shahajahaan ke shasan kal ke 8vean varsh prarambh kar 20vean varsh mean likhakar poorn ki.
- 'abdul hamid lahauri' dvara rachit 'padashahanama' kriti mean shahajahaan ke shasan ke 20 varshoan ke itihas ka ullekh milata hai, sath hi yah kriti shahajahaan ke shasan kal ki samajik, arthik evan rajanitik sthiti par bhi prakash dalati hai.
- 'mohammad varis' ne apani 'padashahanama' pustak ko shahajahaan ke shasan ke 21 vean varsh mean arambh kar 30vean varsh mean khatm kiya.
amal-e-saleh
'mohammad saleh' dvara rachit is kriti mean shahajahaan ke antim 2 varshoan ka itihas milata hai.
tarikh-e-shahajahaanni
shahajahaan kalin shasan ke halatoan evan afasaroan ke sambandh mean janakari dene vali yah pusatak 'sadik khaan' dvara rachit hai.
chaharachaman
'chandrabhan' dvara rachit yah kriti shahajahaan ki shasan pranali aur kary pranali ka zikr karati hai.
shahajahaannama, alamagiranama
ye donoan hi kritiyaan aurangazeb ke shasan kal ke pratham 10 varshoan ke itihas ko batane vali ekamatr kriti mani jati hai. ‘shahajahaannama’ ke rachayita 'inayat khaan evan ‘alamagiranama’ ke rachayita 'kajim shiraji' haian. in kritiyoan mean qimate badhane, kheti ki halat big dane adi ka bhi ullekh hai. kajim shiraji, aurangazeb ka sarakari itihasakar tha.
vakayat-e-alamagiri
'akil khaan' dvara rachit yah kriti aurangazeb ke rajyarohan ke samay huee l daeeyoan ka vistar se ullekh karati hai.
khulasat-ut-tavarikh
aurangazeb kalin arthik sthiti, rajyoan ki bhaugolik simaoan evan vyaparik margoan par prakash dalane vali yah pustak 'sujan ray bhandari' dvara rachit hai.
muntakhab-ul-lubab
'khaphi khaan' dvara rachit yah kriti aurangazeb ke shasan kal ka alochanatmak vivaran prastut karati hai.
phatuhat-e-alamagiri
aurangazeb ke 34 varshoan ke shasan kal par prakash dalane vali yah kriti 'eeshvaradas nagar' dvara rachit hai.
nuskha-e-dilakusha
aurangazeb ki shasan kalin samajik, arthik evan rajanitik sthiti ka ullekh karane vali yah pustak 'bhimasen kayasth' dvara rachit hai.
masir-e-alamagiri
'saki mustaid khaan' dvara rachit yah kriti aurangazeb ke shasan kal ke 11 vean varsh se lekar 20vean varsh tak ki sthiti par prakash dalati hai. 'jadunath sarakar' ne is kriti ko ‘mugal rajy ka gajetiyar’ kaha hai.
phatava-e-alamagiri
muslim qanoonoan ka atyant pramanik evan vistrit sar sangrah 'phatava-e-alamagiri' ke nam se jana jata hai, jise aurangazeb ke adesh se dharmacharyoan ke ek samooh ne taiyar kiya tha.
majama-e-baharin
(do mahasagaroan ka milan)- dara shikoh dvara rachit is pustak mean hindoo dharm aur islam dharm ko ek hi lakshy ke do marg bataya gaya hai.
sanskrit sahity
mugal kal mean sanskrit ka vikas badhit raha. akabar ke samay mean likhe gaye mahattvapoorn sanskrit granth the- mahesh thakur dvara rachit 'akabarakalin itihas', padm sundar dvara rachit ‘akabarashahi shrriangar-darpan’, jain achary siddh chandr upadhyay dvara rachit ‘bhanuchandr charitr’, dev vimal ka ‘hira subhagyam’, ‘kripa kosh’ adi. akabar ke samay mean hi ‘parasi prakash’ namak pratham sanskrit-farasi shabd kosh ki rachana ki gee. shahajahaan ke samay mean kavindr achary sarasvati evan jagannath pandit ko darabar mean ashray mila hua tha. pandit jagannath ne ‘ras-gangadhar’ evan ‘gangalahari’ ki rachana ki. pandit jagannath shahajahaan ke darabari kavi the.
jahaangir ne ‘chitr mimaansa khandan’ (alankar shastr par granth) evan ‘asaf vijay’ (noorajahaan ke bhaee asaf khaan ki stuti) ke rachayita jagannath ko ‘panditaraj’ ki upadhi se sammanit kiya tha. vanshidhar mishr aur harinarayan mishr vale sanskrit granth haian- raghunath rachit ‘muhoortamala’, jo ki muhoort sanbandhi granth hai aur chaturbhuj ka ‘rasakalpadram’ jo aurangazeb ke chacha shaista khaan ko samarpit hai.
hindi sahity
babar, humayooan aur sherashah ke samay mean hindi ko rajakiy sanrakshan prapt nahian hua, kintu vyaktigat prayasoan se ‘padmavat’ jaise shreshth granth ki rachana huee. mugal samrat akabar ne hindi sahity ko sanrakshan pradan kiya. mugal darabar se sambandhit hindi ke prasiddh kavi raja birabal, manasianh, bhagavanadas, narahari, harinath adi the. vyaktgit prayasoan se hindi sahity ko mazabooti pradan karane vale kaviyoan mean mahattvapoorn the- nandadas, vitthaladas, paramanand das, kumbhan das adi. tulasidas evan sooradas mugal kal ke do aise vidvanh the, jo apani kritiyoan se hindi sahity ke itihas mean amar ho gaye. arbdurahaman khanakhana aur rasakhan ko bhi inaki hindi ki rachanaoan ke karan yad kiya jata hai. in sabake mahattvapoorn yogadan se hi ‘akabar ke kal ko hindi sahity ka svarn kal’ kaha gaya hai. akabar ne birabal ko ‘kavipriy’ evan narahari ko ‘mahapatr’ ki upadhi pradan ki. jahaangir ka bhaee daniyal hindi mean kavita karata tha.
shahajahaan ke samay mean sundar kaviray ne ‘sundar shrriangar’, ‘senapati ne ‘kavitt ratnakar’, kavindr achary ne ‘kavindr kalpataru’ ki rachana ki. is samay ke kuchh any mahanh kaviyoan ka sambandh kshetriy rajaoan se tha, jaise- bihari maharaja jayasianh se, keshavadas orachha se sambandhit the. keshavadas ne ‘kavipriya’, ‘rasikapriya’ evan ‘alankar manjari’ jaisi mahattvapoorn rachanayean ki. akabar ke darabar mean prasiddh granthakarta kashmir ke muhammad husain ko ‘jari kalam’ ki upadhi di gee. bangal ke prasiddh kavi mukundaray chakravarti ko profesar k aauvel ne ‘bangal ka kraib’ kaha hai.
urdoo sahity
urdoo ka janm dilli saltanat kal mean hua. is bhasha ne uttar mugalakalin badashahoan ke samay mean bhasha ke roop mean mahatv prapt kiya. prarambh mean urdoo ko ‘jaban-e-hindavi’ kaha gaya. amir khusaro pratham vidvanh kavi tha, jisane urdoo bhasha ko apani kavita ka madhyam banaya. mugal badashahoan mean muhammad shah (1719-1748 ee.) pratham badashah tha, jisane urdoo bhasha ke vikas ke lie dakshin ke kavi shamsuddin vali ko apane darabar mean bulakar sammanit kiya. vali dakani ko urdoo pady sahitay ka janmadata kaha jata hai. kalantar mean urdoo ko ‘rekhta’ bhi kaha gaya. rekhta mean gesoodaraj dvara likhit pustak ‘miratul asharin’ sarvadhik prachin hai.
dara shikoh ki rachanayean
- dara shikoh ne svayan apani dekharekh mean sanskrit granth shrimadbhagavadagita aur 'yog vashishth' ka farasi bhasha mean anuvad karaya.
- dara ka sabase mahattvapoorn krity vedoan ko sankalan hai.
- dara shikoh ne maulik pustak 'majm-ul-baharin' (do samudro ka sangam) ki rachana ki, jisamean hindoo aur islam dharm ko ek hi eeshvar ki prapti ke do marg bataya gaya hai.
- dara ne svayan tatha kashi ke kuchh sanskrit panditoan ki sahayata se 'bavan upanishadoan' ka ‘sir-e-akabar’ nam se farasi mean anuvad karaya.
soofimat se sambandhit granth
dara shikoh ke soofimat se sambandhit granth nimnalikhit haian-
- saphinat-ul-auliya - vibhinn paramparaoan ke soofiyoan ke jivan vritt.
- sakinat-ul-auliya - bharat mean kadiri parampara ke soofiyoan ka jivan vrittaant.
- hasanat-ul-araphin - vibhinn matoan ke santoan ki vani ka sankalan.
- tarikan-ul-haqiqat - adhyatmik marg ke vibhinn charan.
- risala-e-hamanuma - soofi prathaoan ka varnan.
mugal kal ko guptakal ke bad ka ‘dvitiy klasiki yug’ kaha jata hai.
mahattvapoorn pustakoan ka anuvad
mugal samrat akabar ne ‘anuvad vibhag’ ki sthapana ki thi. is vibhag mean sanskrit arabi bhasha, turki evan grik bhashaoan ki anek kritiyoan ka anuvad farasi bhasha mean kiya gaya. farasi mugaloan ki rajakiy bhasha thi.
- ‘mahabharat’ ka farasi bhasha mean ‘rajmanama’ nam se anuvad abdul kadir badayooni, nakib khaan evan abdul kadir ne kiya.
- ramayan ka anuvad 1589 ee. mean farasi mean abdul kadir badayooni ne kiya.
- jyotish ke prasiddh granth ‘tajak’ ya ‘tujuk’ ka farasi mean anuvad ‘jahan-e-japhar’ nam se muhammad khaan gujarati ne kiya.
- ‘atharvaved’ ka anuvad farasi mean haji ibrahim sarahindi ne kiya.
- ‘panchatantr’ ka farasi anuvad abul fazal ne ‘anavar-e-suhaili’ nam se tatha maulana husain faiz ne ‘yar-e-danish’ nam se kiya.
- ‘kaliya daman’ ka anuvad farasi mean abul fazal ne ‘ayagar danish’ nam se kiya.
- ‘rajatarangini’ ka farasi mean anuvad maulana sheri ne kiya.
- ganit ki pustak ‘lilavati’ ka anuvad todaramal ne kiya.
- ‘bhagavat puran’ ka anuvad farasi mean todaramal ne kiya.
- ‘naladamayanti’ ka anuvad farasi mean faizi ne kiya.
- ‘sianhasan battisi’ ka anuvad farasi mean abdul kadir badayooanni ne kiya.
- ‘tujuk-e-babari’ ka anuvad abdurrahim khanakhana ne farasi mean kiya.
- arabi bhasha mean likhi gayi bhoogol ki pustak ‘majm-ul-buladan’ ka farasi mean anuvad mulla ahamad tatthavi, kasim beg evan munavvar ne kiya.
- arabi kriti ‘hayat-ul-hayavan’ ka farasi mean anuvad abul fazal evan shekh mubarak ne kiya. ‘yogavashishth’ ka anuvad farasi mean faizi ne kiya.
- islam dharm ke prati hindoo janata mean bhaeechare evan samman ki bhavana jagane ke lie akabar ne ‘allopashid’ granth ki rachana faizi se karavayi.
- ‘farasi sanskrit kosh’ ki rachana krishnadas ne ki.
- dara shikoh ne 'shrimadbhagavadagita' ‘yog vashishth’ tatha pachas any upanishadoan ka farasi bhasha mean anuvad karavaya.
mugal kal mean farasi kavita ke kshetr mean bhi kafi kam hua tha. badashah babar ne farasi kavita ke kshetr mean ‘mubiyan’ shaili ko janm diya. akabar bhi farasi evan hindi kavitaoan ki rachana karata tha. pro. ithe ke anusar, ‘akabar ka kal farasi kavita ka bharatiy grishmakal tha.’ akabar ke samay mean faizi, gajali aur urphi farasi ke mahattvapoorn kavi hue. jahaangir, noorajahaan, aurangazeb ki putri jebunnisa, aurangazeb ki bahan jahaannara adi shahi parivar ke log gazal, rubaiyaan evan kavitayean likhate the.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh