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| हिंदी को [[संस्कृत]] से विच्छिन्न करके देखने वाले उसकी अधिकांश महिमा से अपरिचित हैं।  <br />'''[[हज़ारीप्रसाद द्विवेदी]]'''
 
| हिंदी को [[संस्कृत]] से विच्छिन्न करके देखने वाले उसकी अधिकांश महिमा से अपरिचित हैं।  <br />'''[[हज़ारीप्रसाद द्विवेदी]]'''
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[राजा राममोहन राय]], [[केशवचंद्र सेन]], नवीन चंद्र राय, [[ईश्वर चंद्र विद्यासागर]], तरुणी चरण मिश्र, राजेन्द्र लाल मित्र, राज नारायण बसु, भूदेव मुखर्जी, बंकिम चंद्र चैटर्जी ('हिंदी भाषा की सहायता से भारतवर्ष के विभिन्न प्रदेशों के मध्य में जो ऐक्यबंधन संस्थापन करने में समर्थ होंगे वही सच्चे भारतबंधु पुकारे जाने योग्य हैं।)', [[सुभाषचंद्र बोस]] ('अगर आज हिंदी भाषा मान ली गई है तो वह इसलिए नहीं कि वह किसी प्रान्त विशेष की भाषा है, बल्कि इसलिए कि वह अपनी सरलता, व्यापकता तथा क्षमता के कारण सारे देश की भाषा हो सकती है।')
+
[[राजा राममोहन राय]], [[केशवचंद्र सेन]], नवीन चंद्र राय, [[ईश्वर चंद्र विद्यासागर]], तरुणी चरण मिश्र, राजेन्द्र लाल मित्र, राज नारायण बसु, भूदेव मुखर्जी, बंकिम चंद्र चैटर्जी ('हिंदी भाषा की सहायता से भारतवर्ष के विभिन्न प्रदेशों के मध्य में जो ऐक्यबंधन संस्थापन करने में समर्थ होंगे वही सच्चे भारतबंधु पुकारे जाने योग्य हैं।)', [[सुभाषचंद्र बोस]] ('अगर आज हिंदी भाषा मान ली गई है तो वह इसलिए नहीं कि वह किसी प्रान्त विशेष की भाषा है, बल्कि इसलिए कि वह अपनी सरलता, व्यापकता तथा क्षमता के कारण सारे देश की भाषा हो सकती है।')।
 
==राजभाषा के रूप में विकास==
 
==राजभाषा के रूप में विकास==
 
====राजभाषा क्या है====
 
====राजभाषा क्या है====

Revision as of 08:31, 20 May 2016

hindi vishay soochi
hiandi    vikas    prachin hiandi    madhyakalin hiandi   vibhinn nam    rashtrabhasha    rashtrabhasha aandolan    rajabhasha    upabhashaean evan boliyaan    devanagari lipi    hindi vyakaran    manakikaran    akhil bharatiyata ka itihas


hiandi
vivaran 'hiandi' bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai.
lipi devanagari
adhikarik bhasha bharat
niyamak keandriy hiandi nideshalay
bhasha–parivar bharopiy bhasha parivar
vyutpatti hiandi shabd ki vyutpatti sanskrit shabd sindhu se mani jati hai.
sanbandhit lekh hindi ki upabhashaean evan boliyaan, athavian anusoochi, hindi divas, vishv hindi divas, hiandi patrakarita divas
any janakari sanh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian.

hiandi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. sanh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar, lagabhag 25.79 karo d bharatiy hiandi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 42.20 karo d log isaki 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. sanh 1998 ke poorv, matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv mean sarvadhik boli jane vali bhashaoan ke jo aank de milate the, unamean hindi ko tisara sthan diya jata tha. sanh 1997 mean bharat ki janaganana ka bharatiy bhashaoan ke vishleshan ka granth prakashit hone tatha sansar ki bhashaoan ki riport taiyar karane ke lie yoonesko dvara sanh 1998 mean bheji gee yoonesko prashnavali ke adhar par unhean bharat sarakar ke kendriy hindi sansthan ke tatkalin nideshak profesar mahavir saran jain dvara bheji gee vistrit riport ke bad ab vishv star par yah svikrit hai ki matribhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se sansar ki bhashaoan mean chini bhasha ke bad hindi ka doosara sthan hai. chini bhasha ke bolane valoan ki sankhya hindi bhasha se adhik hai kintu chini bhasha ka prayog kshetr hindi ki apeksha simit hai. aangarezi bhasha ka prayog kshetr hindi ki apeksha adhik hai kintu matribhashiyoan ki sankhya aangarezi bhashiyoan se adhik hai. isaki kuchh boliyaan, maithili aur rajasthani alag bhasha hone ka dava karati haian. hiandi ki pramukh boliyoan mean avadhi, bhojapuri, brajabhasha, chhattisagadhi, gadhavali, hariyanavi, kumaanooni, magadhi aur marava di bhasha shamil haian.[1]

vikas

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
vargikaran
  • hiandi vishv ki lagabhag 3,000 bhashaoan mean se ek hai.
  • akriti ya roop ke adhar par hiandi viyogatmak ya vishlisht bhasha hai.
  • bhasha–parivar ke adhar par hiandi bharopiy parivar ki bhasha hai.
  • bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar— bharopiy, dravi d, astrik v chini–tibbati milate haian. bharat mean bolane valoan ke pratishat ke adhar par bharopiy parivar sabase b da bhasha parivar hai.
  • hiandi bharopiy/ bharat yooropiy ke bharatiy– eerani shakha ke bharatiy ary (Indo–Aryan) upashakha se vikasit ek bhasha hai.
  • bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kaloan mean vibhakt kiya jata hai.

prachin hiandi

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • madhyadeshiy bhasha parampara ki vishisht uttaradhikarini hone ke karan hiandi ka sthan adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan mean sarvopari hai.
  • prachin hiandi se abhipray hai— apabhransh– avahatt ke bad ki bhasha.
  • hiandi ka adikal hiandi bhasha ka shishukal hai. yah vah kal tha, jab apabhransh–avahatt ka prabhav hiandi bhasha par maujood tha aur hiandi ki boliyoan ke nishchit v spasht svaroop vikasit nahian hue the.

madhyakalin hiandi

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

madhyakal mean hiandi ka svaroop spasht ho gaya tatha usaki pramukh boliyaan vikasit ho geean. is kal mean bhasha ke tin roop nikharakar samane ae— brajabhasha, avadhi v kh di boli. brajabhasha aur avadhi ka atyadhik sahityik vikas hua tatha tatkalin brajabhasha sahity ko kuchh deshi rajyoan ka sanrakshan bhi prapt hua. inake atirikt madhyakal mean kh di boli ke mishrit roop ka sahity mean prayog hota raha. isi kh di boli ka 14vian sadi mean dakshin mean pravesh hua, atah vahaan par isaka sahity mean adhik prayog hua. 18vian sadi mean kh di boli ko musalaman shasakoan ka sanrakshan mila tatha isake vikas ko nee disha mili. [[chitr:Hindi-Area.jpg|thumb|250px|bharat mean hiandi bhashi kshetr]]

adhunik hiandi

  • hiandi ke adhunik kal tak ate–ate brajabhasha janabhasha se kafi door hat chuki thi aur avadhi ne to bahut pahale se hi sahity se muanh mo d liya tha. 19vian sadi ke madhy tak aangrezi satta ka mahattam vistar bharat mean ho chuka tha. is rajanitik parivartan ka prabhav madhy desh ki bhasha hiandi par bhi p da. navin rajanitik paristhitiyoan ne kh di boli ko protsahan pradan kiya. jab brajabhasha aur avadhi ka sahityik roop janabhasha se door ho gaya tab unaka sthan kh di boli dhire–dhire lene lagi. aangrezi sarakar ne bhi isaka prayog arambh kar diya.
  • hiandi ke adhunik kal mean prarambh mean ek or urdoo ka prachar hone aur doosari or kavy ki bhasha brajabhasha hone ke karan kh di boli ko apane astitv ke lie sangharsh karana p da. 19vian sadi tak kavita ki bhasha brajabhasha aur gady ki bhasha kh di boli rahi. 20vian sadi ke ate–ate kh di boli gady–pady donoan ki hi sahityik bhasha ban gee.
  • is yug mean kh di boli ko pratishthit karane mean vibhinn dharmik samajik evan rajanitik aandolanoan ne b di sahayata ki. phalatah kh di boli sahity ki sarvapramukh bhasha ban gayi.

kh di boli

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

thumb|pramukh hiandi sahityakaroan ki ek jhalak

bharatendu poorv yug

kh di boli gady ke arambhik rachanakaroan mean fort viliyam k aaulej ke bahar do rachanakaroan— sadasukh lal 'niyaj' (sukhasagar) v iansha alla khaan (rani ketaki ki kahani) tatha fort viliyam k aaulej, kalakatta ke do bhasha muanshiyoan— lalloo lalaji (prem sagar) v sadal mishr (nasiketopakhyan) ke nam ullekhaniy haian. bharatendu poorv yug mean mukhy sangharsh hiandi ki svikriti aur pratishtha ko lekar tha. is yug ke do prasiddh lekhakoan— raja shiv prasad 'sitare hind' v raja lakshman sianh ne hiandi ke svaroop nirdharan ke saval par do simantoan ka anugaman kiya. raja shiv prasad ne hiandi ka ganvarupan door kar use urdoo–e–mualla bana diya to raja lakshman sianh ne vishuddh sanskritanishth hiandi ka samarthan kiya.

bharatendu yug

(1850 ee.–1900 ee.) in donoan ke bich sarvamany hiandi gady ki pratishtha kar gady sahity ki vividh vidhaoan ka aitihasik kary bharatendu yug mean hua. hiandi sahi mayane mean bharatendu ke kal mean 'nee chal mean dhali' aur unake samay mean hi hiandi ke gady ke bahumukhi roop ka sootrapat hua. unhoanne n keval svayan rachana ki balki apana ek lekhak mandal bhi taiyar kiya, jise 'bharatendu mandal' kaha gaya. bharatendu yug ki mahattvapoorn upalabdhi yah rahi ki gady rachana ke lie kh di boli ko madhyam ke roop mean apanakar yuganuroop svasth drishtikon ka parichay diya. lekin pady rachana ke masale mean brajabhasha ya kh di boli ko apanane ke saval par vivad bana raha, jisaka ant dvivedi ke yug mean jakar hua.

dvivedi yug

(1900 ee.–1920 ee.) kh di boli aur hiandi sahity ke saubhagy se 1903 ee. mean achary mahavir prasad dvivedi ne 'sarasvati' patrika ke sampadan ka bhar sambhala. ve saral aur shuddh bhasha ke prayog ke himayati the. ve lekhakoan ki vartani athava trutiyoan ka sanshodhan svayan karate chalate the. unhoanne hiandi ke parishkar ka bi da uthaya aur use bakhoobi anjam diya. gady to bharatendu yug se hi saphalatapoorvak kh di boli mean likha ja raha tha, ab pady ki vyavaharik bhasha bhi ekamatr kh di boli pratishthit honi lagi. is prakar brajabhasha, jisake sath mean 'bhasha' shabd ju da hua hai, apane kshetr mean simit ho gee arthath 'boli' ban gee. isake muqabale mean kh di boli, jisake sath 'boli' shabd laga hai, 'bhasha ban gee', aur isaka sahi nam hiandi ho gaya. ab kh di boli dilli ke asapas ki merath–janapadiy boli nahian rah gee, apitu yah samast uttari bharat ke sahity ka madhyam ban gee. dvivedi yug mean sahity rachana ki vividh vidhaean vikasit huee.. mahavir prasad dvivedi, shyam sundar das, padm sianh sharma, madhav prasad mishr, poornasianh, chandradhar sharma guleri adi ke avadan visheshatah ullekhaniy haian.
isi dauran varsh 1918 mean indaur mean gaandhi ji ki adhyakshata mean 'hindi sahity sammelan' ayojit hua aur usi mean parit ek prastav ke dvara hindi rashtrabhasha mani gayi. is prastav ke svikrit hone ke bad dakshin bharat mean hindi ke prachar prasar ke liye dakshin bharat hindi prachar sabha ki bhi sthapana huee jisaka mukhyalay madras mean tha.[2]

chhayavad yug

(1920 ee.–1936 ee. evan usake bad) sahityik kh di boli ke vikas mean chhayavad yug ka yogadan kafi mahattvapoorn hai. prasad, pant, nirala, mahadevi varma aur ram kumar adi ne mahati yogadan kiya. inaki rachanaoan ko dekhate hue yah koee nahian kah sakata ki kh di boli sookshm bhavoan ko abhivyakt karane mean brajabhasha se kam samarth hai. hiandi mean anek bhashayi gunoan ka samavesh hua. abhivyajanna ki vividhata, bianboan ki lakshanikata, rasatmak lality chhayavad yug ki bhasha ki anyatam visheshataean haian. hiandi kavy mean chhayavad yug ke bad pragativad yug (1936 ee.–1946 ee.) prayogavad yug (1943) adi ae. is daur mean kh di boli ka kavy bhasha ke roop mean uttarottar vikas hota gaya.

pady ke hi nahian, gady ke sandarbh mean bhi chhayavad yug sahityik kh di boli ke vikas ka svarn yug tha. katha sahity (upanyas v kahani) mean premachand, natak mean jayashankar prasad, alochana mean achary ramachandr shukl ne jo bhasha–shailiyaan aur maryadaean sthapit kian, unaka anusaran aj bhi kiya ja raha hai. gady sahity ke kshetr mean inake mahattv ka aandaza isi bat se lagaya ja sakata hai ki gady–sahity ke vibhinn vidhaoan ke itihas mean kaloan ka namakaran inake nam ko kendr mean rakhakar hi kiya gaya hai. jaise upanyas ke itihas mean premachand– poorv yug, premachand yug, premachandottar yug; natak ke itihas mean prasad– poorv yug, prasad yug, prasadottar yug; alochana ke itihas mean shukl– poorv yug, shukl yug, shuklottar yug.

hiandi ke vibhinn nam ya roop

hindavi

hindavi ko hinduee, jaban–e–hind, dehalavi namoan se bhi jana jata hai. madhyakal mean madhyadesh ke hinduoan ki bhasha, jisamean arabi–farasi shabdoan ka abhav hai. (sarvapratham amir khusaro (1253-1325) ne madhy desh ki bhasha ke lie hindavi, hiandi shabd ka prayog kiya. unhoanne deshi bhasha hindavi, hiandi ke prachar–prasar ke lie ek farasi–hiandi kosh 'khalik bari' ki rachana ki, jisamean hindavi shabd 30 bar, hiandi shabd 5 bar deshi bhasha ke lie prayukt hua hai.)

bhasha

bhasha ko bhakha bhi kaha jata hai. vidyapati, kabir, tulasi, keshavadas adi ne bhasha shabd ka prayog hiandi ke lie kiya hai. (19vian sadi ke prarambh tak is shabd ka prayog hota raha. fort viliyam k aaulej mean niyukt hiandi adhyapakoan ko 'bhasha muanshi' ke nam se abhihit karana isi bat ka soochak hai.)

rekhta

madhyakal mean musalamanoan mean prachalit arabi–farasi shabdoan se mishrit kavita ki bhasha. (jaise– mir, mirza galib ki rachanaean)

dakkhini

ise dakkani nam se bhi jana jata hai. madhyakal mean dakkan ke musalamanoan ke dvara farasi lipi mean likhi jane vali bhasha. (hiandi mean gady rachana parampara ki shuruat karane ka shrey dakkani hiandi ke rachanakaroan ko hi hai. dakkani hiandi ko uttar bharat mean lane ka shrey prasiddh shayar vali dakkani (1688-1741) ko hai. vah mugal shasak muhammad shah 'rangila' ke shasan kal mean dilli pahuancha aur uttari bharat mean dakkani hiandi ko lokapriy banaya.)

kh di boli

kh di boli ki tin shailiyaan haian—

  1. hiandi, shuddh hiandi, uchch hiandi, nagari hiandi, aryabhasha– nagari lipi mean likhit sanskrit bahul kh di boli (jaise—jayashankar prasad ki rachanaean).
  2. urdoo, jaban–e–urdoo, jaban–e–urdoo–mualla— farasi lipi mean likhit arabi—farasi bahul kh di boli.
  3. hindustani— hiandi aur urdoo ka mishrit roop v amajan dvara prayukt (jaise–premachand ki rachanaean).[3]

hiandi ke vibhinn arth

bhasha shastriy arth

nagari lipi mean likhit sanskrit bahul kh di boli.

sanvaidhanik/qanooni arth

sanvidhan ke anusar hiandi bharat sangh ki rajabhasha ya adhikrit bhasha tatha anek rajyoan ki rajabhasha hai.

samany arth

samast hiandi bhashi kshetr ki parinishthit bhasha arthath shasan, shiksha, sahity, vyapar adi ki bhasha.

vyapak arth

adhunik yug mean hiandi ko keval kh di boli mean hi simit nahian kiya ja sakata. hiandi ki sabhi upabhashaean aur boliyaan hiandi ke vyapak arth mean a jati haian.

hiandi ka rashtrabhasha ke roop mean vikas

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • rashtrabhasha ka shabdik arth hai—samast rashtr mean prayukt bhasha arthath amajan ki bhasha (janabhasha). jo bhasha samast rashtr mean jan–jan ke vichar–vinimay ka madhyam ho, vah rashtrabhasha kahalati hai.
  • rashtrabhasha rashtriy ekata evan aantarrashtriy sanvad sampark ki avashyakata ki upaj hoti hai. vaise to sabhi bhashaean rashtrabhashaean hoti haian, kintu rashtr ki janata jab sthaniy evan tatkalik hitoan v poorvagrahoan se oopar uthakar apane rashtr ki kee bhashaoan mean se kisi ek bhasha ko chunakar use rashtriy asmita ka ek avashyak upadan samajhane lagati hai to vahi rashtrabhasha hai.
  • svatantrata sangram ke dauran rashtrabhasha ki avashyakata hoti hai. bharat ke sandarbh mean is avashyakata ki poorti hiandi ne ki. yahi karan hai ki hiandi svatantrata sangram ke dauran[4] rashtrabhasha bani.
  • rashtrabhasha shabd koee sanvaidhanik shabd nahian hai, balki yah prayogatmak, vyavaharik v janamanyata prapt shabd hai.
  • rashtrabhasha samajik, saanskritik star par desh ko jo dane ka kam karati hai arthath rashtrabhasha ki prathamik shart desh mean vibhinn samudayoan ke bich bhavanatmak ekata sthapit karana hai.

rashtrabhasha aandolan se sambandhit vyaktitv

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
hiandi ke lie mahapurush kathan
hiandi kisi ke mitane se mit nahian sakati.
chandrabali pandey

hai bhavy bharat hi hamari matribhoomi hari bhari.
hiandi hamari rashtrabhasha aur lipi hai nagari ॥
maithilisharan gupt

jis bhasha mean tulasidas jaise kavi ne kavita ki ho vah avashy hi pavitr hai aur usake samane koee bhasha nahian thahar sakati.
mahatma gaandhi
hiandi bharatavarsh ke hriday-desh sthit karo doan nar-nariyoan ke hriday aur mastishk ko khurak dene vali bhasha hai.
hazariprasad dvivedi
hiandi ko ganga nahian balki samudr banana hoga.
vinoba bhave
hiandi ke virodh ka koee bhi andolan rashtr ki pragati mean badhak hai.
subhash chandr basu
hiandi ko sanskrit se vichchhinn karake dekhane vale usaki adhikaansh mahima se aparichit haian.
hazariprasad dvivedi

raja ramamohan ray, keshavachandr sen, navin chandr ray, eeshvar chandr vidyasagar, taruni charan mishr, rajendr lal mitr, raj narayan basu, bhoodev mukharji, bankim chandr chaitarji ('hiandi bhasha ki sahayata se bharatavarsh ke vibhinn pradeshoan ke madhy mean jo aikyabandhan sansthapan karane mean samarth hoange vahi sachche bharatabandhu pukare jane yogy haian.)', subhashachandr bos ('agar aj hiandi bhasha man li gee hai to vah isalie nahian ki vah kisi prant vishesh ki bhasha hai, balki isalie ki vah apani saralata, vyapakata tatha kshamata ke karan sare desh ki bhasha ho sakati hai.').

rajabhasha ke roop mean vikas

rajabhasha kya hai

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  2. rajabhasha ka shabdik arth hai— raj–kaj ki bhasha. jo bhasha desh ke rajakiy karyoan ke lie prayukt hoti hai, vah 'rajabhasha' kahalati haian rajaoan–navaboan ke zamane mean ise 'darabari bhasha' kaha jata tha.
  3. rajabhasha sarakari kam–kaj chalane ki avashyakata ki upaj hoti hai.
  4. svashasan ane ke pashchath rajabhasha ki avashkata hoti hai. prayah rashtrabhasha hi svashasan ane ke pashchath rajabhasha ban jati hai. bharat mean bhi rashtrabhasha hiandi ko rajabhasha ka darja prapt hua.
  5. rajabhasha ek sanvaidhanik shabd hai. hiandi ko 14 sitanbar 1949 ee. ko sanvaidhanik roop se rajabhasha ghoshit kiya gaya. isilie pratyek varsh 14 sitanbar ko 'hiandi divas' ke roop mean manaya jata hai.
  6. rajabhasha desh ko apane prashasanik lakshyoan ke dvara rajanitik–arthik ikaee mean jo dane ka kam karati hai. arthath rajabhasha ki prathamik shart rajanitik prashasanik ekata qayam karana hai.
  7. rajabhasha ka prayog kshetr simit hota hai, yatha—vartaman samay mean bharat sarakar ke karyalayoan evan kuchh rajyoan- hiandi kshetr ke rajyoan mean raj–kaj hiandi mean hota hai. any rajy sarakarean apani–apani bhasha mean kary karati haian, hiandi mean nahian; maharashtr marathi mean, panjab panjabi mean, gujarat gujarati mean adi.
  8. rajabhasha koee bhi bhasha ho sakati hai, svabhasha ya parabhasha. jaise, mugal shasak akabar ke samay se lekar maikale ke kal tak farasi rajabhasha tatha maikale ke kal se lekar svatantrata prapti tak aangrezi rajabhasha thi jo ki videshi bhasha thi. jabaki svatantrata prapti ke bad hiandi ko rajabhasha ka darja diya gaya jo ki svabhasha hai.
  9. rajabhasha ka ek nishchit manak svaroop hota hai, jisake sath chhe dachha d ya prayog nahian kiya ja sakata.

athavian anusoochi

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

athavian anusoochi mean sanvidhan dvara manyata prapt 22 pradeshik bhashaoan ka ullekh hai. is anusoochi mean arambh mean 14 bhashaean (asamiya, baangla, gujarati, hiandi, kann d, kashmiri, malayalam, marathi, u diya, panjabi, sanskrit, tamil, telugu, urdoo) thian. bad mean siandhi ko tatpashchath koankani, manipuri[5], nepali ko shamil kiya gaya [6], jisase isaki sankhya 18 ho gee. taduparant bodo, dogari, maithili, santhali ko shamil kiya gaya[7] aur is prakar is anusoochi mean 22 bhashaean ho geean.

hiandi ki upabhashaean evan boliyaan

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

upabhashaean v boliyaan

  • boli— ek chhote kshetr mean boli janevali bhasha boli kahalati hai. boli mean sahity rachana nahian hoti hai.
  • upabhasha— agar kisi boli mean sahity rachana hone lagati hai aur kshetr ka vikas ho jata hai to vah boli n rahakar upabhasha ban jati hai.
  • bhasha— sahityakar jab us bhasha ko apane sahity ke dvara parinishthit sarvamany roop pradan kar dete haian tatha usaka aur kshetr vistar ho jata hai to vah bhasha kahalane lagati hai.
  • ek bhasha ke aantargat kee upabhashaean hoti haian tatha ek upabhasha ke aantargat kee boliyaan hoti haian.
  • sarvapratham ek aangrez prashasanik adhikari jarj abraham griyarsan ne 1927 ee. mean apani pustak 'bharatiy bhasha sarvekshan' mean hiandi ka upabhashaoan v boliyoan mean vargikaran prastut kiya. chatarji ne paha di bhashaoan ko chho d diya hai. vah inhean bhashaean nahian manate.
  • dhirendr varma ka vargikaran mukhyatah suniti kumar chatarji ke vargikaran par hi adharit hai. keval usamean kuchh hi sanshodhan kie ge haian. jaise— usamean paha di bhashaoan ko shamil kiya gaya hai.
  • inake alava kee vidvanoan ne apana vargikaran prastut kiya hai. aj is bat ko lekar am sahamati hai ki hiandi jis bhasha–samooh ka nam hai, usamean 5 upabhashaean aur 17 boliyaan haian.

hiandi kshetr ki samast boliyoan ko 5 vargoan mean baanta gaya hai. in vargoan ko upabhasha kaha jata hai. in upabhashaoan ke aantargat hi hiandi ki 17 boliyaan ati haian.[8]

pramukh kh di boliyoan ka sankshipt parichay

kauravi ya kh di boli

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • mool nam— kauravi
  • sahityik bhasha banane ke bad p da nam— kh di boli
  • any nam— bolachal ki hindustani, sarahiandi, varnakyoolar kh di boli adi.
  • kendr— kuru janapad arthath merath– dilli ke asapas ka kshetr. kh di boli ek b de bhoobhag mean boli jati hai. apane theth roop mean yah merath, bijanaur, muradabad, ramapur, saharanapur, deharadoon aur ambala ziloan mean boli jati hai. inamean merath ki kh di boli adarsh aur manak mani jati hai.
  • bolane valoan ki sankhya— 1.5 se 2 karo d
  • sahity— mool kauravi mean lok–sahity upalabdh hai, jisamean git, git–natak, lok katha, gapp, paheli adi haian.
  • visheshata— aj ki hiandi moolatah kauravi par hi adharit hai.
  • namoona— koee badasa tha. sab usake do ranyaan thian. vo ek roz apani ranni se kene laga mere saman or koi badasa hai bi? to b di bolle ke raja tum saman or kon hoga. chhoti se puchchha to kihya ki ek bijan sahar he usake kille mean jitani tumhari sari haisiyat hai utani ek eeant lagi hai. o isane meri kuch bat nee rakkhi isako tagmarti (nirvasit) karana chaie. uskoo tagmarti kar diya. or b di koo sab raj ka malak kar diya.

brajabhasha

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • kendr— mathura
  • bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3 karo d
  • desh ke bahar tajjubekistan mean brajabhasha boli jati hai, jise 'tajjubeki brajabhasha' kaha jata hai.
  • sahity— krishna bhakti kavy ki ekamatr bhasha, lagabhag sara ritikal sahity. sahityik drishti se hiandi bhasha ki sabase mahattvapoorn boli. sahityik mahattv ke karan hi ise brajaboli nahian brajabhasha ki sanjna di jati hai. madhyakal mean is bhasha ne akhil bharatiy vistar paya. bangal mean is bhasha se bani bhasha ka nam 'braj buli' p da. adhunik kal tak is bhasha mean sahity srijan hota raha. par paristhitiyaan aisi bani ki brajabhasha sahityik sianhasan se utar di gee aur usaka sthan kh di boli ne le liya.
  • rachanakar— bhaktikalin– sooradas, nandadas adi.

ritikal— bihari, matiram, bhooshan, dev adi. adhunik kalin— bharatendu harishchandr, jagannath das 'ratnakar' adi.

  • namoona— ek mathura ji ke chaube he (the), jo dilli saihar kau chalai. ga di vare baniya se chaubeji ki bheant hai gee. to ve chaube bole, ar bhiya seth, kahaan jayago. vau bolo, maharaja dilli jaooango. to chaube bole, bhiya hamooan baithalley. baniya bolo, char roopa chaliange bha de ke. chaube bole, achchha bhiya chari diange.

avadhi

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • kendr— ayodhya/avadh
  • bolane valoan ki sankhya— 2 karo d
  • desh ke bahar phiji mean avadhi bolane vale log haian.
  • sahity— soofi kavy, ramabhakti kavy. avadhi mean prabandh kavy parampara visheshatah vikasit huee.
  • rachanakar— soofi kavi— mulla daud ('chandayan'), jayasi ('padmavat'), qutban ('mrigavati'), usaman ('chitravali'), ramabhakt kavi— tulasidas ('ramacharitamanas').
  • namoona— ek gaanv ma ek ahir raha. oo b da bhoang raha. sabere jab soy ke uthai to pahale apane mahatari ka char tanni dhamakay diye tab kauno kam karat raha. bechari bahut puraniya rahi nahian tau ka mazal raha keoo dehian pai tirin chhuay det.

bhojapuri

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • kendr— bhojapur
  • bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3.5 karo d (bolane valoan ki sankhya ki drishti se hiandi pradesh ki boliyoan mean sabase adhik boli jane vali boli).
  • is boli ka prasar bharat ke bahar soorinam, phiji, m aaurishas, gayana, trinidad mean hai. is drishti se bhojapuri aantarrashtriy mahattv ki boli hai.
  • sahity— bhojapuri mean likhit sahity nahian ke barabar hai. moolatah bhojapuri bhashi sahityakar madhyakal mean brajabhasha v avadhi mean tatha adhunik kal mean hiandi mean lekhan karate rahe haian. lekin ab sthiti mean parivartan a raha hai.
  • rachanakar— bhikhari thakur (upanam— 'bhojapuri ka sheksapiyar', 'bhojapuri ka bharatendu').
  • sinema— sinema jagat mean bhojapuri hi hiandi ki vah boli hai, jisamean sabase adhik filmean banati haian.
  • namoona— kahe das–das panarah–panarah hazar ke bhi d hola ee natak dekhean khatir. maloom hota ki ehi natak mean pabalik ke ras avela.

maithili

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • lipi— tirahuta v devanagari
  • kendr— mithila ya videh ya tirahut
  • bolane valoan ki sankhya— 1.5 karo d
  • sahity— sahity ki drishti se maithili bahut sampann hai.
  • rachanakar— vidyapati (padavali)— yadi brajabhasha ko sooradas ne, avadhi ko tulasidas ne charamotkarsh par pahuanchaya to maithili ko vidyapati ne, harimohan jha (upanyas— kanyadan, dviragaman, kahani sangrah—ekadashi, 'khattar kakak tarang'), nagarjun (maithili mean 'yatri' nam se lekhan; upanyas— paro, kavita sangrah— 'kavik svapn', 'patrahin nagn gachh'), rajakamal chaudhari ('svaragangha') adi.
  • athavian anusoochi mean sthan— 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki 8vian anusoochi mean 4 bhashaoan ko sthan diya gaya. maithili hiandi kshetr ki boliyoan mean se 8vian anusoochi mean sthan pane vali ekamatr boli hai.
  • namoona— patana kie elah? patana eliai nokari karaile.

bhetalah nokari? nakari kattau ni bhetal. gaan mean kaj ni bheti chhalah? bhetai chhalai, roopaiyabala ni, aanabala. takhan ela kiai? riniyaan tan kelaki, tai. katte rin chhah? chair bis. sood katte li chhah? doo pai mahinabari.

devanagari lipi

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bharat mean sarvadhik prachalit lipi jisamean sanskrit, hiandi aur marathi bhashaean likhi jati haian. is shabd ka sabase pahala ullekh 453 ee. mean jain granthoan mean milata hai. 'nagari' nam ke sanbandh mean mataiky nahian hai. kuchh log isaka karan nagaroan mean prayog ko batate haian. yah apane aranbhik roop mean brahmi lipi ke nam se jani jati thi. isaka vartaman roop navi-dasavian shatabdi se milane lagata hai. bhasha vijnan ki shabdavali mean yah 'aksharatmak' lipi kahalati hai. yah vishv mean prachalit sabhi lipiyoan ki apeksha adhik poornatar hai. isake likhit aur uchcharit roop mean koee aantar nahian p data hai. pratyek dhvani sanket yathavat likha jata hai.

  • devanagari ek lipi hai jisamean anek bharatiy bhashaean tatha kuchh videshi bhashaean likhian jati haian. sanskrit, pali, hiandi, marathi, koankani, sindhi, kashmiri, nepali, gadhavali, bodo, aangika, magahi, bhojapuri, maithili, santhali adi bhashaean devanagari mean likhi jati haian. ise nagari lipi bhi kaha jata hai. isake atirikt kuchh sthitiyoan mean gujarati, panjabi, bishnupuriya manipuri, romani aur urdoo bhashaean bhi devanagari mean likhi jati haian.
  • isamean kul 52 akshar haian, jisamean 14 svar aur 38 vyanjan haian. aksharoan ki kram vyavastha (vinyas) bhi bahut hi vaijnanik hai. svar-vyanjan, komal-kathor, alpapran-mahapran, anunasiky-antasth-ooshm ityadi vargikaran bhi vaijnanik haian. ek mat ke anusar devanagar (kashi) mean prachalan ke karan isaka nam devanagari p da.[9]

nagari lipi

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
  • pashchimi shakha- devanagari, rajasthani, gujarati, mahajani, kaithi.
  • poorvi shakha- baangla lipi, asami, u diya.

hiandi vyakaran

mukhy lekh : vyakaran (vyavaharik)

jis vidya se kisi bhasha ke bolane tatha likhane ke niyamoan ki vyavasthit paddhati ka jnan hota hai, use 'vyakaran' kahate haian.

varnamala

mukhy lekh : varnamala (vyakaran)

hiandi bhasha mean jitane varnoan ka prayog hota hai, un varnoan ke samooh ko 'varnamala' kaha jata hai.

hiandi varnamala

mukhy lekh : hiandi varnamala (vyakaran)

hiandi bhasha mean jitane varn prayukt hote haian, un varnoan ke samooh ko 'hiandi-varnamala' kaha jata hai.

shabd

mukhy lekh : shabd (vyakaran)
  • varn-samooh ya dhvani-samooh ko 'shabd' kahate haian.
  • shabd do prakar ke hote haian- sarthak aur nirarthak.

sanjna

mukhy lekh : sanjna (vyakaran)
  • yah sarthak varn-samooh shabd kahalata hai.
  • jab isaka prayog vaky mean hota hai to vah vyakaran ke niyamoan mean bandh jata hai aur isaka roop bhi badal jata hai.

sarvanam

mukhy lekh : sarvanam
  • sanjna ke sthan par prayukt hone vale shabd ko sarvanam kahate haian.
  • sanjna ki punarukti n karane ke lie sarvanam ka prayog kiya jata hai.

visheshan

mukhy lekh : visheshan

sanjna athava sarvanam shabdoan ki visheshata (gun, dosh, sankhya, pariman adi) batane vale shabd ‘visheshan’ kahalate haian.

kriya

mukhy lekh : kriya
  • jin shabdoan se kisi kary ya vyapar ke hone ya kie jane ka bodh hota hai unhean kriya kahate haian.
  • jaise- uthana, baithana, sona jagana.

kriyavisheshan

mukhy lekh : kriyavisheshan

jin avikari shabdoan se kriya ki visheshata ka bodh hota hai ve kriyavisheshan kahalate haian.

karak

mukhy lekh : karak

karak shabd ka arth hai kriya ko karane vala arthat kriya ko poori karane mean kisi n kisi bhoomika ko nibhane vala.

kal

mukhy lekh : kal

kriya ke vyapar ka samay soochit karane vale kriya roop ko 'kal' kahate haian.

sandhi

mukhy lekh : sandhi
  • do samipavarti varnoan ke mel se jo vikar hota hai, vah sandhi kahalata hai.
  • jaise- dev+ alay= devalay, man:+ yog= manoyog

upavaky

mukhy lekh : upavaky
  • yadi kisi ek vaky mean ek se adhik samapika kriyaean hoti haian to vah vaky upavakyoan mean bant jata hai.
  • usamean jitani bhi samapika kriyaean hoti haian utane hi upavaky hote haian.

vachan

mukhy lekh : vachan (hiandi)
  • vikari shabdoan ke jis roop se sankhya ka bodh hota hai, use vachan kahate haian.
  • vaise to shabdoan ka sanjna bhed vividh prakar ka hota hai, parantu vyakaran mean usake ek aur anek bhed prachalit haian.

vartani

mukhy lekh : vartani (hiandi)
  • likhane ki riti ko vartani ya akshari kahate haian.
  • ise hijje bhi kaha jata hai.

upasarg

mukhy lekh : upasarg
  • ve shabdaansh jo yaugik shabd banate samay pahale lagate haian, upasarg kahalate haian.
  • jaise- prati= pratinidhi, pratikool, pratishtha, pratyaksh.

ras

mukhy lekh : ras
  • ras ka shabdik arth hai 'anand'. kavy ko padhane ya sunane se jis anand ki anubhooti hoti hai, use ras kaha jata hai.
  • ras ko 'kavy ki atma' ya 'pran tatv' mana jata hai.

alankar

mukhy lekh : alankar
  • alankar ka shabdik arth hai, 'abhooshan'. jis prakar suvarn adi ke abhooshanoan se sharir ki shobha badhati hai usi prakar kavy alankaroan se kavy ki.
  • hiandi ke kavi keshavadas ek alankaravadi haian.

chhand

mukhy lekh : chhand
  • varnoan ya matraoan ke niyamit sankhya ke vinyas se yadi ahlad paida ho, to use chhand kahate haian.
  • chhand ka sarvapratham ullekh 'rrigved' mean milata hai.

hiandi ka manakikaran

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

manak bhasha

  • manak ka abhipray hai—adarsh, shreshth athava parinishthit. bhasha ka jo roop us bhasha ke prayoktaoan ke alava any bhasha–bhashiyoan ke lie adarsh hota hai, jisake madhyam se ve us bhasha ko sikhate haian, jis bhasha–roop ka vyavahar patrachar, shiksha, sarakari kam–kaj evan samajik–saanskritik adan–pradan mean saman star par hota hai, vah us bhasha ka manak roop kahalata hai.
  • manak bhasha kisi desh athava rajy ki vah pratinidhi tatha adarsh bhasha hoti hai, jisaka prayog vahaan ke shikshit varg ke dvara apane samajik, saanskritik, sahityik, vyaparik v vaijnanik tatha prashasanik karyoan mean kiya jata hai.
  • kisi bhasha ka bolachal ke star se oopar uthakar manak roop grahan kar lena, usaka 'manakikaran' kahalata hai.

akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

mukhy lekh : hiandi ki akhil bharatiyata ka itihas

hiandi 'shabd' ka prayog hariyana se lekar bihar tak prachalit baangaru, kauravi, brajabhasha, kanauji, rajasthani, avadhi, bhojapuri, maithili adi kee bhashaoan ke lie kiya jata hai, kiantu vartaman shatabdi mean vyavahar ki drishti se isaka arth kh diboli ho gaya hai. hiandi ke roop mean yahi kh diboli bharatiy sanvidhan dvara svikrit sanpark bhasha hai tatha hiandi bhashi rajyoan mean rajabhasha hai. bhaugolik drishti se vichar karane par yah dilli, hariyana tatha uttar pradesh ke muradabad, bijanaur, merath adi tho de se ziloan tak simit bhasha hai, jo shatabdiyoan tak brajabhasha aur avadhi ki tulana mean upekshitapray rahi hai aur aitihasik karanoan ke prasad se hi yah n keval adhunik yug mean bharat se bahar ke kee deshoan mean phail gee hai, varan sudoor atit se hi aantarrashtriy yatra karati rahi hai.

aantarrashtriy hiandi vishvavidyalay

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

[[chitr:Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University.jpg|mahatma gaandhi aantarrashtriy hiandi vishvavidyalay, vardha |thumb|250px]] mahatma gaandhi aantarrashtriy hiandi vishvavidyalay, maharashtr rajy ke vardha zile mean sthit hai. is vishvavidyalay ki sthapana bharat sarakar ne sansad dvara parit ek adhiniyam dvara ki hai. is adhiniyam ko bharat ke rajapatr mean 8 janavari sanh 1997 ko prakashit kiya gaya. yah adhiniyam shiksha aur anusandhan ke madhyam se hiandi bhasha aur sahity ka sanvardhan evan vikas karane hetu ek shaikshanik vishvavidyalay ki sthapana karata hai, jisase hiandi behatar karyadakshata prapt kar pramukh aantarrashtriy bhasha bane. sath hi vibhinn jnananushasanoan mean maulik srijan hiandi bhasha ke madhyam se ho sake tatha vishv ki any bhashaoan mean vidyaman jnan sanpada ka anuvad hiandi bhasha mean kiya ja sake.[10]

samachar

hiandi sudharane ke lie aangrezi shabdoan ki chhoot

13 aktoobar, 2011 guruvar

azadi ke 64 sal bad bhi sarakar hiandi ko rajabhasha se rashtrabhasha nahian bana paee hai, magar ab usane sarakari daftaroan mean istemal hone vali hiandi ko badalane ke prayas avashy tej kar die haian. daftaroan mean istemal hone vale hiandi ke kathin shabdoan ki jagah urdoo, farasi, samany hiandi aur aangrezi ke shabdoan ka upayog karane ke nirdesh die haian. grih mantralay ke rajabhasha vibhag ki sachiv vina upadhyay ne is silasile mean sabhi mantralayoan aur vibhagoan ko disha-nirdesh jari kie haian. nirdeshoan ke mutabik, kamakaj ke dauran sahityik hiandi ka upayog nahian kiya jana chahie. kisi bhi shabd ka hiandi mean upayog bataur anuvad n ho. isase am logoan ko samasya hoti hai. ek had ke bad yahi samasya kisi bhi vyakti ko manasik taur par bhasha ke khilaf kh da karati hai. grih mantralay ke rajabhasha vibhag ki sachiv vina upadhyay ne sabhi mantralayoan aur vibhagoan ko jari kie disha-nirdesh mantralay ke is adesh ke bad pulis, kort, byooro, relave steshan, batan, kot, paiant, signal, lift, phis, qanoon, adalat, muqadama, daftar, efaeear jaise aangrezi, farasi aur turki bhasha ke shabdoan ka chalan jari rahega.

samachar ko vibhinn srotoan par padhean

duniya ke 80 karo d log janate haian hiandi

20 sitambar, 2012 guruvar

bharat ki rajabhasha hiandi duniya mean doosari sabase adhik boli jane vali bhasha hai. bahubhashi bharat ke hiandi bhashi rajyoan ki abadi 46 karo d se adhik hai. 2011 ki janaganana ke mutabik bharat ki 1.2 arab abadi mean se 41.03 phisadi ki matribhasha hiandi hai. hiandi ko doosari bhasha ke taur par istemal karane vale any bharatiyoan ko mila liya jae to desh ke lagabhag 75 pratishat log hiandi bol sakate haian. bharat ke in 75 pratishat hiandi bhashiyoan sahit poori duniya mean takariban 80 karo d log aise haian jo ise bol ya samajh sakate haian. bharat ke alava ise nepal, m aaurishas, phiji, soorinam, yoogaanda, dakshin aphrika, kairibiyan deshoan, trinidad evan tobego aur kanada adi mean bolane valoan ki achchhi khasi sankhya hai. isake alava ianglaiand, amerika, madhy eshiya mean bhi ise bolane aur samajhane vale achchhe khase log haian.

samachar ko vibhinn srotoan par padhean

aaustreliya ke skooloan mean padhaee jaegi hiandi

thumb|aaustreliyaee pradhanamantri jooliya gilard

29 aktoobar, 2012 somavar

aaustreliya ke skooloan mean hiandi aur any pramukh eshiyaee bhashaean padhaee jaeangi. bharat aur any eshiyaee deshoan se sanbandh majaboot banane ke lie yah rananiti tay ki gee hai. aaustreliya ki pradhanamantri jooliya gilard ne nee niti ka pahala khaka rakhate hue kaha, "jis samay aaustreliya badal raha tha usi samay eshiya mean bhi badalav ho raha tha, is sadi mean chahe jo mile, yah nishchit hi eshiya ko netritv mean phir se laega. eshiya ke utthan ko koee nahian rok sakata. yah tej ho raha hai." pradhanamantri jooliya gilard ne eshiyan seanchuri vhait pepar jari karate hue isaki ghoshana ki. gilard ne kaha ki shuruat skooloan, prashikshan keandroan se karana hogi. harek skool eshiya ke kisi skool ke sath ju dega aur ek pramukh eshiyaee bhasha hiandi, mandarin, japani ya iandoneshiyan sikhane ki pahal karega. unhoanne kaha ki bachchoan ko behatar shiksha dilane ki koshish karana hogi. ab pahale jaisa nahian chalega. gilard ne kaha ki is sadi mean eshiya ke b di takat banane ki sanbhavana hai. vishv mean yah kshetr netritv ki bhoomika mean hoga.

samachar ko vibhinn srotoan par padhean


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 (aangrezi) (ech.ti.em.el) census of india. abhigaman tithi: 15 sitambar, 2012.
  2. ↑ gaandhiji ki adhyakshata mean hindi sahity sammalen ka 8vaan adhiveshan san 1918 mean (hiandi) sarv seva sangh prakashan vashri madhyabharat hindi sahity samiti, iandaur. abhigaman tithi: 4 joon, 2015.
  3. ↑ 13vian sadi se 18vian sadi tak hiandi–urdoo mean koee maulik bhed nahian tha.
  4. ↑ visheshatah 1900 ee.-1947 ee.
  5. ↑ 21vaan sanshodhan, 1967 ee.
  6. ↑ 71vaan sanshodhan, 1992 ee.
  7. ↑ 92vaan sanshodhan, 2003
  8. ↑ ek bhasha vidvan ke anusar, shuddh bhasha–vaijnanik drishti se hiandi ki do mukhy upabhashaean haian—pashchimi hiandi v poorvi hiandi.
  9. ↑ hiandi sahity (hiandi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 28 sitanbar, 2010.
  10. ↑ mahatma gaandhi aantarrashtriy hiandi vishvavidyalay (hiandi) (pi.ech.pi) jnan shaanti maitri. abhigaman tithi: 04 janavari, 2011.

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