Difference between revisions of "हिन्दी"
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==हिन्दी शब्द की व्युत्पत्ति== | ==हिन्दी शब्द की व्युत्पत्ति== | ||
| − | हिन्दी शब्द की व्युपत्ति भारत के उत्तर–पश्चिम में प्रवाहमान [[सिंधु नदी]] से सम्बन्धित है। अधिकांश विदेशी यात्री और आक्रान्ता उत्तर–पश्चिम सिंहद्वार से ही भारत आए। भारत में आने वाले इन विदेशियों ने जिस देश के दर्शन किए, वह '[[सिंधु]]' का देश था। ईरान (फ़ारस) के साथ भारत के बहुत प्राचीन काल से ही सम्बन्ध थे और ईरानी 'सिंधु' को 'हिन्दु' कहते थे। (सिंधु - हिन्दु, स का ह में तथा ध का द में परिवर्तन - पहलवी भाषा प्रवृत्ति के अनुसार ध्वनि परिवर्तन)। '''हिन्दू शब्द [[संस्कृत]] से प्रचलित है परंतु यह संस्कृत के 'सिन्धु' शब्द से विकसित है।''' हिन्दू से 'हिन्द' बना और फिर 'हिन्द' में [[फ़ारसी भाषा]] के सम्बन्ध कारक प्रत्यय 'ई' लगने से 'हिन्दी' बन गया। 'हिन्दी' का अर्थ है—'हिन्द का'। इस प्रकार हिन्दी शब्द की उत्पत्ति हिन्द देश के निवासियों के अर्थ में हुई। आगे चलकर यह शब्द 'हिन्दी की भाषा' के अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होने लगा। | + | हिन्दी शब्द की व्युपत्ति भारत के उत्तर–पश्चिम में प्रवाहमान [[सिंधु नदी]] से सम्बन्धित है। अधिकांश [[विदेशी यात्री]] और आक्रान्ता उत्तर–पश्चिम सिंहद्वार से ही भारत आए। भारत में आने वाले इन विदेशियों ने जिस देश के दर्शन किए, वह '[[सिंधु]]' का देश था। ईरान (फ़ारस) के साथ भारत के बहुत प्राचीन काल से ही सम्बन्ध थे और ईरानी 'सिंधु' को 'हिन्दु' कहते थे। (सिंधु - हिन्दु, स का ह में तथा ध का द में परिवर्तन - पहलवी भाषा प्रवृत्ति के अनुसार ध्वनि परिवर्तन)। '''हिन्दू शब्द [[संस्कृत]] से प्रचलित है परंतु यह संस्कृत के 'सिन्धु' शब्द से विकसित है।''' हिन्दू से 'हिन्द' बना और फिर 'हिन्द' में [[फ़ारसी भाषा]] के सम्बन्ध कारक प्रत्यय 'ई' लगने से 'हिन्दी' बन गया। 'हिन्दी' का अर्थ है—'हिन्द का'। इस प्रकार हिन्दी शब्द की उत्पत्ति हिन्द देश के निवासियों के अर्थ में हुई। आगे चलकर यह शब्द 'हिन्दी की भाषा' के अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होने लगा। |
उपर्युक्त बातों से तीन बातें सामने आती हैं— | उपर्युक्त बातों से तीन बातें सामने आती हैं— | ||
#'हिन्दी' शब्द का विकास कई चरणों में हुआ- '''सिंधु'''→ '''हिन्दु'''→ '''हिन्द+ई'''→ '''हिन्दी'''। | #'हिन्दी' शब्द का विकास कई चरणों में हुआ- '''सिंधु'''→ '''हिन्दु'''→ '''हिन्द+ई'''→ '''हिन्दी'''। | ||
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*'''खड़ी बोली'''- प्राचीन हिन्दी काल में रचित खड़ी बोली साहित्य में खड़ी बोली के आरम्भिक प्रयोगों से उसके आदि रूप या बीज रूप का आभास मिलता है। खड़ी बोली का आदिकालीन रूप सरहपा आदि सिद्धों, गोरखनाथ आदि नाथों, [[अमीर ख़ुसरो]] जैसे सूफ़ियों, जयदेव, नामदेव, [[रामानंद]] आदि संतों की रचनाओं में उपलब्ध है। इन रचनाकारों में हमें अपभ्रंश–अवहट्ट से निकलती हुई खड़ी बोली स्पष्टतः दिखाई देती है। | *'''खड़ी बोली'''- प्राचीन हिन्दी काल में रचित खड़ी बोली साहित्य में खड़ी बोली के आरम्भिक प्रयोगों से उसके आदि रूप या बीज रूप का आभास मिलता है। खड़ी बोली का आदिकालीन रूप सरहपा आदि सिद्धों, गोरखनाथ आदि नाथों, [[अमीर ख़ुसरो]] जैसे सूफ़ियों, जयदेव, नामदेव, [[रामानंद]] आदि संतों की रचनाओं में उपलब्ध है। इन रचनाकारों में हमें अपभ्रंश–अवहट्ट से निकलती हुई खड़ी बोली स्पष्टतः दिखाई देती है। | ||
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==मध्यकालीन हिन्दी== | ==मध्यकालीन हिन्दी== | ||
मध्यकाल में हिन्दी का स्वरूप स्पष्ट हो गया तथा उसकी प्रमुख बोलियाँ विकसित हो गईं। इस काल में भाषा के तीन रूप निखरकर सामने आए— ब्रजभाषा, अवधी व खड़ी बोली। ब्रजभाषा और अवधी का अत्यधिक साहित्यिक विकास हुआ तथा तत्कालीन ब्रजभाषा साहित्य को कुछ देशी राज्यों का संरक्षण भी प्राप्त हुआ। इनके अतिरिक्त मध्यकाल में खड़ी बोली के मिश्रित रूप का साहित्य में प्रयोग होता रहा। इसी खड़ी बोली का 14वीं सदी में दक्षिण में प्रवेश हुआ, अतः वहाँ पर इसका साहित्य में अधिक प्रयोग हुआ। 18वीं सदी में खड़ी बोली को मुसलमान शासकों का संरक्षण मिला तथा इसके विकास को नई दिशा मिली। | मध्यकाल में हिन्दी का स्वरूप स्पष्ट हो गया तथा उसकी प्रमुख बोलियाँ विकसित हो गईं। इस काल में भाषा के तीन रूप निखरकर सामने आए— ब्रजभाषा, अवधी व खड़ी बोली। ब्रजभाषा और अवधी का अत्यधिक साहित्यिक विकास हुआ तथा तत्कालीन ब्रजभाषा साहित्य को कुछ देशी राज्यों का संरक्षण भी प्राप्त हुआ। इनके अतिरिक्त मध्यकाल में खड़ी बोली के मिश्रित रूप का साहित्य में प्रयोग होता रहा। इसी खड़ी बोली का 14वीं सदी में दक्षिण में प्रवेश हुआ, अतः वहाँ पर इसका साहित्य में अधिक प्रयोग हुआ। 18वीं सदी में खड़ी बोली को मुसलमान शासकों का संरक्षण मिला तथा इसके विकास को नई दिशा मिली। | ||
Revision as of 07:57, 24 June 2011
thumb|hindi varnamala hindi bharatiy ganaraj ki rajakiy aur madhy bharatiy- ary bhasha hai. san 1991 ee. ki janaganana ke anusar, 23.342 karo d bharatiy hindi ka upayog matribhasha ke roop mean karate haian, jabaki lagabhag 33.727 karo d log isaki lagabhag 50 se adhik boliyoan mean se ek istemal karate haian. isaki kuchh boliyaan, maithili aur rajasthani alag bhasha hone ka dava karati haian. hindi ki pramukh boliyoan mean avadhi, bhojapuri, brajabhasha, chhattisagadhi, gadhavali, hariyanavi, kumaanooni, magadhi aur marava di shamil haian.
| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
hindi bhasha ka vikas
vargikaran
- hindi vishv ki lagabhag 3,000 bhashaoan mean se ek hai.
- akriti ya roop ke adhar par hindi viyogatmak ya vishlisht bhasha hai.
- bhasha–parivar ke adhar par hindi bharopiy parivar ki bhasha hai.
- bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar— bharopiy, dravi d, astrik v chini–tibbati milate haian. bharat mean bolane valoan ke pratishat ke adhar par bharopiy parivar sabase b da bhasha parivar hai.
- hindi bharopiy/ bharat yooropiy ke bharatiy– eerani shakha ke bharatiy ary (Indo–Aryan) upashakha se vikasit ek bhasha hai.
- bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kaloan mean vibhakt kiya jata hai.
| bhasha-parivar | bharat mean bolane valoan ka % |
|---|---|
| bharopiy | 73% |
| dravi d | 25% |
| astrik | 1.3% |
| chini–tibbati | 0.7% |
| nam | prayog kal | udaharan |
|---|---|---|
| 1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha | 1500 ee. poo.– 500 ee. poo. | vaidik sanskrit v laukik sanskrit |
| 2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha | 500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee. | pali, prakrit, apabhransh |
| 3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha | 1000 ee.– ab tak | hindi aur hinditar bhashaean – baangla, u diya, marathi, siandhi, asamiya, gujarati, panjabi adi. |
| nam | prayog kal | any nam |
|---|---|---|
| vaidik sanskrit | 1500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee. poo. | chhandash (yask, panini) |
| laukik sanskrit | 1000 ee. poo.- 500 ee. poo. | sanskrit bhasha (panini) |
| nam | prayog kal | vishesh tippani |
|---|---|---|
| pratham prakrit kal– pali | 500 ee. poo.– 1 ee. | bharat ki pratham desh bhasha, bhagavan buddh ke sare upadesh pali mean hi haian. |
| dvitiy prakrit kal– prakrit | 1 ee.– 500 ee. | bhagavan mahavir ke sare upadesh prakrit mean hi haian. |
| tritiy prakrit kal– apabhransh avahatt | 500 ee.– 1000 ee.
900 ee. – 1100 ee. |
sankramanakalin/sankrantikalin bhasha |
| nam | prayog kal |
|---|---|
| prachin hindi | 1100 ee. – 1400 ee. |
| madhyakalin hindi | 1400 ee. - 1850 ee. |
| adhunik hindi | 1850 ee. – ab tak |
hindi ki adi janani sanskrit hai. sanskrit pali, prakrit bhasha se hoti huee apabhransh tak pahuanchati hai. phir apabhransh, avahatt se gujarati huee prachin/prarambhik hindi ka roop leti hai. vishuddhatah, hindi bhasha ke itihas ka arambh apabhransh se mana jata hai.
- hindi ka vikas kram- sanskrit→ pali→ prakrit→ apabhransh→ avahatt→ prachin / prarambhik hindi
| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
apabhransh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- apabhransh bhasha ka vikas 500 ee. se lekar 1000 ee. ke madhy hua aur isamean sahity ka arambh 8vian sadi ee. (svayanbhoo kavi) se hua, jo 13vian sadi tak jari raha.
- apabhransh (ap+bhransh+ghanh) shabd ka yoan to shabdik arth hai 'patan', kintu apabhransh sahity se abhisht hai— prakrit bhasha se vikasit bhasha vishesh ka sahity.
- pramukh rachanakar- svayanbhoo— apabhransh ka valmiki ('pum chariu' arthath ram kavy), dhanapal ('bhavissayat kaha'–apabhransh ka pahala prabandh kavy), pushpadant ('mahapuran', 'jasahar chariu'), sarahapa, kanhapa adi siddhoan ki rachanaean ('chariya pad', 'dohakoshi') adi.
| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
avahatt
- avahatt 'apabhransht' shabd ka vikrip roop hai. ise 'apabhransh ka apabhransh' ya 'paravarti apabhransh' kah sakate haian. avahatt apabhransh aur adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan ke bich ki sankramanakalin/sankraantikalin bhasha hai. isaka kalakhand 900 ee. se 1100 ee. tak nirdharit kiya jata hai. vaise sahity mean isaka prayog 14vian sadi tak hota raha hai.
- abdur rahaman, damodar pandit, jyotirishvar thakur, vidyapati adi rachanakaroan ne apani bhasha ko 'avahatt' ya 'avahatth' kaha hai. vidyapati prakrit ki tulana mean apani bhasha ko madhuratar batate haian. desh ki bhasha sab logoan ke lie mithi hai. ise avahattha kaha jata hai.[1]
- pramukh rachanakarah addahaman/abdur rahaman ('sanneh rasay'/'sandesh rasak'), damodar pandit ('ukti–vyakti–prakaran'), jyotirishvar thakur ('varn ratnakar'), vidyapati ('kirtilata') adi.
prachin hindi
| shauraseni | pashchimi hindi |
| rajasthani | |
| gujarati | |
| arddhamagadhi | poorvi hindi |
| magadhi | bihari |
| u diya | |
| baangla | |
| asamiya | |
| khas | paha di (shauraseni se prabhavit) |
| brach d | panjabi(shauraseni se prabhavit) |
| siandhi | |
| maharashtri | marathi |
- madhyadeshiy bhasha parampara ki vishisht uttaradhikarini hone ke karan hindi ka sthan adhunik bharatiy aryabhashaoan mean sarvopari hai.
- prachin hindi se abhipray hai— apabhransh– avahatt ke bad ki bhasha.
- hindi ka adikal hindi bhasha ka shishukal hai. yah vah kal tha, jab apabhransh–avahatt ka prabhav hindi bhasha par maujood tha aur hindi ki boliyoan ke nishchit v spasht svaroop vikasit nahian hue the.
| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
hindi shabd ki vyutpatti
hindi shabd ki vyupatti bharat ke uttar–pashchim mean pravahaman siandhu nadi se sambandhit hai. adhikaansh videshi yatri aur akranta uttar–pashchim sianhadvar se hi bharat ae. bharat mean ane vale in videshiyoan ne jis desh ke darshan kie, vah 'siandhu' ka desh tha. eeran (faras) ke sath bharat ke bahut prachin kal se hi sambandh the aur eerani 'siandhu' ko 'hindu' kahate the. (siandhu - hindu, s ka h mean tatha dh ka d mean parivartan - pahalavi bhasha pravritti ke anusar dhvani parivartan). hindoo shabd sanskrit se prachalit hai parantu yah sanskrit ke 'sindhu' shabd se vikasit hai. hindoo se 'hind' bana aur phir 'hind' mean farasi bhasha ke sambandh karak pratyay 'ee' lagane se 'hindi' ban gaya. 'hindi' ka arth hai—'hind ka'. is prakar hindi shabd ki utpatti hind desh ke nivasiyoan ke arth mean huee. age chalakar yah shabd 'hindi ki bhasha' ke arth mean prayukt hone laga. uparyukt batoan se tin batean samane ati haian—
- 'hindi' shabd ka vikas kee charanoan mean hua- siandhu→ hindu→ hind+ee→ hindi.
- 'hindi' shabd moolatah farasi ka hai n ki 'hindi' bhasha ka. yah aise hi hai jaise bachcha hamare ghar janame aur usaka namakaran hamara p dosi kare. halaanki kuchh kattar hindi premi 'hindi' shabd ki vyutpatti hindi bhasha mean hi dikhane ki koshish karate haian, jaise - hin (hanan karane vala) + du (dusht)= hindoo arthath dushtoan ka hanan karane vala hindoo aur un logoan ki bhasha 'hindi'; hin (hinoan)+du (dalan)= hindoo arthath hinoan ka dalan karane vala hindoo aur unaki bhasha 'hindi'. chooanki in vyutpattiyoan mean praman kam, anuman adhik hai, isalie samanyatah inhean svikar nahian kiya jata.
- 'hindi' shabd ke do arth haian— 'hind desh ke nivasi' (yatha— hindi haian ham, vatan hai hindostaan hamara— iqabal) aur 'hindi ki bhasha'. haan, yah bat alag hai ki ab yah shabd do arambhik arthoan se prithak ho gaya hai. is desh ke nivasiyoan ko ab koee hindi nahian kahata, balki bharatavasi, hindustani adi kahate haian. doosare, is desh ki vyapak bhasha ke arth mean bhi ab 'hindi' shabd ka prayog nahian hota, kyoanki bharat mean anek bhashaean haian, jo sab 'hindi' nahian kahalati haian. beshak ye sabhi 'hind' ki bhashaean haian, lekin keval 'hindi' nahian haian. unhean ham panjabi, baangla, asamiya, u diya, marathi adi namoan se pukarate haian. isalie 'hindi' ki in sab bhashaoan ke lie 'hindi' shabd ka prayog nahian kiya jata.
- pramukh rachanakar- 'hindi' shabd bhasha vishesh ka vachak nahian hai, balki yah bhasha samooh ka nam hai. hindi jis bhasha samooh ka nam hai, usamean aj ke hindi pradesh/kshetr ki 5 upabhashaean tatha 17 boliyaan shamil haian. boliyoan mean brajabhasha, avadhi evan kh di boli ko age chalakar madhyakal mean mahattvapoorn sthan prapt hua hai.
- brajabhasha- prachin hindi kal mean brajabhasha apabhransh–avahatt se hi jivan ras leti rahi. apabhransh–avahatt ki rachanaoan mean brajabhasha ke phootate hue aankur ko dekha ja sakata hai. brajabhasha sahity ka prachinatam upalabdh granth sudhir agraval ka 'pradyumn charit' (1354 ee.) hai.
- avadhi- avadhi ki pahali kriti mulla daud ki 'chandrayan' ya 'lorakaha' (1370 ee.) mani jati hai. isake uparant avadhi bhasha ke sahity ka uttarottar vikas hota gaya.
- kh di boli- prachin hindi kal mean rachit kh di boli sahity mean kh di boli ke arambhik prayogoan se usake adi roop ya bij roop ka abhas milata hai. kh di boli ka adikalin roop sarahapa adi siddhoan, gorakhanath adi nathoan, amir khusaro jaise soofiyoan, jayadev, namadev, ramanand adi santoan ki rachanaoan mean upalabdh hai. in rachanakaroan mean hamean apabhransh–avahatt se nikalati huee kh di boli spashtatah dikhaee deti hai.
| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
madhyakalin hindi
madhyakal mean hindi ka svaroop spasht ho gaya tatha usaki pramukh boliyaan vikasit ho geean. is kal mean bhasha ke tin roop nikharakar samane ae— brajabhasha, avadhi v kh di boli. brajabhasha aur avadhi ka atyadhik sahityik vikas hua tatha tatkalin brajabhasha sahity ko kuchh deshi rajyoan ka sanrakshan bhi prapt hua. inake atirikt madhyakal mean kh di boli ke mishrit roop ka sahity mean prayog hota raha. isi kh di boli ka 14vian sadi mean dakshin mean pravesh hua, atah vahaan par isaka sahity mean adhik prayog hua. 18vian sadi mean kh di boli ko musalaman shasakoan ka sanrakshan mila tatha isake vikas ko nee disha mili. [[chitr:Hindi-Area.jpg|thumb|250px|bharat mean hindi bhashi kshetr]]
brajabhasha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
hindi ke madhyakal mean madhy desh ki mahan bhasha parampara ke uttaradayitv ka poora nirvah brajabhasha ne kiya. yah apane samay ki parinishthit v uchch koti ki sahityik bhasha thi, jisako gauravanvit karane ka sarvadhik shrey hindi ke krishnabhakt kaviyoan ko hai. poorv madhyakal (arthath bhaktikal) mean krishnabhakt kaviyoan ne apane sahity mean brajabhasha ka charam vikas kiya. pushti marg/shuddhadvait sampraday ke sooradas (soorasagar), nandadas, nimbark sanpraday ke shri bhatt, chaitany sampraday ke gadadhar bhatt, radhavallabh sampraday ke hit harivansh (shrikrishna ki baansuri ke avatar) evan sampraday–nirapeksh kaviyoan mean rasakhan, mirabaee adi pramukh krishnabhakt kaviyoan ne brajabhasha ke sahityik vikas mean amooly yogadan diya. inamean sarvapramukh sthan sooradas ka hai, jinhean 'ashtachhap ka jahaz' kaha jata hai. uttar madhyakal (arthath ritikal) mean anek acharyoan evan kaviyoan ne brajabhasha mean lakshanik evan riti granth likhakar brajabhasha ke sahity ko samriddh kiya. ritibaddh kaviyoan mean keshavadas, matiram, bihari, dev, padmakar, bhikhari das, senapati, adi tatha ritimukt kaviyoan mean ghananand, alam, bodha adi pramukh haian. (brajabuli—bangal mean krishnabhakt kaviyoan ke dvara pracharit bhasha ka nam.)
avadhi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
avadhi ko sahityik bhasha ke roop mean pratishthit karane ka shrey soofi/premamargi kaviyoan ko hai. kutban ('mrigavati'), jayasi ('padmavat'), manjhan ('madhumalati'), alam ('madhavanal kamakandala'), usaman ('chitravali'), noor muhammad ('indravati'), kasimashah ('hans javahir'), shekh nisar ('yoosuf julekha'), alishah ('prem chiangari') adi soofi kaviyoan ne avadhi ko sahityik garima pradan ki. inamean sarvapramukh jayasi the. avadhi ko ramabhakt kaviyoan ne apani abhivyakti ka madhyam banaya, visheshakar tulasidas ne 'ramacharitamanas' ki rachana baisava di avadhi mean kar avadhi bhasha ko jis sahityik ooanchaee par pahuanchaya, vah atulaniy hai. madhyakal mean sahityik avadhi ka charamotkarsh do kaviyoan mean milata hai, jayasi aur tulasidas. jayasi ke yahaan jahaan avadhi ka theth gramin roop milata hai, vahaan tulasi ke yahaan avadhi ka tatsamamukhi roop hai. (gohari/goyari— bangal mean soofiyoan dvara pracharit avadhi bhasha ka nam.)
kh di boli
madhyakal mean kh di boli ka mukhy kendr uttar se badalakar dakkan mean ho gaya. is prakar, madhyakal mean kh di boli ke do roop ho ge— uttari hindi v dakkani hindi. kh di boli madhyakal roop kabir, nanak, dadoo, malookadas, rajjab adi santoan; gang ki 'chand chhand varnan ki mahima', rahim ke 'madanashtak', alam ke 'sudama charit', jatamal ki 'gora badal ki katha', vali, sauda, insha, nazir adi dakkani evan urdoo ke kaviyoan, 'kutubashatam' (17vian sadi), 'bhogaloo puran' (18vian sadi), sant prananath ke 'kulajamasvaroop' adi mean milata hai.
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adhunik hindi
- hindi ke adhunik kal tak ate–ate brajabhasha janabhasha se kafi door hat chuki thi aur avadhi ne to bahut pahale se hi sahity se muanh mo d liya tha. 19vian sadi ke madhy tak aangrezi satta ka mahattam vistar bharat mean ho chuka tha. is rajanitik parivartan ka prabhav madhy desh ki bhasha hindi par bhi p da. navin rajanitik paristhitiyoan ne kh di boli ko protsahan pradan kiya. jab brajabhasha aur avadhi ka sahityik roop janabhasha se door ho gaya tab unaka sthan kh di boli dhire–dhire lene lagi. aangrezi sarakar ne bhi isaka prayog arambh kar diya.
- hindi ke adhunik kal mean prarambh mean ek or urdoo ka prachar hone aur doosari or kavy ki bhasha brajabhasha hone ke karan kh di boli ko apane astitv ke lie sangharsh karana p da. 19vian sadi tak kavita ki bhasha brajabhasha aur gady ki bhasha kh di boli rahi. 20vian sadi ke ate–ate kh di boli gady–pady donoan ki hi sahityik bhasha ban gee.
- is yug mean kh di boli ko pratishthit karane mean vibhinn dharmik samajik evan rajanitik aandolanoan ne b di sahayata ki. phalatah kh di boli sahity ki sarvapramukh bhasha ban gayi.
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kh di boli
bharatendu poorv yug
kh di boli gady ke arambhik rachanakaroan mean fort viliyam k aaulej ke bahar do rachanakaroan— sadasukh lal 'niyaj' (sukhasagar) v iansha alla khaan (rani ketaki ki kahani) tatha fort viliyam k aaulej, kalakatta ke do bhasha muanshiyoan— lalloo lalaji (prem sagar) v sadal mishr (nasiketopakhyan) ke nam ullekhaniy haian. bharatendu poorv yug mean mukhy sangharsh hindi ki svikriti aur pratishtha ko lekar tha. is yug ke do prasiddh lekhakoan— raja shiv prasad 'sitare hind' v raja lakshman sianh ne hindi ke svaroop nirdharan ke saval par do simantoan ka anugaman kiya. raja shiv prasad ne hindi ka ganvarupan door kar use urdoo–e–mualla bana diya to raja lakshman sianh ne vishuddh sanskritanishth hindi ka samarthan kiya.
bharatendu yug
(1850 ee.–1900 ee.) in donoan ke bich sarvamany hindi gady ki pratishtha kar gady sahity ki vividh vidhaoan ka aitihasik kary bharatendu yug mean hua. hindi sahi mayane mean bharatendu ke kal mean 'nee chal mean dhali' aur unake samay mean hi hindi ke gady ke bahumukhi roop ka sootrapat hua. unhoanne n keval svayan rachana ki balki apana ek lekhak mandal bhi taiyar kiya, jise 'bharatendu mandal' kaha gaya. bharatendu yug ki mahattvapoorn upalabdhi yah rahi ki gady rachana ke lie kh di boli ko madhyam ke roop mean apanakar yuganuroop svasth drishtikon ka parichay diya. lekin pady rachana ke masale mean brajabhasha ya kh di boli ko apanane ke saval par vivad bana raha, jisaka ant dvivedi ke yug mean jakar hua.
dvivedi yug
(1900 ee.–1920 ee.) kh di boli aur hindi sahity ke saubhagy se 1903 ee. mean achary mahavir prasad dvivedi ne 'sarasvati' patrika ke sampadan ka bhar sambhala. ve saral aur shuddh bhasha ke prayog ke himayati the. ve lekhakoan ki vartani athava trutiyoan ka sanshodhan svayan karate chalate the. unhoanne hindi ke parishkar ka bi da uthaya aur use bakhoobi anjam diya. gady to bharatendu yug se hi saphalatapoorvak kh di boli mean likha ja raha tha, ab pady ki vyavaharik bhasha bhi ekamatr kh di boli pratishthit honi lagi. is prakar brajabhasha, jisake sath mean 'bhasha' shabd ju da hua hai, apane kshetr mean simit ho gee arthath 'boli' ban gee. isake muqabale mean kh di boli, jisake sath 'boli' shabd laga hai, 'bhasha ban gee', aur isaka sahi nam hindi ho gaya. ab kh di boli dilli ke asapas ki merath–janapadiy boli nahian rah gee, apitu yah samast uttari bharat ke sahity ka madhyam ban gee. dvivedi yug mean sahity rachana ki vividh vidhaean vikasit huee.. mahavir prasad dvivedi, shyam sundar das, padm sianh sharma, madhav prasad mishr, poornasianh, chandradhar sharma guleri adi ke avadan visheshatah ullekhaniy haian.
chhayavad yug
(1920 ee.–1936 ee. evan usake bad) sahityik kh di boli ke vikas mean chhayavad yug ka yogadan kafi mahattvapoorn hai. prasad, pant, nirala, mahadevi varma aur ram kumar adi ne mahati yogadan kiya. inaki rachanaoan ko dekhate hue yah koee nahian kah sakata ki kh di boli sookshm bhavoan ko abhivyakt karane mean brajabhasha se kam samarth hai. hindi mean anek bhashayi gunoan ka samavesh hua. abhivyajanna ki vividhata, bianboan ki lakshanikata, rasatmak lality chhayavad yug ki bhasha ki anyatam visheshataean haian. hindi kavy mean chhayavad yug ke bad pragativad yug (1936 ee.–1946 ee.) prayogavad yug (1943) adi ae. is daur mean kh di boli ka kavy bhasha ke roop mean uttarottar vikas hota gaya.
pady ke hi nahian, gady ke sandarbh mean bhi chhayavad yug sahityik kh di boli ke vikas ka svarn yug tha. katha sahity (upanyas v kahani) mean premachand, natak mean jayashankar prasad, alochana mean achary ramachandr shukl ne jo bhasha–shailiyaan aur maryadaean sthapit kian, unaka anusaran aj bhi kiya ja raha hai. gady sahity ke kshetr mean inake mahattv ka aandaza isi bat se lagaya ja sakata hai ki gady–sahity ke vibhinn vidhaoan ke itihas mean kaloan ka namakaran inake nam ko kendr mean rakhakar hi kiya gaya hai. jaise upanyas ke itihas mean premachand– poorv yug, premachand yug, premachandottar yug; natak ke itihas mean prasad– poorv yug, prasad yug, prasadottar yug; alochana ke itihas mean shukl– poorv yug, shukl yug, shuklottar yug.
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hindi ke vibhinn nam ya roop
hindavi
hindavi ko hinduee, jaban–e–hind, dehalavi namoan se bhi jana jata hai. madhyakal mean madhyadesh ke hinduoan ki bhasha, jisamean arabi–farasi shabdoan ka abhav hai. (sarvapratham amir khusaro (1253-1325) ne madhy desh ki bhasha ke lie hindavi, hindi shabd ka prayog kiya. unhoanne deshi bhasha hindavi, hindi ke prachar–prasar ke lie ek farasi–hindi kosh 'khalik bari' ki rachana ki, jisamean hindavi shabd 30 bar, hindi shabd 5 bar deshi bhasha ke lie prayukt hua hai.)
bhasha
bhasha ko bhakha bhi kaha jata hai. vidyapati, kabir, tulasi, keshavadas adi ne bhasha shabd ka prayog hindi ke lie kiya hai. (19vian sadi ke prarambh tak is shabd ka prayog hota raha. fort viliyam k aaulej mean niyukt hindi adhyapakoan ko 'bhasha muanshi' ke nam se abhihit karana isi bat ka soochak hai.)
rekhta
madhyakal mean musalamanoan mean prachalit arabi–farasi shabdoan se mishrit kavita ki bhasha. (jaise– mir, mirza galib ki rachanaean)
dakkhini
ise dakkani nam se bhi jana jata hai. madhyakal mean dakkan ke musalamanoan ke dvara farasi lipi mean likhi jane vali bhasha. (hindi mean gady rachana parampara ki shurooat karane ka shrey dakkani hindi ke rachanakaroan ko hi hai. dakkani hindi ko uttar bharat mean lane ka shrey prasiddh shayar vali dakkani (1688-1741) ko hai. vah mugal shasak muhammad shah 'rangila' ke shasan kal mean dilli pahuancha aur uttari bharat mean dakkani hindi ko lokapriy banaya.)
kh di boli
kh di boli ki tin shailiyaan haian—
- hindi, shuddh hindi, uchch hindi, nagari hindi, aryabhasha– nagari lipi mean likhit sanskrit bahul kh di boli (jaise—jayashankar prasad ki rachanaean).
- urdoo, jaban–e–urdoo, jaban–e–urdoo–mualla— farasi lipi mean likhit arabi—farasi bahul kh di boli.
- hindustani— hindi aur urdoo ka mishrit roop v amajan dvara prayukt (jaise–premachand ki rachanaean).[2]
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hindi ke vibhinn arth
bhasha shastriy arth
nagari lipi mean likhit sanskrit bahul kh di boli.
sanvaidhanik/qanooni arth
sanvidhan ke anusar hindi bharat sangh ki rajabhasha ya adhikrit bhasha tatha anek rajyoan ki rajabhasha hai.
samany arth
samast hindi bhashi kshetr ki parinishthit bhasha arthath shasan, shiksha, sahity, vyapar adi ki bhasha.
vyapak arth
adhunik yug mean hindi ko keval kh di boli mean hi simit nahian kiya ja sakata. hindi ki sabhi upabhashaean aur boliyaan hindi ke vyapak arth mean a jati haian.
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hindi ka rashtrabhasha ke roop mean vikas
rashtrabhasha kya hai
- rashtrabhasha ka shabdik arth hai—samast rashtr mean prayukt bhasha arthath amajan ki bhasha (janabhasha). jo bhasha samast rashtr mean jan–jan ke vichar–vinimay ka madhyam ho, vah rashtrabhasha kahalati hai.
- rashtrabhasha rashtriy ekata evan aantarrashtriy sanvad sampark ki avashyakata ki upaj hoti hai. vaise to sabhi bhashaean rashtrabhashaean hoti haian, kintu rashtr ki janata jab sthaniy evan tatkalik hitoan v poorvagrahoan se oopar uthakar apane rashtr ki kee bhashaoan mean se kisi ek bhasha ko chunakar use rashtriy asmita ka ek avashyak upadan samajhane lagati hai to vahi rashtrabhasha hai.
- svatantrata sangram ke dauran rashtrabhasha ki avashyakata hoti hai. bharat ke sandarbh mean is avashyakata ki poorti hindi ne ki. yahi karan hai ki hindi svatantrata sangram ke dauran[3] rashtrabhasha bani.
- rashtrabhasha shabd koee sanvaidhanik shabd nahian hai, balki yah prayogatmak, vyavaharik v janamanyata prapt shabd hai.
- rashtrabhasha samajik, saanskritik star par desh ko jo dane ka kam karati hai arthath rashtrabhasha ki prathamik shart desh mean vibhinn samudayoan ke bich bhavanatmak ekata sthapit karana hai.
- rashtrabhasha ka prayog kshetr vistrit aur deshavyapi hota hai. rashtrabhasha sare desh ki sampark–bhasha hoti hai. isaka vyapak janadhar hota hai.
- rashtrabhasha hamesha svabhasha hi ho sakati hai kyoanki usi ke sath janata ka bhavanatmak lagav hota hai.
- rashtrabhasha ka svaroop lachila hota hai aur ise janata ke anuroop kisi roop mean dhala ja sakata hai.
aangrezoan ka yogadan
- rashtrabhasha sare desh ki sampark bhasha hoti hai. hindi dirghakal se sare desh mean jan–jan ke parasparik sampark ki bhasha rahi hai. yah keval uttari bharat ki nahian, balki dakshin bharat ke acharyoan vallabhachary, ramanuj, ramanand adi ne bhi isi bhasha ke madhyam se apane matoan ka prachar kiya tha. ahindi bhashi rajyoan ke bhakt–sant kaviyoan (jaise—asam ke shankaradev, maharashtr ke jnaneshvar v namadev, gujarat ke narasi mehata, bangal ke chaitany adi) ne isi bhasha ko apane dharm aur sahity ka madhyam banaya tha.
- yahi karan tha ki janata aur sarakar ke bich sanvad sthapana ke kram mean farasi ya aangrezi ke madhyam se dikkatean pesh aeean to kampani sarakar ne fort viliyam k aaulej mean hindustani vibhag kholakar adhikariyoan ko hindi sikhane ki vyavastha ki. yahaan se hindi padhe hue adhikariyoan ne bhinn–bhinn kshetroan mean usaka pratyaksh labh dekar mukt kanth se hindi ko saraha.
- si. ti. metakaf ne 1806 ee. mean apane shiksha guru j aaun gilakraist ko likha— 'bharat ke jis bhag mean bhi mujhe kam karana p da hai, kalakatta se lekar lahaur tak, kumaooan ke paha doan se lekar narmada nadi tak maianne us bhasha ka am vyavahar dekha hai, jisaki shiksha apane mujhe di hai. maian kanyakumari se lekar kashmir tak ya java se siandhu tak is vishvas se yatra karane ki himmat kar sakata hooan ki mujhe har jagah aise log mil jaeange jo hindustani bol lete hoange.'
- t aaumas robak ne 1807 ee. mean likha— 'jaise ianglaind jane vale ko laitin seksan ya freanch ke badale aangrezi sikhani chahie, vaise hi bharat ane vale ko arabi–farasi ya sanskrit ke badale hindustani sikhani chahie.'
- viliyam keri ne 1816 ee. mean likha— 'hindi kisi ek pradesh ki bhasha nahian balki desh mean sarvatr boli jane vali bhasha hai.'
- ech. ti. kolabruk ne likha— 'jis bhasha ka vyavahar bharat ke pratyek prant ke log karate haian, jo padhe–likhe tatha anapadh donoan ki sadharan bolachal ki bhasha hai, jisako pratyek gaanv mean tho de bahut log avashy hi samajh lete haian, usi ka yatharth nam hindi hai.'
- jarj griyarsan ne hindi ko 'am bolachal ki mahabhasha' kaha hai.
- in vidvanoan ke mantavyoan se spasht hai ki hindi ki vyavaharik upayogita, deshavyapi prasad evan prayogagat lachilepan ke karan aangrezoan ne hindi ko apanaya. us samay hindi aur urdoo ko ek hi bhasha mana jata tha. aangrezoan ne hindi ko prayog mean lakar hindi ki mahati sanbhavanaoan ki or rashtriy netaoan evan sahityakaroan ka dhyan khiancha.
dharm/samaj sudharakoan ka yogadan
- dharm/samaj sudhar ki prayah sabhi sansthaoan ne hindi ke mahattv ko bhaanpa aur hindi ki himayat ki.
- brahma samaj (1828 ee.) ke sansthapak raja ramamohan ray ne kaha, is samagr desh ki ekata ke lie hindi anivary hai. brahmasamaji keshav chandr sen ne 1875 ee. mean ek lekh likha, bharatiy ekata kaise ho, 'jisamean unhoanne likha— upay hai sare bharat mean ek hi bhasha ka vyavahar. abhi jitani bhashaean bharat mean prachalit haian, unamean hindi bhasha lagabhag sabhi jagah prachalit hai. yah hindi agar bharatavarsh ki ekamatr bhasha ban jae to yah kam sahaj hi aur shighr hi sampann ho sakata hai. ek any brahmasamaji navin chandr ray ne panjab mean hindi ke vikas ke lie stuty yogadan diya.
- ary samaj (1875 ee.) ke sansthapak svami dayanand sarasvati gujarati bhashi the evan gujarati v sanskrit ke achchhe janakar the. hindi ka unhean sirf kamachalaoo jnan tha, par apani bat adhik se adhik logoan tak pahuanchane ke lie tatha desh ki ekata ko mazaboot karane ke lie unhoanne apana sara dharmik sahity hindi mean hi likha. unaka kahana tha ki hindi ke dvara sare bharat ko ek sootr mean piroya ja sakata hai. ve is 'aryabhasha' ko sarvatmana deshonnati ka mukhy adhar manate the. unhoanne hindi ke prayog ko rashtriy svaroop pradan kiya. ve kahate the, 'meri aankhean us din ko dekhana chahati haian, jab kashmir se kanyakumari tak sab bharatiy ek bhasha samajhane aur bolane lag jaeange.
- aravind darshan ke praneta aravind ghosh ki salah thi ki 'log apani–apani matribhasha ki raksha karate hue samany bhasha ke roop mean hindi ko grahan karean.'
- thiyosophikal sosayati (1875 ee.) ki sanchalika eni beseant ne kaha tha, "bharatavarsh ke bhinn–bhinn bhagoan mean jo anek deshi bhashaean boli jati haian, unamean ek bhasha aisi hai jisamean shesh sab bhashaoan ki apeksha ek bhari visheshata hai, vah yah ki usaka prachar sabase adhik hai. vah bhasha hindi hai. hindi janane vala adami sampoorn bharatavarsh mean yatra kar sakata hai aur use har jagah hindi bolane vale mil sakate haian. bharat ke sabhi skooloan mean hindi ki shiksha anivary honi chahie."
- uparyukt dharmik/samajik sansthaoan ke atirikt prarthana samaj[4], sanatan dharm sabha[5], ramkrishna mishan[6] adi ne hindi ke prachar mean yog diya.
- isase lagata hai ki dharm/samaj sudharakoan ki yah soch ban chuki thi ki rashtriy star par sanvad sthapit karane ke lie hindi avashyak hai. ve janate the ki hindi bahusankhyak jan ki bhasha hai, ek prant ke log doosare prant ke logoan se sirf is bhasha mean hi vicharoan ka adan–pradan kar sakate haian. bhavi rashtrabhasha ke roop mean hindi ko badhane ka kary inhian dharm/samaj sudharakoan ne kiya.
kaangres ke netaoan ka yogadan
- 1885 ee. mean kaangres ki sthapana huee. jaise–jaise kaangres ka rashtriy aandolan zor pak data gaya, vaise–vaise rashtriyata, rashtriy jhanda evan rashtrabhasha ke prati agrah badhata hi gaya.
- 1917 ee. mean lokamany bal gangadhar tilak ne kaha, "yadyapi maian un logoan mean se hooan, jo chahate haian aur jinaka vichar hai ki hindi hi bharat ki rashtrabhasha ho sakati hai." tilak ne bharatavasiyoan se agrah kiya ki ve hindi sikhean.
- mahatma gaandhi rashtr ke lie rashtrabhasha ko nitaant avashyak manate the. unaka kahana tha, "rashtrabhasha ke bina rashtr gooanga hai." gaandhiji hindi ke prashn ko svaraj ka prashn manate the— "hindi ka prashn svarajy ka prashn hai." unhoanne hindi ko rashtrabhasha ke roop mean samane rakhakar bhasha–samasya par gambhirata se vichar kiya. 1917 ee. mean bh dauanch mean ayojit gujarat shiksha parishad ke adhiveshan mean sabhapati pad se bhashan dete hue gaandhiji ne kaha,
rashtrabhasha ke lie 5 lakshan ya shartean honi chahie—
- amaladaroan ke lie vah bhasha saral honi chahie.
- yah zaroori hai ki bharatavarsh ke bahut se log us bhasha ko bolate hoan.
- us bhasha ke dvara bharatavarsh ka apani dharmik, arthik aur rajanitik vyavahar hona chahie.
- rashtr ke lie vah bhasha asan honi chahie.
- us bhasha ka vichar karate samay kisi kshanik ya alpasthayi sthiti par zor nahian dena chahie."
varsh 1918 ee. mean hindi sahity sammelan ke indaur adhiveshan mean sabhapati pad se bhashan dete hue gaandhi ji ne rashtrabhasha hindi ka samarthan kiya, "mera yah mat hai ki hindi hi hindustan ki rashtrabhasha ho sakati hai aur honi chahie." isi adhiveshan mean yah prastav parit kiya gaya ki prativarsh 6 dakshin bharatiy yuvak hindi sikhane ke lie prayag bhejean jaean aur 6 uttar bharatiy yuvak ko dakshin bhashaean sikhane tatha hindi ka prasar karane ke lie dakshin bharat mean bheja jae. indaur sammelan ke bad unhoanne hindi ke kary ko rashtriy vrat bana diya. dakshin mean pratham hindi pracharak ke roop mean gaandhiji ne apane sabase chhote putr devadas gaandhi ko dakshin mean chennee bheja. gaandhiji ki prerana se madras (1927 ee.) evan vardha (1936 ee.) mean rashtrabhasha prachar sabhaean sthapit ki geean.
- varsh 1925 ee. mean kaangres ke kanapur adhiveshan mean gaandhiji ki prerana se yah prastav parit hua ki 'kaangres ka, kaangres ki mahasamiti ka aur karyakarini samiti ka kam–kaj amataur par hindi mean chalaya jaega.' is prastav mean hindi–aandolan ko b da bal mila.
- varsh 1927 ee. mean gaandhiji ne likha, "vastav mean ye aangrezi mean bolane vale neta haian, jo am janata mean hamara kam jaldi age badhane nahian dete. ve hindi sikhane se iankar karate haian, jabaki hindi dravi d pradesh mean bhi tin mahine ke andar sikhi ja sakati hai.
- varsh 1927 ee. mean si. rajagopalachari ne dakshin valoan ko hindi sikhane ki salah di aur kaha, "hindi bharat ki rashtrabhasha to hai hi, yahi janatantratmak bharat mean rajabhasha bhi hogi."
- varsh 1928 ee. mean prastut neharoo riport mean bhasha sambandhi sifarish mean kaha gaya tha, "devanagari athava farasi mean likhi jane vali hindustani bharat ki rashtrabhasha hogi, parantu kuchh samay ke lie aangrezi ka upayog zari rahega." sivay 'devanagari ya farasi' ki jagah 'devanagari' tatha 'hindustani' ki jagah 'hindi' rakh dene ke aantatah svatantr bharat ke sanvidhan mean isi mat ko apana liya gaya.
- varsh 1929 ee. mean subhashachandr bos ne kaha, "prantiy eershya–dvesh ko door karane mean jitani sahayata is hindi prachar se milegi, utani doosari kisi chij se nahian mil sakati. apani prantiy bhashaoan ki bharapoor unnati kijie, usamean koee badha nahian dalana chahata aur n ham kisi ki badha ko sahan hi kar sakate haian. par sare prantoan ki sarvajanik bhasha ka pad hindi ya hindustani ko hi mila hai."
- varsh 1931 ee. mean gaandhiji ne likha, "yadi svarajy aangezi–padhe bharatavasiyoan ka hai aur keval unake lie hai to sampark bhasha avashy aangrezi hogi. yadi vah karo doan bhookhe logoan, karo doan nirakshar logoan, nirakshar striyoan, satae hue achhootoan ke lie hai to sampark bhasha keval hindi ho sakati hai." gaandhiji janata ki bat janata ki bhasha mean karane ke pakshadhar the.
- varsh 1936 ee. mean gaandhiji ne kaha, "agar hindustan ko sachamuch age badhana hai to chahe koee mane ya n mane rashtrabhasha to hindi hi ban sakati hai, kyoanki jo sthan hindi ko prapt hai, vah kisi aur bhasha ko nahian mil sakata hai."
- varsh 1937 ee. mean desh ke kuchh rajyoan mean kaangres mantrimandal gathit hua. in rajyoan mean hindi ki padhaee ko protsahit karane ka sankalp liya gaya.
- jaise–jaise svatantrata sangram tivratam hota gaya vaise–vaise hindi ko rashtrabhasha banane ka aandolan zor pak data gaya. 20vian sadi ke chauthe dashak tak hindi rashtrabhasha ke roop mean am sahamati prapt kar chuki thi. varsh 1942 se 1945 ka samay aisa tha jab desh mean svatantrata ki lahar sabase adhik tivr thi, tab rashtrabhasha se ot–prot jitani rachanaean hindi mean likhi geean utani shayad kisi aur bhasha mean itane vyapak roop se kabhi nahian likhi gee. rashtrabhasha prachar ke sath rashtriyata ke prabal ho jane par aangrezoan ko bharat chho dana p da.
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| link=#top|center|oopar jayean |
rashtrabhasha aandolan se sambandhit vyaktitv
bangal
| hindi kisi ke mitane se mit nahian sakati. chandrabali paandey |
|
hai bhavy bharat hi hamari matribhoomi hari bhari. |
| jis bhasha mean tulasidas jaise kavi ne kavita ki ho vah avashy hi pavitr hai aur usake samane koee bhasha nahian thahar sakati. mahatma gaandhi |
| hindi bharatavarsh ke hriday-desh sthit karo doan nar-nariyoan ke hriday aur mastishk ko khurak dene vali bhasha hai. hajariprasad dvivedi |
| hindi ko ganga nahian balki samudr banana hoga. vinoba bhave |
| hindi ke virodh ka koee bhi andolan rashtr ki pragati mean badhak hai. subhash chandr basu |
| hindi ko sanskrit se vichchhinn karake dekhane vale usaki adhikaansh mahima se aparichit haian. hajariprasad dvivedi |
raja ramamohan ray, keshavachandr sen, navin chandr ray, eeshvar chandr vidyasagar, taruni charan mishr, rajendr lal mitr, raj narayan basu, bhoodev mukharji, bankim chandr chaitarji ('hindi bhasha ki sahayata se bharatavarsh ke vibhinn pradeshoan ke madhy mean jo aikyabandhan sansthapan karane mean samarth hoange vahi sachche bharatabandhu pukare jane yogy haian.)', subhashachandr bos ('agar aj hindi bhasha man li gee hai to vah isalie nahian ki vah kisi prant vishesh ki bhasha hai, balki isalie ki vah apani saralata, vyapakata tatha kshamata ke karan sare desh ki bhasha ho sakati hai.') ravindranath taigor ('yadi ham pratyek bharatiy ke naisargik adhikaroan ke siddhaant ko svikar karate haian, to hamean rashtrabhasha ke roop mean is bhasha ko svikar karana chahie jo desh ke sabase b de bhoo–bhag mean boli jati hai aur jise svikar karane ki sifarish mahatma gaandhiji ne ham logoan se ki hai.') ramanand chatarji, sarojini nayadoo, sharada charan mitr, achary kshiti mohan sen ('hindi ko rashtrabhasha banane hetu jo anushthan hue haian, unako maian sanskriti ka rajasooy yajn samajhata hooan.') adi.
maharashtr
bal gangadhar tilak ('yah aandolan uttar bharat mean keval ek sarvamany lipi ke prachar ke lie nahian hai. yah to us aandolan ka ek aang hai, jise maian ek rashtriy aandolan kahooanga aur jisaka uddeshy samast bharatavarsh ke lie ek rashtriy bhasha ki sthapana karana hai, kyoanki sabake lie saman bhasha rashtriyata ka mahattvapoorn aang hai. atev yadi ap kisi rashtr ke logoan ko ek–doosare ke nikat lana chahean to sabake lie saman bhasha se badhakar sashakt any koee bal nahian hai.'), en. si. kelakar, d aau. bhandarakar, vi. di. savarakar, gopal krishna gokhale, gadagil, kaka kalelakar adi.
panjab
lala lajapat ray, shraddharam phillauri adi.
gujarat
dayanand sarasvati, mahatma gaandhi, vallabhabhaee patel, kanhaiyalal manikalal (ke. em.) muanshi ('hindi ko rashtrabhasha banana nahian hai, vah to hai hi.') adi.
dakshin bharat
- si. rajagopalachari, ti. vijayaraghavachary ('hindustan ki sabhi jivit aur prachalit bhashaoan mean mujhe hindi hi rashtrabhasha banane ke lie sabase adhik yogy dikhaee p dati hai.'),
- si. pi. ramasvami ayyar ('desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ke nivasiyoan ke vyavahar ke lie sarvasugam aur vyapak tatha ekata sthapit karane ke sadhan ke roop mean hindi ka jnan avashyak hai.')
- anant shayanam ayagar ('hindi hi uttar aur dakshin ko jo dane vali samarth bhasha hai.')
- es. nijaliangappa ('dakshin ki bhashaoan ne sanskrit se bahut kuchh len–den kiya hai, isalie usi parampara mean aee huee hindi b di saralata se rashtrabhasha hone ke layaq hai.')
- ranganath ramachandr divakar ('jo rashtrapremi hai, use rashtrabhasha premi hona chahie.')
- ke. ti. bhashyam, ar. veankataram shastri, en. sundaraiya adi.
any—madanamohan malaviy, purushottam das tandan ('hindi ka prahari'), rajendr prasad, seth govind das adi.
mahatma gaandhi ke vichar
- 'karo doan logoan ko aangrezi ki shiksha dena unhean gulami mean dalane jaisa hai. maikale ne shiksha ki jo buniyad dali, vah sachamuch gulami ki buniyad thi'.[7]
- "aangrezi bhasha hamare rashtr ke paanv mean be di banakar p di huee hai." bharatiy vidyarthi ko aangrezi ke marphat jnan arjit karane par kam se kam 6 varsh adhik barbad karane p date haian. yadi hamean ek videshi bhasha par adhikar pane ke lie jivan ke amooly varsh laga dene p dean, to phir aur kya ho sakata hai'. (1914)
- 'jis bhasha mean tulasidas jaise kavi ne kavita ki ho, vah atyant pavitr hai aur usake samane koee bhasha thahar nahian sakati'. (1916)
- 'hindi hi hindustan ke shikshit samuday ki samany bhasha ho sakati hai, yah bat nirvivad siddh hai. jis sthan ko aangrezi bhasha ajakal lene ka prayatn kar rahi hai aur jise lena usake lie asambhav hai, vahi sthan hindi ko milana chahie, kyoanki hindi ka us par poorn adhikar hai. yah sthan aangrezi ko nahian mil sakata, kyoanki vah videshi bhasha hai aur hamare lie b di kathin hai'. (1917)
- 'hindi bhasha vah bhasha hai jisako uttar mean hindoo v musalaman bolate haian aur jo nagari aur farasi lipi mean likhi jati hai. yah hindi ekadam sanskritamayi nahian hai aur n hi vah ekadam farasi shabdoan se ladi hai'. (1918)
- 'hindi aur urdoo nadiyaan haian aur hindustani sagar hai. hindi aur urdoo donoan ko apas mean jhag dana nahian chahie. donoan ka muqabala to aangrezi se hai'.
- 'aangrezoan ke vyamoh se piand chhu dana svarajy ka ek anivary aang hai'.
- 'maian yadi tanashah hota (mera bas chalata to) aj hi videshi bhasha mean shiksha dena band kar deta, sare adhyapakoan ko svadeshi bhashaean apanane par mazaboor kar deta. jo anakani karate, unhean barkhast kar deta. maian pathy–pustakoan ki taiyari ka iantazar nahian karooanga, ve to madhyam ke parivartan ke pichhe-pichhe apane ap hi chali aegi. yah ek aisi buraee hai, jisaka turant hi ilaj hona chahie'.
- 'meri matribhasha mean kitani hi khamiyaan kyoan n hoan, maian isase isi tarah se chipata rahooanga, jis tarah se bachcha apani maan ki chhati se, jo mujhe jivanadayi doodh de sakati hai. agar aangrezi us jagah ko h dapana chahati hai, jisaki vah haqadar nahian hai, to maian usase sakht nafarat karooanga. vah kuchh logoan ke sikhane ki vastu ho sakati hai, lakhoan–karo doan ki nahian'.
- 'lipiyoan mean sabase avval daraje ki lipi nagari ko hi manata hooan. maian manata hooan ki nagari aur urdoo lipi ke bich aant mean jit nagari lipi ki hi hogi'.
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rajabhasha ke roop mean vikas
rajabhasha kya hai
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- rajabhasha ka shabdik arth hai— raj–kaj ki bhasha. jo bhasha desh ke rajakiy karyoan ke lie prayukt hoti hai, vah 'rajabhasha' kahalati haian rajaoan–navaboan ke zamane mean ise 'darabari bhasha' kaha jata tha.
- rajabhasha sarakari kam–kaj chalane ki avashyakata ki upaj hoti hai.
- svashasan ane ke pashchath rajabhasha ki avashkata hoti hai. prayah rashtrabhasha hi svashasan ane ke pashchath rajabhasha ban jati hai. bharat mean bhi rashtrabhasha hindi ko rajabhasha ka darja prapt hua.
- rajabhasha ek sanvaidhanik shabd hai. hindi ko 14 sitanbar 1949 ee. ko sanvaidhanik roop se rajabhasha ghoshit kiya gaya. isilie pratyek varsh 14 sitanbar ko 'hindi divas' ke roop mean manaya jata hai.
- rajabhasha desh ko apane prashasanik lakshyoan ke dvara rajanitik–arthik ikaee mean jo dane ka kam karati hai. arthath rajabhasha ki prathamik shart rajanitik prashasanik ekata qayam karana hai.
- rajabhasha ka prayog kshetr simit hota hai, yatha—vartaman samay mean bharat sarakar ke karyalayoan evan kuchh rajyoan- hindi kshetr ke rajyoan mean raj–kaj hindi mean hota hai. any rajy sarakarean apani–apani bhasha mean kary karati haian, hindi mean nahian; maharashtr marathi mean, panjab panjabi mean, gujarat gujarati mean adi.
- rajabhasha koee bhi bhasha ho sakati hai, svabhasha ya parabhasha. jaise, mugal shasak akabar ke samay se lekar maikale ke kal tak farasi rajabhasha tatha maikale ke kal se lekar svatantrata prapti tak aangrezi rajabhasha thi jo ki videshi bhasha thi. jabaki svatantrata prapti ke bad hindi ko rajabhasha ka darja diya gaya jo ki svabhasha hai.
- rajabhasha ka ek nishchit manak svaroop hota hai, jisake sath chhe dachha d ya prayog nahian kiya ja sakata.
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athavian anusoochi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
athavian anusoochi mean sanvidhan dvara manyataprapt 22 pradeshik bhashaoan ka ullekh hai. is anusoochi mean arambh mean 14 bhashaean (asamiya, baangla, gujarati, hindi, kann d, kashmiri, malayalam, marathi, u diya, panjabi, sanskrit, tamil, telugu, urdoo) thian. bad mean siandhi ko tatpashchath koankani, manipuri[8], nepali ko shamil kiya gaya [9], jisase isaki sankhya 18 ho gee. taduparant bodo, dogari, maithili, santhali ko shamil kiya gaya[10] aur is prakar is anusoochi mean 22 bhashaean ho geean.
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hindi ki upabhashaean evan boliyaan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- hindi bhashi kshetr/hindi kshetr/hindi patti— hindi pashchim mean ambala (hariyana) se lekar poorv mean poorniya (bihar) tak tatha uttar mean badrinath–kedaranath (uttarakhand) se lekar dakshin mean khandava (madhy pradesh) tak boli jati hai. ise hindi bhashi kshetr ya hindi kshetr ke nam se jana jata hai. is kshetr ke aantargat 9 rajy- uttar pradesh, uttarakhand, bihar, jharakhand, madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, rajasthan, hariyana v himachal pradesh tatha 1 kendr shasit pradesh (rashtriy rajadhani kshetr dilli) ate haian. is kshetr mean bharat ki kul janasankhya ke 43% log rahate haian.
upabhashaean v boliyaan
- boli— ek chhote kshetr mean boli janevali bhasha boli kahalati hai. boli mean sahity rachana nahian hoti hai.
- upabhasha— agar kisi boli mean sahity rachana hone lagati hai aur kshetr ka vikas ho jata hai to vah boli n rahakar upabhasha ban jati hai.
- bhasha— sahityakar jab us bhasha ko apane sahity ke dvara parinishthit sarvamany roop pradan kar dete haian tatha usaka aur kshetr vistar ho jata hai to vah bhasha kahalane lagati hai.
- ek bhasha ke aantargat kee upabhashaean hoti haian tatha ek upabhasha ke aantargat kee boliyaan hoti haian.
- sarvapratham ek aangrez prashasanik adhikari jarj abraham griyarsan ne 1927 ee. mean apani pustak 'bharatiy bhasha sarvekshan' mean hindi ka upabhashaoan v boliyoan mean vargikaran prastut kiya. chatarji ne paha di bhashaoan ko chho d diya hai. vah inhean bhashaean nahian manate.
- dhirendr varma ka vargikaran mukhyatah suniti kumar chatarji ke vargikaran par hi adharit hai. keval usamean kuchh hi sanshodhan kie ge haian. jaise— usamean paha di bhashaoan ko shamil kiya gaya hai.
- inake alava kee vidvanoan ne apana vargikaran prastut kiya hai. aj is bat ko lekar am sahamati hai ki hindi jis bhasha–samooh ka nam hai, usamean 5 upabhashaean aur 17 boliyaan haian.
hindi kshetr ki samast boliyoan ko 5 vargoan mean baanta gaya hai. in vargoan ko upabhasha kaha jata hai. in upabhashaoan ke aantargat hi hindi ki 17 boliyaan ati haian.[11]
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pramukh kh di boliyoan ka sankshipt parichay
kauravi ya kh di boli
- mool nam— kauravi
- sahityik bhasha banane ke bad p da nam— kh di boli
- any nam— bolachal ki hindustani, sarahindi, varnakyoolar kh di boli adi.
- kendr— kuru janapad arthath merath– dilli ke asapas ka kshetr. kh di boli ek b de bhoobhag mean boli jati hai. apane theth roop mean yah merath, bijanaur, muradabad, ramapur, saharanapur, deharadoon aur ambala ziloan mean boli jati hai. inamean merath ki kh di boli adarsh aur manak mani jati hai.
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 1.5 se 2 karo d
- sahity— mool kauravi mean lok–sahity upalabdh hai, jisamean git, git–natak, lok katha, gapp, paheli adi haian.
- visheshata— aj ki hindi moolatah kauravi par hi adharit hai.
- namoona— koee badasa tha. sab usake do ranyaan thian. vo ek roz apani ranni se kene laga mere saman or koi badasa hai bi? to b di bolle ke raja tum saman or kon hoga. chhoti se puchchha to kihya ki ek bijan sahar he usake kille mean jitani tumhari sari haisiyat hai utani ek eeant lagi hai. o isane meri kuch bat nee rakkhi isako tagmarti (nirvasit) karana chaie. uskoo tagmarti kar diya. or b di koo sab raj ka malak kar diya.
brajabhasha
- kendr— mathura
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3 karo d
- desh ke bahar tajjubekistan mean brajabhasha boli jati hai, jise 'tajjubeki brajabhasha' kaha jata hai.
- sahity— krishna bhakti kavy ki ekamatr bhasha, lagabhag sara ritikal sahity. sahityik drishti se hindi bhasha ki sabase mahattvapoorn boli. sahityik mahattv ke karan hi ise brajaboli nahian brajabhasha ki sanjna di jati hai. madhyakal mean is bhasha ne akhil bharatiy vistar paya. bangal mean is bhasha se bani bhasha ka nam 'braj buli' p da. adhunik kal tak is bhasha mean sahity srijan hota raha. par paristhitiyaan aisi bani ki brajabhasha sahityik sianhasan se utar di gee aur usaka sthan kh di boli ne le liya.
- rachanakar— bhaktikalin– sooradas, nandadas adi.
ritikal— bihari, matiram, bhooshan, dev adi. adhunik kalin— bharatendu harishchandr, jagannath das 'ratnakar' adi.
- namoona— ek mathura ji ke chaube he (the), jo dilli saihar kau chalai. ga di vare baniya se chaubeji ki bheant hai gee. to ve chaube bole, ar bhiya seth, kahaan jayago. vau bolo, maharaja dilli jaooango. to chaube bole, bhiya hamooan baithalley. baniya bolo, char roopa chaliange bha de ke. chaube bole, achchha bhiya chari diange.
avadhi
- kendr— ayodhya/avadh
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 2 karo d
- desh ke bahar phiji mean avadhi bolane vale log haian.
- sahity— soofi kavy, ramabhakti kavy. avadhi mean prabandh kavy parampara visheshatah vikasit huee.
- rachanakar— soofi kavi— mulla daud ('chandayan'), jayasi ('padmavat'), qutban ('mrigavati'), usaman ('chitravali'), ramabhakt kavi— tulasidas ('ramacharit manas').
- namoona— ek gaanv ma ek ahir raha. oo b da bhoang raha. sabere jab soy ke uthai to pahale apane mahatari ka char tanni dhamakay diye tab kauno kam karat raha. bechari bahut puraniya rahi nahian tau ka mazal raha keoo dehian pai tirin chhuay det.
bhojapuri
- kendr— bhojapur
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 3.5 karo d (bolane valoan ki sankhya ki drishti se hindi pradesh ki boliyoan mean sabase adhik boli jane vali boli).
- is boli ka prasar bharat ke bahar soorinam, phiji, m aaurishas, gayana, trinidad mean hai. is drishti se bhojapuri aantarrashtriy mahattv ki boli hai.
- sahity— bhojapuri mean likhit sahity nahian ke barabar hai. moolatah bhojapuri bhashi sahityakar madhyakal mean brajabhasha v avadhi mean tatha adhunik kal mean hindi mean lekhan karate rahe haian. lekin ab sthiti mean parivartan a raha hai.
- rachanakar— bhikhari thakur (upanam— 'bhojapuri ka sheksapiyar', 'bhojapuri ka bharatendu').
- sinema— sinema jagat mean bhojapuri hi hindi ki vah boli hai, jisamean sabase adhik filmean banati haian.
- namoona— kahe das–das panarah–panarah hazar ke bhi d hola ee natak dekhean khatir. maloom hota ki ehi natak mean pabalik ke ras avela.
maithili
- lipi— tirahuta v devanagari
- kendr— mithila ya videh ya tirahut
- bolane valoan ki sankhya— 1.5 karo d
- sahity— sahity ki drishti se maithili bahut sampann hai.
- rachanakar— vidyapati (padavali)— yadi brajabhasha ko sooradas ne, avadhi ko tulasidas ne charamotkarsh par pahuanchaya to maithili ko vidyapati ne, harimohan jha (upanyas— kanyadan, dviragaman, kahani sangrah—ekadashi, 'khattar kakak tarang'), nagarjun (maithili mean 'yatri' nam se lekhan; upanyas— paro, kavita sangrah— 'kavik svapn', 'patrahin nagn gachh'), rajakamal chaudhari ('svaragangha') adi.
- athavian anusoochi mean sthan— 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki 8vian anusoochi mean 4 bhashaoan ko sthan diya gaya. maithili hindi kshetr ki boliyoan mean se 8vian anusoochi mean sthan pane vali ekamatr boli hai.
- namoona— patana kie elah? patana eliai nokari karaile.
bhetalah nokari? nakari kattau ni bhetal. gaan mean kaj ni bheti chhalah? bhetai chhalai, roopaiyabala ni, aanabala. takhan ela kiai? riniyaan tan kelaki, tai. katte rin chhah? chair bis. sood katte li chhah? doo pai mahinabari.
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devanagari lipi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- bharat mean sarvadhik prachalit lipi jisamean sanskrit, hindi aur marathi bhashaean likhi jati haian. is shabd ka sabase pahala ullekh 453 ee. mean jain granthoan mean milata hai. 'nagari' nam ke sanbandh mean mataiky nahian hai. kuchh log isaka karan nagaroan mean prayog ko batate haian. yah apane aranbhik roop mean brahmi lipi ke nam se jani jati thi. isaka vartaman roop navi-dasavian shatabdi se milane lagata hai.
- bhasha vijnan ki shabdavali mean yah 'aksharatmak' lipi kahalati hai. yah vishv mean prachalit sabhi lipiyoan ki apeksha adhik poornatar hai. isake likhit aur uchcharit roop mean koee aantar nahian p data hai. pratyek dhvani sanket yathavat likha jata hai.
- devanagari ek lipi hai jisamean anek bharatiy bhashaean tatha kuchh videshi bhashaean likhian jati haian. sanskrit, pali, hindi, marathi, koankani, sindhi, kashmiri, nepali, gadhavali, bodo, aangika, magahi, bhojapuri, maithili, santhali adi bhashaean devanagari mean likhi jati haian. ise nagari lipi bhi kaha jata hai. isake atirikt kuchh sthitiyoan mean gujarati, panjabi, bishnupuriya manipuri, romani aur urdoo bhashaean bhi devanagari mean likhi jati haian.
- isamean kul 52 akshar haian, jisamean 14 svar aur 38 vyanjan haian. aksharoan ki kram vyavastha (vinyas) bhi bahut hi vaijnanik hai. svar-vyanjan, komal-kathor, alpapran-mahapran, anunasiky-antasth-ooshm ityadi vargikaran bhi vaijnanik haian. ek mat ke anusar devanagar (kashi) mean prachalan ke karan isaka nam devanagari p da.[12]
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nagari lipi
- pashchimi shakha- devanagari, rajasthani, gujarati, mahajani, kaithi.
- poorvi shakha- baangla lipi, asami, u diya.
hindi vyakaran
jis vidya se kisi bhasha ke bolane tatha likhane ke niyamoan ki vyavasthit paddhati ka jnan hota hai, use 'vyakaran' kahate haian.
varnamala
hindi bhasha mean jitane varnoan ka prayog hota hai, un varnoan ke samooh ko 'varnamala' kaha jata hai.
hindi varnamala
hindi bhasha mean jitane varn prayukt hote haian, un varnoan ke samooh ko 'hindi-varnamala' kaha jata hai.
shabd
- varn-samooh ya dhvani-samooh ko 'shabd' kahate haian.
- shabd do prakar ke hote haian- sarthak aur nirarthak.
sanjna
- yah sarthak varn-samooh shabd kahalata hai.
- jab isaka prayog vaky mean hota hai to vah vyakaran ke niyamoan mean bandh jata hai aur isaka roop bhi badal jata hai.
sarvanam
- sanjna ke sthan par prayukt hone vale shabd ko sarvanam kahate haian.
- sanjna ki punarukti n karane ke lie sarvanam ka prayog kiya jata hai.
visheshan
sanjna athava sarvanam shabdoan ki visheshata (gun, dosh, sankhya, pariman adi) batane vale shabd ‘visheshan’ kahalate haian.
kriya
- jin shabdoan se kisi kary ya vyapar ke hone ya kie jane ka bodh hota hai unhean kriya kahate haian.
- jaise- uthana, baithana, sona jagana.
kriyavisheshan
jin avikari shabdoan se kriya ki visheshata ka bodh hota hai ve kriyavisheshan kahalate haian.
karak
karak shabd ka arth hai kriya ko karane vala arthat kriya ko poori karane mean kisi n kisi bhoomika ko nibhane vala.
kal
kriya ke vyapar ka samay soochit karane vale kriya roop ko 'kal' kahate haian.
sandhi
- do samipavarti varnoan ke mel se jo vikar hota hai, vah sandhi kahalata hai.
- jaise- dev+ alay= devalay, man:+ yog= manoyog
upavaky
- yadi kisi ek vaky mean ek se adhik samapika kriyaean hoti haian to vah vaky upavakyoan mean bant jata hai.
- usamean jitani bhi samapika kriyaean hoti haian utane hi upavaky hote haian.
vachan
- vikari shabdoan ke jis roop se sankhya ka bodh hota hai, use vachan kahate haian.
- vaise to shabdoan ka sanjna bhed vividh prakar ka hota hai, parantu vyakaran mean usake ek aur anek bhed prachalit haian.
vartani
- likhane ki riti ko vartani ya akshari kahate haian.
- ise hijje bhi kaha jata hai.
upasarg
- ve shabdaansh jo yaugik shabd banate samay pahale lagate haian, upasarg kahalate haian.
- jaise- prati= pratinidhi, pratikool, pratishtha, pratyaksh.
ras
- ras ka shabdik arth hai 'anand'. kavy ko padhane ya sunane se jis anand ki anubhooti hoti hai, use ras kaha jata hai.
- ras ko 'kavy ki atma' ya 'pran tatv' mana jata hai.
alankar
- alankar ka shabdik arth hai, 'abhooshan'. jis prakar suvarn adi ke abhooshanoan se sharir ki shobha badhati hai usi prakar kavy alankaroan se kavy ki.
- hindi ke kavi keshavadas ek alankaravadi haian.
chhand
- varnoan ya matraoan ke niyamit sankhya ke vinyas se yadi ahlad paida ho, to use chhand kahate haian.
- chhand ka sarvapratham ullekh 'rrigved' mean milata hai.
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hindi ka manakikaran
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
manak bhasha
- manak ka abhipray hai—adarsh, shreshth athava parinishthit. bhasha ka jo roop us bhasha ke prayoktaoan ke alava any bhasha–bhashiyoan ke lie adarsh hota hai, jisake madhyam se ve us bhasha ko sikhate haian, jis bhasha–roop ka vyavahar patrachar, shiksha, sarakari kam–kaj evan samajik–saanskritik adan–pradan mean saman star par hota hai, vah us bhasha ka manak roop kahalata hai.
- manak bhasha kisi desh athava rajy ki vah pratinidhi tatha adarsh bhasha hoti hai, jisaka prayog vahaan ke shikshit varg ke dvara apane samajik, saanskritik, sahityik, vyaparik v vaijnanik tatha prashasanik karyoan mean kiya jata hai.
- kisi bhasha ka bolachal ke star se oopar uthakar manak roop grahan kar lena, usaka 'manakikaran' kahalata hai.
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akhil bharatiyata ka itihas
hindi 'shabd' ka prayog hariyana se lekar bihar tak prachalit baangaru, kauravi, brajabhasha, kanauji, rajasthani, avadhi, bhojapuri, maithili adi kee bhashaoan ke lie kiya jata hai, kiantu vartaman shatabdi mean vyavahar ki drishti se isaka arth kh diboli ho gaya hai. hindi ke roop mean yahi kh diboli bharatiy sanvidhan dvara svikrit sanpark bhasha hai tatha hindi bhashi rajyoan mean rajabhasha hai. bhaugolik drishti se vichar karane par yah dilli, hariyana tatha uttar pradesh ke muradabad, bijanaur, merath adi tho de se ziloan tak simit bhasha hai, jo shatabdiyoan tak brajabhasha aur avadhi ki tulana mean upekshitapray rahi hai aur aitihasik karanoan ke prasad se hi yah n keval adhunik yug mean bharat se bahar ke kee deshoan mean phail gee hai, varan sudoor atit se hi aantarrashtriy yatra karati rahi hai.
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aantarrashtriy hindi vishvavidyalay
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
[[chitr:Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University.jpg|mahatma gaandhi aantarrashtriy hindi vishvavidyalay, vardha |thumb|250px]] mahatma gaandhi aantarrashtriy hindi vishvavidyalay, maharashtr rajy ke vardha zile mean sthit hai. is vishvavidyalay ki sthapana bharat sarakar ne sansad dvara parit ek adhiniyam dvara ki hai. is adhiniyam ko bharat ke rajapatr mean 8 janavari san 1997 ko prakashit kiya gaya. yah adhiniyam shiksha aur anusandhan ke madhyam se hindi bhasha aur sahity ka sanvardhan evan vikas karane hetu ek shaikshanik vishvavidyalay ki sthapana karata hai, jisase hindi behatar karyadakshata prapt kar pramukh aantarrashtriy bhasha bane. sath hi vibhinn jnananushasanoan mean maulik srijan hindi bhasha ke madhyam se ho sake tatha vishv ki any bhashaoan mean vidyaman jnan sanpada ka anuvad hindi bhasha mean kiya ja sake.[13]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- REDIRECT saancha:tippanisoochi
- ↑ 'desil bayana sab jan mittha/te taisan jampano avahattha'
- ↑ 13vian sadi se 18vian sadi tak hindi–urdoo mean koee maulik bhed nahian tha.
- ↑ (visheshatah 1900 ee.-1947 ee.)
- ↑ (sthapana 1867 ee., sansthapak—atmarang pandurang)
- ↑ (sthapana 1895 ee., sansthapak—pandit dinadayal)
- ↑ (sthapana 1897 ee., sansthapak—svami vivekanand)
- ↑ (hind svaraj, 1909)
- ↑ (21vaan sanshodhan, 1967 ee.)
- ↑ (71vaan sanshodhan, 1992 ee.)
- ↑ (92vaan sanshodhan, 2003)
- ↑ ek bhasha vidvan ke anusar, shuddh bhasha–vaijnanik drishti se hindi ki do mukhy upabhashaean haian—pashchimi hindi v poorvi hindi.
- ↑ hindi sahity (hindi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 28 sitanbar, 2010.
- ↑ mahatma gaandhi aantarrashtriy hindi vishvavidyalay (hindi) (pi.ech.pi) jnan shaanti maitri. abhigaman tithi: 04 janavari, 2011.
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sanbandhit lekh