जॉन गिलक्राइस्ट

hindi bhasha aur farasi lipi ka ghalamel phort viliyam k aaulej (1800-54) ki den thi. phort viliyam k aaulej ke hindustani vibhag ke sarvapratham adhyaksh j aaun gilakraist the. unake anusar hindustani ki tin shailiyaan thian—

1. darabari ya farasi shaili
2. hindustani shaili
3. hindavi shaili.

gilakraist farasi shaili ko durooh tatha hindavi shaili ko ganvaroo manate the. isalie unhoanne hindustani shaili ko prathamikata di. unhoanne hindustani ke jis roop ko badhava diya, usaka mooladhar to hindi hi tha, kintu usamean arabi–farasi shabdoan ki bahulata thi aur vah farasi lipi mean likhi jati thi. gilakraist ne hindustani ke nam par asal mean urdoo ka hi prachar kiya.

parichay

gilakraist ka janm sanh 1759 mean edinabara mean hua tha. unhoanne edinabara ke jarj heriyats aspatal mean chikitsa sanbandhi shiksha grahan ki. chikitsiy shiksha prapt kar ve aprail 1783 ko eest iandiya kanpani mean ek chikitsak ke roop mean kalakatta bharat ae jahaan 21 aktoobar sanh 1794 ko sarjan ka pad diya gaya. tab tak shasan kary pharasi mean hota tha. j aaun gilakraist ne pharasi ke sthan par shasanakary ko hiandustani ke madhyam se chalane ki bat sochi. ve svayan adhyayan karate rahe aur doosaroan ko bhi is bat ke lie prerana dete rahe.

rachanaean

yahaan unhoanne hindustani ke adhyayan ke lie vishesh prayatn kiya aur e dikshanari aauf iangalish end hindustani, do bhag (1787-1790) e gramar aauf hindustani laianvej (1793), di oriyantal ligvistik (1798) ki rachana ki. phort viliyam k aaulej mean adhyaksh niyukt hue jisake bad anek pathy pustakoan ka sampadan kiya, jaise- d eantijargonist, d streanjars. eest iandiya kampani gaid too d hindustani dvitiy sanskaran landan se 1808 mean, tritiy sanskaran 1820 mean, d hindi stori telar, e kalaikshan aauf dayal aaugs iangalish end hindustani edinabara se dvitiy sanskaran 1820 mean, d hindi m aaurel priseptar, d oriyantal phaibyoolist adi.

dikshanari ianglish aind hiandustani

dikshanari ke lie samagri jutane ke lie unhoanne gajipur mean 1787 se 1794 tak nil ki kheti aur aphim ka kary shuroo kiya. isi silasile mean ve kuchh din banaras mean bhi rahe aur is prakar gahan adhyavasay ke bad 1787-1790 ee. mean 'dikshanari ianglish aind hiandustani' ke do bhag prakashit kiye.

kalakatta nivas

1774 mean ve kalakatta mean nivas karane lage. vahian unhoanne 'hiandustani gramar' tatha 'oriyantal liangvist' 1798 ee. mean likha.

hiandustani bhasha ke vibhagadhyaksh

inhian dinoan kampani ke videshi karmachariyoan ko pharasi aur hiandustani sikhane ki ek yojana taiyar ki gayi. 1778 se parikshaean bhi arambh kar di gayian. 'oriyantal seminari' namak ek sarakari sanstha ka bhi janma hua. lard velejali ke ane par phort viliyam k aaulej mean j aaun gilakraist hiandustani bhasha ke vibhagadhyaksh ho gaye.

kary

• 1800 ee. mean 'oriyantal liangvist' ka sankshipt sanskaran nikala.
• 1802 ee. mean 'hiandustani tels end priansipals', 'paligl aaut' aur 'gulistaan' ke anuvad prakashit hue.
• 1803 ee. mean 'd hiandi maral preseptrr' likha.
• 1804 mean 'e kalekshan aauf dayalags' ki rachana ki. isi bich lalloolal aur sadal mishr ko ve phort viliyam k aaulej mean hiandustani padhane ke lie le gaye.
• 1804 ee. mean ve yoorop chale gaye. unaka karyakshetr prayah landan raha. unhean edinabara se el-el.di. ki upadhi mili. yoorop mean rahakar ve koee rachana prakashit n kar sake. niji roop se ve 1816-26 tak padhate rahe. pahale ve 'oriyantl ianstraktar' rahe, phir hiandustani ki kakshaean lene lage.
• 'dikshanari ianglish aind hiandustani' mean adhikaansh shabd arabi pharasi ke haian. isamean shabd pharasi lipi mean haian.
• 'hiandustani gramar' mean pharasi chhandoan ke udaharan haian. paribhashit shabdavali arabi pharasi ki hai. uddharan urdoo sahity se bhi diye gaye haian, jaise vali, dard, tabaan, aphajal, jurat, mir, sauda, bedar adi.
• 'militri-tarms', 'artikils aauf var', tels aind enekdots', 'ods', 'streanjars gaid', 'hiandi dikshanari' (1802) bhi hiandustani vyakaran haian.
• 'hiandi mainual' maulik rachana nahian, sangrah hai. isamean apane vibhag ke adhyapakoan ki kritiyoan se vichitr shailiyoan ke namoone chune gaye haian.
• 'hiandi stori telar' inaki maulik rachana hai.
• 'hiandi m aaural preseptar' hiandi se pharasi aur pharasi se hindi ka vyakaran hai. yah bhi maulik nahian hai.
• 'hiandi roman an graiphikal altimetm' mean roman lipi ki shreshthata pramanit ki gayi hai. yah bhi maulik kriti hai.

hiandustani bhasha

j aaun gilakraist ki drishti mean 'hiandustani' darabari bhasha hai. unhoanne ise hiandi, urdoo, aur rekhata bhi kaha hai. hiandavi ko ve keval hianduoan ki bhasha manate the. ise ganvarooan kahate the. shaili ke lie pharasi bhasha aur lipi ka jnan anivary manate the. unhian ke shabdoan mean hiandustani hiandi, arabi, aur pharasi ka mishrit roop hai. vah bhasha aya, muanshi aur khanasama ki bhasha hai.

mahattv

j aaun gilakraist ke bhasha aur lipi sanbandhi drishtikonoan se aj asahamati ho sakati hai, kiantu sahity ke itihas mean kh di boli ke adhunik gady ke unnayak ke roop mean unaka nam sadashyata se liya jayega.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

dhireandr, varma “bhag- 2 par adharit”, hiandi sahity kosh (hiandi), 132, 217.

sanbandhit lekh

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