रणजीत सिंह
ranajit sianh (1780-1839) ka upanam shere panjab tha. inaka janm 13 navambar, 1780 mean, badarookhaan ya gujaraanvala, bharat mean hua aur mrityu 27 joon, 1839 ko lahaur, (vartaman pakistan) mean huee. ranajit sianh panjab ke sikkh rajy ke sansthapak aur maharaj (1801-39) the.
raja ki upadhi
ranajit sianh ke pita mahasianh sukarachakiya misal ke mukhiya the. jis samay ranajit sianh ki ayu keval 12 varsh ki thi, usi samay usake pita ka dehant ho gaya aur balyavastha mean hi vah sikkh misaloan ke ek chhote se samooh ke saradar bana diye ge. 15 varsh ki ayu mean kanhaya misal ke saradar ki beti se unaka vivah hua aur kee varsh tak unake kriyakalap unaki mahatvakaankshi vidhava sas sadakaur dvara hi nirdeshit hote rahe. nakkiyoan ki beti ke sath doosare vivah ne ranajit sianh ko sikkh rajava doan (samantoan) ke bich mahattvapoorn bana diya. arambh mean unaka shasan keval ek chhote-se bhookhand par tha aur sainyabal bhi simit tha. 1793 ee. se 1798 ee. ke bich afagan shasak jamanashah ke nirantar akramanoan ke phalasvaroop panjab mean itani arajakata phail gee ki unnis varshiy ranajit sianh ne 1799 ee. ke julaee mas mean lahaur par adhikar kar liya aur jamanashah ne paristhitivash unako vahaan ka upashasak svikar karate hue raja ki upadhi pradan ki.
vijay abhiyan
isake uparant ranajit sianh ko barabar sainik evan samarik saphalataean milati gayian aur unhoanne afaganoan ki namamatr ki adhinata bhi asvikar kar di tatha sataluj par ki sabhi sikkh misaloan ko apane adhin kar liya. unhoanne amritasar par adhikar kar liya aur jammoo ke shasak ko apani adhinata svikar karane ke lie vivash kiya.
dooradarshi vyakti
1805 ee. mean jab l aaurd lek yashavantarav holkar ka pichha kar raha tha, holkar bhagakar panjab mean ghus gaya. kintu ranajit sianh ne is khatare ka nivaran b di dooradarshita aur rajanitijnata se kiya. unhoanne aangrezoan ke sath sandhi kar li, jisake anusar panjab holkar ke prabhav kshetr se mukt mana gaya aur aangrezoan ne sataluj nadi ke uttar panjab ke samast bhoo-bhag par ranajit sianh ki prabhusatta svikar kar li.
rajy vistar
un dinoan sataluj ke is par ki chhoti-chhoti sikkh riyasatoan mean paraspar jhag de hote rahate the aur unamean se kuchh ne ranajit sianh se sahayata ki yachana bhi ki. ranajit sianh bhi in samast sikkh riyasatoan ko apane netritv mean sanghabaddh karana chahate the. is karan se unhoanne in kshetroan mean kee sainik abhiyan kiye aur 1807 ee. mean ludhiyana par adhikar kar liya. unaka is riti se sataluj ke is par ki kuchh chhoti-chhoti riyasatoan par sattavistar aangrezoan ko ruchikar n hua.
aangrezoan se sandhi
us samay aangrezoan ka rajy vistar dilli tak ho chuka tha. unhoanne charls metak aauf ke netritv mean ek dootamandal aur usake pichhe-pichhe devid aktaraloni ke netritv mean aangrezi sena ranajit sianh ke rajy mean bheji. is bar bhi ranajit sianh ne rajanitik soojh-boojh ka parichay diya aur aangrezoan se 1809 ee. mean chirasthayi maitri sandhi kar li, jo amritasar ki sandhi ke nam se vikhyat hai. isake anusar unhoanne ludhiyana par se adhikar hata liya aur apane rajyakshetr ko sataluj nadi ke uttar aur pashchim tak hi simit rakhana svikar kiya. sath hi unhoanne sataluj ko dakshinavarti riyasatoan ke jhag doan mean hastakshep n karane ka vachan diya. parinamasvaroop ye sabhi riyasatean aangrezoan ke sanrakshan mean a geean.
vijay yatraean
ranajit sianh ne ab doosari disha mean vijay yatraean arambh karate hue 1811 ee. mean kaang da tatha 1813 ee. mean atak par adhikar kar liya aur afaganistan ke bhago de shasak shahashuja ko sharan di. shahashuja se hi 1814 ee. mean unhoanne prasiddh kohinoor hire ka prapt kiya tha. isake uparant 1818 ee. mean unhoanne multan aur 1819 ee. mean kashmir ko jitakar 1823 ee. mean peshava ko apani adhinata svikar karane par badhy kiya aur 1834 ee. mean peshavar ke qile par bhi adhikar kar liya. unaki drishti sindh par bhi lagi thi, parantu is disha mean aangrez pahale se ghat lagae hue the, kyoanki ranajit sianh ki vistaravadi niti se ve pahale se hi sashankit the.
sena ka navinikaran
ranajit sianh ke sabhi vijay abhiyan unaki panjabi senaoan ke zariye saphal hue the, jo sikkh, musalaman aur hindoo sainikoan se bani thi. unake senapati aur mantrigan bhi vibhinn dharmik samudayoan ke the. 1820 mean ranajit sianh ne apani sena ke adhunikikaran ki prakriya arambh ki, jisamean paidal sena aur topakhane ke prashikshan ke lie yooropiy adhikariyoan ki madad li gee. is adhunik panjabi sena ne pashchimottar simant kshetr (afaganistan ki sima par) ke abhiyanoan mean achchha pradarshan kiya. 1834 mean ranajit sianh ne laddakh (poorvi kashmir ka ek kshetr) ko apane rajy mean shamil kar liya aur 1837 mean peshavar par afaganoan ke hamale ko unaki sena ne nakam kar diya.
rajanitijn
ranajit sianh yatharthavadi rajanitijn the, jinhean sambhav aur asambhav ki bhali parakh thi. isi karan unhoanne 1831 ee. mean aangrezoan se pun: sandhi ki, jisamean chirasthayi maitri sandhi ki shartoan ko duharaya gaya. is prakar ranajit sianh ne n to aangrezoan se koee yuddh kiya aur n hi unaki sena ko kisi bhi bahane se apane rajy mean andar ghusane diya. 1838 mean unhoanne kabul ki afagan gaddi par shahashuja ko phir se baithane ke lie aangrez vaisaray l aaurd aaukalaind se ek sandhi ki. is samajhaute ke tahat sindhu sthit british faujoan ne dakshin disha se aur ranajit sianh ki sena ne khaibar darre se afaganistan mean pravesh karake kabul ke vijay pradarshan mean hissa liya.
mrityu evan sikkh rajy
59 varsh ki ayu mean 1839 ee. mean apani mrityu ke samay tak unhoanne ek aise sangathit sikkh rajy ka nirman kar diya tha, jo peshavar se sataluj tak aur kashmir se sindh tak vistrit tha. kintu is vistrit samrajyoan mean vah koee mazaboot shasan vyavastha prachalit nahian kar sake aur n hi sikkhoan mean vaisi rashtriy bhavana ka sanchar kar sake, jaisi shivaji ne maharashtr mean utpann kar di thi. phalat: unaki mrityu ke keval 10 varsh ke uparant hi yah samrajy nasht ho gaya. phir bhi yah svikar karana hoga ki afaganoan, aangrezoan tatha apane kuchh sahadharmi sikkh saradaroan ke virodh ke bavajood ranajit sianh ne jo mahan saphalataean prapt kian, unake adhar par unaki ganana unnisavian shatabdi ke bharatiy itihas ki mahan vibhootiyoan mean ki jani chahie.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- (pustak 'bharatiy itihas kosh') prishth sankhya-396
- (pustak 'bharat jnanakosh') bhag-5, pushth sankhya-38
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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