Difference between revisions of "उपनिषद"
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#'[[सामवेद]]' के 16 उपनिषद हैं। | #'[[सामवेद]]' के 16 उपनिषद हैं। | ||
#'[[अथर्ववेद]]' के 31 उपनिषद हैं। | #'[[अथर्ववेद]]' के 31 उपनिषद हैं। | ||
| − | 'मुक्तिकोपनिषद' में चारों वेदों की शाखाओं की संख्या भी दी है और प्रत्येक शाखा का एक-एक उपनिषद होना बताया है। इस प्रकार चारों वेदों की अनेक शाखाएं है और उन शाखाओं की उपनिषदें भी अनेक हैं। विद्वानों ने [[ | + | 'मुक्तिकोपनिषद' में चारों वेदों की शाखाओं की संख्या भी दी है और प्रत्येक शाखा का एक-एक उपनिषद होना बताया है। इस प्रकार चारों वेदों की अनेक शाखाएं है और उन शाखाओं की उपनिषदें भी अनेक हैं। विद्वानों ने [[ऋग्वेद]] की इक्कीस शाखाएं, [[यजुर्वेद]] की एक सौ नौ शाखाएं, [[सामवेद]] की एक हज़ार शाखाएं तथा [[अथर्ववेद]] की पचास हज़ार शाखाओं का उल्लेख किया हैं। इस दृष्टि से तो सभी वेदों की शाखाओं के अनुसार 1,180 उपनिषद होनी चाहिए, परन्तु प्रायः 108 उपनिषदों का उल्लेख प्राप्त होता है। इनमें भी कुछ उपनिषद तो अत्यन्त लघु हैं। |
==उपनिषदों का रचनाकाल== | ==उपनिषदों का रचनाकाल== | ||
Revision as of 12:23, 7 June 2011
ved ka vah bhag jisamean vishuddh riti se adhyatmik chintan ko hi pradhanata di gayi hai aur phal sambandhi karmoan ke dridhanurag ko shithil karana sujhaya gaya hai, 'upanishad' kahalata hai. ved ka yah bhag usaki sabhi shakhaoan mean hai, parantu yah bat spasht-roop se samajh leni chahiye ki vartaman mean upanishad sanjna ke nam se jitane granth upalabdh haian, unamean se kuchh upanishadoan (eeshavasy, brihadaranyak, taittiriy, chhandogy adi)- ko chho dakar baqi ke sabhi upanishad–bhag mean upalabdh hoan, aisi bat nahian hai. shakhagat upanishadoan mean se kuchh aansh ko samayik, samajik ya vaiyaktik avashyakata ke adhar par upanishad sanjna de di gayi hai. isilie inaki sankhya evan upalabdhiyoan mean vividhata milati hai. vedoan mean jo upanishad-bhag haian, ve apani shakhaoan mean sarvatha akshunn haian. unako tatha unhian shakhaoan ke nam se jo upanishad-sanjna ke granth upalabdh haian, donoan ko ek nahian samajhana chahiye. upalabdh upanishad-granthoan ki sankhya mean se eeshadi 10 upanishad to sarvamany haian. inake atirikt 5 aur upanishad (shvetashvataradi), jin par acharyoan ki tikaean tatha praman-uddharan adi milate haian, sarvasammat kahe jate haian. in 15 ke atirikt jo upanishad upalabdh haian, unaki shabdagat ojasvita tatha pratipadanashaili adi ki vibhinnata hone par bhi yah avashy kaha ja sakata hai ki inaka pratipady brahm ya atmatattv nishchayapoorvak apaurooshey, nity, svat:praman ved-shabd-rashi se sambaddh hai. upanishadoan ki kul sankhya 108 hai. pramukh upanishad haian- eesh, ken, kath, mandooky, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, shvetashvatar, brihadaranyak, kaushitaki, mundak, prashn, maitraniy adi. lekin shankarachary ne jin 10 upanishadoan par spana bhashy likha hai, unako pramanik mana gaya hai.ye haian - eesh, ken, mandooky, mundak, taittiriy, aitarey, prashn, chhandogy aur brihadaranyak upanishad. isake atirikt shvetashvatar aur kaushitaki upanishad bhi mahattvapoorn haian. is prakar 103 upanishadoan mean se keval 13 upanishadoan ko hi pramanik mana gaya hai. bharat ka prasiddh adarsh vaky 'satyamev jayate' mundopanishad se liya gaya hai. upanishad gady aur pady donoan mean haian, jisamean prashn, mandooky, ken, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, brihadaranyak aur kaushitaki upanishad gady mean haian tatha ken, eesh, kath aur shvetashvatar upanishad pady mean haian.
ved evan sambandhit upanishad
| ved | sambandhit upanishad |
|---|---|
|
1- rrigved |
|
| 2- yajurved | |
| 3- shukl yajurved | |
| 4- krishna yajurved |
taittiriyopanishad, kathopanishad, shvetashvataropanishad, maitrayani upanishad |
| 5- samaved | |
| 6- atharvaved |
upanishad parichay
bharatiy-sanskriti ki prachinatam evan anupam dharohar ke roop mean vedoan ka nam ata hai. 'rrigved' vishv-sahity ki prachinatam pustak hai. manishiyoan ne 'ved' ko eeshvariy 'bodh' athava 'jnan' ke roop mean pahachana hai. vidvanoan ne upanishadoan ko vedoan ka antim bhashy 'vedant' ka nam diya hai. isase poorv vedoan ke lie 'sanhita' 'brahman' aur 'aranyak' nam bhi prayukt kiye jate haian. upanishad brahmajnan ke granth haian. isaka shabdik arth hai- ‘samip baithana‘ arthat brahm vidya ko prapt karane ke lie guru ke samip baithana. is prakar upanishad ek aisa rahasy jnan hai jise ham guru ke sahayog se hi samajh sakate haian. brahm vishayak hone ke karan inhean 'brahmavidya' bhi kaha jata hai. upanishadoan mean atma-paramatma evan sansar ke sandarbh mean prachalit darshanik vicharoan ka sangrah milata hai. upanishad vaidik sahity ke antim bhag tatha sarabhoot siddhantoan ke pratipadak haian, atah inhean 'vedant' bhi kaha jata hai. inaka rachana kal 800 se 500 ee.poo. ke madhy hai. upanishadoan ne jis nishkam karm marg aur bhakti marg ka darshan diya usaka vikas shrimadbhagavatagita mean hua.
paribhasha
- upanishad shabd 'up' aur 'ti' upasarg tatha 'sad' dhatu ke sanyog se bana hai. 'sad' dhatu ka prayog 'gati',arthat gaman,jnan aur prapt ke sandarbh mean hota hai. isaka arth yah hai ki jis vidya se parabrahm, arthat eeshvar ka samipy prapt ho, usake sath tadatmy sthapit ho,vah vidya 'upanishad' kahalati hai.
- upanishad mean 'sad' dhatu ke tin arth aur bhi haian - vinash, gati, arthat jnan -prapti aur shithil karana . is prakar upanishad ka arth hua-'jo jnan pap ka nash kare, sachcha jnan prapt karaye, atma ke rahasy ko samajhaye tatha ajnan ko shithil kare, vah upanishad hai.'
- ashtadhyayi[1] mean upanishad shabd ko paroksh ya rahasy ke arth mean prayukt kiya gaya hai.
- kautily ke arthashastr mean yuddh ke gupt sanketoan ki charcha mean 'aupanishad' shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hai. isase yah bhav prakat hota hai ki upanishad ka tatpary rahasyamay jnan se hai.
- amarakosh upanishad ke vishay mean kaha gaya hai-upanishad shabd dharm ke goodh rahasyoan ko janane ke lie prayukt hota hai.[2]
upanishad shabd ki vyutpatti
vidvanoan ne 'upanishad' shabd ki vyutpatti 'up'+'ni'+'sad' ke roop mean mani hai. inaka arth yahi hai ki jo jnan vyavadhan-rahit hokar nikat aye, jo jnan vishisht aur sampoorn ho tatha jo jnan sachcha ho, vah nishchit roop se upanishad jnan kahalata hai. mool bhav yahi hai ki jis jnan ke dvara 'brahm' se sakshatkar kiya ja sake, vahi 'upanishad' hai. ise adhyatm-vidya bhi kaha jata hai.
prasiddh bharatiy vidvanoan ki drishti mean upanishad
- svami vivekanand—'maian upanishadoan ko padhata hooan, to mere aansoo bahane lagate haian. yah kitana mahan jnan hai? hamare lie yah avashyak hai ki upanishadoan mean sannihit tejasvita ko apane jivan mean vishesh roop se dharan karean. hamean shakti chahie. shakti ke bina kam nahian chalega. yah shakti kahaan se prapt ho? upanishadean hi shakti ki khanean haian. unamean aisi shakti bhari p di hai, jo sampoorn vishv ko bal, shaury evan navajivan pradan kar sakean. upanishadean kisi bhi desh, jati, mat v sampraday ka bhed kiye bina har din, durbal, dukhi aur dalit prani ko pukar-pukar kar kahati haian- utho, apane pairoan par kh de ho jao aur bandhanoan ko kat dalo. sharirik svadhinata, manasik svadhinata, adhyatmik svadhinata- yahi upanishadoan ka mool mantr hai.'
- kavi ravindranath taigor–'chakshu-sampann vyakti dekhegean ki bharat ka brahmajnan samast prithivi ka dharm banane laga hai. pratah kalin soory ki arunim kiranoan se poorv disha alokit hone lagi hai. parantu jab vah soory madhyahr gagan mean prakashit hoga, tab us samay usaki dipti se samagr bhoo-mandal diptimay ho uthega.'
- da. sarvapalli radhakrishnan–'upanishadoan ko jo bhi mool sanskrit mean padhata hai, vah manav atma aur param saty ke guhy aur pavitr sambandhoan ko ujagar karane vale unake bahut se udgaroan ke utkarsh, kavy aur prabal sammohan se mugdh ho jata hai aur usamean bahane lagata hai.'
- sant vinova bhave— 'upanishadoan ki mahima anekoan ne gayi hai. himalay jaisa parvat aur upanishadoan- jaisi koee pustak nahian hai, parantu upanishad koee sadharan pustak nahian hai, vah ek darshan hai. yadyapi us darshan ko shabdoan mean aankit karane ka prayatn kiya gaya hai, tathapi shabdoan ke qadam l dakh da gaye haian. keval nishtha ke chinh ubhare hai. us nishtha ke shabdoan ki sahayata se hriday mean bharakar, shabdoan ko door hatakar anubhav kiya jaye, tabhi upanishadoan ka bodh ho sakata hai . mere jivan mean 'gita' ne 'maan ka sthan liya hai. vah sthan to usi ka hai. lekin maian janata hooan ki upanishad meri maan ki bhi hai. usi shraddha se mera upanishadoan ka manan, nididhyasan pichhale battis varshoan se chal raha hai.[3]'
- govindaballabh –'upanishad sanatan darshanik jnan ke mool strot hai. ve keval prakharatam buddhi ka hi parinam nahian hai, apitu prachin rrishiyoan ki anubhootiyoan ke phal haian.'
bharatiy manishiyoan dvara jitane bhi darshanoan ka ullekh milata hai, un sabhi mean vaidik mantroan mean nihit jnan ka pradurbhav hua hai. saankhy tatha vedant (upanishad) mean hi nahian, jain aur bauddh-darshanoan mean bhi ise dekha ja sakata hai. bharatiy sanskriti se upanishadoan ka avichchhinn sambandh hai. inake adhyayan se bharatiy sanskriti ke adhyatmik svaroop ka sachcha jnan hamean prapt hota hai.
pashchaty vidvanoan ki drishti mean upanishad
keval bharatiy jijnasuoan ki dhyan hi upanishadoan ki or nahian gaya hai, anek pashchaty vidvanoan ko bhi upanishadoan ko padhane aur samajhane ka avasar prapt hua hai. tabhi ve in upanishadoan mean chhipe jnan ke udatt svaroop se prabhavit hue hai. in upanishadoan ki samunnat vicharadhara, udatt chintan, dharmik anubhooti tatha adhyatmik jagat ki rahasyamayi goodh abhivyktiyoan se ve chamatkrit hote rahe haian aur mukt kanth se inaki prashansa karate aye haian.
- arabadeshiy vidvan alabaruni—'upanishadoan ki sar-svaroopa 'gita' bharatiy jnan ki mahanata rachana hai.'
- dara shikoh— 'maine quran, tauret, injil, jubar adi granth padhe. unamean eeshvar sambandhi jo varnan hai, unase man ki pyas nahian bujhi. tab hinduoan ki eeshvariy pustakean padhian. inamean se upanishadoan ka jnan aisa hai, jisase atma ko shashvat shanti tatha anand ki prapti hoti hai. hazarat nabi ne bhi ek ayat mean inhian prachin rahasyamay pustakoan ke sambandh mean sanket kiya hai.[4]'
- jarman darshanik arthar shopen h aauvar— 'mera darshanik mat upanishadoan ke mool tattvoan ke dvara vishesh roop se prabhavit hai. maian samajhata hooan ki upanishadoan ke dvara vaidik-sahity ke sath parichay hona, vartaman shatabdi ka sanase b da labh hai, jo isase pahale kisi bhi shatabdi ko prapt nahian hua. mujhe asha hai ki chaudahavian shatabdi mean grik-sahity ke punarjagaran se yooropiy-sahity ki jo unnati huee thi, usamean sanskrit-sahity ka prabhav, usaki apeksha kam phal dene vala nahian tha. yadi pathak prachin bharatiy jnan mean dikshit ho sakean aur gambhir udarata ke sath use grahan kar sakean, to maian jo kuchh bhi kahana chahata hooan, use ve achchhi tarah se samajh sakeange upanishadoan mean sarvatr kitani sundarata ke sath vedoan ke bhav prakashit haian. jo koee bhi upanishadoan ke farasi, laitin anuvad ka dhyanapoorvak adhyayan karega, vah upanishadoan ki anupam bhav-dhara se nishchit roop se parichit hoga. usaki ek-ek pankti kitani sudridh, sunirdisht aur susamanjas arth prakat karati hai, ise dekhakar aankhean khuli rah jati hai. pratyek vaky se atyant gambhir bhavoan ka samooh aur vicharoan ka aveg prakat hota chala jata hai. sampoorn granth atyant uchch, pavitr aur ekantik anubhootiyoan se otaprot haian. sampoorn bhoo-mandal par mool upanishadoan ke saman itana adhik phalotpadak aur uchch bhavoddipak granth kahi nahian haian. inhoanne mujhe jivan mean shanti pradan ki hai aur marate samay bhi yah mujhe shanti pradan kareange.'
- shopen h aauvar ne age bhi kaha— 'bharat mean hamare dharm ki j de kabhi nahian g deangi. manav-jati ki ‘pauranik prajna’ gaililiyo ki ghatanaoan se kabhi nirakrit nahian hogi, varan bharatiy jnan ki dhara yoorop mean pravahit hogi tatha hamare jnan aur vicharoan mean amool parivartan la degi. upanishadoan ke pratyek vaky se gahan maulik aur udatt vichar prasphutit hote haian aur sabhi kuchh ek vichitr, uchch, pavitr aur ekagr bhavana se anupranit ho jata hai. samast sansar mean upanishadoan-jaisa kalyanakari v atma ko unnat karane vala koee doosara granth nahian hai. ye sarvochch pratibha ke pushp haian. der-saver ye logoan ki astha ke adhar banakar raheange.' shopen h aauvar ke uparant anek pashchaty vidvanoan ne upanishadoan par gahan vichar kiya aur unaki mahima ko gaya.
- imarsan— 'pashchaty vichar nishchay hi vedant ke dvara anupranit haian.'
- maiksamoolar— 'mrityu ke bhay se bachane, mrityu ke lie poori taiyari karane aur saty ko janane ke ichchhuk jijnasuoan ke lie, upanishadoan ke atirikt koee any-marg meri drishti mean nahian hai. upanishadoan ke jnan se mujhe apane jivan ke utkarsh mean bhari sahayata mili hai. mai unaka rrini hooan. ye upanishadean, atmik unnati ke lie vishv ke samast dharmik sahity mean atyant sammaniy rahe haian aur age bhi sada raheange. yah jnan, mahan, manishiyoan ki mahan prajna ka parinam hai. ek-n-ek din bharat ka yah shreshth jnan yoorop mean prakashit hoga aur tab hamare jnan evan vicharoan mean mahan parivartan upasthit hoga.'
- pro. hyoom— 'sukarat, arastu, afalatoon adi kitane hi darshanik ke granth maianne dhyanapoorvak padhe hai, parantu jaisi shantimayi atmavidya maianne upanishadoan mean payi, vaisi aur kahian dekhane ko nahian mili.[5]'
- pro. ji. ark— 'manushy ki atmik, manasik aur samajik gutthiyaan kis prakar sulajh sakati hai, isaka jnan upanishadoan se hi mil sakata hai. yah shiksha itani saty, shiv aur sundar hai ki antaratma ki gaharaee tak usaka pravesh ho jata hai. jab manushy saansarik duahkho aur chintaoan se ghira ho, to use shanti aur sahara dene ke amogh sadhan ke roop mean upanishad hi sahayak ho sakte haian.[6]'
- p aaul dayasan— 'vedant (upanishad-darshan) apane avikrit roop mean shuddh naitikata ka sashaktatam adhar hai. jivan aur mrityu ki pi daoan mean sabase b di santavana hai.‘
- da. enibeseant— ‘bharatiy upanishad jnan manav chetana ki sarvochch den hai.'
- bebar— 'bharatiy upanishad eeshvariy jnan ke mahanatam granth haian. inase sachchi atmik shanti prapt hoti hai. vishv-sahity ki ye amooly dharohar hai.[7]'
upanishadoan ke strot aur unaki sankhya
prayah upanishad vedoan ke mantr bhag, brahman granth, aranyak granth adi se sambandhit haian. katipay uttar vaidikakal ke rrishiyoan dvara astitv mean aye haian, jinaka svatantr astitv hai.
- 'muktikopanishad' mean,(shlok sankhya 30 se 39 tak) 108 upanishadoan ki soochi di gayi hai. in 108 upanishadoan mean se—
- 'rrigved' ke 10 upanishad hai.
- 'shukl yajurved' ke 19 upanishad haian.
- 'krishna yajurved' ke 32 upanishad haian.
- 'samaved' ke 16 upanishad haian.
- 'atharvaved' ke 31 upanishad haian.
'muktikopanishad' mean charoan vedoan ki shakhaoan ki sankhya bhi di hai aur pratyek shakha ka ek-ek upanishad hona bataya hai. is prakar charoan vedoan ki anek shakhaean hai aur un shakhaoan ki upanishadean bhi anek haian. vidvanoan ne rrigved ki ikkis shakhaean, yajurved ki ek sau nau shakhaean, samaved ki ek hazar shakhaean tatha atharvaved ki pachas hazar shakhaoan ka ullekh kiya haian. is drishti se to sabhi vedoan ki shakhaoan ke anusar 1,180 upanishad honi chahie, parantu prayah 108 upanishadoan ka ullekh prapt hota hai. inamean bhi kuchh upanishad to atyant laghu haian.
upanishadoan ka rachanakal
upanishadoan ke rachanakal ke sambandh mean vidvanoan ka ek mat nahian hai. kuchh upanishadoan ko vedoan ki mool sanhitaoan ka aansh mana gaya hai. ye sarvadhik prachin haian. kuchh upanishad ‘brahman’ aur ‘aranyak’ granthoan ke aansh svikar kiye gaye haian. inaka rachanakal sanhitaoan ke bad ka hai. kuchh upanishad svatantr roop se rache gaye haian. ve sabhi bad mean likhe gaye haian. upanishadoan ke kal-nirnay ke lie mantroan ko adhar mana gaya hai. unamean—
- bhaugolik paristhitiyaan
- sooryavanshi-chandravanshi rajaoan ya rrishiyoan ke nam aur
- khagoliy yogoan ke vivaran adi prapt hote haian. unake dvara upanishadoan ke rachanakal ki sambhavana abhivyakt ki jati hai, parantu inase rachanatmak ka satik niroopan nahian ho pata; kyoanki bhaugolik paristhitiyoan mean jin nadiyoan adi ke nam ginaye jate haian, unake udbhav ka kal hi nishchitt nahian hai. isi prakar rajaoan aur rrishiyoan ke ek-jaise kitane hi nam bar-bar granthoan mean prayog kiye jate haian. ve kab aur kis yug mean hue, isaka sahi akalan thik prakar se nahian ho pata. jahaan tak khagoliy yogoan ke varnan ka prashn hai, use bhi kuchh sima tak hi sunishchit mana ja sakata hai.
upanishadoan ka pratipady vishay
upanishadoan ke rachayita rrishi-muniyoan ne apani anubhutiyoan ke saty se jan-kalyan ki bhavana ko sarvopari mahattv diya hai. unaka rachana-kaushal atyant sahaj aur saral hai. yah dekhakar ashchary hota hai ki in rrishiyoan ne kaise itane goodh vishay ko, isake vividhapoorn tathyoan ko, atyant tho de shabdoan mean tatha ek atyant sahaj aur sashakt bhasha mean abhivyakt kiya hai. bharatiy darshan ki aisi koee dhara nahian hai, jisaka sar tattv in upanishadoan mean vidyaman n ho. saty ki khoj athava brahm ki pahachan in upanishadoan ka pratipady vishay hai. janm aur mrityu se pahale aur bad mean ham kahaan the aur kahaan jayeange, is sampoorn srishti ka niyanta kaun hai, yah charachar jagat kisaki ichchha se parichalit ho raha hai tatha hamara usake sath kya sambandh hai— in sabhi jijnasaoan ka shaman upanishadoan ke dvara hi sambhav ho saka hai.
upanishadoan ki bhasha-shaili
- upanishadoan ki bhasha devavani sanskrit hai. is devabhasha ke sath bhavoan ka b di sahajata ke sath samanjasy hua hai. rrishiyoan ki sahaj aur gahan anubhutiyoan ko abhivyakt karane mean is bhasha ne gagar mean sagar bharane-jaisa kary kiya hai. un rrishiyoan ne apane bhasha-jnan ko klisht, adambarapoorn aru goodh banakar adhyetaoan par thopane ka kinjit bhi prayas nahian kiya hai. unhoanne apane anubhavajany jnan ko atyant sahaj roop se, tarkasammat, samikshatmak, kathopakathan, udaharan aur samayanukool upayog karate hue, apane bhavoan ko sahaj hi bodhagamy banane ka unhoanne prayas kiya hai.
- upanishadoan ki shaili adbhut hai. yadyapi unhoanne goodh rahasyoan ko samajhane ki tivr utkantha aur anubhooti ki gahan kshamata ko abhivyakt karane mean sahajata ka sahara liya hai, tathapi sthan-sthan par saanketik rahasyatmakata se pichha chhu dane mean ve vivash dikhaee p date haian. isake anek karan ho sakate haian. atyant goodh jnan ko sugam banane mean bhasha sath chho d jati hai. gooange ke gu d ki bhaanti unaka rasasvadan ‘sanket’ to deta hai, par shabdoan ke chayan mean ve vivash ho jate haian. isake atirikt adhyeta ki apani bhi buddhi-sima hoti hai jo use grahan karane mean sahayak nahian ho pati.
upanishadoan ka mahattv
- upanishadoan mean rrishiyoan ne apane jivan-paryant anubhavoan ka nicho d dala hai. isi karan vishv sahity mean upanishadoan ka mahattv sarvopari svikar kiya gaya hai.
- jivan ke sabhi vichar aur chintan bemani siddh ho sakate haian, kintu jiv aur paramatma ke milan ke lie kiya gaya adhyatmik chibtab kabhi bemani nahian ho sakata. vah shashvat hai, sanatan hai aur jivan ke mahanatam lakshy par pahuanchane vala sarathi hai. jis prakar mahabharat mean krishna ne arjun ke lie sarathi ka kary sampann kiya tha, usi prakar jan-jan ke lie upanishadoan ne yah mahan ka kary sampann kiya hai. vah alok hai, jo samast manavata ke ajnanapoorn andhakar ko door karane ke lie rrishiyoan dvara avatarit karaya gaya hai. isilie upanishadoan ka mahattv, sarv-kalyan ka shreshthatam pratik hai.