ब्राह्मण साहित्य
|
any sambandhit lekh |
yajnoan evan karmakandoan ke vidhan evan inaki kriyaoan ko bhali-bhaanti samajhane ke lie hi is brahman granth ki rachana huee. yahaan par 'brahm' ka shabdik arth haian- yajn arthath yajn ke vishayoan ka achchhi tarah se pratipadan karane vale granth hi 'brahman granth' kahe gaye. brahman granthoan mean sarvatha yajnoan ki vaijnanik, adhibhautik tatha adhyatmik mimaansa prastut ki gayi hai. yah granth adhikatar gady mean likhe hue haian. inamean uttarakalin samaj tatha sanskriti ke sambandh ka jnan prapt hota hai. pratyek ved (sanhita) ke apane-apane brahman hote haian. brahman grantho se hamean parikshit ke bad aur bimbisar ke poorv ki ghatanaoan ka jnan prapt hota hai. 'aitarey brahman' mean 'rajyabhishek' ke niyam diye gaye haian. prachin itihas ke sadhan ke roop mean 'vaidik sahity' mean 'rrigved' ke bad 'shatapath brahman' ka sthan hai. shatapath brahman mean gandhar, shaly, kaikey, kuroo, paanchal, koshal, videsh adi rajaoan ke nam ka ullekh hai.
ved aur sanbandhit brahman
| ved | sambandhit brahman |
|---|---|
|
1- rrigved |
|
| 2- shukl yajurved | |
| 3- krishna yajurved | |
| 4- samaved |
panchaviansh ya tandy brahman, shadaviansh brahman, samavidhan brahman, vansh brahman, mantr brahman, jaiminiy brahman |
| 5- atharvaved |
prishthabhoomi
uttar vaidikakal mean, jab vaidik sanhitaean dhire-dhire durbodh hoti chali geean, mantrarth-jnan keval kuchh vishisht vyaktiyoan tak simit rah gaya, us samay yah avashyakata gaharaee se anubhav ki gee ki ved-mantroan ki vishad vyakhya ki jayh. yahi sthiti vaidik-yajnoan ke karmakand ki bhi thi. sudirghakal tak yagoan ka anushthan maukhik jnan ke adhar par hi hota raha, lekin shanai:shanai yajn-vidhan jab jatil aur sanshlisht pratit hone laga tatha sthan-sthan par sandeh aur shankaoan ka pradurbhav hone laga, tab is sandarbh mean sthayi adhar ki avashyakata anubhav huee. brahmavadiyoan (yajnavettaoan) ke madhy yagiy visangatiyoan ke nirakaran ke lie sampann charcha-goshthiyoan, parisanvadoan tatha saghan vichar-vimarsh ne brahman-granthoan ke pranayan ka marg vishesh roop se prashast kiya. kisi bhi yug ke sahity ke mool mean, tatkalin saanskritik vicharadhara, rajanitik aur samajik sakriyata, asthaoan, adarshoan evan moolyoan ki abhivyakti ka durnivary agrah svabhavat: satrihit rahata hai. brahman-sahity ke antardarshan ki prishthabhoomi mean bhi, nishchit hi yah akaanksha nihit rahi hai. sankshep mean kaha ja sakata hai ki ved-mantroan ki sugam vyakhya karane, yajniy vidhi-vidhan ke sookshmatisookshm pakshoan ko niroopit karane tatha samakalin vaicharik andolan ko disha dene ki bhavana mukhy roop se brahman granthoan ke sakshatkar ki prishthabhoomi mean nihit rahi hai.
brahman shabd ka arth
mantr-bhag se atirikt shesh ved-bhag brahman hai, jaisa ki jaimini ka kathan hai-'sheshe brahmanashabd'.[1] madhavachary tatha sayanachary ne bhi isi lakshan se sahamati vyakt ki hai.[2] kosh granthoan ke anusar ved-bhag ka jnapak 'brahman' shabd napuansak ling mean vyavahary hai.[3] isaka apavad keval mahabharat ka ek sthal hai, jahaan pulliang mean bhi yah prayukt hai.[4] granth ke arth mean 'brahman' shabd ka prachin prayog taittiriy sanhita mean hai.[5] paniniy ashtadhyayi[6], nirukt[7] tatha svayan brahman granthoan mean to etadvishayak pushkal prayog drishtigochar hote haian.[8] vyutpatti ki drishti se yah 'brahm' shabd se 'anh' pratyay lagakar nishpann hua hai. is sandarbh mean satyavrat samashrami ka abhimat hai ki 'brahman' shabd se hi prokt arth mean 'anh' pratyay lagakar 'brahman' shabd bana hai.[9] 'brahm' shabd ke do arth haian- mantr tatha yajn.[10] is prakar brahman ve granth vishesh haian, jinamean yajnik drishti se mantroan ki viniyogatmika vyakhya ki gee hai.[11] jin manishiyoan ne brahmanoan ka mantravath pramany svikar nahian kiya hai, ve bhi inhean ved-vyakhyan roop manate haian.[12]
shrutiroopata
achary apasamb ne mantrabhag ke sath hi brahmanabhag ko bhi ved hi mana hai-mantrabrahmanayorvedanamadheyamh (yajnaparibhasha). isi ka anusaran karate hue shabarasvami pitribhooti, shankarachary, bhatt kumaril, bhavasvami, devasvami, vishvaroop, medhatithi, kark, dhoortasvami, devatrat, vachaspati mishr, rajashekhar, ramanuj, uvat, maskari aur sayanachary sahit bahusankhyak mahanh acharyoan aur bhashyakaroan ne mantr-sanhitaoan ke sath hi brahmanoan ki bhi shrutiroopata par bal diya hai.[13] panini aur patanjali ki bhi yahi avadharana hai. is astha ka ek pramukh hetu yah bhi hai ki aranyak aur adhikaansh upanishad-granth brahman-granthoan ke hi antim bhag haian aur bharatiy darshanoan ka vishal prasad upanishadoan ki hi adharabhitti par nirmit hai. brahmasootr, gita aur any darshanik sootragranth pag-pag par inake pramany par avalambit haian. aisi sthiti mean bhashyakar shankarachary dvara tandy brahman ke uddharan ko 'tandinaan shruti:' roop mean upasthapit karana svabhavik hi tha. aj bhi vedajnoan ka ek vishal varg is manyata par shraddhavanh dikhalaee deta hai.[14]
svaroop aur unake pravachanakarta
brahman-granthoan ka vartaman svaroop pravachanatmak aur vyakhyatmak hai. vidhiyoan aur unake hetu prabhriti ka niroopan pravachanatmak aanshoan mean hai tatha viniyukt mantroan ke auchity ka pradarshan vyakhyatmak dhag se hai. dirghakal tak maukhik parampara se prachalit yajniy karmakand ka sankalan to inamean hai hi, brahmavadiyoan ke madhy vidyaman vad-vivad ke aanshoan ki jhalak bhi yatr-tatr mil jati hai. adhunik yug mean, svami dayanand sarasvati aur unake ary samaj mean dikshit vidvanoan ne, brahman-granthoan ko ved n manakar vedavyakhyan granth bhar mana hai. in vicharakoan ki drishti mean, pashu-hiansa aur kahian-kahian yagagat ashlil krityoan ka ullekh brahman granthoan ko apaurushey ved ki shreni mean sammilit karane mean badhak hai. is vivad mean ulajhe bina bhi, yah svikar karane mean koee apatti nahian honi chahie ki mantr-sanhitaoan ki tulana mean ye ved nahian, to 'vedakalp' to haian hi. brahman-granthoan ko shrutisvaroop svikar karane vale manishiyoan ne sanhitavath inhean bhi apaurushey hi mana hai. unaki manyata hai ki inaka bhi sakshatkar kiya gaya. jin vyaktiyoan ke nam inase sambaddh haian, ve inake rachayita n hokar pravachanakarta rrishi athava achary haian, jinhoanne inhean sanpreshit kiya. bhinn-bhinn brahman-granthoan ke pravakta bhi prithakh-prithakh haian, jinaka parichay un brahman granthoan ke vishisht vivaran ke sath pradey hai. yoan sankshep mean itana hi kaha ja sakata hai ki pravachanakartaoan mean se kuchh rrishi shreni ke haian aur any achary-parampara ke. shatapath ke pravachanakarta yajnavalky rrishi haian to aitarey brahman ke pravakta mahidas achary mane jate haian.
pratipady vishay
uparyukt vivaran se spasht hai ki brahmanagranthoan ka mukhy vishay yajn ka sarvaangapoorn niroopan hai. is yag-mimaansa ke do pramukh bhag haian- vidhi tatha arthavad. 'vidhi' se abhipray hai yajnanushthan kab, kahaan aur kin adhikariyoan ke dvara hona chahie. yag-vidhiyaan apravritt karmadi mean pravritt karane vali tatha ajnatarth ka jnapan karane vali hoti haian. inhian ke madhyam se brahmanagranth karmanushthanoan mean prerit karate haian, jaisa ki apastamb ka yajnaparibhasha[15] mean kathan hai-'karmachodana brahmanani'. vidhi ka stuti aur nindaroop mean poshan tatha nirvah karane vale brahmanagat any vishay arthavad kahalate haian arthavadaparak vakyoan mean yajnanishiddh vastuoan ki ninda tatha yajnopayogi vastuoan ki prashansa rahati hai. is prakar ke vakyoan ki vidhi-vakyoan ke sath 'ekavakyata' ka upapadan mimaansakoan ne kiya hai-vidhina tu ekavakyatvath stutyarthen vidhinaan syu:[16] unake anusar vidhi aur arthavad vachanoan ke madhy paraspar sheshasheshibhav athava anganigabhav hai. at: shabarasvami ke matanusar vastut: vidhiyaan hi arthavadadi ke roop mean brahman granthoan mean das prakar se vyavahrat huee haian-
heturnirvachanan ninda prashansa sanshayo vidhi:.
parakriya purakalpo vyavadharanakalpana॥
upamanan dashaivaite vidhayo brahmanasy tu.
etadvai sarvavedeshu niyatan vidhilakshanamh[17]
inaka sodaharan spashtikaran is prakar hai-
hetu
karmakand sambandhi kisi vishisht vidhi ki prishthabhoomi mean nihit karanavatta ka nirdesh, yatha 'ten hyannan kriyate'[18], arthath soop se hom karana chahie, kyoanki usase ann ko taiyar kiya jata hai.
nirvachan
vyutpatti ke madhyam se yag mean prayojy padarth ki sarthakata ka niroopan, yatha-taddadhno dadhitvamh[19] yahi dahi ka dahipan hai.
ninda
kisi aprashast vastu ki ninda kar yag mean usaki anupadeyata ka pratipadan karana; yatha-'amedhya vai masha:'[20] u dad yajn ki drishti se anupadey hai.
prashansa
vayu ke nimitt kyoan yaganushthan kiya jay, isaka pratipadan is roop mean kiya gaya hai ki vayu shighragami devata hai-vayurvai kshepishtha devata.[21]
sanshay
isaka tatpary hai sandeh, jaise yajaman ke bhitar yah sandeh utpann ho jae ki maian hom karooan ki nahian? tadavyachikitsajjuhuvani ima haushadoomh.[22]
vidhi
audumbari (goolar ki vah shakha, jisake niche baithakar udagatrimandal samagan karata hai) kitani b di honi chahie, is vishay mean yah vidhan milata hai ki vah yajaman ke pariman (nap) ki honi chahie-yajamanen sammita audumbari bhavati.[23]
parakriti
isaka abhipray hai doosare ka kary, yatha-mashanev mahyan pachati[24] vah mere lie u dad hi pakata hai.
purakalp
tatpary hai purana akhyan, jaise-pura brahmana abhaishu:[25] prachin kal mean brahman dar gaye.
vyavadharanakalpana
abhipray hai vishesh prakar ka nishchay karana. isaka udaharan hai ki jitane gho doan ka pratigrah kare, utane hi varunadevatak chatushkapaloan se yag kare-yavatoashvanh pratigrihniyattavato varunanh chatushkapalarnnivapeth.[26]
upaman
shabarasvami ne yadyapi isaka udaharan nahian diya hai, tathapi chhandogy upanishad[27] ke is aansh ko prastut kiya ja sakata hai-
s yatha shakuni: sootren prabaddho dishan dishan patitva anyatrayatanamalabdhva bandhanamevopashrayate, evamev khalu somy! tanmano dishan dishan patitvaanyatrayatanmalabdhva pranamevopashrayate, pranabandhanan hi somy! man iti.
-he somy! jaise dhage se bandha hua pakshi har disha ki or jakar aur anyatr ashray n pakar bandhan ka avalamb leta hai; isi prakar se hai somy! yah man vibhinn dishaoan mean bhatakane ke bad vahaan, ashray n pakar is pran ka avalamban grahan karata hai. he somy! man ka bandhan pran hai.
vidhi aur arthavad-vakyoan ki ekavakyata ko spasht karane ke lie tandy mahabrahman se ek udaharan prastut hai- shashth adhyay ke saptam khand mean agnishtomanushthan ki prakriya mean bahishpavaman stotr ke nimitt adhvaryu ki pramukhata mean udgata prabhriti paanch rritvijoan ke sadomandap se chatval-sthan tak prasarpan ka vidhan hai-bahishpavamanan prasarpanti. is prasarpan ke sandarbh mean do niyam vihit haian- kvan (mridupadanyasapoorvak) prasarpan tatha vananiyamanh. sath hi paanchoan rritvijoan-adhvaryu, prastota, udgata, pratiharta tatha brahma ke ek doosare ke pichhe isi kram se panktibaddh hokar chalane ka vidhan hai, kyoanki yah pankti hai.[28] vahian in niyamoan ke palan se yajn ki shanti bani rahane, aur any labhoan tatha hetuoan ka ullekh hai. niyamoan ka palan n karane se anekavidh anarthoan ki sambhavana bhi ullikhit hai. is prakar brahman-granthoan mean yaganushthan ki vibhinn vidhiyoan ke niroopan mean prashansa aur ninda hi nahian, unake auchity-bodhak hetu bhi diye gaye haian. udaharanarth agnishtom yag ke hi prasang mean tandy-brahman mean udgata ke dvara sadomandap mean audumbari[29] ke uchchhrayan ka vidhan karate samay kaha gaya hai ki prajapati ne devoan ke nimitt arkh ka jo vibhajan kiya, usi se udumbar ki utpatti huee. at: udumbar vriksh prajapati se sambaddh hai aur udgata ka bhi usase sambandh hai, isalie jab vah audumbari ka uchchhrayan roop pratham krity karata hai, tab vah usi prajapati namni adhishthatri daivi shakti ke dvara apane ko artvijy-hetu varan kar leta hai. isi prasang mean dronakalashaprohan, jis krity ke antargat dronakalash mean som ras churakar rath ke niche rakha jata hai, ka samarthan ek akhyayika ke dvara kiya gaya hai. tadanusar prajapati ne anek hone ke lie srishti-kamana ki. srishtivishayak vichar karate hi unake mastak se adity ki utpatti huee. adity ne svayan utpann hone ke lie prajapati ke shir ko chhinn kar diya. vah chhinn-bhinn moorddha hi dronakalash ho gaya, jisamean devoan ne shubhravarn ke chamakate hue somaras ko grahan kiya.[30] is akhyayika ke madhyam se dronakalash aur tatrasth somaras mean sarjanashakti se otaprot shreshth manasik samarthy ke astitv ka upapadan kiya gaya hai.
is prakar vidhi-nirdesh ke samanantar hi brahman-granth unaki upayuktata bhi vibhinn prakar se batala dete haian. is sandarbh mean yagoan, unaki anushthan-vidhiyoan, dravyoan, sambaddh devoan aur viniyukt mantroan ka chhand adi ke dvara auchity-niroopan karate samay brahman-granthoan ke rachayita manaviy bhavanaoan aur manovijnan ka sadaiv dhyan rakhate hue yajaman ke sammukh us krity vishesh ke anushthan se hone vali labh-hani ka yathavath vivaran prastut karane ka prayatn karate haian. agnishtom yag ka anushthan vyakti kyoan karean? usase kya labh ho sakata hai? ise jane bina vyakti manaviy svabhav ke anusar yajn mean pravritt hi nahian ho sakata. is bindu par brahmanagranth use ashvast kar dete haian ki yah vastut: samast phaloan ka sadhan hone ke karan mukhy hai, isake viparit any yag ek-ek phal dene vale haian, isalie agnishtom ke anushthan se samast phal prapt hote haian.[31] is samany nirdesh ke anantar vistar se yah batalaya gaya hai ki isake anushthan se pashu-samriddhi, brahmavarchash-prapti adi prithakh-prithakh phaloan ki prapti bhi ho sakati hai.
jahaan tak vibhinn yajn-krityoan mean viniyukt mantroan ke auchityapradarshan ki bat hai, brahmanagranth us bindu ke anavaran ka poorn prayatn karate haian, jisake karan us mantravishesh ka kisi krityavishesh mean viniyog kiya gaya hai. brahman-granthoan ki paribhashik shabdavali mean yah roop-samriddhi kahalati hai. roop-samriddhi, jisaka sthool abhipray kriyaman karm ke sath viniyukt mantr ka atyant ghanishth sambandh hai, se svayan yajn samriddh hota hai.[32] is prakar roop-smriddhi ka vastavik tatpary tattath vishisht krity ke sandarbh mean viniyukt mantr ki sarthakata ka pradarshan hai. jahaan sidhe viniyukt stotriya ke arth se auchity ki pratiti nahian ho pati, vahaan brahmanagranth mantragat devoan se krity ko sambaddh karate haian. udaharan ke lie kisi dirgharogi ki rog-nivritti ke lie[33] mean 'a no mitravaruna ghritairgavyootimukshatamh. madhva rajaansi sukratoo'[34] mantr ka viniyog hai. apatat: is rrikh ke arth se rog-nivritti ka sambandh pratit nahian hota hai, kintu yahaan bhi prakarantar se sambandh niroopit hai. tandy brahmanakar ka kathan hai ki dirgharogi ke pran aur apan apakrant ho jate haian, jabaki pran aur apan ki saman sthiti par hi arogy nirbhar hai. pran aur apan ki tathakathit samasthiti mitr aur varun ki anukoolata par avalambit hai, kyoanki in donoan se unaka ghanishth sambandh hai. pranapan vastut: ahoratraroop hai aur din ke dev mitr hai tatha ratri ke varun. in donoan ke anukooly arjun se sharir mean pran aur apan ki yathavath sthiti bani rahati hai. at: dirgharogi ki rog-nivritti ke sandarbh mean uparyukt rrikh ka gan sarvatha upayukt hai. inake sath hi brahmanagranthoan mean niruktiyaan aur akhyayikaean bhi pushkal pariman mean prapt hoti haian.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ jaimaniy mimaansa sootr, 2.1.33
- ↑ mantrashch brahmanashcheti dvau bhagau ten mantrat:. anyadh brahmanamityetadh bhavedh brahmanalakshanamh. jaimini nyayamala, 2.1, 'avashishto vedabhago brahmanamh' rrigved bhashy bhoomika prishth 37
- ↑ brahmanan brahmasanghate vedabhage napuansakamh medinikosh.
- ↑ y ime brahmana: prokta mantra vai prokshane gavamh. ete pramanan utaho neti vasavh. mahabharat, udyog parv mahabharat, bhandarakar-sanskaran.
- ↑ etadh brahmananyev panch harvishi, taittiriy sanhita, 3.7.1.1
- ↑ paniniy, 3.4.3.6
- ↑ nirukt, 4.27
- ↑ brahm vai mantr:-shatapath brahman, 7.1.1.5; vedoan brahm-jaimini upanishad brahman, 4.11.3
- ↑ aitareyalochan, prishth 2
- ↑ brahmanan nam karmanastanmantranaan ch vyakhyanagranth:. bhattabhaskar, taittiriy sanhita 1.5.1 par bhashy
- ↑ nairuktyan yasy mantrasy viniyog: prayojanamh. pratishthanan vidhishchaiv brahmanan tadihochyate. 'vachaspati mishr'
- ↑ svami dayanand sarasvati, anubhramochchhedan, satyarthaprakash, prishth 288 (bahalagadh sanskaran, san 2029), 'tattanmantranaan tattadyagadyupayogitvan varnayituan samasatastatpayryamanvakhyatuan va vyakhyanani ch kritani. tatashch vidhyarthavadakhyanapoorvakamadiman mantr-bhashyan brahmanamityev paryavasyate brahmanalakshanamh. 'aitareyalochan', prishth 11
- ↑ is sandarbh mean kuchh kathan ye haian-
(k) mantrabrahmanayorved iti namadheyan shadangameke. 'tantravartik' 1.3.10
(kh) vedoan mantrabrahmanakhyo mantrarashi:.
(g) tatr brahnanatmako ved:. 'taittiriy sanhita, sayan-bhashyopakramanika. - ↑ brahman granthoan ki shrutiroopata par achary panndit baladev upadhyay ne vaidik sahity aur sanskriti mean vistar se vichar kiya hai. isamean unhoanne manusmriti, darshanik sootrakaroan, paniniy ashtadhyayi, vyakaran mahabhashy aur any acharyoan ke matoan ki vishad mimaansa karate hue brahmanoan ki vedaroopata ka yuktiyukt upapadan kiya hai.
- ↑ sootr 35
- ↑ jaimaniy mimaansasootr 1.2.27
- ↑ shabarabhashy 2.1.11
- ↑ shatapath brahman 2.5.2.23
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 5.3.3
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 5.1.8.1
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 2.1.1.1
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 6.5.9.1
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 6.2.10.3
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 6.2.10.3
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 1.5.7.5
- ↑ taittiriy sanhita 2.3.12.1
- ↑ chhandogy upanishad 6.8.2
- ↑ panchartvij: sanrabdha sarpanti pankto yajno yavanh yajnastamev santanvanti. taittiriy brahman, 6.7.12
- ↑ udumbar vriksh ki shakha
- ↑ tanday brahman, 6.5.1- mean varnit yah akhyayika kianchith parivartit roop mean jaiminiy brahman tatha shatapath brahman mean bhi milati hai. jaiminiy brahman mean adity ke sthan par agni ka ullekh hai aur shatapath brahman mean devoan ke dvara vrit ka shir katane ka nirdesh hai: vritro vai som asith. tan yatr deva apaghnanh tasy mooddhodvavart, s dronakalashoabhavath, shatapath brahman 4.4.3.4
- ↑ esh vav yajno yadagnishtom:. ekasma anyo yajn: kamayahriyate sarvebhyoagnishtom:. tanday brahman, 6.3.1-2
- ↑ etadvai yajnasy samriddhan yadroopasamriddhan yatkarmakriyamanamrigyajurvaabhivadati. -gopathabrahman 2.4.2
- ↑ taannday brahman (6.10.4
- ↑ sam. 220
sanbandhit lekh