न्याय दर्शन का इतिहास
nyay darshan sanskrit shabd hai, jisaka arth hai- "vyutpatti ke adhar par margadarshan karane vala". nyay darshan ka itihas akshapad gautam ke nyay shastr se jnat hota hai. nyay darshan ko tarkashastr ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. nyayasootr ki sanrachana ka anuman kar pana bahut kathin hai kyoanki ki vidvanoan ne eesa poorv chhathavian shatabdi se lekar eesa poorv paanchavi shatabdi ke bich apani manyatayean prastut ki haian, parantu sabake apane-apane paksh tarkayukt haian. usase kisi nishchit nirnay par pahuanchana asan nahian hai. umesh mishr dvara rachit 'bharatiy darshan' mean kaha gaya hai ki tarkashastr bauddhoan ke pahale bhi tha aur vah b da vyapak tha. isake bhinn-bhinn prachin nam haian. yatha - antikshaki, hetushastr, hetuvidya, tarkashastr, tarkavidya, vadavidya, pramanashastr, vakovaky, takki, vimansi adi.
nyay darshan ka sthan
bharatiy darshan ke itihas mean granth sampatti ki drishti se vedant darshan ko chho dakar nyay darshan ka sthan sarvashreshth hai. vikram poorv panchamashatak se lekar aj tak nyay darshan ki vimal dhara abadh gati se pravahit hai. nyay darshan ke vikas ki do dharayean drishtigochar hoti haian.
- pratham dhara sootrakar gautam se arambh hoti hai, jise shodash padarthoan ke yatharth niroopak hone se 'padarthamimaansatmak' pranali kahate haian. is pratham dhara ko 'prachin nyay' kaha jata hai. prachin nyay mean mukhy vishay 'padarthamimaansa' hai.
- doosari pranali ko 'pramanamimaansatmak' kahate haian, jise gangeshopadhyay ne 'tattvachintamani' mean pravartit kiya. is dvitiy dhara ko 'navyanyay' kahate haian aur is 'navyanyay' mean 'pramanamimaansa' varnit hai.
upakram
koayan lalatatatanetraputasy garvath
kharvi karoti jagadityabhidhay shambho.
y: sabhyasooyamakarochcharaneakshilakshmian
jiyath s gautamamunirmunivrindavandy:॥[1]
ved mean saansarik bandhanoan se mukti ke lie atmadarshan ya tattvasakshatkar avashyak tattv ke roop mean nirdisht hai. brihadaranyak upanishad ka kahana hai ki pahale atma adi padarthoan ka shastr dvara shravan upasana, pun: hetu dvara manan arthath vivechan roop upasana aur pashchath nididhyasan - ek chitt hokar dhyan roop upasana karani chahie.[2] atmadarshan ke sadhan - manan roop upasana - sampadanarth mukhyat: nyay shastr ka avirbhav hua. chooanki shravan ke pashchath manan ka vidhan hai, at: is shastr ki prakriya ko shastroan mean anviksha kaha gaya hai. anu arthath shravanamanu, eeksha darshanan mananamh iti anviksha- yahi ukt pad ki vyutpatti hai. shravan ke bad yukti dvara atma adi padarthoan ki eeksha-darshan-manan arthath shastranumat riti se anuman karana hi anviksha hai.
abhidhan
isi anviksha ke nirvaharth prakashit vidya anvikshiki nam se prasiddh huee. pratyaksh aur agam ke avirodhi anuman anviksha hai.[3] nyayavidya ya nyay shastr isaka namantar hai. ise samajhane ke lie isake pratipady sabhi padarthoan ka parijnan avashyak hai, jinhean yah vidya prakashit karati hai. hetuvidya, hetushastr, yuktividya, yuktishastr, tarkavidya tatha tarkashastr adi is anvikshiki vidya ke namantar haian. chooanki yahaan anuman ki pradhanata hai aur anuman ka mukhy avayav hai hetu, at: hetuvidya adi isake anvarthak nam haian. isi tarah yukt evan tark ka sangopang vivechan yahaan pramukh roop se hota hai, at: tarkashastr ya yuktishastr adi nam bhi isaka sangat hai. parikshit pramanoan ke adhar par hi pramey ka yahaan pratipadan kiya jata hai, at: ise 'pramanashastr' bhi kahate haian. 'pradhanyey vyapadesha: bhavanti' is sookti ke adhar par isaki pramanashastrata siddh hai. yahaan praman ka vivechan pramukh roop se kiya gaya hai.
is anvikshiki ka apana ek alag vaishishty hai ki yah adhyatm vidya hokar bhi shastrantar ke parijnanarth prakriya ka nirdesh kar pradip ki tarah upakarika hoti hai. at: ise 'prakriyashastr' bhi kahate haian. achary udayan ne kaha hai- ‘yavaduktopapann iti naiyayika:’ [4]- jitana kahane se vishay spashtat: samajh mean a jae, naiyayayik utana avashy kahata hai, arthath vishay (pratipady) ka parishuddh roop mean parijnan is shastr ka lakshy raha hai. thik yahi bat 'nyayabhashy' mean kahi gayi hai. jitane shabd samooh ke kathan se sadhaniy arth ki siddhi hoti hai us shabd samooh ke pratijna adi paanch avayav kahe gaye haian, jise paramanyay kahate haian.[5]
yadyapi shrimadbhagavat mean prasiddh nyayashastr se bhinn keval adhyatmavidya-vishesh roop arth mean is 'anvikshiki' vidya ka ullekh milata hai. kaha gaya hai ki bhagavan ke shashth avatar dattatrey ne alark aur prahlad adi ko 'anvikshiki' roopa adhyatmavidya ka upadesh diya tha-
shashthamatrerapatyatvan vrit: praptoanasooyaya.
anvikshikimalarkay prahladadibhy oochivanh॥[6]
yahaan 'anvikshiki' ki vyakhya 'shridharasvami' ki hai. tathapi 'nyayabhashy' mean vatsyayan ne spasht kaha hai ki anvikshiki ka vyutpattilabhy arth yahi nyayashastr hai.
parichay
nyayabhashyakar ne spasht kaha hai ki upanishad adi adhyatmavidya se isamean parthaky dikhane ke lie un sanshay adi chaudah padarthoan ka pratipadan bhi yahaan avashyak hai.[7] chooanki ved, varta tatha dandaniti se bhinn chaturthi vidya ke roop mean isaki pratishtha hai, at: isake asadharan pratipady ukt sanshay adi chaudah padarth vidya ke apane asadharan pratipady hote haian. chooanki sanshay adi chaudah padarthoan ka vivechan nyay shastr mean kiya gaya hai, at: shastrantar se isaka parthaky avashy siddh hota hai. nyayavarttik mean achary udyotakar ne bhi isaki pushti mean kaha hai ki nyay darshan mean yadi sanshay adi chaudah padarthoan ka vivechan nahian hota to yah chaturthi vidya nahian kahalati, balki trayi ke antargat adhyatmavidya ke roop mean pratishthit hoti.[8] nishkarsh yah hua ki sanshay adi padarthoan ke vivechan ke karan shastroan mean chaturthi vidya ke roop mean nirdisht yah anvikshiki 'gautamiy nyayadarshan' hi hai koee any vidya nahian.
prachinata
is nyayashastr ki utpatti kab huee- yah kahana to kathin hai, kintu itana avashy kaha ja sakata hai ki vah bhoomi bharatavarsh hi hai, jahaan isaka udbhav hua. kashmir ke raja shankaravarma ke dharm sachiv naiyyayik 'jayantabhatt' ne 'nyayamanjari' mean kaha hai ki srishti ke adi se hi ved ki tarah nyay darshan adi ki pravritti dekhi jati hai. kisi ne ise sankshipt karake kaha to kisi ne usi ko vistarapoorvak samajhaya. atev un logoan ko is shastr ka karta man liya gaya[9] vastu:sthiti ke vichar karane par yah bat sangat pratit hoti hai. rrigved ke sooktoan mean yuktivad ka abhas milata hai.[10] brahman granthoan mean isaka prayog dekha jata hai.[11] upanishadoan mean tattvajnan ke vichar ke samay is yuktivad ka vistar se vyavahar kiya gaya hai.[12] ramayan, mahabharat, bhagavat tatha manusmriti adi dharm-granthoan mean isaka shastr ke roop mean upayog hua hai.
- ramayan ke uttarakand mean shriram ki yajn sabha mean hetuvad mean kushal hetuk arthath naiyayik vidvanh ko sasamman nimantrit karane ki bat kahi gayi hai.[13]
- mahabharat mean nirdisht hai ki niti, dharm aur sadachar ki pratishtha ke lie devagan ki prarthana par vidhata ne shatasahasr adhyayoan ko prakashit kiya. jahaan dharm, arth, kam tatha moksh adi anek vishay tatha trayi, anvikshiki, varta aur dandaniti adi vividh vidyaean prakashit hueean.[14]
- bhagavat mean pratipadit hai ki vishvassrashta ke hridayakash se vyahriti aur pranav ke sath anvikshiki, trayi, varta aur dandaniti roop char vidyaean, utpann hueean.[15] yahian yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki balaram aur shrikrishna dhanurved tatha rajaniti ke sath anvikshiki vidya ka bhi adhyayan karate the.[16]
- bhagavan manu ne rajy sanchalan ke lie shastrantaroan ke sath is vidya ke adhyayan par bhi bal diya hai.[17]
- yajnavalky ne kaha hai ki raja ko apani sabhi prakar ki durbalataoan se bachane ke lie anvikshiki, dandaniti, varta aur trayi ki shiksha leni chahie.[18]
- isi tarah ki bat gautam ke dharmasootr mean bhi kahi gayi hai.[19]
- vishnu puran mean tatha yajnavalky smriti mean vidyaoan ki ginati ke samay nyayavistar tatha nyayashabd se is anvikshiki ka ullekh hua hai.[20]
vyapakata
phalat: is vidya ki vyapakata aur mahatta prachin kal se hi nirvivad roop se siddh hai. ek samay mean yah shastr apane utkarsh se afaganistan tak pahuanch gaya aur vahaan apana prachar-prasar kar samriddh hua. khurda avesta mean yuktivadi gautam ka ullekh hi isamean praman hai.[21] poorab disha ki or bhi isane barma tak apana sthan bana liya tha. barmi lipi mean aj bhi 'navyanyay' ke granth upalabdh haian.[22] uttar mean jahaan tak bauddh darshan ka prachar-prasar hua vahaan nyay darshan ke pratyaksh ya paroksh prabhav ko manana hi hoga. bauddh darshan ka prabal pratipakshi naiyyayik hi raha hai. at: chin desh tibbat adi mean isaka kabhi avashy prachar raha hoga. yahi karan hai ki hamare poorvajoan ne nirantar isaki prashansa ki tatha isaki shiksha par adhik bal diya. mahabharat spashtat: kahata hai ki nyay shastr ko chho dakar keval ved ka avalamban karake koee moksh nahian prapt kar sakata hai. arthath nyay shastr sammat manan sarvatha avashyak hai. vedavadan vyapashrity mokshoastiti prabhashitumh. apetanyayashastren sarvalokavigarhana॥[23]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ yah pady bhuvaneshvar ke anantavasudev ke mandir mean utkirn hai.
- ↑ atma va are drashtavy: shrotavyo mantavyo nididhyasitavyo
maitreyyatmana va are darshanen shravanen matya va vijnanenedan sarv vijnatamh. (brih. up. 4.2.51)
shrotavy: poorvamacharyat agamatashch. pashchanmantavyastarkat iti (shankarabhashyamh.)
shrotavy: shrutivakyebhyo mantavyashchopapattibhi:.
matva ch satatan dhyey ete darshanahetav:॥
-pro. tangasvami ne apani darshanamanjari mean manav upapuran adhyay 6 ka pady kaha hai.
tattvachintamani mean, nyayatattvalok pri0 2 mean tatha vivaranaprameyasangrah pri0 2 mean yah pady ullikhit hai. - ↑ pratyakshagamabhyamikshitasyanvikshanamanviksha taya pravartat ityanvikshiki nyayavidya nyayashastramh (nyayabhashy 1.1.1
- ↑ nyayakusumanjali arambhik upakram aansh.
- ↑
sadhaniyarthasy yavati shabdasamoohe siddhi: parisamapyate
tasy panchavayava: pratijnaday’ samoohamapekshyavayava uchyante.
tasy panchavayava: pratijnaday: soayan paramo nyay iti.(nyayabhashy 1.1.1) - ↑ bhagavat 1.2.11
- ↑ imastu chatasro vidya: prithakh prasthana: pranabhritamanugrahayopadishyante. yasaan chaturthiyamanvikshiki nyayavidya. tasya: prithakh prasthana: sanshayaday: padartha:. yeshaan prithagvachanamantarenadhyatmavidyamatramiyan syath yathopanishad:. 1.1.1. nya0 bha0
- ↑ tasya: sanshayadi prasthanamantarenadhyatmavidyamatramiyan syath. tasmath prithaguchyante 1.1.1
- ↑ adisargath prabhritivedavadima vidya: pravritta:. sankshepavistaravivakshaya tu taanstanh kartrina chakshate iti (nyayamanjari pri0 5
- ↑ rrigved 1.164
- ↑ asyavamasy palitasy hotu:.
- ↑ chhandogy upanishad ke narad-sanatkumar-sanvad mean vidyaoan ka vivaran dete samay ‘vakovaky’ pad ka vyavahar hua hai, jisaki vyakhya shankar bhagavatpad ne tarkashastr ki hai evan subalopanishad ke dvitiy khand mean ved ke sath nyay shastr ka bhi ullekh hua hai 'tasyaitasy mahato bhootasy ni:shvasitamivaitadh rrigvedo yajurved:............ nyayo mimaansa dharmashastriniti'
- ↑ "hetoopacharakushalanh hetukaanshch bahushrutanh 8". ba. ra. u. ka. 7/94/8/ vagmin: parasparajigishaya hetuvadanh /1/14/19/ navadakushalo dvij: /1/14/21/
- ↑
tatoadhyayasahasranaan shatan chakre svabuddhijamh.
yatr dharmastathaivarth: kamashchaivapi varnit:॥
trayi chanvikshiki chaiv varta ch bharatarshabh.
dandanitishch vipula vidyastatr nidarshita: (shaanti parv 59.29, 33) - ↑ anvikshiki trayi varta dandanitistathaiv ch. evan vyahritayashchasanh pranavo hyasy dahrit:॥ tri. sk. 12.44
- ↑ sarahasyan dhanurvedan dharmanh nyayapathaanstatha. tatha chanvikshikian vidyaan rajanitinch shadvidhamh॥ dasham skandh 85.38, yahaan nyayapath se mimaansa aur anvikshiki se yah nyayavidya tarkashastr abhipret hai.
- ↑ traividyebhyastrayian vidyadh dandanitinch shashvatimh. anvikshikinchatmavidyaan vartarambhaanshch lokat:॥ manusmriti 7.43
- ↑ svarandhragoptanvikshikyaan dandanityaan tathaiv ch.
- ↑ raja sarvasyeshte brahmanavarjan sadhukari syath. sadhuvadi trayyamanvikshikyaan chabhivinit:॥ (gautamadharmasootr, adhyay 11
- ↑ angani vedashchatvaro mimaansa nyayavistar:.
puranan dharmashastranch vidya hyetashchaturdash.
ayurvedo dhanurvedo gandharvashcheti te tray:.
arthashastran chaturth tu vidya hyashtadashaiv tu॥ (vishnudhamottarapuran......)
purananyayamimaansadharmashastrangamishrita:.
veda: sthanani vidyanaan dharmasy ch chartudash॥ (yajn. smri. 1.3 - ↑ d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan dvara sampadit tatha vidya bhooshan ka 'histri aph indiyan l aaujik' pri0 20-291
- ↑ shikshamantralay bharat sarakar dvara prakashit poorv evan pashchim darshan ka itihas- (History of philosophy Eastern and Western) d aau. vibhootibhooshan bhattachary ka lekh). (pratham bhag)
- ↑ shantiparv 268.64