श्राद्ध एक परिचय

shraddh vishay soochi

shraddh    parichay    pitri paksh    pitri ka arth    vishad varnan    pindadan    niyam    vidhi    sthan    mahatta    shraddh aur grahan    vaijnanik pahaloo    ahuti    visajarn

shraddh ek parichay
shraddh karm mean pooja karate brahman|200px|center
any nam	pitri paksh
anuyayi	sabhi hindoo dharmavalambi
uddeshy	shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. pitaroan ke nimitt vidhipoorvak jo karm shraddha se kiya jata hai, usi ko 'shraddh' kahate haian.
prarambh	vaidik-pauranik
tithi	bhadrapad shukl paksh ki poornima se sarvapitri amavasya arthat ashvin krishna paksh amavasya tak
anushthan	shraddh-karm mean pake hue chaval, doodh aur til ko mishrit karake 'pind' banate haian, use 'sapindikaran' kahate haian. pind ka arth hai sharir. yah ek paranparik vishvas hai ki har pidhi ke bhitar matrikul tatha pitrikul donoan mean pahale ki pidhiyoan ke samanvit 'gunasootr' upasthit hote haian. yah pratikatmak anushthan jin jin logoan ke gunasootr (jins) shraddh karane vale ki apani deh mean haian, unaki tripti ke lie hota hai.
sanbandhit lekh	pitri paksh, shraddh ke niyam, anvashtaka krity, ashtaka krity, anvahary shraddh, shraddh visarjan, pitri visarjan amavasya, tarpan, madhyavarsh krity, matamah shraddh, pitar, shraddh aur grahan, shraddh karane ka sthan, shraddh ki ahuti, shraddh ki kotiyaan, shraddh ki mahatta, shraddh prapautr dvara, shraddh phalasoochi, shraddh varjana, shraddh vidhi, pindadan, gaya, nasik, adity devata aur rudr devata
any janakari	brahm puran ke anusar shraddh ki paribhasha- 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', shraddh kahalata hai.

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brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha is prakar ki hai, 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai, vah shraddh kahalata hai.

• mitakshara ne shraddh ko is prakar paribhashit kiya hai, 'pitaroan ka uddeshy karake (unake kalyan ke lie) shraddhapoorvak kisi vastu ka ya usase sambandhit kisi dravy ka tyag shraddh hai.'
• kalpataru ki paribhasha is prakar hai, 'pitaroan ka uddeshy karake (unake labh ke lie) yajniy vastu ka tyag evan brahmanoan ke dvara usaka grahan pradhan shraddhasvaroop hai.'
• rudradhar ke shraddhavivek evan shraddhaprakash ne mitakshara ke saman hi kaha hai, kintu inamean paribhasha kuchh ulajh si gayi hai.

• yajnavalkyasmriti ka kathan hai ki pitar log, yatha–vasu, rudr evan adity, jo ki shraddh ke devata haian, shraddh se santusht hokar manavoan ke poorvapurushoan ko santushti dete haian.
• yah vachan evan manu ki ukti yah spasht karati hai ki manushy ke tin poorvaj, yatha–pita, pitamah evan prapitamah kram se pitri-devoan, arthath vasuoan, rudroan evan adity ke saman haian aur shraddh karate samay unakoan poorvajoan ka pratinidhi manana chahie. kuchh logoan ke mat se shraddh se in batoan ka nirdesh hota hai; hom, pindadan evan brahman tarpan (brahman santushti bhojan adi se); kintu shraddh shabd ka prayog in tinoan ke sath gaun arth mean upayukt samajha ja sakata hai.

shraddh aur pitar

shraddhoan ka pitaroan ke sath atoot sanbandh hai. pitaroan ke bina shraddh ki kalpana nahian ki ja sakati. shraddh pitaroan ko ahar pahuanchane ka madhyam matr hai. mrit vyakti ke lie jo shraddhayukt hokar tarpan, pind, danadi kiya jata hai, use 'shraddh' kaha jata hai aur jis 'mrit vyakti' ke ek varsh tak ke sabhi aurdhv daihik kriya karm sanpann ho jayean, usi ki 'pitar' sanjna ho jati hai.

'mere ve pitar jo pretaroop haian, tilayukt jau ke pindoan se tript hoan.
sath hi srishti mean har vastu brahma se lekar tinake tak,
char ho ya achar, mere dvara diye jal se tript hoan.' - vayu puran

shraddh kya hai?

shraddh pratha vaidik kal ke bad shuroo huee aur isake mool mean isi shlok ki bhavana hai. uchit samay par shastrasammat vidhi dvara pitaroan ke lie shraddha bhav se mantroan ke sath jo dan-dakshina adi, diya jay, vahi shraddh kahalata hai. 20 aansh retas (som) ko 'pitrirrin' kahate haian. 28 aansh retas ke roop mean 'shraddha' namak marg se bheje jane vale 'pind' tatha 'jal' adi ke dan ko shraddh kahate haian. is shraddhavan marg ka sanbandh madhyahn kal mean shraddh karane ka vidhan hai.

shraddh ke devata

vasu, rudr aur adity shraddh ke devata mane jate haian.

shraddh kyoan?

har vyakti ke tin poorvaj pita, dada aur paradada kram se vasu, rudr aur adity ke saman mane jate haian. shraddh ke vaqt ve hi any sabhi poorvajoan ke pratinidhi mane jate haian. aisa mana jata hai ki ve shraddh karane valoan ke sharir mean pravesh karake aur thik dhang se riti-rivajoan ke anusar karaye gaye shraddh-karm se tript hokar ve apane vanshadhar ko saparivar sukh-samriddhi aur svasthy ka arshivad dete haian. shraddh-karm mean uchcharit mantroan aur ahutiyoan ko ve any sabhi pitaroan tak le jate haian.

shraddh ke prakar

shraddh tin prakar ke hote haian-

• nity- yah shraddh ke dinoan mean mritak ke nidhan ki tithi par kiya jata hai.
• naimittik- kisi vishesh parivarik utsav, jaise - putr janm par mritak ko yad kar kiya jata hai.
• kamy- yah shraddh kisi vishesh manauti ke lie krittika ya rohini nakshatr mean kiya jata hai.

shraddh kyoan anupayogi

nand panndit krit 'shraddhakalp' (lagabhag 1600 ee.) ne virodhiyoan (jinhean ve nastik kahate haian) ko vistrit pratyuttar diya hai. virodhiyoan ka kathan hai ki pita adi ke lie, jo apane vishisht karmoan ke anusar svarg ya narak ko jate haian ya any prakar ka jivan dharan karate haian, shraddh sampadan koee arth nahian rakhata. nand panndit ne poochha hai – 'shraddh kyoan anupayogi hai?' kya isilie ki isake sampadan ki apariharyata ke lie koee vyavasthit vidhan nahian hai? ya isilie ki shraddh se phaloan ki prapti nahian hoti? ya isilie ki yah siddh nahian hua hai ki pitrigan shraddh se santushti pate haian? pratham prashn ka uttar yah hai ki 'vijn logoan ko poori shakti bhar shraddh avashy karana chahie'– aise vachan haian jo shraddh ki anivaryata ghoshit karate haian. isi prakar se doosara virodh bhi anuchit hai, kyoanki yajnavalkyasmriti ne shraddh ke phal bhi ghoshit kiye haian, yatha dirgh jivan adi. isi prakar tisara vikalp bhi svikar karane yogy nahian hai. [[chitr:Shraddh-2.jpg|thumb|250px|brahman]] shraddh krityoan mean aisa nahian hai ki keval 'devadatt' adi nam vale poorvaj hi praptikarta haian aur ve pitri, pitamah evan prapitamah shabdoan se lakshit hote haian. pratyut ve nam vasuoan, rudroan tatha adityoan jaise adhikshak devataoan ke sath hi dyotit hote haian. jis prakar devadatt adi shabdoan se jo lakshit hota hai, vah n keval shariroan (jaise ki nam diye gaye haian) evan atmaoan ka dyotan karata hai, pratyut vah shariroan se vishishtikrit vyaktigat atmaoan ka parichayak hai. isi prakar pitri adi shabd adhikshak devataoan (vasu, rudr evan adity) ke sath 'devadatt' evan anyoan ke sammilit roop ka dyotan karate haian. at: vasu adi adhikshak devatagan putroan adi dvara diye gaye bhojan-pan se santusht hokar unhean, arthath devadatt adi ko santusht karate haian aur shraddhakarta ko santati, putr, jivan, sampatti adi se phal dete haian. jis prakar garbhavati mata 'dehad' (garbhavati dasha mean striyoan ki vishisht ichchha) roop mean any logoan se madhur ann-pan adi dvara svayan santushti prapt karati hai aur garbhasthit bachche ko bhi santushti deti hai tatha dohad, ann adi dene vale ko pratyupakarak phal deti hai, vaise hi pitri shabd se dyotit pita, pitamah evan prapitamah vasuoan, rudroan tatha adityoan ke roop haian, ve keval manav roop mean kahe jane vale devadatt adi ke saman nahian haian.

isi se ye adhishthata devatagan shraddh mean kiye gaye danadi ke praptikarta hote haian, shraddh se tarpit (santusht) hote haian aur manushy ke pitaroan ko santusht karate haian. shraddhakalpalata ne markandey puran se 18 shlok uddhrit kiye haian, jinamean bahut se adhyay 28 mean paye jate haian. jis prakar bachh da apani mata ko itastat: phaili huee any gayoan mean se chun leta hai, usi prakar shraddh mean kahe gaye mantr pradatt bhojan ko pitaroan tak le jate haian.

shraddh karane ko upayukt

sadharanat: putr hi apane poorvajoan ka shraddh karate haian. kintu shastranusar aisa har vyakti jisane mritak ki sampatti virasat mean payi hai aur usase prem aur adar bhav rakhata hai, us vyakti ka snehavash shraddh kar sakata hai. vidya ki virasat se bhi labh pane vala chhatr bhi apane divangat guru ka shraddh kar sakata hai. putr ki anupasthiti mean pautr ya prapautr bhi shraddh-karm kar sakata hai. ni:santan patni ko pati dvara, pita dvara putr ko aur b de bhaee dvara chhote bhaee ko pind nahian diya ja sakata. kintu kam umr ka aisa bachcha, jisaka upanayan sanskar n hua ho, pita ko jal dekar navashraddh kar sakata. shesh kary usaki or se kul purohit karata hai.

shraddh ke lie uchit batean

• shraddh ke lie uchit dravy haian- til, mash (u dad), chaval, jau, jal, mool, (j dayukt sabji) aur phal.
• tin chizean shuddhikarak haian - putri ka putr, til aur nepali kambal ya kush.
• tin batean prashansaniy haian - safaee, krodhahinata aur chain (tvara (shighrata)) ka n hona.
• shraddh mean mahattvapoorn batean - aparanh ka samay, kusha, shraddhasthali ki svachchhta, udarata se bhojan adi ki vyavastha aur achchhe brahman ki upasthiti.

shraddh ke lie anuchit batean

thumb|pindadan karate shraddhalu|250px kuchh ann aur khady padarth jo shraddh mean nahian prayukt hote- masoor, rajama, kodoan, chana, kapitth, alasi, tisi, san, basi bhojan aur samudr jal se bana namak. bhaians, hirani, uantani, bhe d aur ek khur vale pashu ka doodh bhi varjit hai par bhaians ka ghi varjit nahian hai. shraddh mean doodh, dahi aur ghi pitaroan ke lie vishesh tushtikarak mane jate haian. shraddh kisi doosare ke ghar mean, doosare ki bhoomi mean kabhi nahian kiya jata hai. jis bhoomi par kisi ka svamitv n ho, sarvajanik ho, aisi bhoomi par shraddh kiya ja sakata hai.

bhadrapad mean hi shraddh kyoan

hamara ek mah chandrama ka ek ahoratr hota hai. isilie oordhv bhag par rah rahe pitaroan ke lie krishna paksh uttam hota hai. krishna paksh ki ashtami ko unake dinoan ka uday hota hai. amavasya unaka madhyahn hai tatha shukl paksh ki ashtami aantim din hota hai. dharmik manyata hai ki amavasya ko kiya gaya shraddh, tarpan, piandadan unhean santushti v oorja pradan karate haian. jyotishashastr ke anusar prithvi lok mean devata uttar gol mean vicharan karate haian aur dakshin gol bhadrapad mas ki poornima ko chandralok ke sath-sath prithvi ke nazadik se gujarata hai. is mas ki pratiksha hamare poorvaj poore varsh bhar karate haian. ve chandralok ke madhyam se dakshin disha mean apani mrityu tithi par apane ghar ke daravaze par pahuanch jate hai aur vahaan apana samman pakar prasannatapoorvak apani nee pidhi ko arshivad dekar chale jate haian. aisa varnan 'shraddh mimaansa' mean milata hai. is tarah pitri rrin se mukt hone ke lie shraddh kal mean pitaroan ka tarpan aur poojan kiya jata hai. bharatiy sanskriti evan samaj mean apane poorvajoan evan divangat mata-pita ke smaran shraddh paksh mean karake unake prati asim shraddha ke sath tarpan, piandadan, yaksh tatha brahmanoan ke lie bhojan ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. pitaroan ke lie kie jane vale shraddh do tithiyoan par kie jate haian. pratham mrityu ya kshay tithi par aur doosara pitri paksh mean. jis mas aur tithi ko pitri ki mrityu huee hai athava jis tithi ko unaka dah sanskar hua hai, varsh mean umr us tithi ko ekodisht shraddh kiya jata hai.

ekodisht shraddh mean keval ek pitar ki santushti ke lie shraddh kiya jata hai. isamean ek pind ka dan aur ek brahman ko bhojan karaya jata hai. yadi kisi ko apane poorvajoan ki mrityu ki tithiyaan yad nahian hai, to vah amavasya ke din jnat-ajnat poorvajoan ka vidhi-vidhan se piandadan tarpan, shraddh kar sakata hai. is din kiya gaya tarpan karake 15 din ke barabar ka puny phal milata hai aur ghar parivar, vyavasay tatha ajivika mean vishesh unnati hoti hai. yadi parivar ke kisi sadasy ki akal mrityu huee hai, to pitridosh ke nivaran ke lie shastriy vidhi ke anusar usaki atmashaanti ke lie kisi pavitr tirth sthan par shraddh karana chahie. samarthyanusar kisi suyogy karmanishth brahman se shrimadh‌ bhagavat puran ki katha apane pitaroan ki atmashaanti ke lie karava sakate haian. isase vishesh puny phal ki prapti hoti hai. isake phalasvaroop parivar mean ashaanti, vansh vriddhi mean rukavat, akasmik bimari, dhan se barakat n hona sari sukh suvidhaoan ke hote bhi man asantusht rahana adi pareshaniyoan se mukti mil sakati hai.

matamah shraddh

thumb|250px|shraddhalu

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• matamah shraddh apane ap mean ek aisa shraddh hai jo ek putri dvara apane pita ko v ek nati dvara apane nana ko tarpan kiya jata hai.
• is shraddh ko sukh shaanti ka pratik mana jata hai kyoanki yah shraddh karane ke lie kuchh avashyak shartean hai agar vo poori n ho to yah shraddh nahian nikala jata.
• shart yah hai ki matamah shraddh usi aurat ke pita ka nikala jata hai jisaka pati v putr zinda ho agar aisa nahian hai aur donoan mean se kisi ek ka nidhan ho chuka hai ya hai hi nahian to matamah shraddh ka tarpan nahian kiya jata.

shraddh mean kush aur til ka mahattv

darbh ya kush ko jal aur vanaspatiyoan ka sar mana jata hai. yah bhi manyata hai ki kush aur til donoan vishnu ke sharir se nikale haian. garu d puran ke anusar, tinoan devata brahma, vishnu, mahesh kush mean kramash: j d, madhy aur agrabhag mean rahate haian. kush ka agrabhag devataoan ka, madhy bhag manushyoan ka aur j d pitaroan ka mana jata hai. til pitaroan ko priy haian aur dushtatmaoan ko door bhagane vale mane jate haian. manyata hai ki bina til bikhere shraddh kiya jaye to dushtatmayean havi ko grahan kar leti haian.

kam kharch mean shraddh

vishnu puran ke anusar daridr vyakti keval mota ann, jangali sag-pat-phal aur nyoonatam dakshina, vah bhi na ho to sat ya ath til aanjali mean jal ke sath lekar brahman ko dena chahie ya kisi gay ko din bhar ghas khila deni chahie anyatha hath uthakar dikpaloan aur soory se yachana karani chahie ki he! prabhu maianne hath vayu mean phaila diye haian, mere pitar meri bhakti se santusht hoan.

kauoan ka mahattv

[[chitr:Crow.jpg|thumb|kaua|250px]] aisa mana jata hai ki vyakti mar kar sabase pahale kaue ka janm leta hai aur aisi manyata hai ki kauoan ko khana khilane se pitaroan ko khana milata hai. isi karan shraddh paksh mean kauoan ka vishesh mahattv hai aur pratyek shraddh ke dauran pitaroan ko khana khilane ke taur par sabase pahale kauoan ko khana khilaya jata hai. jo vyakti shraddh karm kar raha hai vah ek thali mean sara khana parosakar apane ghar ki chhat par jata hai aur zor zor se 'kobas kobas' kahate hue kauoan ko avaz deta hai. tho di der bad jab koee kaua a jata hai to usako vah khana parosa jata hai. pas mean pani se bhara patr bhi rakha jata hai. jab kaua ghar ki chhat par khana khane ke lie ata hai to yah mana jata hai ki jis poorvaj ka shraddh hai vah prasann hai aur khana khane a gaya hai. kaue ki deri v akar khana n khane par mana jata hai ki vah pitar naraz hai aur phir usako raji karane ke upay kie jate haian. is dauran hath jo dakar kisi bhi galati ke lie mafi maang li jati hai aur phir kaue ko khana khane ke lie kaha jata hai. jab tak kaua khana nahian khata, vyakti ke man ko prasannata nahian milati. is tarah shraddh paksh mean kauoan ki bhi pau barah hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

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bahari k diyaan

• shraddh mahima

sanbandhit lekh

shrutiyaan

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