उपाधि और लक्षण -चार्वाक

upadhi kise kahate haian? is prashn ka samadhan upadhi ke lakshan se kiya jata hai. jo dharm sadhy ka vyapak ho tatha sadhan ka avyapak ho use upadhi kahate haian. udaharanarth jab ham parvat par dhuean ko agni se siddh kar rahe hote haian tab yahaan agni hetu upadhi se yukt hone ke karan vyapyatvasiddh ya vyabhichari hota hai. vyapyatv ka matalab vyapti hi hota hai. jis hetu mean vyapti asiddh ho use hi vyabhichari bhi tarkikoan ki apt parampara mean svikar kiya jata hai. uparyukt prasiddh vyabhichari hetu vale sthal mean ardr arthath gile eeandhan ke sanyog ko upadhi manate haian. yah ardr eeandhan ka sanyog jo vahni mean hai vahi vastav mean dhuean ka karan hota hai, yah har vyakti ka anubhav hai. is prakar yah siddh hota hai ki parvat mean jo dhuaan hai vah ag ke karan nahian apitu gili lak di evan ag se sambandh ke hi karan haian, is tarah yah siddh hota hai ki jahaan-jahaan dhuaan roop sadhy hota hai vahaan-vahaan gili lak di ka sanyog hota hai, at: gili lak di ka sanyog, sadhy ka vyapak hai. isi prakar jahaan-jahaan ag roop hetu hota hai vahaan-vahaan gili lak di ka sanyog nahian hota hai, at: gili lak di ka sanyog sadhan ka vyapak nahian hai arthath avyapak hai yah siddh ho jata hai. antat: prastut sandarbh mean ardr eeandhan sanyog ke sadhy ka vyapak evan sadhan ke avyapak hone ke karan gili lak di ke sanyog ko upadhi ki sanjna se vibhooshit kiya jata hai. is upadhi se yukt hone ke karan vahni roop hetu sopadhik hota hai. yahi karan hai ki vahni vyabhichari ya vyapyatvasiddh mana jata hai.

• koee hetu upadhi ke hone matr se vyabhichari evan upadhi ke n hone se avyabhichari ya saddhetu kaise aur kyoan ho jata hai yah prashn sahaj roop mean samupasthit hota hai. yadyapi is prashn ke oopar vistar se kee tarkik granthoan mean vichar hai par vistar bhay se yahaan sankshep mean hi vichar karate haian. jab prastut prasang mean upadhi-ardr eeandhan ka sanyog, sadhy-dhoom ka vyapak hai tatha sadhy ka vyapak yah ardr eeandhan ka sanyog prakrit hetu-vahni ka vyapak nahian hai, yah siddh ho jata hai tab yah svat: siddh hone mean koee kathinaee nahian hoti ki prakrit sadhy-dhoom bhi prakrit hetu vahni ka vyapak nahian hai. phalat: hetu mean vyabhicharitattv ya svabhavavadvrittitv sambandh se vidyaman yah upadhi anayas hi sadhy ke vyabhichar ka anuman kara deta hai. itani charcha se yah spasht ho jata hai ki kisi bhi hetu mean vyapti tabhi ho sakati hai jab us hetu mean upadhi n ho. sadhy hetu ke madhy sambandh vyapti hi hai. ek adhikaran hetu mean yadi vyapti hai evan upadhi nahian hai to upadhi vidhur vyapti (sambandh) ho jati hai.
• sadhy ka jo samavyapt hoga vah bhi sadhy ka vyapak hoga hi. isi lie sadhy ka jo samavyapt ho tatha sadhan ka avyapak ho use bhi upadhi kah sakate haian. ek prakar se upadhi ke lakshan mean tin visheshan haian.

1. pahala visheshan hai 'sadhyavyapakatv'.
2. doosara visheshan hai 'sadhanavyapakatv' tatha
3. tisara visheshan hai 'sadhyasamavyaptatv'. upadhi ke lakshan mean in tinoan visheshanoan ki upadeyata hai.

upadhi ke lakshan se yadi pratham visheshan ko hata diya jay to sadhanavyapakatv upadhi ka lakshan hoga. shabd:, anity: karyatvath is sthal mean ghatatv upadhi nahian hai. parantu isamean bhi sadhan karyatv ka avyapakatv hone ke karan upadhi ka lakshan samanvit hone se ativyapti dosh ho jata hai. is dosh ka nivaran karane ke lie sadhyavyapakatv upadhi ke lakshan mean visheshan dena hoga. ghatatv sadhan ka avyapak hone par bhi sadhy-anityatv ka vyapak nahian hai at: ativyapti ka saralata se niras ho jata hai.

• upadhi ke lakshan se yadi dvitiy visheshan ko hata dean to upadhi ka lakshan sadhyavyapakatv hoga. yah upadhi ka lakshan karyatv hetu mean ativyapt hone lagega kyoanki anityatv ka vyapak karyatv bhi hota hai. yadi sadhanavyapakatv visheshan upadhi ke lakshan mean de dean to karyatv anityatv ke vyapak hone par bhi karyatv ka avyapak nahian hai. phalat: ativyapti ka nirakaran ho jata hai.
• sadhy ki samavyapti upadhi mean apekshit hai, aisa agar nahian kaheange to uparyukt sthal mean ashravanatv mean upadhi ke lakshan ki ativyapti hone lagegi. jahaan jahaan anityatv hai vahaan vahaan ashravanatv hone ke karan pratham visheshan sadhyavyapakatv sanghatit ho jata hai. sadhan karyatv jahaan jahaan hai, vahaan vahaan aur jagah ashravanatv ke rahane par bhi shabd mean ashravanatv ke n hone se ashravanatv mean sadhanavyapakatv bhi hai hi. phalat: upadhi lakshan ki ativyapti aparihary ho jati hai. is ativyapti ka varan sadhyasamavyaptattv ka lakshan mean nivesh kar dene se ho jata hai. ashravanatv jahaan jahaan hai vahaan vahaan atma adi mean anityatv ke n rahane se ashravanatv ka vyapakatv sadhy-anityatv mean nahian hota hai. parinamasvaroop sadhy ki samavyaptata ashravanatv mean n hone se ativyapti savidhi nirast ho jati hai.

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