श्यामसुन्दर दास

shyamasundar das
|200px|center
poora nam	d aau.shyamasundar das
janm	1875 ee.
janm bhoomi	varanasi, bharat
mrityu	1945 ee.
mrityu sthan	bharat
abhibhavak	lala devi das khanna
karm bhoomi	varanasi
karm-kshetr	adhyapak, sampadak, sahityakar, lekhak
mukhy rachanaean	'chandravali' athava 'nasiketopakhyan', ramacharitamanas, prithviraj raso, ashok ki dharmalipiyaan, rani ketaki ki kahani, bhasha patr bodh, 'hindi kusumavali'
vishay	granth, pustak, patrika, anuvad
shiksha	snatak
upadhi	'sahity vachaspati' aur kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay se 'di.lit.'
inhean bhi dekhean	kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi

d aau.shyamasundar das (janm- 1875 ee., kashi; mrityu- 1945 ee.) ne jis nishtha se hindi ke abhavoan ki poorti ke liye lekhan kary kiya aur use kosh, itihas, kavyashash‍tr bhashavijnan, anusandhan pathyapustak aur sampadit granthoan se sajakar is yogy bana diya ki vah itihas ke khandaharoan se bahar nikalakar vishvavidyalayoan ke bhavy-bhavanoan tak pahuanchi.

jivan parichay

shyamasundar das ka janm sanh 1875 ee. kashi (varanasi) mean hua tha. inake poorvaj lahaur ke nivasi the aur pita lala devi das khanna kashi mean kap de ka vyapar karate the. inhoanne 1897 ee. mean bi.e. pas kiya tha. yah 1899 ee. mean hindoo skool mean kuchh dinoan tak adhyapak rahe. usake bad lakhanoo ke kalicharan skool mean bahut dinoan tak haidamastar rahe. sanh 1921 ee. mean kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ke hindi vibhag ke adhyaksh pad par niyukt hue.

anany nishtha

shyamasundar das ji ki prarambh se hi hindi ke prati anany nishtha thi. nagari pracharini sabha ki sthapana 16 julaee, sanh 1893 ee. ko inhoanne vidyarthi kal mean hi apane do sahayogiyoan ramanarayan mishr aur thakur shiv kumar sianh ki sahayata se ki thi. kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay mean ane ke poorv inhoanne hindi sahity ki sarvatomukhi samriddhi ke lie nyayalayoan mean hindi pravesh ka andolan (1900 ee.), hastalikhit granthoan ki khoj (1899 ee.), ary bhasha pustakalay ki sthapana (1903 ee.), prachin mahattvapoorn granthoan ka sampadan sabha-bhavan ka nirman (1902 ee.), 'sarasvati patrika' ka sampadan (1900 ee.) tatha shikshastar ke anuroop pathy pustakoan ka nirman kary arambh kar diya tha. nishchit yojana aur adamy sahas ke abhav mean anek dishaoan mean ek sath saphalatapoorvak kary arambh karana sambhav nahian tha. yah ajivan ek gati se sahity seva mean lage rahe.

kritiyaan

shyamasundar das ji ne parichayatmak aur alochanatmak granth likhane ke sath hi kee darjan pustakoan ka sanpadan kiya. pathyapustakoan ke roop mean inhoanne kee darjan susanpadit sangrah granth prakashit karae. shyamasundar das ki sahity-kritiyaan nimnalikhit haian.

sampadit granth san kritiyaan 1901 'chandravali' athava 'nasiketopakhyan' 1903 chhatr prakash 1904 ramacharitamanas 1904 prithviraj raso 1906 hindi vaijnanik kosh 1906 vanita vinod 1906 indravati bhag 1 1908 hammir raso 1908 shakuntala natak 1911 pratham hindi sahity sammelan ki lekhavali 1908 bal vinod 1916 hindi shabd sagar' khand 1-4 1920 meghadoot 1921 dinadayal giri granthavali 1921 paramal raso 1923 ashok ki dharmalipiyaan 1925 rani ketaki ki kahani 1927 bharatendu natakavali 1928 kabir granthavali 1930 radhakrishna granthavali 1933 satasee saptak 1933 dvivedi abhinandan granth 1933 ratnakar 1935 bal shabd sagar 1945 tridhara - nagari pracharini patrika' (1-18 bhag) - 'manoranjan pustak mala' (1-50 sankhya) 1900 sarasvati

pustak sangrah san kritiyaan 1902 bhasha sar sangrah' bhag 1 1902 bhasha patr bodh 1903 prachin lekh manimala 1902 alok chitran 1904 alok chitran 1905 hindi praimar 1905 hindi ki pahali pustak 1906 hindi gramar 1908 gavarnament af indiya 1908 hindi sangrah 1908 balak vinod 1919 saral sangrah 1919 nootan sangrah 1919 anulekh mala 1923 'nayi hindi ridar' bhag 6, 7 1925 'hindi sangrah' bhag 1, 2 1925 'hindi kusum sangrah' bhag 1,2 1927 'hindi kusumavali' 1927 hindi proj selekshan 1928 'sahity suman' bhag 1-4 1931 gady ratnavali 1932 sahity pradip 1936 'hindi gady kusumavali' bhag 1, 2 1939 hindi praveshika padyavali 1945 hindi gady sangrah 1945 sahityik lekh

maulik kritiyaan san kritiyaan 1896 nagari varnamala 1900- 1905 hindi hastalikhit granthoan ka varshik khoj vivaran 1906- 1908 hindi hastalikhit granthoan ki khoj 1909 'hindi kovid ratnamala' bhag 1, 2 1923 sahityalochan 1924 bhasha vijnan 1924 hindi bhasha ka vikas 1923 hastalikhit hindi granthoan ka sankshipt vivaran 1925 gady kusumavali 1927 bharatendu harishchandr 1930 hindi bhasha aur sahity 1931 gosvami tulasidas 1931 roopak rahasy 1935 bhasha rahasy' bhag 1 1940 hindi gady ke nirmata' bhag 1,2 1942 meri atm kahani

uparyukt kritiyoan ke atirikt inake vibhinn vishayoan par likhe gaye sphut nibandhoan aur vibhinn sammelanoan ke avasar par di gayi vaktritaoan ki sammilit sankhya 41 hai. is vistrit samagri ka anushilan karane se spasht hai ki inaki satark drishti hindi ke samast abhavoan ko lakshy kar rahi thi aur yah poori nishtha se unhean door karane mean prayatnashil the.

gady sadhana

shyamasuandar das ke samay mean upanyas, natak, kavy aur katha adi kshetroan mean drutagati se sahity nirman ho raha tha, par anusandhan, bhasha vijnan aur sahitya lochan adi vishayoan par kisi ka dhyan nahian gaya. is prakar inhoanne pahali bar is kshetr mean padarpan kar hiandi ki avashyakataoan ko poorn kiya. aangrezi sahity ke jnata hone ke karan inhoanne aangrezi sahity ka adhar lekar anusandhan, bhasha vijnan , sahityalochan, kavi samiksha aur natyashastr jaise goodh aur ganbhir vishayoan par hiandi mean likha. aangrezi ki samikshatmak pustakoan ka bhavapaharan hone ke karan inake saiddhaantik granthoan mean bhale hi maulikata ki kami ho, par vivechana ka dhang to sarvatha inaka niji hai aur tatkalin paristhitiyoan v yug mean isake atirik koee marg bhi n tha. is prakar yah hiandi ke maulik alochak the.

bhasha shaili

shyamasuandar das ne shuddh sahityik hiandi ka prayog kiya tatha videshi shabdoan ko bhi hiandi ke saanche mean dhal liya. inaki bhasha mean sanskrit ke tatsam aur prachalit tadbhav shabdoan ki adhikata hai. urdoo shabdoan ko bhi grahan karane ke poorv unhoanne hiandi bhasha ki prakriti ke anusar unake roop aur dhvani mean parivartan kiya. unaki bhasha klisht aur jatil nahian hai tatha sarvatr sugathit aur sulajhi huee hai. goodh se goodh vishayoan ke pratipadan mean unaki bhasha saphal rahi. bhasha ganbhir aur sanyat hote hue bhi dharavahik pravah lie hue hai. shyamasuandar das ji ne shaili ko bhasha ka vyaktigat prayog mana, atah shaili vishayak unaka mantavy bhasha vivechan ke prasang mean a gaya hai. inaki shaili mean saralata aur subodhata ka sahaj gun hai, jo vishayanuroop sarvatr yathavasar parivartanashil rahi. inake nibandh pray: tin prakar ke haian, tadanuroop inaki lekhani shaili bhi tin prakar ki ho gayi hai- vyakhyatmak, vicharatmak aur gaveshanatmak, kintu baboo ji moolatah vyas shaili ke hi lekhak rahe.

abhavoan ki poorti

shyamasundar das bahut achchhe prabandhak the. inhoanne vividh kshetroan mean hindi ke abhavoan ki poorti ke lie avashyak samagri prastut kar dene ki cheshta ki hai. isilie yah poori shakti ka prayog kisi ek kshetr mean nahian kar sake haian. isilie lekhak ke roop mean, alochak ke roop mean, sampadak ke roop mean, kavyakritiyoan aur siddhantoan ke vyakhyata ke roop mean ya bhasha-tattvavetta ke roop mean, chahe jis roop mean dekha jae, sarvatr yahi sthiti hai, kintu isase inaka mahattv ya mooly kam nahian hota hai. kriti ka mooly bahut kuchh usamean nihit rachanavivek aur drishtikon par adhrit hota hai. “hindi alochana ka saiddhantik adhar sanskrit aur aangrezi donoan ki kavy shastriy manyataoan ke samanvay mean prastut hona chahie. hindi sahity ke itihas nirman mean kaviyoan ke itivritt ke sath yuganukool aitihasik paristhitiyoan ka vivechan tatha kavy aur kala mean tatvik ekata hone ke karan, kavy vikas ke sath kala vikas ka adhyayan bhi prastut kiya jana chahie. sampadan mean kritiyoan ki prachinatam prati ko any bhashaoan ka samany parichay aur hindi ke aitihasik vikas ka jnan hona chahie”- rachana aur adhyayan ka yah vivek shyamasundaradas ki bahut b di den hai.

drishtikon

abhavoan ki shighratishighr poorti ko lakshy mean rakhakar niyojit dhang se hone vale nirman kary mean vyapakata, vaividhy aur sthool upayogita ka drishtikon hi pradhan hota hai. shyamasundar das ke samane bhi yahi drishtikon tha, isilie inamean maulikata aur gaharaee ka apekshakrit abhav hai. vyakti ka mooly yug ki sapekshata mean hi aanka jana chahie. inaki buddhi vimal, drishti saph, hriday udar aur drishtikon samanvayavadi tha. sahity aur bhasha sabhi ke sanghatan mean inhoanne auchity aur samanjasy ka dhyan rakha hai. hindi bhasha ke sanghatan ke sambandh mean vichar karate hue inhoanne hindi ke atirikt sanskrit aur arabi- farasi ke shabdoan ko bhi grahan karane ki bat kahi hai. kintu variyata ke kram se pahala sthan shuddh hindi shabdoan ko, doosara sanskrit ke sugam shabdoan ko aur tisara farasi adi videshi bhashaoan ke sadharan aur prachalit shabdoan ko diya hai. bhashasambandhi yah drishtikon sabhi vivekashil vyaktiyoan ko many haian.

vyavaharik alochana

shyamasundar das vyavaharik alochana ke kshetr mean bhi samanjasy ko lekar chale haian. isilie inaki alochana paddhati mean aitihasik vyakhya, vivechana, tulana, nishkarsh, nirnay adi anek tattv sannihit haian. videshi sahity ke prabhav se akrant hindi janata ko inake jaise udar, vivekashil, satark, karmath, svabhimani aur samanvayavadi neta ke kushal netritv ki hi avashyakata thi. apane jivan ke pachas varshoan mean anavarat roop se hindi ki seva karate hue inhoanne ise kosh, itihas, kavyashastr, bhasha vijnan, shodhakary, upayogi sahity, pathy pustak aur sampadit granth adi se samriddh kiya, usake mahattv ki pratishtha ki, usaki avaz ko jan-jan tak pahuanchaya. use khandaharoan se uthakar vishvavidyalayoan ke bhavy-bhavanoan mean pratishthit kiya. vah any bhashaoan ke samakaksh baithane ki adhikarini huee. hindi sahity sammelan ne inako 'sahity vachaspati' aur kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ne 'di.lith.' ki upadhi dekar apaki sevaoan ka mahattv svikar kiya.

nidhan

jivan ke aantim varshoan mean shyamasuandar das bimar p de to phir uth n sake. samvat 2002 (1945 ee.) ke lagabhag unaka svargavas ho gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh