भारतेन्दु हरिश्चंद्र
bharatendu harishchandr
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| poora nam | baboo bharatendu harishchandr |
| janm | 9 sitambar sanh 1850 |
| janm bhoomi | varanasi, uttar pradesh |
| mrityu | 6 janavari, sanh 1885 |
| mrityu sthan | varanasi, uttar pradesh |
| abhibhavak | baboo gopal chandr |
| karm bhoomi | varanasi |
| karm-kshetr | rachanakar, sahityakar |
| mukhy rachanaean | 'premamalika' (1871), 'prem madhuri' (1875), 'prem-tarang' (1877), 'aandher nagari', 'bharat durdasha', 'krishnacharitr'. |
| vishay | adhunik hindi sahity |
| bhasha | hindi |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
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bharatendr harishchandr (aangrezi: Bharatendu Harishchandra, janm: 9 sitambar sanh 1850, kashi; mrityu: 6 janavari, sanh 1885) adhunik hiandi sahity ke pitamah kahe jate haian. bharatendu hindi mean adhunikata ke pahale rachanakar the. jis samay bharatendu harishchandr ka avirbhav hua, desh gulami ki janjiroan mean jak da hua tha. aangrezi shasan mean aangrezi charamotkarsh par thi. shasan tantr se sambandhit sampoorn kary aangrezi mean hi hota tha. aangrezi hukoomat mean pad lolupata ki bhavana prabal thi. bharatiy logoan mean videshi sabhyata ke prati akarshan tha. british adhipaty mean log aangrezi padhana aur samajhana gaurav ki bat samajhate the. hindi ke prati logoan mean akarshan kam tha, kyoanki aangrezi ki niti se hamare sahity par bura asar p d raha tha. ham gulami ka jivan jine ke lie majaboor kiye gaye the. hamari sanskriti ke sath khilava d kiya ja raha tha. aise vatavaran mean jab baboo harishchandr avatarit hue to unhoanne sarvapratham samaj aur desh ki dasha par vichar kiya aur phir apani lekhani ke madhyam se videshi hukoomat ka pardafash kiya.
jivan parichay
yug pravartak baboo bharatendu harishchandr ka janm kashi nagari ke prasiddh 'seth amichand' ke vansh mean 9 sitambar sanh 1850 ko hua. inake pita 'baboo gopal chandr' bhi ek kavi the. inake gharane mean vaibhav evan pratishtha thi. jab inaki avastha matr 5 varsh ki thi, inaki mata chal basian aur das varsh ki ayu mean pita ji bhi chal base. bharatendu ji vilakshan pratibha ke vyakti the. inhoanne apane paristhitiyoan se gambhir prerana li. inake mitr mandali mean b de-b de lekhak, kavi evan vicharak the, jinaki batoan se ye prabhavit the. inake pas vipul dhanarashi thi, jise inhoanne sahityakaroan ki sahayata hetu mukt hast se dan kiya. inaki sahityik mandali ke pramukh kavi the–
- pan. balkrishna bhatt
- pan. pratap narayan mishr
- pan. badarinarayan upadhyay 'premadhan' adi
baboo harishchandr balyakal se hi param udar the. yahi karan tha ki inaki udarata logoan ko akarshit karati thi. inhoanne vishal vaibhav evan dhanarashi ko vividh sansthaoan ko diya hai. inaki vidvata se prabhavit hokar hi vidvatajanoan ne inhean 'bharatendu' ki upadhi pradan ki. apani uchchakoti ke lekhan kary ke madhyam se ye door-door tak jane jate the. inaki kritiyoan ka adhyayan karane par abhas hota hai ki inamean kavi, lekhak aur natakakar banane ki jo pratibha thi, vah adabhut thi. ye bahumukhi pratibha se sampann sahityakar the.
kritiyaan
yadyapi bharatendu ji vividh bhashaoan mean rachanayean karate the, kintu brajabhasha par inaka asadharan adhikar tha. is bhasha mean inhoanne adabhut shrriangarikata ka parichay diya hai. inaka sahity premamay tha, kyoanki prem ko lekar hi inhoanne apane 'sapt sangrah' prakashit kie haian. prem madhuri inaki sarvotkrisht rachana hai. jisaki kuchh panktiyaan nimnavat haian–
marag prem ko samujhai 'harishchandr' yatharath hot yatha hai
labh kachhu n pukaran mean badanam hi hon ki sari katha hai.
janat hi jiy merau bhali vidhi aur upai sabai biratha hai.
bavare haian braj ke sigare moanhi nahak poochhat kaun bitha hai.
bharatendu ji atyant kam avastha se hi rachanaean karane lage the. inhoanne natak ke kshetr mean bhi atyant mahattvapoorn yogadan pradan kiya hai. inake pramukh natak aur rachanayean nimnavat haian–
thumb|bharatendu harishchandr
Bhartendu Harishchandra
thumb|200px|bharatendu harishchandr stamp
Bhartendu Harishchandra Stamp
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sahityik sevaean
harishchandr ji bahumukhi pratibha ke dhani the. at: unhoanne sahity ke har kshetr mean kam kiya hai. kavita, natak, nibandh, vyakhyan adi par unhoanne kary kiya. 'sulochana' apaka pramukh akhyan hai. 'badashah darpan' apaka itihas ki janakari pradan karane vala granth hai. inhoanne sanyog ka b da hi sajiv evan sundar chitran kiya hai–
rokat hai to amangal hoy, aur prem nasai jo kahaian priy jaie.
jo kahean jahu n, to prabhuta, jo kachhu n kahaian to saneh nasaie.
jo harishchandr kahaian, tumare bin, jiyean n to yah kyoan patiyaie.
taso payan samai tujhasauan ham ka kahaian pyare hamean samajhaie..
| bharat ki vibhinnata par khinata vyakt ki hai– | hindi ke utthan ke lie kahana hai ki– | hindi ki pratishtha karate hue ve kahate haian ki– |
|---|---|---|
bharat mean sab bhinn ati, |
aangrezi padh kai jadapi, |
nijabhasha unnati ahai, |
pragatishil lekhak
thumb|bharatendu harishchandr bharatendr ji ne bhakti pradhan evan shrriangarayukt rachanaean ki haian. unamean apane desh ke prati bahut b di nishtha thi, unhoanne samajik samasyaoan ke unmoolan ki bat ki hai, unaki bhakti pradhan rachanaean ghananand evan rasakhan ki rachanaoan ki koti ki haian. unhoanne sanyog ki apeksha viyog par vishesh bal diya hai. ve svatantrata premi evan pragatishil vicharak v lekhak the. unhoanne maan sarasvati ki sadhana mean apana dhan pani ki tarah bahaya aur sahity ko samriddh kiya. unhoanne anek patr-patrikaoan ka sampadan kiya. jivan ka antim daur arthik tangi se gujara, kyoanki dhan ka unhoanne bahut b da bhag sahity samaj seva ke lie lagaya. ye bhasha ki shuddhata ke paksh mean the. inaki bhasha b di parishkrit evan pravah se bhari hai. bharatendu ji ki rachanaoan mean unaki rachanatmak pratibha ko bhali prakar dekha ja sakata hai.
sabhi vidhaoan mean lekhan
bharatendu ji ne apani pratibha ke bal par hindi sahity ke kshetr mean mahattvapoorn yogadan pradan kiya hai. hindi gady sahity ko inhoanne vishesh samriddhi pradan ki hai. inhoanne doha, chaupaee, chhand, baravai, harigitika, kavitt evan savaiya adi par kam kiya. inhoanne n keval kahani aur kavita ke kshetr mean kary kiya apitu natak ke kshetr mean bhi vishesh yogadan diya. kintu natak mean patroan ka chayan aur bhoomika adi ke vishay mean inhoanne sampoorn kary svayan ke jivan ke anubhav se sampadit kiya hai.
sahity mean yogadan
nishkarsh ke roop mean yah kaha ja sakata hai ki baboo harishchandr bahumukhi pratibha se sampann the. unhoanne samaj aur sahity ka pratyek kona jhaanka hai. arthath sahity ke sabhi kshetroan mean unhoanne kary kiya hai. kintu yah khed ka hi vishay hai ki 35 varsh ki alpayu mean hi ve svargavasi ho gaye the. yadi aisa n hota to sambhavat: hindi sahity ka kahian aur zyada vikas hua hota. yah unake vyaktitv ki hi visheshata thi ki ve kavi, lekhak, natakakar, sahityakar evan sampadak sab kuchh the. hindi sahity ko pusht karane mean apane jo yogadan pradan kiya hai vah sarahaniy hai tatha hindi jagath ap ki seva ke lie sadaiv rrini rahega. inhoanne apane jivan kal mean lekhan ke alava koee doosara kary nahian kiya. tabhi to 35 varsh ki alpayu mean hi 72 granthoan ki rachana karana sambhav ho sakata tha. inhoanne chhote evan b de sabhi prakar ke granthoan ka pranayan kiya hai. is prakar se yah kaha ja sakata hai ki hindi ke prachar evan prasar mean inaka mahattvapoorn yogadan raha hai aur apane karyoan se inhoanne hindi sahity ke kshetr mean sada ke lie sthayi roop se sthan banaya hai. apani vishisht sevaoan ke karan hi ye adhunik hindi sahity ke adhunik kal ke pravartak kahe jate haian. pant ji ne inake bare mean thik hi kaha hai-
bharatendu kar gaye,
bharati ki vina nirman.
kiya amar sparshoan mean,
jisaka bahu vidhi svar sandhan.
at: yah kaha ja sakata hai ki baboo harishchandr ji hindi sahity ke akash ke ek dedipyaman nakshatr the. unake dvara hindi sahity mean diya gaya yogadan mahattvapoorn evan sarahaniy hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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