प्रेमचंद का जीवन परिचय
premachand ka jivan parichay
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| poora nam | muanshi premachand |
| any nam | navab ray |
| janm | 31 julaee, 1880 |
| janm bhoomi | lamahi gaanv, varanasi, uttar pradesh |
| mrityu | 8 aktoobar 1936 |
| mrityu sthan | varanasi, uttar pradesh |
| abhibhavak | muanshi ajayab lal aur anandi devi |
| pati/patni | shivarani devi |
| santan | shripat ray aur amrit ray (putr) |
| karm bhoomi | gorakhapur |
| karm-kshetr | adhyapak, lekhak, upanyasakar |
| mukhy rachanaean | gaban, godan, b de ghar ki beti, namak ka daroga adi |
| vishay | samajik |
| bhasha | hindi |
| vidyalay | ilahabad vishvavidyalay |
| shiksha | snatak |
| prasiddhi | upanyas samrat |
| nagarikata | bharatiy |
| sahityik | adarshonmukh yatharthavad |
| andolan | pragatishil lekhak andolan |
| any janakari | premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe. |
| inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
premachand ka janm varanasi se lagabhag char mil door, lamahi nam ke gaanv mean 31 julaee, 1880 ko hua. premachand ke pitaji muanshi ajayab lal aur mata anandi devi thian. premachand ka bachapan gaanv mean bita tha. ve natakhat aur khila di balak the aur khetoan se shak-sabzi aur pe doan se phal churane mean daksh the. unhean mithaee ka b da shauq tha aur vishesh roop se gu d se unhean bahut prem tha. bachapan mean unaki shiksha-diksha lamahi mean huee aur ek maulavi sahab se unhoanne urdoo aur farasi padhana sikha. ek rupaya churane par ‘bachapan’ mean un par buri tarah mar p di thi. unaki kahani, ‘kazaki’, unaki apani bal-smritiyoan par adharit hai. kazaki dak-vibhag ka harakara tha aur b di lambi-lambi yatraean karata tha. vah balak premachand ke lie sadaiv apane sath kuchh saugat lata tha. kahani mean vah bachche ke liye hiran ka chhauna lata hai aur dakaghar mean deri se pahuanchane ke karan naukari se alag kar diya jata hai. hiran ke bachche ke pichhe dau date-dau date vah ati vilamb se dak ghar lauta tha. kazaki ka vyaktitv atishay manaviyata mean dooba hai. vah shalinata aur atmasamman ka putala hai, kintu manaviy karuna se usaka hriday bhara hai.
parivarik jivan
premachand ka kul daridr kayasthoan ka tha, jinake pas qarib chhah bighe zamin thi aur jinaka parivar b da tha. premachand ke pitamah, muanshi gurusahay lal, patavari the. unake pita, muanshi ajayab lal, dakamuanshi the aur unaka vetan lagabhag pachchis rupaye masik tha. unaki maan, anand devi, sundar sushil aur sugh d mahila thian. chhah mahine ki bimari ke bad premachand ki maan ki mrityu ho gee. tab ve athavian kaksha mean padh rahe the. do varsh ke bad unake pita ne phir vivah kar liya aur unake jivan mean vimata ka avataran hua. premachand ke itihas mean vimata ke anek varnan haian. yah spasht hai ki premachand ke jivan mean maan ke abhav ki poorti vimata dvara n ho saki thi.
vivah
jab premachand pandrah varsh ke the, unaka vivah ho gaya. vah vivah unake sautele nana ne tay kiya tha. us kal ke vivaran se lagata hai ki l daki n to dekhane mean suandar thi, n vah svabhav se shilavati thi. vah jhag daloo bhi thi. premachand ke komal man ka kalpana-bhavan mano nianv rakhate-rakhate hi dhah gaya. premachand ka yah pahala vivah tha. is vivah ka tootana ashchary n tha. premachand ki patni ke lie yah vivah ek du:khad ghatana raha hoga. jivan paryant yah unaka abhishap ban gaya. is sab ka dosh bharat ki paramparagrast vivah-pranali par hai, jisake karan yah vyavastha avashyakata se bhi adhik jue ka khel ban jati hai. premachand ne nishchay kiya ki apana doosara vivah ve kisi vidhava kanya se kareange. yah nishchay unake uchch vicharoan aur adarshoan ke hi anuroop tha.
premachand ka doosara vivah
thumb|250px|left|patni shivarani ke sath premachand san 1905 ke antim dinoan mean apane shivarani devi se shadi kar li. shivarani devi bal-vidhava thian. unake pita fatehapur ke pas ke ilaqe mean ek sahasi zamidar the aur shivarani ji ke punarvivah ke lie utsuk the. sanh 1916 ke adim yug mean aise vichar-matr ki sahasikata ka anuman kiya ja sakata hai. yah kaha ja sakata hai ki doosari shadi ke pashchath inake jivan mean paristhitiyaan kuchh badalian aur ay ki arthik tangi kam huee. inake lekhan mean adhik sajagata aee. premachand ki padonnati huee tatha yah skooloan ke dipti insapektar bana diye ge.
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premachand ji kahate haian ki samaj mean zinda rahane mean jitani kathinaiyoan ka samana log kareange utana hi vahaan gunah hoga. agar samaj mean log khushahal hoange to samaj mean achchhaee zyada hogi aur samaj mean gunah nahian ke barabar hoga. premachand ne shoshitavarg ke logoan ko uthane ka har sanbhav prayas kiya. unhoanne avaz lagaee 'e logo jab tumhean sansar mean rahana hai to jindoan ki tarah raho, murdoan ki tarah zinda rahane se kya fayada.'
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isi khushahali ke jamane mean premachand ki paanch kahaniyoan ka sangrah soje vatan prakash mean aya. yah sangrah kafi mashahoor hua. shivarani ji ki pustak ‘premachand-ghar mean’, premachand ke ghareloo jivan ka sajiv aur aantarang chitr prastut karati hai. premachand apane pita ki tarah pechish ke shikar the aur nirantar pet ki vyadhiyoan se pi dit rahate the. premachand svabhav se saral, adarshavadi vyakti the. ve sabhi ka vishvas karate the, kintu nirantar unhean dhokha khana p da. unhoanne anek logoan ko dhan-rashi karz di, kintu bahudha yah dhan lauta hi nahian. shivarani devi ki drishti kuchh adhik saansarik aur vyavahar-kushal thi. ve nirantar premachand ki udar-hridayata par tane kasati thian, kyoanki anek bar kupatr ne hi is udarata ka labh uthaya. premachand svayan sampann n the aur apani udarata ke karan arth-sankat mean phans jate the. ‘dhaporashankh’ shirshak kahani mean premachand ek kapati sahityik dvara apane thage jane ki marmik katha kahate haian.
shiksha
garibi se l date hue premachand ne apani padhaee maitrik tak pahuanchaee. jivan ke aranbh mean hi inako gaanv se door varanasi padhane ke lie nange paanv jana p data tha. isi bich mean inake pita ka dehant ho gaya. premachand ko padhane ka shauq tha, age chalakar yah vakil banana chahate the, magar garibi ne inhean to d diya. premachand ne skool ane-jane ke jhanjhat se bachane ke lie ek vakil sahab ke yahaan tyooshan pak d liya aur usi ke ghar mean ek kamara lekar rahane lage. inako tyooshan ka paanch rupaya milata tha. paanch rupaye mean se tin rupaye ghar valoan ko aur do rupaye se premachand apani zindagi ki ga di ko age badhate rahe. premachand mahina bhar tangi aur abhav ka jivan bitate the. inhian jivan ki pratikool paristhitiyoan mean premachand ne maitrik pas kiya. unhoanne ilahabad vishvavidyalay se aangrezi sahity, parshiyan (farasi) aur itihas vishayoan se snatak ki upadhi dvitiy shreni mean prapt ki thi. iantaramidiet kaksha mean bhi unhoanne aangrezi sahity ek vishay ke roop mean padha tha.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh