प्रेमचंद के पत्र

premachand vishay soochi

premachand    jivani    vyaktitv    sahityik jivan    sahity ki visheshataean    premachand ke patr    svarnim yug    premachand aur sinema    shishy ki nazar mean premachand    anamol vachan

premachand ke patr
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poora nam	muanshi premachand
any nam	navab ray
janm	31 julaee, 1880
janm bhoomi	lamahi gaanv, varanasi, uttar pradesh
mrityu	8 aktoobar 1936
mrityu sthan	varanasi, uttar pradesh
abhibhavak	muanshi ajayab lal aur anandi devi
pati/patni	shivarani devi
santan	shripat ray aur amrit ray (putr)
karm bhoomi	gorakhapur
karm-kshetr	adhyapak, lekhak, upanyasakar
mukhy rachanaean	gaban, godan, b de ghar ki beti, namak ka daroga adi
vishay	samajik
bhasha	hindi
vidyalay	ilahabad vishvavidyalay
shiksha	snatak
prasiddhi	upanyas samrat
nagarikata	bharatiy
sahityik	adarshonmukh yatharthavad
andolan	pragatishil lekhak andolan
any janakari	premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe.
inhean bhi dekhean	kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi

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premachand ne apane jivan-kal mean hazaroan patr likhe hoange, lekin unake jo patr kal ka gras banane se bache rah ge aur jo samprati upalabdh haian, unamean sarvadhik patr ve haian jo unhoanne apane kal ki lokapriy urdoo masik patrika ‘zamana’ ke yashasvi sampadak muanshi dayanarayan nigam ko likhe the. yoan to muanshi dayanarayan nigam premachand se do varsh chhote the lekin premachand unako sada b de bhaee jaisa samman dete rahe. in donoan vibhootiyoan ke parasparik sambandhoan ko paribhashit karana to atyant durooh kary hai, lekin premachand ke is adar bhav ka karan yah pratit hota hai ki premachand ko sahityik sansar mean pahachan dilane ka mahaniy kary nigam sahab ne unako ‘zamana’ mean nirantar prakashit karake hi sampadit kiya tha, aur us kal ki patrikaoan mean to yahaan tak prakashit hua ki premachand ko premachand banane ka shrey yadi kisi ko hai to muanshi dayanarayan nigam ko hi hai. dhyatavy yah bhi hai ki navabaray ke lekhakiy nam se likhane vale dhanapataray shrivastav ne premachand ka vah lekhakiy nam bhi muanshi dayanarayan nigam ke sujhav se hi aangikrit kiya tha jisaki chhaya mean unaka vastavik tatha any lekhakiy nam gumanami ke aandheroan mean khokar rah ge. muanshi premachand aur muanshi dayanarayan nigam ke ghanishth atmiy sambandh hi nigam sahab ko sambodhit premachand ke patroan ko atyadhik mahattvapoorn bana dete haian kyoanki in patroan mean premachand ne jahaan samajik aur rajanitik samasyaoan par charcha ki hai vahian apani ghareloo tatha arthik samasyaoan ki charcha karane mean bhi sankoch nahian kiya.

premachand aur muanshi dayanarayan nigam

premachand ke manas ko samajhane ke lie nigam sahab ke nam likhe unake patroan ke mahattv ka anuman is tathy se laga pana sambhav hai ki jab 8 aktoobar 1936 ko unake dehavasan ke uparant ‘zamana’ ka premachand visheshaank disambar 1937 mean prakashit hokar sahity-sansar ke hath mean aya to usamean zamana-sampadak muanshi dayanarayan nigam ke kee lekh prakashit hue, jinamean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn lekh hai - ‘premachand ke khayalat’. is sudirgh lekh mean nigam sahab ne premachand ki vichar-yatra ka tathyaparak digdarshan karaya tha. ullekhaniy hai ki is lekh mean premachand ki vichar-yatra ko spasht karane ke lie nigam sahab ne premachand ke un patroan mean se 50 se adhik patroan ka sarthak prayog kiya jo unhoanne samay-samay par nigam sahab ko likhe the aur jo unhoanne b de jatan se sanbhalakar rakh chho de the. premachand ke dehavasan ke anantar muanshi dayanarayan nigam ne premachand ke ve sabhi patr jinaka upayog ve apane uparyukt lekh mean kar chuke the, madan gopal ko sauanp die aur shesh patr nigam sahab ke dehavasan (1942) ke anantar kis prakar premachand ke chhote bete amrit ray ko nigam sahab ke toote hue makan ke malabe mean se hastagat hue, isaki sampoorn katha amrit ray ne ‘chitthi patri’ (1962) ki bhoomika mean prastut kar di thi. dhyatavy hai ki ‘chitthi patri’ mean amrit ray aur madan gopal - donoan ke sangrah mean upalabdh patr prakashit kie ge the, jabaki madan gopal ke sampadan mean urdoo mean prakashit ‘premachand ke khutoot’ (1968) mean keval madan gopal ke sangrah ke patr hi prakashit hue the. sambhavatah nigam sahab ke uparyukt ullikhit lekh se prerit hokar hi madan gopal premachand ke patroan ke sangrah ki disha mean pravritt hi nahian hue, varanh unhoanne bhi premachand ke patroan ka sarthak upayog karake hi aangrezi mean premachand ki sankshipt jivani likhakar 1949 mean prakashit karaee thi. isake anantar unhoanne aangrezi mean ‘premachand : litareri bayographi’ (1964), ‘qalam ka mazadoor premachand’ (1965) aur urdoo mean ‘qalam ka mazadoor premachand’ (1966) shirshakoan se premachand ki jivaniyaan prakashit karaeean, jinamean unhoanne premachand ke patroan ka vyapak upayog kiya.

‘premachand : qalam ka sipahi’

premachand ke chhote bete amrit ray ne 1962 mean ‘premachand : kalam ka sipahi’ shirshak se premachand ki jivani prakashit karaee thi, jisake sambandh mean d aau. vir bharat talavar likhate haian -

"1962 mean jab yah kitab pahali bar chhapi thi, tab yah hindi sahity mean likhi gee pahali mahattvapoorn jivani thi. isase pahale hindi sahity mean itane vyavasthit dhang se koee jivani nahian likhi gee. yooropiy sahity mean jivani vidha ka vikas kafi ho chuka tha. hindi mean isaki koee mahattvapoorn parampara n thi. amrit ray ne premachand ki jivani likhakar ek ne dhang ki parampara ki nianv dali. achchhi aur majaboot nianv."

spasht hai ki aj hindi sahity mean d aau. ramavilas sharma ki ‘nirala ki sahity sadhana’, bhag-1 aur vishnu prabhakar ki ‘avara masiha’ jaisi utkrisht jivaniyoan ka jo bhavy bhavan drishtigochar hota hai, usaki ‘achchhi aur majaboot nianv’ amrit ray-krit ‘premachand : kalam ka sipahi’ hi hai. aur is majaboot nianv mean amrit ray ne jis-jis samagri ka upayog kiya, vah unhian ke shabdoan mean -

"bahut bar lekhak ki apani dayariyoan aur jarnaloan se jivanikar ko bahut madad mil jaya karati hai. premachand ko dayari ya jarnal likhane ki adat n thi. is tarah jivani ki samagri ka ek b da kosh ek sire se khatm ho gaya.

patroan mean tithi nirdharan

premachand ke jivan sambandhi sarvadhik tathy amrit ray ne unake patroan se hi sangrahit kiye the. lekin sath hi amrit ray premachand ke patr-lekhan ke sambandh mean ek vichitr tathy ko anavritt karate hue aur unake patroan ki sampadan prakriya par prakash dalate hue likhate haian -

"akasar chitthiyoan par poori-poori tarikh n dalane ki muanshiji ki adat hamare lie kafi ulajhan ka karan bani - mahina hai to tarikh nahian, tarikh hai to mahina nahian, mahina aur tarikh haian to sanh nahian, aur un chitthiyoan ka to khair zikr hi phijool hai jinamean yah tinoan hi gayab haian. kardoan mean to yah mushkil dak ki muhar se asan ho gayi. koshish karane par lagabhag sabhi dak ki muharean padhane mean a gayian aur jahaan se chitthi chali vahaan ki dak-muhar ko maianne chitthi ki tarikh man liya. lekin liphaphe ki chitthiyoan mean yah sahara bhi n raha. vahaan mere samane ek hi rasta tha; un chitthiyoan ko vaise ka vaisa, bilkul bina tarikh ka jane deta. lekin vah shayad padhane vale ki najar se aur bhi bura hota, isalie maianne b di-b di mushkiloan, chitthi mean kahi gayi batoan ka aga-pichha, tal-mel milakar anuman se unaki tithi ka sanket dene ka nishchay kiya. isamean maianne apani or se poori savadhani baratane ki koshish ki hai, lekin usamean galati ki sanbhavana barabar rahati hai."

amrit ray ke uparyukt shabdoan se spasht hai ki premachand patroan par samanyatah poori tithi nahian likhate the aur ‘chitthi patri’ mean premachand ke patroan par jo tithiyaan prakashit ki gee haian, adhikaanshatah anumanatah hi prakashit ki gee haian. parantu ashchary ki bat hai ki is sankalan mean matr kuchh patroan par hi tithiyaan spasht roop se ‘anumanatah’ ullikhit haian, jisase yah bhram hota hai ki aise patroan ke atirikt shesh patroan par jo tithiyaan prakashit haian, ve pramanik tithiyaan haian. khed ka vishay hai ki premachand ke kisi paravarti adhyeta athava svanamadhany ‘premachand visheshajn’ ne amrit ray ke uparyukt shabdoan ka sanjnan lene ka tanik bhi kasht nahian kiya aur premachand ke patroan ki tithiyoan ko ‘chitthi mean kahi gayi batoan ka aga-pichha, tal-mel milakar’ unaki tithi pramanik roop se nirdharit karane ka kianchit matr bhi prayas nahian kiya aur tithiyoan ki matr punaravritti tak hi simit bane rahe. yahaan tak hota to bhi ganimat thi, in svanamadhany premanchad visheshajnoan ne isase age badhakar yah anokha kary bhi kar dikhaya ki ek hi patr ko matr tithi parivartan karake premachand ke ‘aprapy’ patr ke roop mean prastut kar diya aur pichhe chalakar ek hi patr ko do bhinn-bhinn tithiyoan mean likhe do patroan ke roop mean sankalit karake bhramak vatavaran ki srishti mean apana mahattvapoorn yogadan bhi kar diya.

premachand ke patr

premachand ke patroan ko pahali bar amrit ray ne 1962 mean ‘chitthi patri’ shirshak se do bhagoan mean prakashit karaya tha. is sankalan ke pratham bhag mean keval muanshi dayanarayan nigam ke nam likhe ge patr sankalit the aur dvitiy bhag mean any anek mahanubhavoan ke nam likhe ge patr sankalit the. is sankalan ke sambandh mean rochak tathy yah bhi hai hai ki ise lekar madan gopal ne amrit ray ke viruddh adalati karravaee ki thi jisake parinamasvaroop amrit ray ne madanagopal se samajhauta karake is sankalan ki anabiki pratiyoan par sah sampadak ke roop mean madan gopal ka nam bhi chhapavaya tha. isake uparant 1968 mean madan gopal ne urdoo mean ‘premachand ke khutoot’ shirshak sankalan prakashit karaya, jisamean premachand ke kuchh aise patr to prakashit the jo ‘chitthi patri’ mean sankalit nahian hue the lekin ‘chitthi patri’ mean prakashit anek patr is sankalan mean sammilit nahian the. isake anantar 1988 mean d aau. kamal kishor goyanaka ke sampadan mean do bhagoan mean prakashit ‘premachand ka aprapy sahity’ shirshak sankalan ke dvitiy bhag mean bhi premachand ke kuchh aprapy patr prakashit hue the, lekin is sankalan mean kuchh aise patr bhi sammilit haian jo isase itar tithi-ullekh ke sath ‘chitthi patri’ mean poorv prakashit haian. isake pashchath 2001 mean madan gopal ne poorv prakashit tinoan sankalanoan mean prakashit patroan ko urdoo mean prakashit ‘kulliyate premachand’ ke bhag-17 mean prakashit karaya. tatpashchath premachand ke patroan ke do aur sankalan prakash mean ae - ek to d aau. jabir husain ke pradhan sanpadakatv mean prakashit ‘premachand rachanavali’ ke bhag-19 ke roop mean (dvitiy sanskaran 2006) aur dvitiy d aau. kamal kishor goyanaka ke sampadan mean prakashit ‘premachand patr kosh’ (2007). lekin ye donoan hi sankalan poorv prakashit sankalanoan mean prakashit kie ge patroan ki anukriti matr haian aur inamean bhi svabhavik roop se poorv sankalanoan mean agat trutiyaan vidyaman haian. dhyatavy hai ki agami panktiyoan mean muanshi dayanarayan nigam ko likhe ge premachand ke jin patroan par vichar kiya ja raha hai, unake mool ullekh ‘chitthi patri’ bhag-1 evan ‘premachand ka aprapy sahity’, bhag-2 se hi uddhrit kie ge haian.

1. patraank-3

kathit roop se joon 1905 mean likha gaya (pri. 3-5)

madan gopal ne ‘premachand ke khutoot’ (pri. 32-35) aur ‘kulliyate premachand’, bhag-17 (pri. 3-5) mean is patr par mee 1906 ki tithi prakashit karaee hai, jabaki d aau. jabir husain ne ‘premachand rachanavali’, bhag-19 (pri. 12-13) aur d aau. kamal kishor goyanaka ne ‘premachand patr kosh’ (pri. 129-30) mean is patr ko amrit ray ka anukaran karate hue joon 1905 mean likha gaya batakar prakashit karaya hai. mumbee ke prasiddh premachand visheshajn gopal krishna manakatala ne apani urdoo pustak ‘taukite premachand’ (2002) mean pri. 41-42 par is patr ke sambandh mean vichar karate hue isako mee athava joon 1906 mean likha gaya pramanit kiya tha. unaki is pustak ka hindi roop jab 2003 mean ‘premachand darpan’ shirshak se prakashit hua to is patr ke sambandh mean vistar se vichar karate hue unhoanne likha -

"mee/joon 1906 ki chhuttiyoan ki jhulasati garmiyaan premachand ne lamahi mean katian. nigam sahab ko apane ek patr mean likhate haian :

‘biradaram (mere bhaee) ap biti kisase kahooan. jabt (sahan) kiye-kiye kopht (manastap) ho rahi hai. jyoan-tyoan karake ek ashara (pakhava da) kata tha ki khanati taraddud (grih-kalah) ka taanta bandha. auratoan ne ek-doosare ko jali kati sunaeean. hamari makhadooma (dharm patni) ne jal bhunakar gale mean phaansi lagaee. maan ne adhi rat ko bhaanpa. dau dian, usako riha kiya (chhu daya) subah huee, maianne khabar paee, jhallaya, lanat-malamat (laanchhan) ki. bivi sahiba ne ab jid pak di ki yahaan n rahooangi, meke jaooangi. mere pas rupaya n tha, nachar (vivash hokar) khet ka munapha (labh) vasool kiya, unaki rukhasati ki taiyari ki. vah ro-dhokar chali geean. maianne pahuanchana bhi pasand n kiya. aj unako ge ath roj hue. n khat hai n patr. maian unase pahale hi khush n tha. ab to soorat se bejar (vimukh) hooan. galeban (sanbhavataya) ab ki judaee daimi (sadaiv ki) sabit (siddh) ho. khuda kare aisa hi ho...’
premachand ke is patr se yah bhi pata chalata hai ki unhoanne ‘zamana’ ka kharidar banane ke prayatn bhi kiye the. patr mean age chalakar vah likhate haian :
‘... joon ka parcha (aank) nikalate hi das jildean (pratiyaan) me char paanch aprail ki kapi ravana kijiye. isake pahuanchate hi eean janib (idhar se) ravana hoange. phaharist apake pas pahuanchi hogi. shayad itminan ke kabil bhi ho. ji to chahata tha ki pachas kharidaroan ke nam yakabaragi (ek hi bar mean) likhata magar philahal solha par hi kanaat (santosh) ki, unake nam parche bhej dijiye... saphar gajipur, ajamagadh, baliya, gorakhapur aur banaras ka karooanga. banaras mean pandrah bis kharidar ho javeange...’
nigam sahab ne bhi uparyukt patr se dhokha khaya hai aur ise 1905 hi ka patr mana hai. ‘zamana’ ke premachand visheshaank (pharavari 1938) mean ‘premachand ke khayalat’ shirshak se (pri. 94) likhate haian :
‘unaki bivi bahut bad-salika (phooh d) thian jisaki vajah se unaki jindagi talkh (kaduvi) ho gee thi... ittiphak se is bare mean ek khat mahaphooj (surakshit) rah gaya hai jis par koee tarikh nahian hai lekin yakinan (vishvas ke sath) yah 1905 ka likha hua maloom hota hai.’
nigam sahab ke ghoshit is varsh se bhram mean p dakar, amrit ray ne premachand ka doosara vivah phalgun 1906 mean kara diya :
‘akhir 1906 isavi ke phalgun (pharavari/march) mean shivaratri ke roj shadi ho gee. navab ke sath barat mean unake bhaee mahatab ko chho dakar koee rishtedar n tha. do-char dost aur hamajoli jinamean dayanarayan nigam khas the.’
premachand ke is patr ke aantim nimnaankit bhag ki nigam sahab aur amrit ray donoan hi anadekhi kar ge :
‘adhabich mean chho dane vale aur hoange. yahaan to jab ek bar baanh pak d li to jindagi par laga di. nobat ray (najar) n aean - kya jahaan murga n hoga vahaan subah n hogi. editoriyal maian kar looanga... jan gadhe mean n dalo, himmate mardaan madade-khuda. himmate editaraan madade-dostaan. haan yah elan karana zaroori hoga ki navab ray staph mean dakhil ho ge haian...’
atev joon 1906 ke ‘jamana’ ke avaran ke pichhe ek b da elan ‘ainda do mah se’ shirshak se prakashit hua tha jisamean ‘zamana’ mean ne rochak kalam banane ke vivaran ke sath aant mean yah bhi likha hai :
‘editoriyal staph mean alava digar (any) kabil apharad (yogy vyaktiyoan) ke makabool majamoonanigar (lekhak) navabaray mustakil taur par shamil kar lie ge haian.’
uparyukt tathyoan ko dekhate hue yah bat siddh ho jati hai ki yah patr mee (athava joon) 1906 ka hi ho sakata hai.
gopal krishna manakatala ki uparyukt vivechana se yah patr mee/joon 1906 mean likha jana pramanit ho jata hai aur 7 7. premachand darpan, pri. 36-37 is patr par madan gopal dvara prakashit karaee gee tithi shuddh pramanit hoti hai.
ashchary ki bat hai ki jis patr ko urdoo mean sanh 2002 mean aur hindi mean sanh 2003 mean mee/joon 1906 ka likha hua pramanit kar diya gaya tha, use 2006 aur 2007 mean bhi joon 1905 mean likha gaya ullikhit karake prakashit karaya gaya.

2. patraank-6

kathit roop se anumanatah sanh mean likha gaya (pri. 5-6)

madan gopal ne ‘kulliyate premachand’, bhag-17 (pri. 7), d aau. jabir husain ne ‘premachand rachanavali’, bhag-19 (pri. 15) aur d aau. kamal kishor goyanaka ne ‘premachand patr kosh’ (pri. 131) mean is patr ko amrit ray ka anukaran karate hue anumanatah 1908 mean likha gaya batakar hi prakashit karaya hai.
is patr mean premachand ne nigam sahab ko likha tha -

"aj bahar se aya hooan. aur yah kapiyaan dekhakar ravana karata hooan.
premachand ne apane 4 march 1914 ke patr mean muanshi dayanarayan nigam ko likha tha -
"mujhe kapiyaan 24 tarikh ko milian aur maianne unhean dekhakar 25 ko ravana kar diya. maloom nahian pahuanchi ya nahian."
uparyukt donoan patraanshoan mean ‘kapiyoan’ ka ullekh inake samakalin hone ki or iangit karata hai. premachand ke urdoo kahani sankalan ‘prem pachisi’, bhag-1 ka prakashan nigam sahab ke jamana pres se navambar 1914 mean hua tha. us kal ki mudran prakriya mean urdoo pustakoan ki kitabat hath se hua karati thi, jo ki chhapaee se paryapt samay poorv hi arambh ho jaya karati thi. atah spasht hai ki premachand in patroan mean jin ‘kapiyoan’ ki charcha kar rahe haian, ve ‘prem pachisi’, bhag-1 ke kitabat kie hue prooph ki ‘kapiyaan’ hi hoangi, jo nigam sahab samay-samay par premachand ko sanshodhanarth preshit karate rahate the aur premachand jinaka prooph sanshodhan karake lautate rahate the. is adhar par yah anuman karana kuchh asangat nahian hoga ki yah vivechy patr 1914 mean hi likha gaya tha.
isi patr mean premachand ne nigam sahab ko ek pustak ki prapti soochana dete hue likha tha -
"shayar ka aanjam mila! shukriya." (chitthi patri, bhag-1, pri. 5-6)
premachand ne nigam sahab se do pustakean bhej dene ka anurodh karate hue apane 4 march 1914 ke patr mean likha tha -
"maianne apase ‘ek shayar ka aanjam’ aur begam sahiba bhopal ki nayi tasaniph maangi hai. in donoan kitaboan ko zaroor bhejiye. ishtiyak hai."
premachand ne begam sahiba bhopal ki likhi huee kaun-si pustak bhej dene ka anurodh nigam sahab se kiya tha, yah to kuchh jnat nahian hota, lekin nigam sahab ne ‘shayar ka aanjam’ shirshak jo pustak premachand ko preshit ki thi aur jisaki prapti soochana premachand ne apane is vivechy patr dvara nigam sahab ko di thi, usake sambandh mean bi.es. keshavan ne nimnaankit vivaran upalabdh karaya hai –

"Niyaz Fatehpuri (pseud.) (Niyaz Muhammad Khan) 1887-1966 : Shair Ka Anjam, Hyderabad (Dn.), Abdul Haq Academy, As. 12; 1913, 88p. 18 cm."

uparyukt vivaran se spasht hai ki niyaj phatehapuri ki likhi huee pustak ‘shayar ka aanjam’ pahali bar 1913 mean prakashit huee thi. atah 1913 mean prakashit huee pustak ki prapti soochana 1908 mean dene ka koee auchity nahian hai. sath hi yah bhi spasht ho jata hai ki premachand ne apane 4 march 1914 ke patr dvara nigam sahab se jis pustak ko bhej dene ka anurodh kiya tha, vah unhoanne tatkal hi preshit kar di thi aur usaki prapti soochana dete hue premachand ne yah vivechy patr likha tha.
uparyukt samast vivechana ke adhar par yah vivechy patr march 1914 mean likha jana pramanit hota hai.
is patr ke sambandh mean ek rochak tathy yah hai ki d aau. kamal kishor goyanaka ne isake path mean katipay parivartan karane ke anantar isako ‘tithi mudrit nahian’ ke tithi-ullekh ke sath any vyaktiyoan dvara premachand ko likhe ge patroan mean sammilit karake ‘premachand ka aprapy sahity’, bhag-2 mean prishth sankhya 215 par prakashit kara diya hai. ashchary ki bat yah hai ki is sankalan mean prakashit patr par patr lekhak ke roop mean spashtatah dhanapataray ka nam prakashit hai, phir bhi yah premachand ke nam likhe ge patroan mean sammilit hai! yah bhi kuchh buddhigamy nahian hai ki is par tithi ke ‘mudrit’ n hone ka ullekh kyoan kiya gaya, jabaki patroan par tithi likhi jati hai, mudrit nahian ki jati. madan gopal ne bhi is patr ko ‘tarikh namaloom’ ke ullekh ke sath ‘kulliyate premachand’, bhag-17 mean prishth sankhya 67 par patraank 59 ke roop mean muanshi dayanarayan nigam ke nam likhe ge premachand ke ek bhinn patr ke roop mean bhi prakashit kara diya hai. spasht ho jana chahie ki ‘kulliyate premachand’, bhag-17 mean patraank 8 (pri. 7) aur patraank 59 (pri. 67) do bhinn-bhinn patr n hokar ek hi patr ke do kianchit bhinn path haian, jinake path ko mool patr se milakar shuddh roop diya jana avashyak hai.

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poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• premachand ke patr : tithi nirdharan ki samasya