प्रेमचंद का साहित्यिक जीवन
premachand ka sahityik jivan
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poora nam | muanshi premachand |
any nam | navab ray |
janm | 31 julaee, 1880 |
janm bhoomi | lamahi gaanv, varanasi, uttar pradesh |
mrityu | 8 aktoobar 1936 |
mrityu sthan | varanasi, uttar pradesh |
abhibhavak | muanshi ajayab lal aur anandi devi |
pati/patni | shivarani devi |
santan | shripat ray aur amrit ray (putr) |
karm bhoomi | gorakhapur |
karm-kshetr | adhyapak, lekhak, upanyasakar |
mukhy rachanaean | gaban, godan, b de ghar ki beti, namak ka daroga adi |
vishay | samajik |
bhasha | hindi |
vidyalay | ilahabad vishvavidyalay |
shiksha | snatak |
prasiddhi | upanyas samrat |
nagarikata | bharatiy |
sahityik | adarshonmukh yatharthavad |
andolan | pragatishil lekhak andolan |
any janakari | premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe. |
inhean bhi dekhean | kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi |
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premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe. jab sarakar ne unaka pahala kahani-sangrah, ‘soze vatan’ zabt kiya, tab unhean navab ray nam chho dana p da. bad ka unaka adhikatar sahity premachand ke nam se prakashit hua. isi kal mean premachand ne katha-sahity b de manoyog se padhana shuroo kiya. ek tambakoo-vikreta ki dukan mean unhoanne kahaniyoan ke akshay bhandar, ‘tilisme hosharooba’ ka path suna. is pauranik gatha ke lekhak faizi batae jate haian, jinhoanne akabar ke manoranjan ke lie ye kathaean likhi thian. ek poore varsh premachand ye kahaniyaan sunate rahe aur inhean sunakar unaki kalpana ko b di uttejana mili. katha sahity ki any amooly kritiyaan bhi premachand ne padhian. inamean ‘sarashar’ ki kritiyaan aur renald ki ‘landan-rahasy’ bhi thi. gorakhapur mean buddhilal nam ke pustak-vikreta se unaki mitrata huee. ve unaki dukan ki kuanjiyaan skool mean bechate the aur isake badale mean ve kuchh upanyas alp kal ke lie padhane ko ghar le ja sakate the. is prakar unhoanne do-tin varshoan mean saik doan upanyas padhe hoange. is samay premachand ke pita gorakhapur mean dakamuanshi ki haisiyat se kam kar rahe the. gorakhapur mean hi premachand ne apani sabase pahali sahityik kriti rachi. [[chitr:Godan.jpg|thumb|left|godan]] yah rachana ek avivahit mama se sambandhit prahasan tha. mama ka prem ek chhoti jati ki stri se ho gaya tha. ve premachand ko upanyasoan par samay barbad karane ke lie nirantar daantate rahate the. mama ki prem-katha ko natak ka roop dekar premachand ne unase badala liya. yah pratham rachana upalabdh nahian hai, kyoanki unake mama ne kruddh hokar paandulipi ko agni ko samarpit kar diya. gorakhapur mean premachand ko ek naye mitr mahavir prasad poddar mile aur inase parichay ke bad premachand aur bhi tezi se hindi ki or jhuke. unhoanne hindi mean shekh sadi par ek chhoti-si pustak likhi thi, t aaulsat aauy ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka hindi mean anuvad kiya tha aur ‘prem-pachisi’ ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka roopantar bhi hindi mean kar rahe the. ye kahaniyaan ‘sapt-saroj’ shirshak se hindi sansar ke samane sarvapratham sanh 1917 mean ayian. ye sat kahaniyaan thian:-
chitr:Blockquote-open.gif
shayad kam log janate haian ki prakhyat kathakar muanshi premachand apani mahanh rachanaoan ki rooparekha pahale aangrezi mean likhate the aur isake bad use hindi athava urdoo mean anoodit kar vistarit karate the.
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premachand ki sarvashreshth kahaniyoan mean in kahaniyoan ki ganana hoti hai.
kritiyaan
premachand ki kritiyaan bharat ke sarvadhik vishal aur vistrit varg ki kritiyaan haian. unhoanne upanyas, kahani, natak, samiksha, lekh, sampadakiy, sansmaran adi anek vidhaoan mean sahity ki srishti ki, kintu pramukh roop se vah kathakar haian. unhean apane jivan kal mean hi upanyas samrat ki padavi mil gayi thi. unhoanne kul 15 upanyas, 300 se kuchh adhik kahaniyaan, 3 natak, 10 anuvad, 7 bal-pustakean tatha hazaroan prishthoan ke lekh, sampadakiy, bhashan, bhoomika, patr adi ki rachana ki. jis yug mean premachand ne qalam uthaee thi, us samay unake pichhe aisi koee thos virasat nahian thi aur n hi vichar aur pragatishilata ka koee m aaudal hi unake samane tha sivay baangla sahity ke. us samay bankim baboo the, sharatachandr the aur isake alava t aaulast aauy jaise roosi sahityakar the. lekin hote-hote unhoanne godan jaise kalajayi upanyas ki rachana ki jo ki ek adhunik klasik mana jata hai. unhoanne chizoan ko khud gadha aur khud akar diya. jab bharat ka svatantrata aandolan chal raha tha tab unhoanne katha sahity dvara hindi aur urdoo donoan bhashaoan ko jo abhivyakti di usane siyasi saragarmi ko, josh ko aur aandolan ko sabhi ko ubhara aur use taqatavar banaya aur isase unaka lekhan bhi taqatavar hota gaya. premachand is arth mean nishchit roop se hindi ke pahale pragatishil lekhak kahe ja sakate haian. 1936 mean unhoanne pragatishil lekhak sangh ke pahale sammelan ko sabhapati ke roop mean sanbodhan kiya tha. unaka yahi bhashan pragatishil aandolan ke ghoshana patr ka adhar bana. premachand ne hindi mean kahani ki ek paranpara ko janm diya aur ek poori pidhi unake qadamoan par age badhi, 50-60 ke dashak mean 'renu', 'nagarjun' aur inake bad shrinath sianh ne gramin parivesh ki kahaniyaan likhi haian, vo ek tarah se premachand ki paranpara ke taratamy mean ati haian. premachand ek kraantikari rachanakar the, unhoanne n keval deshabhakti balki samaj mean vyapt anek kuritiyoan ko dekha aur unako kahani ke madhyam se pahali bar logoan ke samaksh rakha. unhoanne us samay ke samaj ki jo bhi samasyaean thian un sabhi ko chitrit karane ki shuruat kar di thi. usamean dalit bhi ate haian, nari bhi ati haian. ye sabhi vishay age chalakar hindi sahity ke b de vimarsh bane.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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