भारत

**bharat ganarajy**
**Republic of India**
bharat ka dhvaj	bharat ka kulachihn
	rashtravaky: "satyamev jayate" (sanskrit) saty hi vijayi hota hai
	rashtragan: jan gan man
rajadhani	nee dilli; 28° 34′ N 77° 12′ E
sabase b de nagar	dilli, mumbee, kolakata aur chennee
rajabhasha(ean)	hindi sangh ki rajabhasha hai, ; aangrezi "sahayak rajabhasha" hai.
any bhashaean	baangla, gujarati, kann d, malayalam, marathi aur any
sarakar prakar -rashtrapati ; -uparashtrapati ; -lokasabha adhyaksh ; -pradhanamantri ; -mukhy nyayadhish	ganarajy; draupadi murmoo ; veankaiya nayadoo ; om bi dala; narendr modi ; di. vaee. chandrachoo d
vidhayika -upari sadan; -nichala sadan	bharatiy sansad; rajy sabha; lok sabha
svatantrata; tithi; ganarajy ;	sanyukt rajashahi se; 15 agast, 1947; 26 janavari, 1950;
kshetraphal; - kul; ; - jaliy (%)	; 32,87,263 kimi² (satavaan); 12,22,559 mil² ; 9.56
janasankhya; - 2011 ; - 2001 janaganana; - janasankhya ghanatv	; 1,21,01,93,422 (dvitiy); 1,02,70,15,248; 382/kimi² (27 vaan); 954/ mil²
sakal ghareloo utpad (pipipi); - kul ; - prativyakti	2012 anuman; $4,824 arab ; $3,944
sakal ghareloo utpad (saanketik); - kul ; - prativyakti	2012 anuman; $1,779 arab ; $1,454
manav vikas sanketaank (echadiaee)	0.547 (134 vian) – madhyam
mudra	bharatiy rupaya 14px (aienar (INR))
samay mandal; - grishm rritu (delait seviang taim)	aiesati (IST) (UTC+5:30); anusaran nahian kiya jata (UTC+5:30)
iantaranet tieladi	.in
vahan chalate haian	baean
doorabhash kod	++91
	any mahatvapoorn janakari
simaoan mean sthit desh	uttar pashchim mean afaganistan aur pakistan, uttar mean bhootan aur nepal; poorab mean myaanmar, baangladesh. shrilanka bharat se samudr ke sankirn nahar dvara alag kiya jata hai jo palk stret aur mannar ki kha di dvara nirmit hai.
samudr tat	7,516.6 kilomitar jisamean mukhy bhoomi, lakshadvip aur andaman aur nikobar dvipasamooh shamil haian.
jalavayu	sardi (disambar-faravari); garmi (march-joon); dakshin pashchim manasoon ka mausam (joon-sitambar); manasoon pashch mausam (aktoobar-navambar)
bhoo-bhag	mukhy bhoomi mean char kshetr haian- gret maunten jon, ganga aur siandhu ka maidan, registan kshetr aur dakshini peniansula.
prakritik sansadhan	koyala, lauh ayask, maiganij ayask, maika, b aauksait, petroliyam, taitaniyam ayask, kromait, prakritik gais, maiganesait, choona patthar, arabal lend, dolomait, maoolin, jipsam, apadait, phosaphorait, stitail, phlorait adi.
prakritik apada	manasooni badh, phlesh badh, bhookamp, sookha, zamin khisakana.
janasankhya vriddhi dar	ausat varshik ghataanki vriddhi dar varsh 2001-2011 ke dauran 1.64 pratishat hai.
liang anupat	1000:940 (2011)
dharm	varsh 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar 1,028 miliyan desh ki kul janasankhya mean se 80.5 pratishat ke sath hinduoan ki adhikaanshata hai doosare sthan par 13.4 pratishat ki janasankhya vale muslim isake bad eesaee, sikh, bauddh, jain aur any ate haian.
saksharata	74.04% (2011) purush- 82.14% mahilaean- 65.46%
sambhavit jivan dar	65.8 varsh (purush); 68.1 varsh (mahila)
jatiy anupat	sabhi paanch mukhy prakar ki jatiyaan- aaustreliyad, moangol aauyad, yoorop aauyad, kokosin aur nigroid.
karyapalika shakha	bharat ka rashtrapati desh ka pradhan hota hai, jabaki pradhanamantri sarakar ka pramukh hota hai aur mantriparishadh ki sahayata se shasan chalata hai jo mantrimandal mantralay ka gathan karate haian.
nyayapalika shakha	bharat ka sarvochch nyayalay bharatiy kanoon vyavastha ka shirsh nikay hai isake bad any uchch nyayalay aur adhinasth nyayalay ate haian.
any janakari	bharat ka rashtriy dhvaj ayatakar tiranga hai jisamean kesariya oopar hai, bich mean safed, aur barabar bhag mean niche gahara hara hai. safed patti ke kendr mean gahara nila chakr hai jo saranath mean ashok chakr ko darshata hai.
bahari k diyaan	bharat ki adhikarik vebasait
adyatan‎	13:23, 11 navambar 2022 (IST)

pratiksha\|left is panne par sampadan ka kary chal raha hai. kripaya pratiksha karean yadi 10 din ho chuke hoan to yah 'soochana saancha' hata dean ya dobara lagaean. soochana saancha lagane ka samay → 19:41, 12 agast 2010 (IST)

100pxduniyaan ki sabase purani sabhh‍yataoan mean se ek haian, jo 4,000 se adhik varshoan se chali a rahi hai aur jisane anek riti-rivazoan aur paramh‍paraoan ka sangam dekha hai. yah desh ki samriddh sansh‍kriti aur virasat ka parichayak hai. azadi ke bad 62 varshoan mean bharat ne samajik aur arthik pragati ki hai. bharat krishi mean ath‍manirbhar desh hai aur audyogikaran mean bhi vishv ke chune hue deshoan mean bhi isaki ginati ki jati hai. yah un deshoan mean se ek hai, jo chaand par pahuanch chuke haian aur paramanu shakti sanpann haian. bharat ka kul kshetraphal 32,87,263 varg ki.mi. hai, jo himachh‍chhadit himalay ki bulandiyoan se dakshin ke vishuvatiy varsha vanoan tak vistrit hai. kshetraphal mean vishh‍v ka satavaan b da desh hone ke karan bharat eshiya mahadvip mean alag dikhayi deta hai. isaki sarahadean himalay parvat aur samudroan ne baandhi hai, jo ise ek vishishh‍t bhaugolik pahachan dete haian. uttar mean brihath himalay ki parvat shrriankhala se ghira yah desh kark rekha se age sankara hota chala jata hai. poorv mean bangal ki kha di, pashchim mean arab sagar tatha dakshin mean hind mahasagar isaki simaoan ka nirdharan karate haian.

uth‍tari golardh mean sthit bharat ki mukhh‍yabhoomi 8 digri 4 minat aur 37 digri 6 minat uth‍tari akshaansh aur 68 digri 7 minat tatha 97 digri 25 minat poorvi deshanh‍tar ke bich sthit hai . uth‍tar se dakshin tak isaki adhikatam lanbaee 3,214 ki.mi. aur poorv se pashchim tak adhikatam chau daee 2,933 ki.mi. hai. isaki zamini simaoan ki lanbaee lagabhag 15,200 ki.mi. aur tatarekha ki kul lamh‍baee 7,516.6 ki.mi hai. yah uth‍tar mean himalay parvat, poorv mean bangal ki kha di, pashchim mean arab sagar tatha dakshin mean hiand mahasagar se ghira hua hai. [[chitr:Ashok-map.jpg|thumb|150px|left|ashok ke samrajy ki sima ka manachitr]] bharat eshiya mahadvip ke dakshini bhag mean sthit tin prayadvipoan mean madhyavarti aur sabase b da prayadvip . yah tribhujakar hai. himalay parvat shrriankhala ko is tribhuj ka adhar aur kanyakumari ko usaka shirshabindu kaha ja sakata hai. isake uttar mean himalay tatha dakshin mean hind mahasagar sthit hai. ooanche-ooanche parvatoan ne ise uttar-pashchim mean afaganistan aur pakistan tatha uttar-poorv mean myaanmar se alag kar diya hai. yah svatantr bhaugolik ikaee hai. prakritik drishti se ise tin kshetroan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai—himalay kshetr, uttar ka maidan jisase hokar siandhu, ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyaan bahati haian, dakshin ka pathar, jise viandhy parvatamala uttar ke maidan se alag karati hai. bharat ki vishal janasankhya sat sau pachas se adhik ^[6] boliyaan bolati hai aur sansar ke sabhi mukhy dharmoan ko manane vale yahaan milate haian. aangrezi mean bharat ka nam 'iandiya' siandhu ke farasi roopaantaran ke adhar par yoonaniyoan ke dvara prachalit 'handas' nam se p da. sindhu ka farasi mean hind, hand ya hindoo hua. hind ka yoonaniyoan ne indas kiya jo bad mean 'iandiya' ho gaya. sindhu nadi ko aangezi mean aj bhi 'indas' hi kahate haian. mool roop se is desh ka nam pragaitihasik kal ke raja bharat^[7] ke adhar par bharatavarsh hai kintu adhikarik nam 'bharat' hi hai. ab isaka kshetraphal sankuchit ho gaya hai aur is prayadvip ke do chhote-chhote kshetroan pakistan tatha baangladesh ko isase prithak karake shesh bhoo-bhag ko bharat kahate haian. 'hindusthan' nam sahi taur se keval ganga ke uttari maidan ke lie prayukt kiya ja sakata hai jahaan hindi boli jati hai. ise bharat athava iandiya ka paryay nahian mana ja sakata. left|thumb|120px|sindhu ghati bharat ki adharabhoot ekata usaki vishisht sanskriti tatha sabhyata par adharit hai. yah is bat se prakat hai ki hindoo dharm sare desh mean phaila hua hai. sanskrit ko sab devabhasha svikar karate haian. jin sat nadiyoan ko pavitr mana jata hai unamean siandhu panjab mean bahati hai aur kaveri dakshin mean, isi prakar jin sat puriyoan ko pavitr mana jata hai unamean haridvar uttar pradesh mean sthit hai aur kaanchi sudoor dakshin mean. bharat ke sabhi rajaoan ki akaanksha rahi hai ki unake rajy ka vistar asetu himalay ho. parantu itane b de desh ko jo vastav mean ek upamahadvip hai aur kshetraphal mean pashchimi roos ko chho dakar sare yoorop ke barabar hai, ek rajanitik ikaee banaye rakhana atyant kathin tha. vastav mean unnisavian shatabdi ke madhy mean british shasakoan ki sthapana se poorv sara desh bahut tho de kal ko chho dakar, kabhi ek samrajy ke aantargat nahian raha. british kal mean sare desh mean ek saman shasan vyavastha karake tatha aangrejoan ko sare desh mean prashasan aur shiksha ki saman bhasha banakar poore desh ko ek rajanitik ikaee bana diya gaya. parantu yah ekata ek shatabdi ke andar hi bhang ho gayi. 1947 ee॰ mean jab bharat svadhin hua, use vibhajit karake siandhu, uttar pashchimi simaprant, pashchimi panjab (yah bhag ab pakistan kahalata hai), poorvi tatha uttari bangal (yah bhag ab baangaladesh kahalata hai) usase alag kar diya gaya.

itihas (adikal se svatantrata tak)

[[chitr:Stone-Tools-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|left|100px|astr, mohanajoda do 3000 ee.poo.]]

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Dancing-girl-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|left|100px|nrityaangana mohanajoda do 2500 ee.poo.]] bharat ka itihas pragaitihasik kal se arambh hota hai. 3000 ee॰ poorv tatha 1500 ee॰ poorv ke bich siandhu ghati mean ek unnat sabhyata vartaman thi, jisake avashesh mohan jod do (muan-jo-da do) aur h dappa mean mile haian. vishvas kiya jata hai ki bharat mean aryoan ka pravesh bad mean hua. [[chitr:King-priest-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|left|100px|pradhan anushthanakarta mohanajoda do 2000 ee.poo.]] aryoan ne paya ki is desh mean unase poorv ke jo log nivas kar rahe the, unaki sabhyata yadi unase shreshth nahian to kisi riti se nikrisht bhi nahian thi. aryoan se poorv ke logoan mean sabase b da varg dravi doan ka tha. aryoan dvara ve kramik riti se uttar se dakshin ki or khade d diye ge. jahaan dirgh kal tak unaka pradhany raha. bad mean unhoanne aryoan ka prabhutv svikar kar liya. unase vivah sambandh sthapit kar liye aur ab ve mahanh bharatiy rashtr ke aang haian. dravi doan ke alava desh mean aur mool jatiyaan thi, jinamean se kuchh ka pratinidhitv munda, kol, bhil adi janajatiyaan karati haian jo mon-khmer varg ki bhashaean bolati haian. bharatiy aryoan ka prachinatam sahity hamean vedoan mean vishesh roop se rrigved mean milata hai, jisaka rachanakal kuchh vidvanh tin hazar ee॰ poo॰ manate haian. vedoan mean hamean us kal ki sabhyata ki ek jhaanki milati hai. aryoan ne is desh ko koee rajanitik ekata pradan nahian ki. yadyapi unhoanne use ek pusht darshan aur dharm pradan kiya, jo hindoo dharm ke nam se prakhyat hai aur kam se kam char hazar varsh se akshunn hai.

mahajanapad yug

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

prachin bharatiyoan ne koee tithi kramanusar itihas nahian surakshit rakha hai. sabase prachin sunishchit tithi jo hamean jnat hai, 326 ee॰ poo॰ hai, jab maqadooniya ke raja sikandar ne bharat par akraman kiya. is tithi se pahale ki ghatanaoan ka taratamy jo d kar tatha sahity mean surakshit aitihasik anushrutiyoan ka upayog karake bharat ka itihas satavian shatabdi ee॰ poo॰ tak pahuanch jata hai. is kal mean bharat qabul ki ghati se lekar godavari tak shodash janapadoan mean vibhajit tha, jinake nam nimnokt theah-

in rajyoan me apas mean barabar l daee hoti rahati thi. chhathian shatabdi ee॰ poo॰ ke madhy mean bimbisar tatha ajatashatru ke rajy kal mean magadh ne kashi tatha koshal par adhikar karane ke bad apani simaoan ka vistar arambh kiya. inhian donoan magadh rajaoan ke rajyakal mean vardhaman mahavir ne jain dharm tatha gautam buddh ne bauddh dharm ka upadesh diya. bad me kal mean magadh rajy ka vistar jari raha aur chauthi shatabdi ee॰ poo॰ ke aant mean nand rajaoan ke shasanakal mean usaka vistar bangal se lekar panjab mean vyas nadi ke tat tak sare uttari bharat mean ho gaya.

maury aur shuang

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Chanakya.jpg|thumb|250px|left|chanaky]] yoonani itihasakaroan ke dvara varnit 'presiaee' desh ka raja itana shaktishali tha ki sikandar ki senaean vyas par karake presiaee desh mean nahian ghus sakian aur sikandar, jisane 326 ee॰ mean panjab par hamala kiya, pichhe lautane ke lie vivash ho gaya. vah siandhu ke marg se pichhe laut gaya. is ghatana ke bad hi magadh par chandragupt maury (lagabhag 322 ee॰ poo॰-298 ee॰ poo॰) ne panjab mean sikandar jin yoonani adhikariyoan ko chho d gaya tha, unhean nikal bahar kiya aur bad mean ek yuddh mean sikandar ke senapati selyukas ko hara diya. selyukas ne hindookush tak ka sara pradesh vapas lauta kar chandragupt maury se sandhi kar li. chandragupt ne sare uttari bharat par apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. usane sambhvatah dakshin bhi vijay kar liya. vah apane is vishal samrajy par apani rajadhani pataliputr se shasan karata tha. usaki rajadhani pataliputr vaibhav aur samriddhi mean soosa aur ekabatana nagariyoan ko bhi mat karati thi. usaka pautr ashok tha, jisane kaliang (u disa) ko jita. usaka samrajy himalay ke padamool se lekar dakshin mean pannar nadi tak tatha uttar pashchim mean hindookush se lekar uttar-poorv mean asam ki sima tak vistrit tha. usane apane vishal samrajy ke samay sadhanoan ko manushyoan tatha pashuoan ke kalyan karyoan tatha bauddh dharm ke prasar mean lagakar amit yash prapt kiya. usane bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie bhikshuoan ko misr, maqadooniya tatha korinth (prachin yoonan ki vilas nagari) jaise door-daraj sthanoan mean bheja aur vahaan lokopakari kary karavaye. usake prayatnoan se bauddh dharm vishvadharm ban gaya. parantu usaki yuddh se virat rahane ki shantipoorn niti ne usake vansh ki shakti kshin kar di aur lagabhag adhi shatabdi ke bad pushyamitr ne usaka uchchhed kar diya. pushyamitr ne shuangavansh (lagabhag 185 ee॰ poo॰- 73 ee॰ poo॰) ki sthapani ki, jisaka uchchhed karav vansh (lagabhag 73 ee॰ poo॰-28 ee॰ poo॰) ne kar diya.

shak, kushan aur satavahan

[[chitr:RabatakInscription.jpg|thumb|130px|rabatak lekh]]

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:kanishk.jpg|thumb|100px|left|kanishk]] mauryavansh ke patan ke bad magadh ki shakti ghatane lagi aur satavahan rajaoan ke netritv mean magadh samrajy dakshin se alag ho gaya. satavahan vansh ko andhr vansh bhi kahate haian aur usane 50 ee॰ poo॰ se 225 ee॰ tak rajy kiya. bharat mean ek shaktishali kendriy sarakar ke abhav mean baiktriya aur parthiya ke rajaoan ne uttari bharat par akraman shuroo kar diye. in akramanakari rajaoan mean minandar sabase vikhyat hai. isake bad hi shak rajaoan ke akraman shuroo ho gaye aur maharashtr, saurashtr tatha mathura shak kshatrapoan ke shasan mean a gaye. is tarah bharat ki jo rajanitik ekata bhang ho gayi thi, vah eesavian pahali shatabdi mean kujul kadafaisis dvara kushan vansh ki shurooat se phir sthapit ho gayi. is vansh ne tisari shatabdi eesavian ke madhy tak uttari bharat par rajy kiya. [[chitr:Kambojika-2.jpg|thumb|130px|kambojika]] is vansh ka sabase prasiddh raja kanishk (lagabhag 120-144 ee॰) tha, jisaki rajadhani purushapur athava peshavar thi. usane bauddh dharm grahan kar liya aur ashvaghosh, nagarjun tatha charak jaise bharatiy vidvanoan ko sanrakshan diya. kushanavansh ka ajnat karanoan se tisari shatabdi ke madhy tak patan ho gaya. isake bad bharatiy itihas ka aandhakar yug arambh hota hai. jo chauthi shatabdi ke arambh mean guptavansh ke uday se samapt hua.

gupt

[[chitr:Xuanzang.jpg|thumb|80px|hven tsaang]]

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Udaygiri-Caves-Vidisha-1.jpg|thumb|left|varah avatar bhitti moohrtikala, gupt kal, udayagiri gufaean]] lagabhag 320 ee॰ poo॰ mean chandragupt ne guptavansh ka prachalit kiya aur pataliputr ko phir se apani rajadhani banaya. gupt vansh mean ek ke bad ek char mahan shaktishali raja hue, jinhoanne sare uttari bharat mean apana samrajy vistrit kar liya aur dakshin ke kee rajyoan par bhi apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. unhoanne hindoo dharm ko rajy dharm banaya, bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ke prati sahishnuta barati aur jnan-vijnan, sahity, kala, vastukala aur chitrakala ki unnati ki. isi yug mean kalidas, aryabhatt tatha varahamihir hue. ramayan, mahabharat, puranoan tatha manusanhita ko bhi isi yug mean vartaman roop prapt hua. chini yatri phahyan ne 401 se 410 ee॰ ke bich bharat ki yatra ki aur usane us kal ka rochak varnan kiya hai. usaka mat hai ki us kal mean desh mean poora ramarajy tha. svabhavik roop se gupt yug ko bharatiy itihas ka svarnayug mana jata hai aur usaki tulana ethens ke pariklij yug se ki jati hai. (periklij (lagabhag 492-529 ee॰ poo॰) ethens ka mahan rajaneta tatha senapati tha. usake prashasakal (460-429 ee॰ poo॰) mean ethens unnati ke shikhar par pahuanch gaya). aantarik vighatan tatha hoonoan ke akramanoan ke phalasvaroop chhathi shatabdi mean gupt vansh ka patan ho gaya. parantu satavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean harshavardhan ne ek doosara samrajy kh da kar diya, jisaki rajadhani kannauj thi. yah samrajy sare uttari bharat mean vistrit tha. dakshin mean chaluky raja pulakeshi dvitiy ne usaka samrajy narmada tat se ag badhane se rok diya tha. chini yatri hvayuenatsaang usake rajyakal mean bharat aya tha aur usane apane yatra varnan mean likha hai ki harshavardhan b da pratapi aur shaktishali raja hai. vah 646 ee॰ mean nissantan mar gaya aur usake bad sare uttari bharat mean phir se avyavastha phail gayi. thumb|100px|kirti stambh, chittau dagadh

rajapoot adi rajavansh

is avyavastha ke phalasvaroop rajavanshoan ka uday hua, jo apane ko rajapoot kahate the. inamean panjab ka hindooshahi rajavansh, gujarat ka gurjar-pratihar rajavansh, ajamer ka chauhan vansh, kannauj ka gah daval vansh tatha magadh aur bangal ka pal vansh tha. dakshin mean bhi satavahan vansh ke patan ke bad isi prakar satta ka vighatan ho gaya. u disa ke gang vansh jisane puri ka prasiddh jagannath mandir banavaya, vatapi ke chaluky vansh, jisake rajyakal mean ajanta ke kuchh gufa chitr bane tatha kaanchi ke pallav vansh ne, jisaki smriti us kal mean banavaye gaye kuchh prasiddh mandiroan mean surakshit hai, dakshin ko apas mean baant liya aur paraspar yuddhoan mean ek doosare ka nash kar diya. isake bad manyakhet athava malakh d ke rashtrakoot vansh ka uday hua, jisaka uchchhed pur ke chaluky vansh ki ek navin shakha ne kar diya. jisane kalyani ko apani rajadhani banaya. usaka uchchhed devagiri ke yadavoan tatha dvarasamudr ke hoyasal vansh ne kar diya. sudoor dakshin mean cher, paandy aur chol rajyoan ka uday hua, jinamean se aantim rajy sabase adhik chala. is tarah sare bharat mean anaiky vyapt ho gaya.

prachin rajy sima manachitr
bharat- pashan kal\|65px	bharat mean prastar yug ke mahattvapoorn sthal\|60px	rrigvaidik kalin bharat\|60px	vaidik kalin pramukh nadiyaan\|70px	bharat- mahakavy kal\|60px	bharat par videshi akraman\|80px	bharat- kushan samrajy\|60px	bharatavarsh- prakritik manachitr\|60px	bharat- gupt samrajy\|65px	bharat- harsh samrajy\|60px

aryoan ke adi sthal soochi

aryoan ke adi sthal		h dappakalin nadiyoan ke kinare base nagar		vibhinn vidvanoan dvara siandhu sabhyata ka kal nirdharan
adi (mool) sthan	mat	nagar	nadi / sagar tat	kal	vidvan

saptasaiandhav kshetr	d aau. avinash chandr, d aau. sanpoornanand
brahmarshi desh	pan. ganganath jha
madhy pradesh	d aau. rajabali pandey
kashmir	el. di. kall
devika pradesh (multan)	di. es. trivedi
uttari dhruv pradesh	bal gangadhar tilak
hangari (yoorop) (denyoob nadi ki ghati)	pi. gails
dakshini roos	nehariang gardan chailds
jarmani	penka
yoorop	philippo sesseti, sar viliyam jons
pamir evan baiktriya	edavard meyar evan olden varg je. ji. rod
madhy eshiya	maiksamoolar
tibbat	dayanand sarasvati
himalay (manas)	ke. ke. sharma

mohanajod do	siandhu nadi
h dappa	ravi nadi
rop d	sataluj nadi
kalibanga	ghagghar nadi
lothal	bhogava nadi
sutkagenador	dasht nadi
valakot	arab sagar
sotkakoh	arab sagar
alamagirapur	hindan nadi
rangapur	madar nadi
kotadiji	siandhu nadi

3500 - 2700 ee.poo.	madhosvaroop vats
3250 - 2750 ee.poo.	j aaun marshal
2900 ee.poo. - 1900 ee.poo.	dels
2800 - 2500 ee.poo.	arnest maike
2500 - 1500 ee.poo.	martimar hvilar
2350 - 1700 ee.poo.	si. je. gaid
2300 ee.poo. - 1750 ee.poo.	di. pi. agraval
2000 - 1500 ee.poo.	pheyar sarvis

mahajanapad soochi

nam	vivaran	kshetr

aang	vartaman mean bihar ke muanger aur bhagalapur zile isamean ate the. inaki rajadhani chanpa thi.	poorvi bihar
magadh	isaki sthiti sthool roop se dakshin bihar ke pradesh mean thi. adhunik patana tatha gaya zila isamean shamil the .	dakshini bihar
kashi	varanasi, kashi athava banaras bharat desh ke uttar pradesh ka ek prachin aur dharmik mahatta rakhane vala shahar hai . isaka purana nam kashi hai.	banaras
koshal	uttari bharat ka prasiddh janapad jisaki rajadhani vishvavishrut nagari ayodhya thi. uttar pradesh ke phaijabad zila, goanda aur baharaich ke kshetr shamil the.	avadh-lakhanoo
vats	adhunik uttar pradesh ke ilahabad tatha mirzapur zile isake arntagat ate the. is janapad ki rajadhani kaushaanbi (zila ilahabad uttar pradesh) thi.	ilahabad
kuru	adhunik hariyana tatha dilli ka yamuna nadi ke pashchim vala aansh shamil tha . isaki rajadhani adhunik dilli (indraprasth) thi .	thaneshvar tatha dilli kshetr
vats	adhunik uttar pradesh ke ilahabad tatha mirzapur zile isake arntagat ate the. is janapad ki rajadhani kaushaanbi (zila ilahabad uttar pradesh) thi.	ilahabad
panchal	pashchimi uttar pradesh ke bareli, badayooan aur pharrookhabad ziloan se parivrit pradesh ka prachin nam hai. yah kanapur se varanasi ke bich ke ganga ke maidan mean phaila hua tha.	bareli tatha badayooan
matsy	matsy desh mean virat ka raj tha tatha vahaan ki rajadhani upaplav namak nagar mean thi. virat nagar matsy desh ka doosara pramukh nagar tha.	jayapur
shoorasen	mathura ka purana nam shoorasen tha .	mathura
ashmak	narmada aur godavari nadiyoan ke bich avasthit is pradesh ki rajadhani patan thi.	godavari ke tat par
avanti	adhunik malava ka pradesh jisaki rajadhani ujjayini aur mahishmati thi.	malava
gaandhar	pakistan ka pashchimi tatha afaganistan ka poorvi kshetr.	peshavar kshetr
kanboj	kanboj desh ya yahaan ke nivasi kaanbojoan ke vishay mean anek ullekh haian jinase jan p data hai ki kanboj desh ka vistar sthool roop se kashmir se hindookush tak tha.	kashmir tatha afaganistan
vrijji	uttar bihar ka bauddh kalin ganarajy jise bauddh sahity mean vrijji kaha gaya hai.	uttari bihar
mall	mall bhi ek ganasangh tha aur poorvi uttar pradesh ke ilake isake kshetr the.	gorakhapur
chedi	ganga aur narmada ke bich ke kshetr ka prachin nam chedi tha.	buandelakhand

islam ka pravesh

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

is bich 712 ee॰ mean bharat mean islam ka pravesh ho chuka tha. muhammad-ibn-qasim ke netritv mean musalaman araboan ne siandh par hamala kar diya aur vahaan ke brahman raja dahir ko hara diya. is tarah bharat ki bhoomi par pahali bar islam ke pair jam gaye aur bad ki shatabdiyoan ke hindoo raja use phir hata nahian sake. parantu siandh par araboan ka shasan vastav mean nirbal tha aur 1176 ee॰ mean shahabuddin muhammad gori ne use asani se ukha d diya. isase poorv subuktagin ke netritv mean susalamanoan ne hamale karake panjab chhin liya tha aur gazani ke sultan mahamood ne 997 se 1030 ee॰ ke bich bharat par satrah hamale kiye aur hindoo rajaoan ki shakti kuchal dali. phir bhi hindoo rajaoan ne musalamani akraman ka jis anavarat riti se prabal virodh kiya, usaka mahatv kam karake nahian aankana chahie.

prithviraj chauhan aur gori

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

thumb|qutub minar faras tatha pashchim eshiya ke doosare rajyoan ki tarah musalamanoan ko bharat mean shighrata se saphalata nahian mili. yadyapi siandh par arab musalamanoan ka shighrata se qabza ho gaya, parantu vahaan se ve lagabhag char shatabdiyoan tak age nahian badh paye. uttar-pashchim ke musalaman akramanakariyoan ko bhi bharat ne lagabhag tin shatabdiyoan tak roke rakha. shahabuddin muhammad gori ka dilli jitane ka pahala prayas viphal hua aur prithviraj ne 1190 ee॰ mean taraeen ki pahali l daee mean use hara diya. vah 1193 ee॰ mean taraeen ki doosari l daee mean hi prithviraj ko harane mean saphal hua. is vijay ke bad shahabuddin aur usake senapatiyoan ne uttari bharat ke doosare hindoo rajaoan ko bhi hara diya aur vahaan musalamani shasan sthapit kar diya. is tarah terahavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean dilli ke sultanoan ki adhinata mean uttari bharat ki rajanitik ekata phir se sthapit ho gee.

taimoor

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

dakshin ek aur shatabdi tak svatantr raha, kintu sultan khilaji ke rajyakal mean dakshin bhi dilli saltanat ke adhin ho gaya aur is tarah chaudahavian shatabdi mean kuchh kal ke lie sare bharat ka shasan phir se ek kendriy satta ke aantargat a gaya. parantu dilli saltanat ka shighr hi patan shuroo ho gaya aur 1336 ee॰ mean dakshin mean hinduoan ka ek vishal rajy sthapit hua, jisaki rajadhani vijay nagar samrajy thi. bangal (1338 ee॰), jaunapur (1393 ee॰), gujarat tatha dakshin ke madhyavarti bhag mean bhi bahamani saltanat (1347 ee॰) ke nam se svatantr musalamani rajy sthapit ho gaya. 1398 ee॰ mean taimoor ne bharat par hamala kiya aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use loota. usake hamale se dilli ki saltanat jarjar ho gayi.

mugal

[[chitr:Akbar.jpg|thumb|100px|akabar]]

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Tajmahal.jpg|thumb|left|100px|tajamahal]] dilli ki saltanat vastav mean kamazor thi, kyoanki sultanoan ne apani vijit hindoo praja ka hraday jitane ka koee prayas nahian kiya. ve dharmik drishti se atyant kattar the aur unhoanne balapoorvak hinduoan ko musalaman banane ka prayas kiya. isase hindoo praja unase koee sahanubhooti nahian rakhati thi. isak phalasvaroop 1526 ee॰ mean babar ne asani se dilli ki saltanat ko ukha d phaianka. usane panipat ki pahali l daee mean antim sultan ibrahim lodi ko hara diya aur mugal vansh ki pratishthit kiya, jisane 1526 se 1858 ee॰ tak bharat par shasan kiya. tisara mugal badashah akabar asadharan roop se yogy aur dooradarshi shasak tha. usane apani vijit hindoo praja ka hraday jitane ki koshish ki aur vishesh roop se yuddh priy rajapoot rajaoan ko apane paksh mean karane ka prayas kiya. akabar ne dharmik sahishnuta tatha mel-milap ki niti barati, hinduoan par se jaziya utha liya aur rajy ke ooanche padoan par bina bhedabhav ke sirph yogyata ke adhar par niyuktiyaan kian.

maratha

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Chatrapati Shivaji-2.jpg|thumb|left|100px|shivaji]] rajapootoan aur mugaloan ke yog se usane apana samrajy kandahar se asam ki sima tak tatha himalay ki talahati se lekar dakshin mean ahamadanagar tak vistrit kar diya. usake putr jahaangir jahaan pautr shahajahaan ki rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar jari raha. shahajahaan ne taj ka nirman karaya, parantu kndahar usake hath se nikal gaya. akabar ke prapautr aurangazeb ke rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar apane charam shikhar par pahuanch gaya aur kuchh kal ke lie sara bharat usake aantargat ho gaya. parantu aurangazeb ne jan-boojhakar akabar ki dharmik sahishnuta ki niti tyag di aur hinduoan ko apane viruddh kar liya. usane hindustan ka shasan sirph musalamanoan ke hit mean chalane ki koshish ki aur hinduoan ko zabardasti musalaman banane ka asaphal prayas kiya. isase rajapootana, buandelakhand tatha panjab ke hindoo usake viruddh uth kh de hue. maharashtr mean shivaji ne 1707 ee॰ mean aurangazeb ki mrityu se poorv hi ek svatantr hindoo rajy sthapit kar diya. aurangazeb antim shaktishali mugal badashah tha. usake uttaradhikari atyant nirbal aur ayogy the, unake vazir vishvasaghati the. faras ke nadirashah ne mugal badashahat par sabase saanghatik prahar kiya. usane 1739 ee॰ mean bharat par chadhaee ki aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use nirdayata se poori tarah loota. usake hamale se mugal samrajy poori tarah jarjar ho gaya aur isake bad shighrata se usaka vighatan ho gaya. avadh, akhandit bangal tatha dakshin ke musalaman soobedaroan ne apane ko svatantr kar liya. rajapoot raja bhi arddh-svatantr ho gaye. peshava bajirav pratham ke netritv mean marathoan ne mugal samrajy ke khandaharoan par hindoo pad padashah ki sthapana ka prayas kiya.

aangrez

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

parantu yah sambhav nahian ho saka. firangi log samudri margoan se bharat ki zamin par pair jama chuke the. akabar se lekar aurangazeb tak mugal badashahoan ne bharat ke is naye marg ka mahatv nahian samajha. inamean se koee in navaangatukoan ki rajanitik mahatvakaankshaoan ka anuman nahian laga saka aur unake jangi be de ka muqabala karane ke lie ek shaktishali bharatiy jangi be da taiyar karane ki avashyakata ko anubhav nahian kar saka. is tarah bharatiyoan ki or se kisi pratirodh ka samana kiye bagair sabase pahale purtagali bharat pahuanche. usake bad dach, aangrez, phraansisi aye. solahavian shatabdi mean in phirangiyoan mean apas mean l daiyaan hoti rahi, jo adhikaansh samudr mean huee. dach aur aangrejoan ne milakar sabase pahale purtagaliyoan ki samudrik shakti ko samapt kiya. isake bad dach logoan ko pata chala ki unake lie bharat ki apeksha masale vale dvipoan se vyapar karana adhik labhadayi hai. is tarah bharat mean sirph aangrej aur phraansisi logoan ke bich pratidvandvita huee.

eest iandiya kampani

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Tipu-Sultan.jpg|thumb|150px|tipoo sultan]] atharahavian shatabdi ke shuroo mean aangrejoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne bambee (mumbee), madras (chennee) tatha kalakatta (kolakata) par qabza kar liya. udhar phraansisiyoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne mahe, paandicheri tatha chandranagar par qabza kar liya. unhean apani senaoan mean bharatiy sipahiyoan ki bharati karane ki bhi ijazat mil gayi. ve in bharatiy sipahiyoan ka upayog n keval apani apasi l daiyoan mean karate the balki is desh ke rajaoan ke viruddh bhi karate the. in rajaoan ki apasi pratidvandvita aur kamazori ne inaki rajanitik mahatvakaanksha ka jagrat kar diya aur unhoanne kuchh deshi rajaoan ke viruddh doosare deshi rajaoan se sandhiyaan kar lian. 1744-49 ee॰ mean mugal badashah ki prabhusatta ki poorn upeksha karake unhoanne apas mean karnatak ki doosari l daee chhe di. ek sal ke bad karnatak ki doosari l daee shuroo huee. jisamean phraansisi gavarnar doople ne pahali l daee se sabaq lete hue n keval karnatak ke prashasan par, balki nizam ke rajy par bhi fraans ka rajanitik niyatrann sthapit karane ki koshish ki. parantu aangrejoan ne usaki mahatvakaanksha poori nahian hone di. aangrejoan ko bangal mean bhari saphalata mili thi. badashah aurangazeb ki mrityu ke keval pachas varsh bad 1757 ee॰ mean rabart klaiv ke netritv mean aangrejoan ne navab sirajuddaula ke viruddh vishvasaghatapoorn rajadrohatmak sh dayantr rachakar plasi ki l daee jit li aur bangal ko ek prakar se apani mutthi mean kar liya. unhoanne bangal ki gaddi par ek kathaputali navab mir zafar ko bitha diya. isake bad ek ke bad, tezi se kee ghatanaean ghatian.

panipat

ahamad shah abdali ne 1748 se 1760 ee॰ ke bich bharat par chadhaiyaan kian aur 1761 ee॰ mean panipat ki tisari l daee jit kar mugal samrajy ka fatiha padh diya. usan dilli par dakhal karake use loota. panipat ki tisari l daee mean sabase adhik kshati marathoan ko uthani p di. kuchh samay ke lie unaki badh ruk gayi aur is prakar ve mugal badashahoan ki jagah le lene ka mauka kho baithe. yah l daee vastav mean mugal samrajy ke patan ki soochak hai. isane bharat mean mugal samrajy ke sthan par british samrajy ki sthapana mean madad ki. abdali ko panipat mean jo fatah mili, usase n to vah svayan koee labh utha saka aur n usaka sath dene vale musalaman saradar. is l daee se vastavik fayada aangreji eest iandiya kampani ne uthaya. isake bad kampani ko ek ke bad doosari saphalataean milati gayian.

**aangrez gavarnar janaral aur vayasaray**
janaral aur vayasaray	kary / karyakal

aangrez gavarnar janaral
l aaurd viliyam baiantik	1833-35 ee.
sar charls maitakaph (sthanaanpann)	1835-36 ee.
akalaind	1836-42 ee.
l aaurd elanabaro	1842-44 ee.
viliyam vilabar phors bard	1844 ee.
l aaurd hardiang	1844-48 ee.
l aaurd dalahauzi	1848-56 ee.
l aaurd kainiang	1856-58 ee.
aangrez gavarnar janaral aur vayasaray
l aaurd kainiang	1858-62 ee.
l aaurd elgin pratham	1862-63 ee.
sar rarbat nepiyar (sthanapann)	1863 ee.
sar viliyam ti. denisan (sthanapann)	1863 ee.
sar j aaun larens	1864-68 ee.
l aaurd meyo	1869-72 ee.
sar j aaun strechi (sthanapann)	1872 ee.
l aaurd narthabruk	1872-76 ee.
l aaurd litan pratham	1876-80 ee.
markvis aauf ripan	1880-84 ee.
arl aauf dafarin	1984-88 ee.
l aaurd lainsadaun	1988-94 ee.
l aaurd elgin dvitiy	1894-99 ee.
l aaurd karzan	1899-1905 ee.
l aaurd empiray (sthanapann)	1904 ee.
l aaurd karzan	1904-05 ee.
l aaurd minto dvitiy	1905-10 ee.
l aaurd hardiangs	1910-16 ee.
l aaurd chaimsaphord	1916-21 ee.
l aaurd ridiang	1921-25 ee.
l aaurd litan dvitiy (sthanapann)
l aaurd iravin	1926-31 ee.
l aaurd viliangadan	1931-34 ee.
sar j aaurj stenale	1934 ee.
l aaurd linalithago	1934-37 ee.
vairan vrevarn (sthanapann)	1938 ee.
l aaurd linalithago	1938-43 ee.
l aaurd vevel	1943-47 ee.
l aaurd mauntabeten	1947 ee.
aangrez janaral evan vayasarayoan se sambandhit kary
varen hestiangs	revenyoo, faujadari v apili nyayalayoan ki sthapana
l aaurd karnavalis	sthayi bhoomi bandobast
l aaurd velejali	sahayak sandhi pranali
viliyam baiantik	sati pratha ki samapti
charls metakaph	pres par pratibandh ki samapti
l aaurd elanabaro	sindh ka vilay
l aaurd dalahauzi	rel, adhunik dak, tar v pi. dablyoo. di. ki sthapana
l aaurd kainiang	kalakatta, bambee v madras vishvavidyalay ki sthapana
l aaurd litan	dilli darabar, varnakyoolar pres ekt, arms ekt
l aaurd ripan	pratham karakhana adhiniyam, ilbart bil
l aaurd karzan	bangal vibhajan, prachin smarak sanrakshan qanoon, bharatiy vishvavidyalay qanoon
l aaurd minto dvitiy	prithak nirvachan kshetr ki vyavastha
l aaurd hardiang	bharat ki rajadhani kalakatta se dilli sthanaantarit
l aaurd chemsaphord	raulet ekt, jaliyaanvala bag htyakand
l aaurd iravin	gaandhi iravin samajhauta (1931 ee.)
l aaurd viliangadan	kamyoonal avard (1932 ee.)
l aaurd linalithago	prantiy chunav
l aaurd vevel	shimala sammelan, kaibinet mishan, sanvidhan sabha ki sthapana
l aaurd mauntabeten	bharat vibhajan evan bharat ki svatantrata

regyuletiang ekt

bangal ke sadhanoan se balashali hokar aangrejoan ne 1760 ee॰ mean vandivash ki l daee mean phraansisiyoan ko hara diya aur 1762 ee॰ mean unas paandecheri le liya. is prakar unhoanne bharat mean phraansisiyoan ki rajanitik shakti samapt kar di. 1764 ee॰ mean aangrajoan ne baksar ki l daee mean badashah bahadur shah aur avadh ke navab ki sammilit sena ko hara diya aur 1765 ee॰ mean badashah se bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt kar li. isake phalasvaroop eest iandiya kampani ko pahali bar bangal, u disa tatha bihar ke prashasan ka qanooni adhikar mil gaya. kuchh itihasakar ise bharat mean british rajy ka prarambh manate haian. 1773 ee॰ mean british parliyameant ne ek regyuletiang ekt pas karake bharat mean british prashasan ko vyavasthit roop dene ka prayas kiya. is ekt ke aantargat bharat mean kampani kshetroan ka prashasan gavarnar-janaral ke adhin kar diya gaya. usaki sahayata ke lie char sadasyoan ki kauansil gathit ki gayi. ekt mean bangal ke gavarnar ko gavarnar-janaral ka pad pradan kiya gaya aur kalakatta mean ek suprim kort ki bhi sthapana ki gayi. varen hestiangs, jo us samay bangal ka gavarnar tha, 1773 ee॰ mean pahala gavarnar-janaral banaya gaya.

1773 ee॰ se 1947 ee॰ tak ka kal, jab bharat mean british shasan samapt hua aur bharat svadhin hua, do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. pahala, kampani ka shasanakal, jo 1858 ee॰ tak chala aur doosara, 1858 se 1947 ee॰ tak ka kal, jab bharat ka shasan sidhe briten dvara hone laga.

gavarnar-janaraloan ka samay

kampani ke shasan kal mean bharat ka prashasan ek ke bad ek baees gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan me raha. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase ullekhaniy ghatana yah hai ki kampani yuddh tatha kootaniti ke dvara bharat mean apane samrajy ka uttarottar vistar karati rahi. maisoor ke sath char l daiyaan, marathoan ke sath tin, barma (myaanmar) tatha sikhoan ke sath do-do l daiyaan tatha siandh ke amiroan, gorakhoan tatha afaganistan ke sath ek-ek l daee chhe di gayi. inamean se pratyek l daee mean kampani ko ek ya doosare deshi raja ki madad mili. usane jin faujoan se l daee ki unamean se adhikaansh bharatiy sipahi the aur l daee ka kharch poori tarah bharatiy karadata ko uthana p da. in l daiyoan ke phalasvaroop 1857 ee॰ tak sare bharat par sidhe kampani ka prabhutv sthapit ho gaya. do-tihaee bharat par deshi rajyoan ka shasan bana raha. parantu unhoanne kampani ka sarvabhaum prabhutv svikar kar liya aur adhinasth tatha ashrit mitr raja ke roop mean apani riyasat ka shasan chalate rahe.

gadar- pratham svatantry sangram

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

[[chitr:Tatya-Tope.jpg|thumb|tatya tope]] is kal mean sati pratha ka ant kar dene ke saman kuchh samajik sudhar ke bhi kary kiye gaye. aangrezi ke madhyam se pashchim shiksha ke prasar ki disha mean qadam uthaye gaye, aangreji desh ki rajabhasha bana di gayi, sare desh mean saman zabta divani aur zabta faujadari qanoon lagoo kar diya gaya, jisase sare desh mean ekata ki nayi bhavana paida ho gayi. parantu shasan svechchhachari bana raha aur vah poori tarah aangrejoan ke hathoan mean raha. 1833 ke chartar ekt ke viparit ooanche padoan par bharatiyoan ko niyukt nahian kiya gaya. bhap se chalane vale jahazoan aur relaga diyoan ka prachalan, eesaee mishanariyoan dvara akshepajanak riti se eesaee dharm ka prachar, lard dalahauzi dvara zabti ka siddhaant lagoo karake athava kushasan ke adhar par kuchh purani deshi riyasatoan ki zabti tatha british bharatiy sena ke bharatiy sipahiyoan ki shikayatean—in sab karanoan ne milakar sare bharat mean ek gahare asantosh ki ag dhadhaka di, jo 1857-58 ee॰ mean gadar ke roop mean bh dak uthi. antim mugal bahadur shah zafar, jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee, taantya tope (ramachanndr paandurang), bihar ke baboo kuanvarasianh, maharashtr se nana sahib, is pratham kranti ke prayas ke nayak the kintu prayas viphal ho gaya.

adhikaansh deshi rajaoan ne apane ko gadar se alag rakha. desh ki adhikaansh janata ne bhi isamean koee hissa nahian liya. phalasvaroop kampani ko bal poorvak gadar ko kuchal dene mean saphalata mili, parantu gadar ke bad british parliyameant mean bharat par kampani ka shasan samapt kar diya. bharat ka shasan ab sidhe briten ke dvara kiya jane laga. maharani viktoriya ne ek ghoshana patr jari karake apani bharatiy praja ko usake kuchh adhikaroan tatha kuchh svadhinataoan ke bare mean ashvasan diya.

bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana

is prakar bharat mean british shasan ka doosara kal (1858-1947 ee॰) arambh hua. is kal ka shasan ek ke bad ikattis gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. gavarnar-janaral ko ab vaisaray (british samrat ka pratinidhi) kaha jane laga. lard kainiang pahala vaisaray tatha gavarnar-janaral niyukt hua. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase pramukh ghatana hai—bharat mean rashtravadi bhavana ka uday aur 1947 ee॰ mean bharat ki svadhinata ke roop mean aantim vijay. 1857 ee॰ mean kalakatta (kolakata), madras (chennee) tatha bambee (mumbee) mean vishvavidyalayoan ki sthapana ke bad shiksha ka prasar hone laga tatha 1869 ee॰ mean svez nahar khulane ke bad ianglaind tatha yoorop se nikat sampark sthapit ho jane se bharat mean naye madhyavarg ka vikas hua. yah madhy varg pashchimi darshan shastr, rajaniti shastr tatha arthashastr ke vicharoan se prabhavit tha aur british shasan mean bharatiyoan ko jo nicha darza mila hua tha, usase rusht tha. british mean sthapit shanti ke phalasvaroop yah varg sare bharat ko ek desh tatha samast bharatiyoan ko ek qaum manane laga aur briten ki bhaanti sansadiy shasan pranali ki sthapana usaka lakshy ban gaya. vah ek aise sangathan ki avashyakata mahasoos karane laga jo samast bharatiy rashtr ka pratinidhitv kar sake.

isake phalasvaroop 1885 ee॰ mean bambee mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana huee jisamean desh ke samast bhagoan se 71 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. kaangres ka doosara adhiveshan 1883 ee॰ mean kalakatta mean hua, jisamean sare desh se nirvachit 434 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. is adhiveshan mean maang ki gayi ki bharat mean kendriy tatha praantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kiya jaye aur usake adhe sadasy nirvachit bharatiy hoan. kaangres har sal apane adhiveshanoan mean apani maangean doharati rahi. lard dafarin ne kaangres par vyagy karate hue use aise alpasankhyak varg ka pratinidhitv karane vali sanstha bataya jise sirf khurdabin se dekha ja sakata hai. lard lainsadaun ne usake prati poorn upeksha ki niti barati, lard karzan ne usaka khuleam mazak u daya tatha lard minto dvitiy ne 1909 ke iandiyan kauansil ekt dvara sthapit vidhanamandaloan mean musalamanoan ko anupat se anuchit riti se adhik pratinidhitv dekar unhean pho dane tatha kaangres ko to dane ki koshish ki, phir bhi kaangres jinda rahi.

prarambhik saphalata

kaangres ko pahali mamooli saphalata 1909 mean mili, jab ianglaind mean bharat mantri ke nirshadan mean kam karane vali bharat parishad mean do bharatiy sadasyoan ki niyukti pahali bar ki gayi, vaisaray ki ekjikyootiv kauansil mean pahali bar ek bharatiy sadasy ki niyukti ki gayi tatha iandiyan kauansil ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya tatha unamean nirvachit bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ka anupat pahale se adhik badha diya gaya. in sudharoan ke prastav lard marle ne halaanki bharat mean sansadiy sansthaoan ki sthapana karane ka koee irada hone se inkar kiya, phir bhi ekt mean jo vyavasthaean ki gayian thi, unaka uddeshy usi disha mean age badhane ke siva aur kuchh nahian ho sakata tha. 1911 ee॰ mean lard karjan ke dvara 1905 ee॰ mean kiya bangal ka vibhajan radd kar diya gaya aur bharat ne briten ka poora sath diya. bharat ne yuddh ko jitane ke lie briten ki faujoan se, dhan se tatha samagri se madad ki. bharat asha karata tha ki is rajabhakti pradarshan ke badale yuddh se hone vale labhoan mean use bhi hissa milega.

dvaidhashasan pranali

bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang karane mean pahali bar bharatiy musalaman bhi hinduoan ke sath sanyukt ho gaye aur agast 1917 ee॰ mean british sarakar ne ghoshana ki ki bharat mean britesh shasan ki niti hai ki shasan ki pratyek shakha mean bharatiyoan ko adhikarik sthan diya jay tatha svayatt shasan ka kramikaroop se vikas kiya jay, taki british samrajy ke aantargat bharat mean uttaradayi sarakar ki uttarottar sthapana ho sake. is ghoshana ke anusar 1919 ka gavarnament aph iandiya ekt pas kiya gaya. is ekt ke dvara vidhan mandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya aur ab unake bahusankhy sadasy bharatiy janata ke nirvachit pratinidhi hone lage. ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy sarakaroan ke karyoan ka vibhajan kar diya gaya aur prantoan mean dvaidhashasan pranali lagoo karake karyapalika ko aanshik riti se vidhanamandal ke prati uttaradayi bana diya gaya. is ekt ke dvara bharat ne sunishchit riti se pragati ki. bharatiy ke itihas mean pahali bar ek aisi sanstha ki sthapana ki gayi, jisake dvara british bharat ke nirvachit pratinidhi sarakari adhar par ekatr ho sakate the. pahali bar unaka bahumat sthapit kar diya gaya aur ab ve sarakar ke karyoan ki nirbhayatapoorvak alochana kar sakate the.

asahayog aur satyagrah

in sudharoan se purane kaangresajan santusht ho gaye, parantu nav yuvakoan ka dal, jise mohanadas karamachand gaandhi ke roop mean ek naya neta mil gaya tha, santusht nahian hua. in sudharoan ke aantargat kendriy karyapalika ko kendriy vidhan mandal ke prati uttaradayi nahian banaya gaya tha aur vaisaray ko bahut adhik adhikar pradan kar diye gaye the. atev usane in sudharoan ko asvikrit kar diya. usake man mean jo ashankaean thian, ve galat nahian thi, yah 1919 ke ekt ke bad hi pas kiye gaye raulat ekt jaise damanakari kanoonoan tatha jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaannd jaise damanamoolak karyoan se siddh ho gaya. kaangres ne 1920 ee॰ mean apane nagapur adhiveshan mean apana dhyey poorn svarajy ki sthapana ghoshit kar di aur apani maangoan ko manavane ke lie usane ahiansak asahayoang ki niti apanayi. chooanki british sarakar ne usaki maangean svikar nahian ki aur damanakari niti ke dvara vah asahayog aandolan ko daba dene mean saphal ho gayi. isalie kaangres ne disambar 1929 ee॰ mean lahaur adhiveshan mean apana lakshy poorn svidhinata nishchit kiya aur apani maang ka manavane ke lie usane 1930 mean namak satyagrah aandolan shuroo kar diya.

dvitiy vishvayuddh

sarakar ne pahale ki tarah aandolan ko dabane ke lie daman aur samajhaute ke donoan raste akhtiyar kiye aur 1935 ka gavarnent aph iandiya ekt pas kiya. is ekt ke dvara britash bharat tatha deshi riyasatoan ke lie sammilit roop se ek sanghiy shasan ka prastav kiya, kendr mean ek prakar ke dvaidh shasan ki sthapana ki gayi tatha prantoan ko svashasan pradan kar diya gaya. ekt ka prantoan se sambandhit bhag lagoo kar diya gaya tatha aprail 1937 ee॰ mean prantiy svashasan ka shriganesh kar diya gaya. parantu ekt ke sangh sarakar se sambandhit bhag ke lagoo hone se pahale hi sitambar 1939 ee॰ mean dvitiy vishvayuddh shuroo ho gaya jo 1945 ee॰ tak jari raha. yah vishvavyapi yuddh tha aur briten ko apane sare sadhan usamean jhoank dene p de. bharat ne briten ka sath diya aur bharat ke pas jan aur dhan ki jo vishal shakti thi usase labh uthakar tatha amarika ki sahayata se briten yuddh jit gaya. gaandhi ji ke amit prabhav tatha ahiansa mean unaki dridh nishtha ke karan bharat ne yadyapi british sambandh ko banaye rakha, phir bhi yah spasht ho gaya ki bharat ab british samrajy ki adhinata mean nahian rahana chahata.

sampradayik dange

kuchh british afasaroan ne bharat ko svadhin hone se rokane ke lie aantim durrabh sandhi ki aur musalamanoan ki bharat vibhajan karake pakistan ki sthapana ki maang ka samarthan karana shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop agast 1946 ee॰ mean sare desh mean bhayanak sampradayik dange shuroo ho gaye, jinhean vaisaray lard vevel apane samast fauji anubhavoan tatha sadhanoan bavajood rokan mean asaphal raha. yah anubhav kiya gaya ki bharat ka prashasan aisi sarakar ke dvara chalana sambhav nahian hai. jisaka niyantran mudhy roop se aangrejoan ke hathoan mean ho. atev sitambar 1946 ee॰ mean lard vevel ne pandit javahar lal neharoo ke netritv mean bharatiy netaoan ki ek aantarim sarakar gathit ki. british adhikariyoan ki kripapatr hone ke karan muslim lig ke dimag kafi ooanche ho gaye the. usane pahale to ek mahine tak aantarim sarakar se apane ko alag rakha, isake bad vah bhi usamean sammilit ho gayi.

svadhinata

thumb|15 agast 1947 ka akhabar
Newspaper Of 15th August 1947 bharat ka sanvidhan banane ke lie ek bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ka ayojan kiya gaya. 1947 ee॰ ke shuroo mean lard vevel ke sthan par lard mauantabeten vaisaray niyukt hua. use panjab mean bhayanak sampradayik dangoan ka samana karana p da. jinako bh dakane mean vahaan ke kuchh british aphasaroan ka hath tha. vah pradhanamantri etali ke netritv mean briten ki sarakar ko yah samajhane mean saphal ho gaya ki bharat ka bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan karane se shanti ki sthapana sambhav ho sakegi aur briten bharat mean apane vyaparik hitoan ko surakshit rakh sakega. 3 joon 1947 ko british sarakar ki or se yah ghoshana kar di gayi ki bharat ka; bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan kar di jayagi. british parliyameant ne 15 agast 1947 ko iandipedans aph iandiya ekt pas kar diya. is tarah bharat uttar pashchimi sima prant, baloochistan, siandh, pashchimi panjab, poorvi bangal tatha pashchim bangal ke musalim bahul bhagoan se rahit ho jane ke bad, sat shatabdiyoan ki videshi paradhinata ke bad svadhinata ke ek naye path par agrasar hua.

gaandhi ji ki hatya

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-1.jpg|thumb|mahatma gaandhi]] svadhin bharat ko jin samasyaoan ka samana karana p da, ve saral nahian thian. use sabase pahale sampradayik unmad ko shant karana tha. bharat ne janaboojhakar dharm nirapeksh rajy banana pasand kiya. usane ashvasan diya ki jin musalamanoan ne pakistan ko nirgaman karane ke bajay bharat mean rahana pasand kiya hai unako nagarikata ke poorn adhikar pradan kiye jayeange. halaanki pakistan janaboojhakar apane yahaan se hinduoan ko nikal bahar karane athava jin hinduoan ne vahaan rahane ka phaisala kiya tha, unako ek prakar se dvitiy shreni ka nagarik bana dene ki niti par chal raha tha. l aaurd mauantabeten ko svadhin bharat ka pahala gavarnar janaral banaye rakha gaya aur pandit javahar lal neharoo tatha aantarim sarakar mean unake kaangrasi sahayogiyoan ne tho de se herapher ke sath pahale bharatiy mantrimandal ka nirman kiya. is mantrimandal mean saradar patel tatha maulana abulakalam azad ka to sammilit kar liya gaya tha, parantu netaji ke b de bhaee sharatachandr bos ko chho d diya gaya. 30 janavari 1948 ee॰ ko nathooram godase namak hindoo ne rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ki hatya kar di. sara desh shok ke sagar mean doob gaya. nau mahine ke bad, pakistan ke pahale gavarnar janaral muhammad ali jinnahaki bhi mrityu ho gayi. usi varsh lard mauantabeten ne bhi avakash grahan kar liya aur chakravarti rajagopalachari bharat ke pratham aur aantarim gavarnar janaral niyukt hue.

riyasatoan ka vilay

adhikaansh deshi riyasatoan ne , jinake samane bharat athava pakistan mean vilay ka prastav rakha gaya tha, bharat mean vilay ke paksh mean nirnay liya, parantu, do riyasatoan—kashmir tatha haidarabad ne koee nirnay nahian kiya. pakistan ne balapoorvak kashmir ki riyasat par adhikar karane ka prayas kiya, parantu aktoobar 1947 ee॰ mean kashmir ke maharaj ne bharat mean vilay ki ghoshana kar di aur bharatiy senaoan ko vayuyanoan se bhejakar shrinagar sahit kashmiri ghati tak jammoo ki raksha kar li gayi. pakistani akramanakariyoan ne riyasat ke uttari bhag par apana qabza banaye rakha aur isake phalasvaroop pakistan se yuddh chhi d gaya. bharat ne yah mamala sanyukt rashtr sangh mean uthaya aur sanyukt rashtr sangh ne jis kshetr par jisaka qabza tha, usi ke adhar par yuddh viram kar diya. vah aj tak is saval ka koee nipatara nahian kar saka hai. haidarabad ke nizam ne apani riyasat ko svatantrata ka darja dilane ka sh dayantr racha, parantu bharat sarakar ki pulis karyavahi ke phalasvaroop vah 1948 ee॰ mean apani riyasat bharat mean vilayan karane ke lie majaboor ho gaye. riyasatoan ke vilay mean tatkalin grihamantri saradar ballabh bhaee patel ki mukhy bhoomika rahi.

sangh rajyoan ka vilay

bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ke dvara 26 navambar 1949 mean sanvidhan pas kiya gaya. bharat ka sanvidhan adhiniyam 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo kar diya gaya. is sanvidhan mean bharat ko laukataantrik ganarajy ghoshit kiya gaya tha aur sanghatmak shasan ki vyavastha ki gayi thi. daktar rajendr prasad ko pahala rashtrapati chuna gaya aur bahumat parti ke neta ke roop mean pandit javahar lal neharoo ne pradhan mantri ka pad grahan kiya. is pad par ve 27 mee 1964 ee॰ mean, apani mrityu tak bane rahe. navodit bharatiy ganarajy ke lie unaka dirghakalin pradhanamantritv b da labhadayi siddh hua. usase prashasan tatha ghareloo evan videsh nitiyoan mean nirantarata bani rahi. pandit neharoo ne vaideshik mamaloan mean gut-nirapekshata ki niti apanayi aur chin se rajanayik sambandh sthapit kiye. phraans ne 1951 ee॰ mean chandranagar shantipoorn riti se bharat ka hastaantarit kar diya. 1956 ee॰ mean usane any phreanch bastiyaan (paandicheri, karikal, mahe tatha yunnan) bhi bharat ko sauanp dian. purtagal ne phraans ka anusaran karane aur shantipoorn riti se apani purtagali bastiyaan (gova, daman aur div) chho dane se iankar kar diya. phalasvaroop 1961 ee॰ mean bharat ko balapoorvak in bastiyoan ko lena p da^[8]. is tarah bharat ka ekikaran poora ho gaya.

bhautik visheshataean

mukhh‍y bhoobhag mean char kshetr haian, namat: mahaparvat kshetr, ganga aur siandhu nadi ke maidani kshetr aur maroosh‍thali kshetr aur dakshini prayadvip.

himalay ki tin shrriankhalaean haian, jo lagabhag samanaantar phaili huee haian. isake bich b de - b de pathar aur ghatiyaan haian, inamean kashmir aur kulh‍loo jaisi kuchh ghatiyaan upajaoo, vish‍trit aur prakritik sauandary se bharapoor haian. sansar ki sabase ooanchi chotiyoan mean se kuchh inh‍hian parvat shrriankhalaoan mean haian. adhik ooanchaee ke karan ana -jana keval kuchh hi darroan se ho pata hai, jinamean mukhh‍y haian -

chuanbi ghati se hote hue mukhh‍y bharat-tibh‍bat vh‍yapar marg par jelap la aur nathoo-la darre
uttar-poorv darjiliang
kalh‍pana (kinh‍naur) ke uttar - poorv mean sataluj ghati mean shipaki la darra

parvatiy divar lagabhag 2,400 ki.mi. ki doori tak phaili hai, jo 240 ki.mi. se 320 ki.mi. tak chau di hai. poorv mean bharat tatha myaanmar aur bharat evan baangladesh ke bich mean paha di shrriankhalaoan ki ooanchaee bahut kam hai. lagabhag poorv se pashchim tak phaili huee garo, khasi, jaiantiya aur naga pahadiyaan uttar se dakshin tak phaili mizo tatha rakhain pahadiyoan ki shrriankhala se ja milati haian.

marush‍thali kshetr ko do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai b da marush‍thal kachh‍chh ke ran ki sima se luni nadi ke uth‍tari or age tak phaila hua hai. rajasthan siandh ki poori sima isase hokar gujarati hai. chhota marush‍thal luni se jaisalamer aur jodhapur ke bich uth‍tari bhoobhag tak phaila hua b de aur chhote marush‍thal ke bich ka kshetr bilh‍kul hi banjar hai jisamean choone ke path‍thar ki parvat mala dvara prithak kiya hua patharila bhoobhag hai.

parvat samooh aur paha di shrriankhalaean jinaki ooanchaee 460 se 1,220 mitar hai, prayadvipiy pathar ko ganga aur siandhu ke maidani kshetroan se alag karati haian. inamean pramukh haian aravali, viandhh‍y, satapu da, maikala aur ajanh‍ta. is prayadvip ki ek or poorv ghat doosari or pashchimi ghat hai jinaki ooanchaee samanh‍yat: 915 se 1,220 mitar hai, kuchh sh‍thanoan mean 2,440 mitar se adhik ooanchaee hai. pashchimi ghatoan aur arab sagar ke bich ek sankirn tatavarti patti hai jabaki poorv ghat aur bangal ki kha di ke bich ka vish‍trit tatavarti kshetr hai. pathar ka dakshini bhag nilagiri paha diyoan dvara nirmit hai jahaan poorvi aur pashchimi ghat milate haian. isake age ilayachi ki pahadiyaan pashchimi ghat ke vish‍taran ke rup mean mani ja sakati haian.

bhoogarbhiy sanrachana

bhoo‍vaijnanik kshetr vh‍yapak rup se bhautik visheshataoan ka palan karate haian aur inh‍hean tin kshetroan ke samooh mean rakha ja sakata hai:

himachal parvat shrriankhala aur unake sanbaddh parvat samooh
bharat-ganga maidan kshetr
prayadvipiy ot

uth‍tar mean himachalay parvat kshetr aur poorv mean nagalushaee parvat, parvat nirman gatividhi ke kshetr hai. is kshetr ka adhikaansh bhag jo vartaman samay mean vishh‍v ka sarvadhik suandar parvat drishh‍y prash‍tut karata hai, 60 karo d varsh pahale samudri kshetr mean tha. 7 karo d varsh pahale shuru hue parvat-nirman gatividhiyoan ki shrriankhala mean talachhatean aur adhar chattanean kafi ooanchaee tak pahuanch gee. aj ham jo in par ubhar dekhate haian, unako uth‍panh‍n karane mean apakshay aur aparadak ne kary kiya. bharat-ganga ke maidani kshetr ek jalodh bhoobhag haian jo dakshin ke prayadvip se uth‍tar mean himachal ko alag karate haian.

prayadvip sapeksh sthirata aur kabhi-kabhar bhookanpiy pareshaniyoan ka kshetr hai. 380 karo d varsh pahale ke praranbhik kal ki ath‍yadhik kayaantarit chattanean is kshetr mean payi jati haian, baqi kshetr goandavana ke tatavarti kshetr se ghira hai, dakshin mean sidhidar rachana aur chhoti talachhatean lava ke pravah se nirmit haian.

nadiyaan

rrigvaidikakalin nadiyaan
prachin nam	adhunik nam

krubhu	kurram
kubha	kabul
vitasta	jhelam
askini	chinav
purushni	ravi
shatudri	satalaj
vipasha	vyas
sadanira	gandak
drishadvati	ghagghar
gomati	gomal
suvastu	svat
siandhu	sindh
sarasvati / drishadvarti	ghaghghar / rakshi / chittag
sushoma	sohan
maroodvridha	maroovarman

bharat ki nadiyoan ko char samoohoan mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai jaise :-

himachal se nikalane vali nadiyaan
dakshin se nikalane vali nadiyaan
tatavarti nadiyaan
aantardeshiy naloan se droni kshetr ki nadiyaan

himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan

himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan barf aur gh‍leshiyaroan ke pighalane se bani haian at: inamean poore varsh ke dauran niranh‍tar pravah bana rahata hai. m aaunasoon mah ke dauran himalay kshetr mean bahut adhik vrishti hoti hai aur nadiyaan barish par nirbhar haian at: isake ayatan mean utar chadhav hota hai. inamean se kee ash‍thayi hoti haian. tatavarti nadiyaan, visheshakar pashchimi tat par, lanbaee mean chhoti hoti haian aur unaka simit jalagrahan kshetr hota hai. inamean se adhikaansh ash‍thayi hoti haian. pashchimi rajasthan ke aantardeshiy nala droni kshetr ki kuchhh‍ nadiyaan haian. inamean se adhikaansh ash‍thayi prakriti ki haian. [[chitr:Sindhu-River-1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|sindhu nadi
Sindhu river]] himachal se nikalane vali nadi ki mukhh‍y pranali siandhu aur ganga brahamaputr meghana nadi ki pranali ki tarah hai.

siandhu nadi

vishh‍v ki mahan, nadiyoan mean ek hai, tibbat mean manasarovar ke nikat se nikalati hai aur bharat se hokar bahati hai aur tath‍pashh‍chath pakistan se ho kar aur aantat: karachi ke nikat arab sagar mean mil jati hai. bharatiy kshetr mean bahane vali isaki sahayak nadiyoan mean sataluj (tibh‍bat se nikalati hai), vh‍yas, ravi, chinab, aur jhelam hai. [[chitr:Ganga-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|varanasi mean ganga nadi ke ghat
Ghats of Ganga River in Varanasi]]

ganga

brahmaputr meghana ek anh‍y mahath‍vapoorn pranali hai jisaka up droni kshetr bhagirathi aur alakananda mean haian, jo devaprayag mean milakar ganga ban jati hai. yah uttaraanchal, uttar pradesh, bihar aur p.bangal se hokar bahati hai. rajamahal ki pahadiyoan ke niche bhagirathi nadi, jo purane samay mean mukhh‍y nadi hua karati thi, nikalati hai jabaki padbha poorab ki or bahati hai aur baangladesh mean pravesh karati hai.

sahayak nadiyaan

[[chitr:Yamuna-Mathura-2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|yamuna nadi
River Yamuna]] yamuna, ramaganga, ghaghara, gandak, kosi, mahanadi, aur son; ganga ki mahath‍vapoorn sahayak nadiyaan hai. chanbal aur betava mahath‍vapoorn up sahayak nadiyaan haian jo ganga se milane se pahale yamuna mean mil jati haian. padma aur brahmaputr baangladesh mean milati hai aur padma athava ganga ke rup mean bahati rahati hai.

brahmaputr

brahmaputr tibbat se nikalati hai, jahaan ise saangano kaha jata hai aur bharat mean arunachal pradesh tak pravesh karane tatha yah kafi lanbi doori tay karati hai, yahaan ise dihaang kaha jata hai. pasi ghat ke nikat debaang aur lohit brahmaputr nadi se mil jati hai aur yah sanyukh‍t nadi poore asam se hokar ek sankirn ghati mean bahati hai. yah ghubari ke anupravah mean baangladesh mean pravesh karati hai.

sahayak nadiyaan

bharat mean brahmaputr ki pramukh sahayak nadiyaan subasiri, jiya bhareli, ghanasiri, puthibhari, pagaladiya aur manas haian. baangh‍ladesh mean brahmaputr tish‍t adi ke pravah mean mil jati hai aur aantat: ganga mean mil jati hai. meghana ki mukhh‍y nadi barak nadi manipur ki pahadiyoan mean se nikalati hai. isaki mahath‍vapoorn sahayak nadiyaan makh‍koo, traang, tueevee, jiri, sonee, rukh‍vi, kacharaval, ghalarevari, laangachini, mahuva aur jatianga haian. barak nadi baangh‍ladesh mean bhairav bajar ke nikat ganga-‍brahmaputr ke milane tak bahati rahati hai.

dakh‍kan kshetr mean adhikaansh nadi pranaliyaan samanh‍yat poorv disha mean bahati haian aur bangal ki kha di mean mil jati haian.

godavari, krishh‍na, kaveri, mahanadi, adi poorv ki or bahane vali pramukh nadiyaan haian aur narmada, taph‍ti pashchim ki bahane vali pramukh nadiyaan hai. dakshini prayadvip mean godavari ka doosari sabase b di nadi ka droni kshetr hai jo bharat ke kshetr 10 pratishat bhag hai. isake bad krishh‍na nadi ke droni kshetr ka sh‍than hai jabaki mahanadi ka tisara sh‍than hai. dekh‍kan ke oopari bhoobhag mean narmada ka droni kshetr hai, yah arab sagar ki or bahati hai, bangal ki kha di mean girati haian dakshin mean kaveri ke saman akar ki hai aur paranh‍tu isaki visheshataean aur banavat alag hai.

kee prakar ki tatavarti nadiyaan haian jo apekshakrit chhoti haian. aisi nadiyoan mean kafi kam nadiyaan-poorvi tat ke delh‍ta ke nikat samudr mean milati hai, jabaki pashchim tat par aisi 600 nadiyaan hai.

rajash‍than mean aisi kuchh nadiyaan hai jo samudr mean nahian milati haian. ye khare jhiloan mean mil jati hai aur ret mean samaph‍t ho jati haian jisaki samudr mean koee nikasi nahian hoti hai. isake atirikh‍t kuchh marush‍thal ki nadiyaan hoti hai jo kuchh doori tak bahati haian aur marush‍thal mean luph‍t ho jati hai. aisi nadiyoan mean luni aur machh‍chh, sh‍pen, sarash‍vati, banas aur ghagh‍gar jaisi anh‍y nadiyaan haian.

bharat ki pramukh nadiyoan ki soochi

kram	nadi	lambaee (ki.mi.)	udgam sthan	sahayak nadiyaan	pravah kshetr (sambandhit rajy)

1	sindhu nadi	2,880 (709)	manasarovar jhil ke nikat (tibbat)	sataluj, vyas, jhelam, chinab, ravi, shiangar, gilagit, shyok	jammoo aur kashmir, leh
2	jhelam nadi	720	sheshanag jhil, jammoo-kashmir	kishan, ganga, puanchh, lidar, kareval, siandh	jammoo-kashmir, kashmir
3	chinab nadi	1,180	baralacha darre ke nikat	chandrabhaga	jammoo-kashmir
4	ravi nadi	725	rohataang darra, kaang da	saho, suil	himachal pradesh, jammoo-kashmir, panjab
5	sataluj nadi	1440 (1050)	manasarovar ke nikat rakasatal	vyas, spiti, baspa	himachal pradesh, panjab
6	vyas nadi	470	rohataang darra	tirthan, parvati, hurala	himachal pradesh
7	ganga nadi	2,510 (2071)	gangotri ke nikat gomukh se	yamuna, ramaganga, gomati, bagamati, gandak, kosi, son, alakananda, bhagirathi, pindar, mandakini	uttaraanchal, uttar pradesh, bihar, pashchim bangal
8	yamuna nadi	1375	yamunotri gleshiyar	chambal, betava, ken, toans, giri, kali, siandh, asan	uttaraanchal, uttar pradesh, dilli
9	ramaganga nadi	690	nainital ke nikat ek himanadi se	khon	uttaraanchal, uttar pradesh
10	ghaghara nadi	1,080	mapsatuang (nepal) himanad	sharada, karanali, kuvana, rapti, chaukiya	uttar pradesh, bihar
11	gandak nadi	425	nepal tibbat sima par mustag ke nikat	kali, gandak, trishool, ganga	bihar
12	kosi nadi	730	nepal mean saptakoshiki (goansaeedham)	indravati, tamur, arun, kosi	sikkim, bihar
13	chambal nadi	960	moo ke nikat janapav paha di se	kali, siandh, sipta, parvati, banas	madhy pradesh
14	betava nadi	480	bhopal ke pas ubedulla ganj ke pas		madhy pradesh
15	son nadi	770	amarakantak ki paha diyoan se	rihand, kunah d	madhy pradesh, bihar
16	damodar nadi	600	chhota nagapur pathar se dakshin poorv	konar, jamuniya, barakar	jharakhand, pashchim bangal
17	brahmaputr nadi	2,880	manasarovar jhil ke nikat (tibbat mean saangpo)	ghanasiri, kapili, suvanasiti, manas, lohit, nova, padma, dihaang	arunachal pradesh, asam
18	mahanadi	890	sihava ke nikat rayapur	siyonath, hasadev, uang, eeb, brahmani, vaitarani	madhy pradesh, chhattisagadh, u disa
19	vaitarani nadi	333	kyoanjhar pathar		u disa
20	svarn rekha	480	chhota nagapur pathar		u disa, jharakhand, pashchim bangal
21	godavari nadi	1,450	nasik ki paha diyoan se	pranahita, penaganga, vardha, venaganga, indravati, manjira, purana	maharashtr, karnatak, andhr pradesh
22	krishnaa nadi	1,290	mahabaleshvar ke nikat	koyana, yarala, varna, panchaganga, doodhaganga, ghataprabha, malaprabha, bhima, tuangaprabha, moosi	maharashtr, karnatak, andhr pradesh
23	kaveri nadi	760	kerakara ke nikat brahmagiri	hemavati, lokapavana, shimala, bhavani, amaravati, svarnavati	karnatak, tamilanadu
24	narmada nadi	1,312	amarakantak choti	tava, sher, shakkar, doodhi, barna	madhy pradesh, gujarat
25	tapti nadi	724	multaee se (betool)	poorana, betool, ganjal, gomee	madhy pradesh, gujarat
26	sabaramati	716	jayasamand jhil (udayapur)	vakal, hathamati	rajasthan, gujarat
27	looni nadi		nag paha d	suk di, janaee, baandi	rajasthan, gujarat, miroodi, jojari
28	banas nadi		khamanaur paha diyoan se	sodra, mausi, khari	karnatak, tamilanadu
29	mahi nadi		mehad jhil se	som, jokham, anas, soran	madhy pradesh, gujarat
30	hugali nadi		navadvip ke nikat	jalaangi
31	uttari pennar	570	nandi durg paha di	paadhani, chitravati, sagileroo
32	tuangabhadra nadi		pashchimi ghat mean gomantak choti	kumudavati, vardha, hagari, hiand, tuanga, bhadra
33	mayoosa nadi		asonora ke nikat	medeee
34	sabari nadi	418	sueekaram paha di	sileru
35	indravati nadi	531	kalahandi, u disa	narangi, kotari
36	kshipra nadi		kakari baradi paha di, iandaur	chambal nadi
37	sharada nadi	602	milam himanad, himalay, kumayooan	ghaghara nadi
38	tava nadi		mahadev parvat, panchamadhi	narmada nadi
39	hasado nadi		saraguja mean kaimoor paha diyaan	mahanadi
40	kali siandh nadi	416	bagalo, zila devas, viandhyachal parvat	yamuna nadi
41	sindh nadi		siroj, guna zila	chambal nadi
42	ken nadi		viandhyachal shreni	yamuna nadi
43	parvati nadi		viandhyachal, madhy pradesh	chambal nadi
44	ghagghar nadi		kalaka, himachal pradesh
45	banaganga nadi	494	bairath paha diyaan, jayapur	yamuna nadi
46	som nadi		bichha mean da, udayapur	jokham, gomati, sarani
47	ay d ya bedach nadi	190	gomunda paha di, udayapur	banas nadi
48	dakshin pinakin	400	chenna keshav paha di, karnatak
49	dakshini toans	265	tamasa kuand, kaimoor paha di
50	daman ganga nadi		pashchim ghat
51	girana nadi		pashchim ghat, nasik

bharat ka sanvidhan

bharatiy sanvidhan ki maang

1885 mean kaangres ke gathan ke bad se bharatiyoan mean rajanitik chetana jagrit huee aur dhire-dhire bharatiyoan ke man mean yah dharana banane lagi ki bharat ke log svayan apane rajanitik bhavishy ka nirnay karean. is dharana ko sarvapratham abhivyakti 1895 mean us "svarajy vidheyak" mean mili, jise lokamany bal gangadhar tilak ke nirdeshan mean taiyar kiya gaya tha. bad mean 1922 mean mahatma gaandhi dvara yah udagar vyakt kiya gaya ki "bharatiy sanvidhan bharatiyoan ki ichchhanusar hoga". mahatma gaandhi ke is udagar mean yah ashay nihit nahian tha ki bharat ke sanvidhan ka nirman bharatiyoan ke dvara kiya aye. unaka keval yah mat tha ki bharatiyoan ki ichchha ko dhyan mean rakhate hue british sansad bharatiy sanvidhan ko parit kare. mahatma gaandhi ki is maang ne bharatiy netaoan ko bharatiy sanvidhan ki maang ke lie utprerit kiya. 1924 mean motilal neharoo dvara british sarakar se yah maang ki gayi ki bharatiy sanvidhan ke nirman ke lie sanvidhan sabha ka gathan kiya jae. isake bad sanvidhan sabha ke vichar ka aupacharik roop se pratipadan samyavadi neta em0 en0 ray dvara kiya gaya, jise 1934 mean javahar lal neharoo ne moort roop pradan kiya. neharoo ji ne kaha ki yadi yah svikar kiya jata hai ki bharat ke bhagy ki ekamatr nirnayak bharatiy janata hai, to bharatiy janata ko apana sanvidhan nirman karane ki poorn svatantrata honi chahie.

bharat ka sanvidhan 26 janavari, 1950 ko lagoo hua. isaka nirman sanvidhan sabha ne kiya tha, jisaki pahali baithak 9 disambar, 1946 ko huee thi. sanvidhan sabha ne 26 navambar, 1949 ko sanvidhan ko aangikar kar liya tha. sanvidhan sabha ki pahali baithak avibhajit bharat ke lie bulaee gee thi. 4 agast, 1947 ko sanvidhan sabha ki baithak punah huee aur usake adhyaksh sachchidanand sinha the. sinha ke nidhan ke bad d aau0 rajendr prasad sanvidhan sabha ke adhyaksh bane. pharavari 1948 mean sanvidhan ka masauda prakashit hua. 26 navambar, 1949 ko sanvidhan antim roop mean svikrit hua aur 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo hua.

bharat ka sanvidhan briten ki sansadiy pranali ke namoone par hai, kintu ek vishay mean yah usase bhinn hai, briten mean sansad sarvochch hai. bharat mean sansad nahian; balki sanvidhan sarvochch hai. bharat mean nyayalayoan ko bharat ki sansad dvara pas kie ge qanoon ki sanvaidhanikata par faisala karane ka adhikar prapt hai.

bharatiy sanvidhan sabha

bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ki karyavahi 13 disambar, san 1946 ee. ko javahar lal neharoo dvara pesh kiye ge uddeshy prastav ke sath prarambh huee.

sanvidhan sabha ke pramukh sadasy
kaangresi sadasy	gair kaangresi sadasy	mahila sadasy	sadasyata asvikar karane vale vyakti
pan javahar lal neharoo	d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan	sarojani nayadoo	jay prakash narayan
saradar vallabh bhaee patel	d aau. shyama prasad mukharji	shrimati hansa mehata	tej bahadur saproo
d aau. rajeandr prasad	en. gopalasvami ayangar
maulana abul kalam azad	pan. hridayanath kuanjaroo
chakravarti rajagopalachari	sar alladi krishnaasvami ayyar
achary je.bi. kripalani	tekachand bakhshi
pan. goviand vallabh pant	pro. ke. ti. shah
rajarshi purushottam das tandan	d aau. bhimarav ambedakar
bal goviand kher	d aau. jayakar
ke. em. muanshi
ti. ti. krishnaamachari

sanvidhan sabha ki pramukh samitiyaan
samiti	adhyaksh
niyam samiti	d aau. rajeandr prasad
sangh shakti samiti	pan javahar lal neharoo
sangh sanvidhan samiti	pan javahar lal neharoo
praantiy sanvidhan samiti	saradar vallabh bhaee patel
sanchalan samiti	d aau. rajeandr prasad
praroop samiti	d aau. bhimarav ambedakar
jhanda samiti	je. bi. kripalani
rajy samiti	pan javahar lal neharoo
paramarsh samiti	saradar vallabh bhaee patel
sarvochch nyayalay samiti	es. varadachariyar
mool adhikar upasamiti	je. bi. kripalani
alpasankhyak upasamiti	ech. si. mukharji

rajyoan ka gathan ek jhalak

kram	rajy ka nam	poorn rajy ke roop mean	rajy ke nam ka arth, udbhav, parichay

1	tamilanadu	14 janavari, 1969	tamilabhashi pradesh
2	keral	1 navambar, 1956	1-'kera' arthat 'nariyal ke vrikshoan ki bhoomi' 2-keral shabd ki utpatti 'keralam' se bhi mani jati hai jo 'cheralam' ka apabhransh hai. yahaan cher ka ashay 'pana ya jo dana' hota hai. is tarah cheralam ka ashay ho gaya- 'vah bhoomi jo samudr se prapt hokar jo di gayi ho.'
3	andhr pradesh	1-1aktoobar, 1953 ko naye 'andhr pradesh' ka gathan hua., 2-vartaman andhr pradesh(telaangana+haidarabad) jisaki rajadhani haidarabad thi, 1 navambar, 1956 ko astitv mean aya.	andhroan ka desh
4	karnatak	1956 mean maisoor ke nam se rajy ka gathan hua jise bad mean 1 navambar, 1973 ko karnatak ke nam se namantarit kiya gaya.	kuroonadu shabd se karnatak ki utpatti mani jati hai jisaka arth hota hai- 'bhavy, uchch bhoomi'.
5	u disa	19 agast, 1949	u diya logoan ki bhoomi
6	maharashtr	1 mee, 1960	maha tatha rashtr se maharashtr bana hai. isaka ashay hai- 'gauravashali ya shreshth atit vala
7	gova	30 mee, 1987
8	chhattisagadh	1 navambar, 2000	chhattis gadhoan ya qiloan ka pradesh
9	madhy pradesh	1 navambar, 1956	desh ka madhy bhag
10	gujarat	1 mee, 1960	gurjaroan ka pradesh
11	rajasthan	1 navambar 1956	rajasthan ka shabdik ashay 'rajaoan ke sthan' se hai. ullekhaniy hai itihas ke anusar rajasthan rajapoot rajaoan ka pradesh tha.
12	uttar pradesh	26 janavari, 1950	1- uttar mean sthit pradesh, 2- uttari kshetroan ka bauddhik netritv karane vala pradesh
13	bihar	san 1936 mean prithak rajy bana, 1956 ke punargathan vidheyak dvara bihar ko vartaman svaroop mila.	bihar ki utpatti 'vihar' se mani gayi hai. yah nam yahaan par avasthit asankhy bauddh viharoan ke karan p da mana jata hai.
14	jharakhand	15 navambar 2000	jha d aur khand ke milane se bane jharakhand ka ashay aise pradesh se hai jahaan jha diyoan ki bahulata ho.
15	pashchim bangal	rajy punargathan adhiniyam, 1956 ke dvara yah vartaman svaroop mean astitv mean aya.	bangal ki utpatti 'bang' shabd se mani jati hai tatha pashchim shabd kshetragat avasthiti ki or sanket karate haian.
16	uttarakhand	1- 9 navambar 2000, 2- uttaraanchal ko 1 janavari 2007 se uttarakhand kiya gaya.	uttaraanchal ka ashay 'uttar ka aanchal' ya kshetr hai.
17	hariyana	1 navambar 1966	hariyali yukt pradesh
18	panjab	1 navambar, 1956	'panch'(paanch) aur ab(pani) namak do farasi shabdoan se panjab bana hai. panjab ka arth hai 'paanch nadiyoan ka pradesh'
19	himachal pradesh	25 janavari, 1971	him(barph) tatha achal(paha d) se himachal bana hai. isaka ashay hua 'barf se dhaka paha d vala pradesh'.
20	jammoo aur kashmir	26 aktoobar, 1947	1- kashyap rrishi ka pradesh, 2- kesar bhoomi
21	asam	punargathan adhiniyam, 1956	1- advitiy, 2- ub d-khab d(saman nahian) bhoomi ka pradesh
22	manipur	21 janavari, 1972	maniyoan ka nagar
23	meghalay	2 aprॅl 1970 ko svayattashasi rajy ke roop mean tatha 21 janavari, 1972 ko poorn rajy ke roop gathit.	megh+alay= badaloan ka ghar.
24	tripura	21 janavari, 1972	tripur shasak dvara basaya gaya kshetr.
25	mizoram	faravari, 1987	mizoram ka ashay hai 'paha davasiyoan ki bhoomi'.
26	arunachal pradesh	20 faravari, 1987	sooryoday ka pradesh
27	nagalaiand	1961 mean ise rajy ka darja diya gaya lekin 1 disambar, 1963 ko ise vidhivat poorn rajy ghoshit kiya gaya.	nagaoan ki bhoomi.
28	sikkim	26 aprॅl, 1975	'limboo bhasha' ke sikkim ka arth hota hai 'naya mahal'. pradesh ke advitiy prakritik saundary ke karan ise svarg bhi kaha jata hai.

krishi

**mahattvapoorn fasaloan ke tin sabase b de utpadak rajy, 2007-08**
fasal/fasal samooh	rajy	utpadan (miliyan tan)	desh ke kul utpadan ka pratishat

khadyann
chaval	pashchim bangal	14.72	15.22
	aandhr pradesh	13.32	13.78
	uttar pradesh	11.78	12.18
gehooan	uttar pradesh	25.68	32.68
	panjab	15.72	20.01
	hariyana	10.24	13.03
makka	aandhr pradesh	3.62	19.09
	karnatak	3.25	17.14
	rajasthan	1.96	10.34
mote anaj	rajasthan	7.12	17.47
	maharashtr	7.09	17.4
	karnatak	6.94	17.03
dalean	maharashtr	3.02	20.46
	madhy pradesh	2.45	16.6
	aandhr pradesh	1.7	11.52
khadyann	uttar pradesh	42.09	18.24
	panjab	26.82	11.62
	aandhr pradesh	19.3	8.36
tilahan
mooangaphali	gujarat	3.3	35.95
	aandhr pradesh	2.6	28.32
	tamilanadu	1.05	11.44
repasid v sarasoan	rajasthan	2.36	40.48
	uttar pradesh	1	17.15
	hariyana	0.6	10.29
soyabin	madhy pradesh	5.48	49.95
	maharashtr	3.98	36.28
	rajasthan	1.07	9.75
soorajamukhi	karnatak	0.59	40.41
	aandhr pradesh	0.44	30.14
	maharashtr	0.2	13.7
tilahan	madhy pradesh	6.35	21.34
	maharashtr	4.87	16.36
	gujarat	4.73	15.89
nakadi fasalean
ganna	uttar pradesh	124.67	35.81
	maharashtr	88.44	25.4
	tamilanadu	38.07	10.93
kapas^[9]	gujarat	8.28	31.99
	maharashtr	7.02	27.13
	aandhr pradesh	3.49	13.49
joot v mesta^[10]	pashchim bangal	8.29	73.95
	bihar	1.46	13.02
	asam	0.68	6.07
aloo	uttar pradesh	9.99	41.77
	pashchim bangal	7.46	31.21
	bihar	1.23	5.16
pyaz	maharashtr	2.47	28.44
	gujarat	2.13	24.52
	karnatak	0.87	10.02

krishi bharat ki arthavyavastha ki ridh mani jati hai. vibhinn panchavarshiy yojanaoan dvara chalae ja rahe vibhinn karyakramoan evan prayasoan se krishi ko rashtriy arthavyavastha mean garimapoorn darja mila hai. krishi kshetroan mean lagabhag 64% shramikoan ko rojagar mila hua hai. 1950-51 mean kul ghareloo utpad mean krishi ka hissa 59.2% tha jo ghatakar 1982-83 mean 36.4% aur 1990-91 mean 34.9% tatha 2001-2002 mean 25% rah gaya. yah 2006-07 ki avadhi ke dauran ausat adhar par ghatakar 18.5% rah gaya. dasavian yojana (2002-2007) ke dauran samagr sakal ghareloo utpad ki ausat varshik vriddhi pad 7.6% thi jabaki is dauran krishi tatha sambaddh kshetr ki varshik vriddhi dar 2.3% rahi. 2001-02 se praranbh huee nav sahastrabdi ke pratham 6 varshoan mean 3.0% ki varshik samany ausat vriddhi dar 2003-04 mean 10% aur 2005-06 mean 6% ki rahi.

desh mean rashtriy ay ka lagabhag 28% krishi se prapt hota hai. lagabhag 70% janasankhya apani ajivika ke lie krishi par nirbhar hai. desh se hone vale niryatoan ka b da hissa bhi krishi se hi ata hai. gair krishi-kshetroan mean b di matra mean upabhokta vastuean evan bahutayat udyogoan ko kachcha mal isi kshetr dvara bheja jata hai.

bharat mean paanchavean dashak ke shuruati varshoan mean anaj ki prati vyakti dainik upalabdhata 395 gram thi, jo 1990-91 mean badhakar 468 gram, 1996-97 mean 528.77 gram, 1999-2000 mean 467 gram, 2000-01 mean 455 gram, 2001-02 mean 416 gram, 2002-03 mean 494 gram aur 2003-04 mean 436 gram tak pahuanch gee. varsh 2005-06 mean yah upalabdhata prati vyakti pratidin 412 gram ho gee. vishv mean sabase adhik kshetroan mean dalahani kheti karane vala desh bhi bharat hi hai. isake bavajood prati vyakti dal ki dainik upalabdhata santoshajanak nahian rahi hai. isamean samanyat: prati varsh giravat darz ki gee hai. varsh 1951 mean dal ki prati vyakti dainik upalabdhata 60.7 gram thi vahi yah 1961 mean 69.0 gram, 1971 mean 51.2 gram, 1981 mean 37.5 gram, 1991 mean 41.6 gram aur 2001 mean 30.0 gram ho gee. varsh 2005 mean prati vyakti pratidin dal ki nival upalabdh matra 31.5 gram tatha 2005-06 ke dauran 33 gram pratidin prati vyakti ho gee. bharat mean hi sarvapratham kapas ka sankar bij taiyar kiya gaya hai. vibhinn krishi kshetroan mean adhunikatam evan upayukt praudyogiki ka vikas karane mean bhi bharatiy vaijnanikoan ne saphalata arjit ki hai.

fasal-chakr vividhatapoorn ho gaya hai. harit kranti ke shuroo hone ke bad ke samay mean 1967-68 se 2005-06 tak krishi utpadan ki varshik vriddhi dar lagabhag 2.45% rahi. 1964-65 mean khadyann utpadan 890 lakh tan se badhakar 1999-2000 mean 2098 lakh tan, 2000-01 mean 1968 lakh tan, 2001-02 mean 2119 lakh tan, 2002-03 mean 1748 lakh tan, 2003-04 mean 2132 lakh tan, 2004-05 mean 1984 lakh tan aur 2005-06 mean 2086 lakh tan ho gaya jabaki 2006-07 ke dauran 2173 lakh khadyann utpaandan sanbhavit hai. fasal-chakr mean parivartan ke parinamasvaroop soorajamukhi, soyabin tatha garmiyoan mean hone vali mooangaphali jaisi gair paramparagat fasaloan ka mahatv badhata ja raha hai. 1970-71 mean krishi utpadan soochakaank 85.9 tha. yah soochakaank 1980-81 ke soochakaank 102.1 aur 1990-91 ke soochakaank 148.4 se badhakar 2001-2002 mean 178.8, 2002-03 mean 150.4, 2003-04 mean 182.8, 2004-05 mean 177.3 aur 2005-06 mean yah soochakaank 191.6 ho gaya jabaki 2006-07 mean yah soochakaank 197.1 sanbhavit hai. isaka mukhy karan chaval, gehooan, dal, tilahan, ganna tatha any naqadi fasaloan ki paidavar mean vriddhi rahi hai.

bharat mean mukhy roop se tin fasaloan boee jati hai- yatha kharif, rabi evan garmi (zayad). kharif ki fasal mean mukhy roop se makka, jvar, bajara, dhan, mooangaphali, soyabin, arahar adi haian. rabi ki mukhy fasaloan mean gehooan, jau, chana, matar, sarasoan, toriya adi hai. garmi ki fasaloan mean mukhy roop se sabziyaan hi boee jati hai. desh ke kul bhaugolik kshetr ka 3287.3 lakh hekteyar ka 93.1% kheti ke prayog mean liya jata hai.

krishi ek aisa vyavasay hai jisamean utpadan ke bahut se karak haian jin par krishak ya vaijnanikoan ka koee vash nahian chalata he. is tarah ke karakoan mean jalavayu sabase mahatvapoorn karak hai. vibhinn sthanoan par samany mausam-chakr ke atirikt bhi kab mausam kaisa ho jaega koee pata nahian. isake alava fasalean jalavayu ke anusar badali jati haian n ki fasal ke anusar jalavayu ko. atev kisi sthan par kaun si phasal ke anusar jalavayu ko. atev kisi sthan par kaun si fasal boee jay yah vahaan ki jalavayu, mrida, ooanchaee, varsha adi par nirbhar karati he.

bharatiy krishi ki visheshataean

bharatiy krishi ki pramukh visheshatayean is prakar haian-

bharatiy krishi ki mahatvapoorn visheshata jot ikaiyoan ki adhikata evan unake akar ka kam hona hai.
bharatiy krishi mean jot ke antargat kul kshetraphal khandoan mean vibhakt hai tatha sabhi khand doori par sthit haian.
bhoomi par pratyaksh evan paroksh roop se janasankhya ka adhik bhar hai.
krishi utpadan mukhyataya prakriti par nirbhar rahata hai.
bharatiy krishak garibi ke karan kheti mean pooanji nivesh kam karata hai.
khadyann utpadan ko prathamikata di jati hai.
krishi jivikoparjan ki sadhan mani jati hean
bharatiy krishi mean adhikaansh krishi kary pashuoan par nirbhar karata hai.
bharat ki prachalit bhoomikir pranali bhi doshayukt hai.

bhoomi upayog- bharat mean bhoomi upayog mean vividhata dekhane ko milati hai. desh ke kul bhaugolik kshetraphal 3287.3 lakh hekteyar mean se 1950-51 mean 404.8 lakh hekteyar bhoomi par van the. 1998-99 mean yah kshetr badhakar 689.7 lakh hekteyar aur 2000-01 mean 694-07 lakh hekteyar ho gaya. isi avadhi mean buaee vali bhoomi 1,187.5 lakh hekteyar se badhakar kramash: 1,426 lakh hekteyar aur 1,411.01 lakh hekteyar ho gee. fasaloan ke prakar ki drishti se agar dekha jaye to krishi vale kul kshetroan mean gair-khadyann ki apeksha khadyann ki krishi adhik hoti rahi hai, kintu khadyann ki krishi jo 1950-51 mean 76.7% bhoomi par ho rahi thi, vah 1998-99 ke dauran ghatakar 65.6% rah gee. krishi ganana ke anusar b di jot (10 hekteyar aur isase adhik) ke aantargat ane vala kshetr 1985-86 mean 20.1% ki apeksha 1990-91 mean ghatakar 17.3% rah gaya hai. isi prakar simaant jot (1 hekteyar se kam ki jot) ke aantargat ane vala kshetr 1985-86 mean 13.4% se badhakar 1990-91 mean 15% ho gaya hai.

bharatiy krishi ke prakar

bharatiy krishi anek vividhataoan ke yukt hai. jalavayavik bhinnata, mitti ki urvarata, parivartanashil mausam, kheti karane ke dhang adi se bharatiy krishi prabhavit hai. utpadan ki matra tatha krishi dhang ke adhar par bharat ki krishi ko shuddh aur sankar krishi ke roop mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai. shuddh krishi moolat: paranparagat prakar ki krishi hai jisake dvara krishakoan ki keval moolabhoot avashyakataoan ki poorti ho pati hai.

sasy vijnan

sasy vijnan (Agronomy) krishi ki vah shakha hai, jisake antargat phasal utpadan tatha bhoomi prabandh ke siddhantoan aur krishi kriyaoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. phasaloan ka mahatv- prithvi par rahane vale sabhi jiv-jantuoan ki jivan paroksh ya pratyaksh roop se vanaspatiyoan par nirbhar karata hai. vanaspati se jiv-jantuoan ko bhojan tatha aksijan ke alava janasankhya hetu vastr, avas evan davaoan adi ki poorti bhi ki jati hai.

fasaloan ka vargikaran

jivan chakr ke anusar vargikaran

ek varshi- ye fasalean apana jivan chakr ek varsh athava isase kam samay mean poora karati hai, jaise – dhan, gehooan, jau, chana, soyabin adi.
dvivarshi- aise paudhoan mean pahale varsh vanaspatik vriddhi hoti hai aur doosare varsh unamean phool tatha bij banate haian. yani ve apana jivan chakr do varshoan mean poora karate haian. yatha chukandar, ganna adi.
bahuvarshi- aise paudhe anek varshoan tak jivit rahate haian. parantu inake jivan chakr mean prativarsh ya ek varsh ke antaral par phool aur phal ate haian aur jivan chakr poora ho jata hai. jaise- loosarn, nepiyar ghas.

rrituoan ke adhar par vargikaran

kharif- in phasaloan ko bote samay adhik tapaman evan ardrata tatha pakate samay shushk vatavaran ki avashyakata hoti hai. uttar bharat mean inako joon-julaee mean bote haian. dhan, makka, jvar, bajara, mooang, mooangaphali, ganna adi is rritu ki pramukh fasalean haian. kharif ki fasalean C3 shreni mean ati haian. is shreni ke paudhe mean jal upayog kshamata aur prakash sanshleshan par donoan hi adhik hoti hai jabaki prakash-shvasan dar kam hoti hai.
rabi- in fasaloan ko boaee ke sayam kam tapaman tatha pakate samay shushk aur garm vatavaran ki avashyakata hoti hai. ye fasalean samanyat: aktoobar-navambar ke mahinoan mean boee jati haian. gehooan, jau, chana, masoor, sarasoan, barasim adi is varg ki pramukh phasalean haian. rabi phasalean, C4 shreni mean ati haian. is shreni ke paudhe ki visheshata hai ki inamean jal upayog kshamata evan prakash-sanshleshan dar donoan hi kam hoti hai. is prakar, in paudhoan mean din ke prakash mean bhi shvasan evan prakash-sanshleshan ki kriya sanpann hoti hai.
zayad- is varg ki fasaloan mean tej garmi aur shushk havaean sahan karane ki achchhi kshamata hoti hai. uttar bharat mean ye phasalean mukhyat: march-aprail mean boee jati haian. tarabooj, kak di, khira adi is varg ki pramukh fasalean haian.

khanij sanpada

svatantrata prapti ke pashchat bharat mean khanijoan ke utpadan mean nirantar vriddhi huee hai. koyala, lauh, ayask, b aauksaid adi ka utpadan nirantar badha hai. 1951 mean sirph 83 karo d rupaye ke khanijoan ka khanan hua tha, parantu 1970-71 mean inaki matra badhakar 490 karo d rupaye ho gee. agale 20 varshoan mean khanijoan ke utpadan mean abhootapoorv vriddhi huee. 2001-02 mean nikale gaye khanijoan ka kul mooly 58,516.36 karo d rupaye tak pahuanch gaya jabaki 2005-06 ke dauran kul 75,121.61 karo d rupaye mooly ke khanijoan ka utpadan kiya gaya. yadi matra ki drishti se dekha jaye, to bharat mean khanijoan ki matra mean lagabhag tiguni vriddhi huee hai, usaka 50% bhag sirph petroliyam aur prakritik gais ke karan tatha 40% koyala ke karan hua hai. any shabdoan mean 2005-06 mean kul khanij mooly (75,121.61 karo d ru) mean se petroliyam aur prakritik gais se 26,851.31 karo d rupaye tatha koyala aur lignait se 29,560.75 karo d rupaye ke mooly shamil haian. shesh 11,575.35 karo d rupaye mooly ke any dhatvik tatha adhatvik khanij the.

desh ke mahattvapoorn khanij
khanij	anumanit bhandar	prapti ke kshetr	vishesh bindu

lauh khanij	13 arab tan	u disa: sonaee, kyoanjhar, mayoorabhanj · jharakhand: sianhabhoom, hazaribag palamoo · chhattisagadh: bastar, durg, rayapur, rayagadh · madhy pradesh: jabalapur, bilasapur, balaghat, chhindaba da · andhr pradesh: kudappa, krishnaa, kuranool, guantoor, varangal, chittoor · karnatak: belari, chikamangaloor, chital durg · maharashtr: salem, tiruchirapalli · gova	desh mean vishv ka sarvadhik anumanit bhandar^[11] jharakhand tatha u disa rajyoan se desh ka lagabhag 75% loha prapt kiya jata hai.
maianganiz	16.7 karo d tan	jharakhand: sianhabhoom · karnatak: chitaladurg, tumakur, shimoga, kianmagaloor, uttari kanara, dharava d, belagaanv · andhr pradesh: vishakhapattanam · gujarat panchamahal· rajasthan: udayapur tatha baansava da · madhy pradesh: balaghat, chhindava da, sivani, jabalapur · u disa: kyoanjhar, kalahaandi, talachar, mayoorabhanj · maharashtr: nagapur, bhandara tatha ratnagiri	maianganiz utpadan mean bharat ka vishv mean tisara sthan hai. u disa desh ka sarvadhik maianganiz utpadan karane vala rajy hai.
abhrak	1.09 lakh tan	bihar: abhrak peti ka vistar gaya tatha muanger ziloan mean · jharakhand: hazaribag mean · rajasthan: abhrak peti ka vistar ajamer, shahapura, tianka, bhilava da, jayapur mean · andhr pradesh: nellor	bharat mean vishv ka sarvadhik abhrak hai tatha yahaan par se vishv utpadan ka lagabhag do tihaee abhrak prapt kiya jata hai.
b aauksait	303.7 karo d tan	jharakhand: palamoo · gujarat: khe da · madhy pradesh: katani, balaghat, bilasapur, bastar tatha jabalapur · tamilanadu: salem · karnatak: chitaladurg tatha belagaanv · maharashtr: kolhapur · jammoo kashmir: kotali	baksait se elyuminiyam dhatu ki prapti hoti hai. bharat ka vishv mean baksait utpadan mean tisara sthan hai.
taanba	67.41 karo d tan	jharakhand: sianhabhoom, hazaribag · rajasthan: khetadi, jhuanjhunoo, bhilava da, alavar, sirohi · karnatak: chitaladurg, hasan, rayachoor tatha chikamangaloor ·andhr pradesh: guntoor, khammam tatha agrigundal · gujarat: banaansakatha · madhy pradesh: balaghat · desh mean taanbe ki kuchh matra panjab, uttar pradesh, sikkim tatha tamilanadu se bhi prapt hoti hai.	desh mean taanba bahut hi kam matra mean bhandarit hai. desh ka lagabhag taanba bihar ke sianhabhoom tatha hazaribag ziloan evan rajasthan ki khet di khanoan se prapt kiya jata hai.
sona	176.9 lakh tan	karnatak ^[12]
maigresait	24.50 karo d tan	karnatak: maisoor tatha hasan · uttarakhand: almo da, chamoli tatha pithoragadh · tamilanadu: salem
koyala	2,0624 kharab tan	jharakhand tatha bangal: raniganj, jhariya, giridih, bokaro tatha karanapura · madhy pradesh: siangarauli · chhattisagadh: rayagadh, sonahat, sohagapur tatha umariya · u disa: desagadh, talachar · maharashtr: chaanda zila · asam: makoom tatha lakhimapur · andhr pradesh: siangareni · bahut tho di matra mean koyala arunachal pradesh, jammoo kashmir, meghalay tatha nagalaind se bhi prapt kiya jata hai.
lignait	260 karo d tan	tamilanadu: nebeli kshetr · rajasthan: palloo kshetr · jammoo kashmir: riyasi kshetr · gujarat tatha pandicheri: lignait ke kuchh bhandar milate haian.	desh mean lignait ka sarvadhik bhandar^[13] keval tamilanadu rajy mean hi hai.
khanij tel	620 karo d tan	isaki prapti ke pramukh kshetr asam ki brahmaputr ghati tatha gujarat rajy mean sthit haian. inake atirikt tripura, manipur, pashchim bangal, himachal pradesh, kachchh kshetr, andhr pradesh adi mean bhi khanij tel ka pata laga hai. pashchim bangal, u disa, andhr pradesh, maharashtr tatha gujarat ke apatatiy kshetr mean bhi tel bhandar sthit haian.

oorja aur eeandhan

bijali, koyala, tel aur gais

bharat ke sarvadhik ooanche baandh
kram	baandh	nadi (nirmit baandh)	baandh ki ooanchaee	baandh ki lambaee (mitar mean)	jalashay kshamata

1	tihari baandh	bhagirathi	261	570	35,390
2	kishaoo baandh	toans	253	260	24,000
3	idukki baandh	periyar	196	366	19,960
4	bhakh da baandh	sataluj	191	440	5,800
5	lakhavar baandh	yamuna	191	440	5,800
6	shrishailam baandh	krishnaa	143	512	87,220
7	cherootani baandh	cherootani	138	650	19,960
8	saradar sarovar baandh	narmada	137	1210	94,920
9	poang baandh	vyas	133	1950	87,700
10	sailaind baili baandh	kuanti pooja	131	430	3,170

tel shodhanashalaean
shodhanashala	sthapana varsh	shodhan kshamata^[14]
digboee (asam)	1901	5.0
mumbee (ech.pi.si.el.)	1954	55
mumbee (bi.pi.si.el.)	1955	60
vishakhapatanam	1957	45
guvahati (asam)	1962	8.5
barauni (bihar)	1964	33.0
koyali (gujarat)	1965	95
kochin	1966	45
chennee	1969	56
haldiya (pashchim bangal)	1975	27.5
bogaeegaanv (asam)	1979	13.5
mathura (uttar pradesh)	1982	75
karanal (hariyana)	1987	30
jamanagar (gujarat)	1999	54

tap vidyut grih (koyala)
vidyut grih	rajy
nevali tap vidyut grih	tamilanadu
pataratoo tap vidyut grih	hazaribag, jharakhand
koraba tap vidyut grih	chhattisagadh
haraduaganj tap vidyut grih	uttar pradesh
obara tap vidyut grih	mirzapur, uttar pradesh
talachar tap vidyut grih	u disa
satapu da tap vidyut grih	madhy pradesh
pharakka supar tap vidyut grih	pashchim bangal
ramagundam supar tap vidyut grih	aandhr pradesh
vindhyachal supar tap vidyut grih	madhy pradesh
rihand tap vidyut grih	uttar pradesh
siangarauli tap vidyut grih	uttar pradesh

vitaran-utpadan (koyala)
rajy	sankhya ^[15]	pratishat^[16]	utpadan^[17]	pratishat^[16]
jharakhand	207	35%	754.13	24.35%
u disa	21	24%	448.03	14.46%
chhattisagadh		17%
pashchim bangal	106	13%	200.99	6.29%
aandhr pradesh	68	06%	302.74	9.77%
maharashtr	62	03%	287.53	5.45%
uttar pradesh	04		168.63	5.45%
sanpoorn bharat	606		3096.28

bhandar-utpadan (gais)
kshetr / rajy	bhandar^[18]	pratishat^[16]
mumbee haee	13,976	80%
gujarat	1,793	11%
asam	1,217	8%
tamilanadu	306	1.5%
tripura	10	8.6%

paramanu oorja

bharat ka paramanu oorja vibhag tin charanoan mean nabhikiy oorja karyakram chala raha hai-

pahale charan mean dabit gurujal riektaroan (pi ech dablyoo ar) aur unase ju de eeandhan-chakr ke lie vidha ko sthapit kiya jana hai. aise riektaroan mean prakritik yooreniyam ko eeandhan ke rup mean gurujal ko m aaudaretar evan kooleant ke rup mean prayog kiya jata hai.
doosare charan mean phast bridar riektar banane ka pravadhan hai, jinake sath punah prasanskaran sanyantr aur plootoniyam-adharit eeandhan sanvicharan sanyantr bhi hoange. plootoniyam ko yooreniyam 238 ke vikhandan se prapt kiya jata hai.
tisara charan thoriyam-yooreniyam-233 chakr par adharit hai. yooreniyam-233 ko thoriyam ke vikiran se hasil kiya jata hai.

pahala charan

nabhikiy oorja karyakram ke pratham charan ka upayog vyavasayik kshetroan mean ho raha hai. bharatiy nabhikiy oorja nigam limited (en.pi.si.aee.el.) paramanu oorja vibhag ki sarvajanik kshetr ki ikaee hai jis par nabhikiy riektaroan ke dijain, nirman aur sanchalan ka dayitv hai. kampani 17 riektars (do ubalate jal vale riektar aur 15 dabit gurujal riektar) ka sanchalan karati hai jinaki kul kshamata 4120 megav aaut hai. enapisiaeeel 03 piechadablyoo riektars ka tatha do halke jal riektars ka nirman ka rahi hai jisase isaki kshamata varsh 2008 tak badh ka 6780 mega ilektrik v aaut ho jaegi.

dvitiy charan

pha‍sh‍t bridar karyakram takaniki pradarshan ke charan mean hai. doosare charan ka anubhav praph‍t karane ke lie iandira gaandhi paramanu anusandhan kenh‍dr (aee. ji. si. e. ar.) taral sodiyam dvara thande kie ja rahe phash‍t bridar riekh‍taroan ke dijain aur vikas mean laga hai. isane phash‍t bridar riekh‍tar praudyogiki vikasit karane mean saphalata hasil kar li hai. isake 500 megavat kshamata ke prototaip phash‍t bridar riekh‍tar (pi.eph.bi.ar.) ka nirman kalapakh‍kam mean shuroo kar diya gaya hai. in pariyojanaoan ko lagoo karane ke lie nee kanpani bharatiy nabhikiy vidyut nigam (biechebiarenaee) ‘bhavini’ dvara varsh 2010-11 tak dakshini grid ko 500 mega ilektrik vat vidyut ki apoorti ki ja sakegi.

tritiy charan

nabhikiy urja karyakram ka tisara charan takaniki vikas ke charan mean hai. bark mean 300 megavat ke unh‍nat gurujal riekh‍tar (e.ech.dabh‍loo.ar.) ka vikas kary chal raha hai taki thoriyam ish‍temal mean visheshajnata hasil ho sake aur suraksha ke pukhh‍ta tarikoan ka pradarshan ho jae. thoriyam adharit pranaliyoan jaise eechadabh‍lyooar ko vh‍yavasayik ish‍temal ke lie tabhi sh‍thapit kiya ja sakata hai jabaki phash‍t bridar riekh‍tar ke adhar par uchh‍ch kshamata ka nirman kar liya jae.

raksha

bharat mean prakshepastr karyakram ka vikas is prakar hua-

1967 mean bharat ne aantariksh shodh aur upagrah prakshepastr karyakram prarambh kiya aur varsh 1972 tak r aauket rohini-560 ka parikshan kar liya gaya. rohini-560 ki marak kshamata lagabhag 100 kilo bhar ke sath 334 kilomitar door tak thi.
1979 mean bharat ne pahali bar upagrah prakshepan yan 'eselavi-3' aantariksh boostar ka prakshepan kiya.
1980 mean 35 kilo bhar vale rohini-1 upagrah ka saphal prakshepan kiya gaya.
1983 mean bharat ke 'raksha anusandhan aur vikas sansthan' (di ar di o) ne ekikrit prakshepastr vikas karyakram ki ghoshana ki jisamean paanch prakshepastr vikasit kie jane the-

prithvi jo satah se satah par mar karane vala prakshepastr hai (taral eeandhan vala bailistik prakshepastr).
1. prithvi-1 jisaki marak kshamata dedh sau kilomitar, ek hazar kilogram ki kshamata hai. yah sena ke lie hai.
2. prithvi-2 jisaki marak kshamata dhaee sau kilomitar, paanch sau kilogram ki kshamata hai. yah vayu sena ke lie hai.
3. prithvi-3 jisaki marak kshamata sadhe tin sau kilomitar, paanch sau kilogram ki kshamata hai. yah nausena ke lie hai.
agni jo satah se satah par mar karane vala prakshepastr hai aur jisaki kshamata dedh hazar kilomitar hai. yah ek hazar kilogram bhar vala astr le ja sakata hai. is prakshepastr ka pahala charan eselavi-3 ke thos eeandhan vale motar ka aur doosara charan taral eeandhan vale prithvi ka prayog karata hai.
akash jo satah se satah par mar karane vala lanbi doori ka prakshepastr hai. yah 55 kilogram vajan ka astr le ja sakata hai aur adhikatam 25 kilomitar ki doori tak yah ek sath paanch vimanoan ko nishana bana sakata hai.
trishool jo satah se satah par ya satah se hava mean mar karane vala kam doori ka prakshepastr hai. isaki marak doori 50 kilomitar hai aur yah radar ke nirdeshoan se kary karata hai.
nag jo taiank rodhi prakshepastr hai. yah lagabhag char kilomitar ki kshamata vala prakshepastr hai aur nirdeshoan ke lie sanvedi praudyogiki par bana hai.

1987 mean bharat ne adhunik upagrah prakshepan yan (e es el vi) ka parikshan prarambh kiya. char hazar kilomitar ki kshamata vale is prakshepan ki kshamata dedh sau kilogram hai. isamean tin upagrah prakshepan yan rahate haian.
1988 mean bharat ne 'prithvi' ki parikshan u dan ka parikshan kiya. bharat ne dhruviy upagrah prakshepan yan (pi es el vi) ke nirman ki ghoshana ki jisaki kshamata lagabhag ath hazar kilomitar thi. ek hazar kilo vajan ki kshamata ke is yan se ek tan ka upagrah dhruviy kaksha mean sthapit kiya sakata tha. yadi is yan ko hathiyar pranali ki bhaanti kiya jae to yah paramanu astr ko ek mahadvip se doosare mahadvip tak le jane mean saksham hai.
1989 mean bharat ne agni ka parikshan kiya aur navanbar mean nag ka parikshan kiya.
1994 ke madhy tak prithvi-1 ka prarambhik utpadan prarambh ho gaya tha. bharatiy sena ne 100 prithvi-1 prakshepastr lene ka adesh diya jise usaki 333 prakshepastr grup ke sath tainat kiya jana tha.
1996 mean bharat ne kaha ki vah 'bhoo-samakalik upagrah prakshepan yan' vikasit kar raha hai. bharat ki yojana janavari mah mean roos ki ji es el vi ke lie sat krayojenik ianjan dene ki yojana thi.
1998 mean bharat mean 'bharatiy janata parti' ne 'prithvi prakshepastroan' ka utpadan adhik karane ki yojana ke sath hi madhyam doori ke 'agni prakshepastr' vikasit karane ka bhi faisala liya.
kliantan prashasan ke varishth adhikari ne amerika mean kaha ki bharat ke pas 'sagarika' nam ka samudr se ju da prakshepastr hai. sagarika ki kshamata 200 mil ki hai aur vah paramanu astr le jane mean saksham hai.
11mee bharat ne trishool ka saphal parikshan kiya hai. yah satah se satah aur satah se hava mean marane vala prakshepastr hai.

aantariksh karyakram

vikasashil arthavh‍yavash‍tha aur usase ju di samash‍yaoan se ghire hone ke bavazood bharat ne aantariksh praudyogiki ko prabhavi dhang se vikasit kiya hai aur use apane tivr vikas ke lie ish‍temal bhi kiya hai tatha aj vishh‍v ke anh‍y deshoan ko vibhinh‍n aantariksh sevaean upalabh‍dh kara raha hai. 1960 ke dashak ke praranbhik varshoan mean aantariksh anusandhan ki shurooat bharat mean mukhh‍yat: sauandiang r aauketoan ki madad se huee. bharatiy aantariksh anusandhan sangathan (isaro) ki sh‍thapana 1969 mean ki gee. bharat sarakar dvara 1972 mean 'aantariksh ayog' aur 'aantariksh vibhag' ke gathan se aantariksh shodh gatividhiyoan ko atirikh‍t gati praph‍t huee. 'isaro' ko aantariksh vibhag ke niyantran mean rakha gaya. bharatiy aantariksh karyakram ke itihas mean 70 ka dashak prayogath‍mak yug tha jis dauran 'aryabhatt', 'bhash‍kar', 'rohini' tatha 'eph‍pal' jaise prayogath‍mak upagrah karyakram chalae ge. in karyakramoan ki saphalata ke bad 80 ka dashak sanchalanath‍mak yug bana jabaki 'inset' tatha 'aeeares' jaise upagrah karyakram shuroo hue. aj inset tatha aeeares isaro ke pramukh karyakram haian. aantariksh yan ke sh‍vadesh mean hi prakshepan ke lie bharat ka majaboot prakshepan yan karyakram hai. yah ab itana paripakh‍v ho gaya hai ki prakshepan ki sevaean anh‍y deshoan ko bhi upalabh‍dh karata hai. isaro ki vh‍yavasayik shakha eantrikh‍s, bharatiy aantariksh sevaoan ka vipanan vishh‍v bhar mean karati hai. bharatiy aantariksh karyakram ki khas visheshata aantariksh mean jane vale anh‍y deshoan, aantararashtriy sangathanoan aur vikasashil deshoan ke sath prabhavi sahayog hai.

varsh 2005-06 mean bharatiy aantariksh karyakram ki sabase pramukh upalabh‍dhi 'pieselavisi 6' ka saphal prakshepan rahi hai.
5 mee, 2005 ko 'polar upagrah prakshepan yan' (pieselavi-ephasi 6) ki nauvian u dan ne shriharikota ke satish dhavan aantariksh keandr (esadiesasi) se saphalatapoorvak do upagrahoan - 1560 ki.gra. ke kartosh‍tar-1 tatha 42 ki.gra. ke hemaset ko poorv-nirdharit polar san sinh‍kronan arbit (eseso) mean pahuanchaya. lagatar satavian prakshepan saphalata ke bad pieselavi-si 6 ki saphalata ne pieselavi ki vishh‍vasaniyata ko age badhaya tatha 600 ki.mi. ooanche polar eseso mean 1600 ki.gra. bhar tak ke nitabhar ko rakhane ki kshamata ko darshaya hai.
22 disanbar 2005 ko inset-4e ka saphal prakshepan, jo ki bharat dvara ab tak banae ge sabhi upagrahoan mean sabase bhari tatha shakh‍tishali hai, varsh 2005-06 ki anh‍y b di upalabh‍dhi thi.
inset-4e dararekh‍t-too-hom (ditiech) telivijan prasaran sevaean pradan karane mean saksham hai.
isake atirikh‍t, nau gramin sansadhan keandroan (viarasij) ke doosare samooh ki sh‍thapana karana aantariksh vibhag ki varsh ke dauran mahath‍vapoorn maujooda pahal hai. viarasi ki dharana gramin samudayoan ki badalati tatha mahath‍vapoorn avashh‍yakataoan ko poora karane ke lie aantariksh vh‍yavash‍thaoan tatha anh‍y aeeti aujaroan se nikalane vali vibhinh‍n prakar ki janakari pradan karane ke lie sanchar sadhanoan tatha bhoomi avalokan upagrahoan ki kshamataoan ko sanghatit karati hai.

pashu pakshi jagat

**pramukh rashtriy udyan ev abhayarany**
kram	rashtriy udyan ev abhayarany	pradesh	prapy van jiv

1	baandhavagadh rashtriy udyan, shahadol	madhy pradesh	bagh, teandua, chital, saanbhar, nilagay, jangali sooar
2	baandipur rashtriy udyan, maisoor	karnatak	hathi, chita, teandua, chital, saanbhar, hiran
3	vannaraghatta rashtriy udyan, baiangaloor	karnatak	hathi, chital, bhaloo, hiran, pakshi
4	borivili rashtriy udyan, mumbee	maharashtr	teandua, saanbhar, jangali sooar, hiran, langoor
5	karbet rashtriy udyan, nainital	uttarakhand	hathi, chita, baghera, nilagay, bhaloo, chital, saanbhar, hiran, jangali sooar adi
6	dudhava rashtriy udyan, lakhimapur-khiri	uttar pradesh	chita, teandua, nilagay, chital, saanbhar, hiran, adi
7	iravikulam rajamalle rashtriy udyan, idukki	keral	hathi, gaur, chita, saanbhar, nilagay, teandua, langoor, jangali sooar adi
8	gir rashtriy udyan	gujarat	eshiyaee sher, teandua, chital, saanbhar, chausianga, jangali sooar, chiankara adi
9	kanha kisali rashtriy udyan, mandala evan balaghat	madhy pradesh	bagh, teandua, chital, saanbhar, nilagay, jangali sooar, gaur, barahasianga adi
10	kajiranga rashtriy udyan, jorahat	asam	ek siang vala gaianda, gaur, chita, jangali sooar, jangali bhaiansa, baghera, adi
11	khangachandajeanda rashtriy udyan, gangatok	sikkim	baghera, lal paanda, jangali gadha, paha di bhaloo, hiran, bhe d adi
12	nagarahol rashtriy udyan, kurg	karnatak	hathi, chita, teandua, chital, saanbhar, bhaloo, titar, chakor adi
13	navegaanv rashtriy udyan, bhandare	maharashtr	chita, teandua, bhaloo, jangali bhaiansa, chital, saanbhar, adi
14	rohala rashtriy udyan, kulloo	himachal pradesh	paha di teandua, bhoora bhaloo, kastoori hiran, paha di murge, paha di kabootar adi
15	shivapuri(madhav) rashtriy udyan,	madhy pradesh	chita,chital, teandua, baghera, lak dabaggha, bhaloo, saanbhar, chausianga, nilagay,adi
16	ta doba rashtriy udyan, chandrapur	maharashtr	chita, teandua, bhaloo, gaur, saanbhar, nilagay, chital, chiankara adi
17	dachigam rashtriy udyan, shrinagar	jammoo aur kashmir	teandua, kala bhaloo, lal bhaloo, hiran, hangul adi
18	dampa taigar rijarv, aeejol	mizoram	hathi, chita
19	garam pani abhayarany, diph	asam	hathi, jangali bhaiansa, baghera, langoor,
20	kevaladev ghana pakshi vihar, bharatapur	rajasthan	chital, saanbhar, kala hiran, jangali sooar, saiberiyan saras, murgabi, hariyal adi
21	gautam buddh abhayarany, gaya	bihar	chita, teandua, baghera, saanbhar, hiran, chital, adi
22	intaanki abhayarany, kohima	nagalaiand	hathi, gaur, jangali sooar, chita, teandua, hiran, pakshi evan saanp adi
23	kavala abhayarany, adilabad	aandhr pradesh	chita, teandua, chital, saanbhar, jangali sooar, gaur, bhaloo adi
24	malapatti pakshi vihar, naillor	aandhr pradesh	phakhta, murgabi, hariyal, battakh, jalakak adi
25	manas abhayarany, barapet	asam	hathi, chita, ek siang ka gaianda, baghera, gaur, jangali sooar, bhaloo, saanbhar adi
26	mudumalaee abhayarany, nilagiri	tamilanadu	hathi, chita, teandua, chital, saanbhar, gaur, hiran, jangali kutte adi
27	namadapha abhayarany, tirap	arunachal pradesh	chita, teandua, baghera, hathi, gaur, jangali bhaiansa, hiran, saanp adi
28	palamoo abhayarany, dalatenaganj	jharakhand	hathi, teandua, baghera, jangali sooar, chital, saanbhar, hiran, gaur, adi
29	ranathambhaur taigar projekt, savaee madhopur	rajasthan	bagh, chita, teandua, sher, lak dabaggha, saanbhar adi
30	sariska abhayarany, alavar	rajasthan	chita, teandua, lak dabaggha, chital, saanbhar, nilagay, chiankara, chausianga, jangali billi adi
31	similipal abhayarany, mayooraganj	u disa	hathi, chita, teandua, baghera, gaur, chital adi
32	sundaravan taigar rijarv, chaubis paragana	pashchim bangal	chita, hiran, jangali sooar, magar adi

thumb|100px|left|rashtriy pashu bagh vany jivan prakriti ki amooly den hai . bhavishy mean vany praniyoan ki samapti ki ashanka ke karan bharat mean sarvapratham 7 julaee, 1955 ko vany prani divas manaya gaya . yah bhi nirnay liya gaya ki pratyek varsh do aktoobar se poore saptah tak vany prani saptah manaya jaega. varsh 1956 se vany prani saptah manaya ja raha hai . bharat ke sanrakshan karyakram ki avashyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie ek majaboot sansthagat dhaanche ki rachana ki gayi hai . jool aaujikal sarve aauph indiya, botenikal sarve aph indiya jaisi pramukh sansthaoan tatha bharatiy vany jivan sansthan, bharatiy vany anusandhan evan shiksha parishad, iandira gaandhi rashtriy van akadami tatha salim ali skool aauph arinthol aauji jaise sansthan vany jivan sanbandhi shiksha aur anusandhan kary mean lage haian . bharat kee prakar ke jangaloan jivoan ka, anek pe d paudhoan aur pashu-pakshiyoan ka ghar hai. shanadar hathi, mor ka nach, ooant ki sair, sheroan ke paha d sabhi ek anokhe anubhav hai. yahaan ke pashu pakshiyoan ko apane prakritik nivasasthan mean dekhana anandayak hai. bharat mean jangali jivoan ko dekhane paryatak ate haian. yahaan jangali jivoan ki bahut b di sankhya hai. bharat mean 70 se adhik rashtriy udyan aur 400 jangali jivoan ke abhyarany hai aur pakshi abhyarany bhi haian. thumb|100px|left|gaureya prakriti premiyoan ke lie yah jangal svarg hai parantu ab yahaan ke kuchh jiv jaise chite, sher, hathi, bangal ke sher aur saiberiyan saras ab khatare mean hai. bharat ki lambaee aur chaudaee mean phaila yah jangal kshetr, ranathambhor rashtriy udyan, rajasthan se hazari bagh jangali jiv abhyarany, bihar se, himalay ke jim korbet rashtriy udyan, andaman ke chhah rashtriy udyanoan tak ek shanadar jangal ki sair kar sakate hai. hathi, chite, jangali bhaians, hiran, jangali gadhe ek siandh vala gean da, sahi, him chite adi jantu himalay mean dikhane ko milate hai. thumb|100px|left|hathi

bharat mean, vishv ke assi, pratishat ek siang vale gean doan ka nivas hai. kaziranga khel abhyarany gean doan ke lie upayukt nivas hai aur prakritik sansthaoan ke lie aur jangali sair karane vale ke lie bhi achchhi jagah hai. bharat ke son chi diya aur blaik bak, karesh abhyarany mean hote hai. madhav rashtriy udyan mean, jo shivapuri rashtriy udyan kahalata tha,jivoan ka ek nivas hai. korbot rashtriy udyan sabase prasiddh haih. uttar bharat mean jangali janavaroan ke paryatakoan ke lie achchhi jagah hai. aise abhyarany aur rashtriy udyan, paryatan ko bharat mean kafi sankhya mean haian. bharat mean sheroan ki sankhya bahut hai. bharat ka rashtriy pashu, sher, teji aur takat ka chinh hai. bharat mean barah sher nivas hai. shahi bangal ke sher, sabase shanadar jati ke pashuoan mean se hai. vishv ke sath pratishat sheroan ki sankhya bharat mean hai. madhy pradesh, sheroan ke nivas ki sabase prasiddh jagah hai. yahaan bangal ke sher, chital, chite, gaur, sambhar aur kee jiv dekhane ko milate hai.

bagh aur gaj abhayarany
abhayarany	rajy

bagh abhayarany
baandipur rashtriy udyan	karnatak
karbet rashtriy udyan	uttar pradesh
kanha-kisali rashtriy udyan	madhy pradesh
manas rashtriy udyan	asam
melaghat rashtriy udyan	maharashtr
palamoo (betala) rashtriy udyan	bihar
ranathanbhaur rashtriy udyan	rajasthan
simalipal rashtriy udyan	u disa
suandaravan rashtriy udyan	pashchim bangal
periyar rashtriy udyan	keral
sariska rashtriy udyan	rajasthan
baksa vany jiv abhayarany	pashchim bangal
iandravati rashtriy udyan	chhattisagadh
nagarjun sagar shrisailam rashtriy udyan	aandhr pradesh
namadapha rashtriy udyan	arunachal pradesh
dudhava rashtriy udyan	uttar pradesh
kalakad-muandanathuree vany jiv abhayarany	tamilanadu
valmiki vany jiv abhayarany	bihar
peanch rashtriy udyan	madhy pradesh
gaj abhayarany
rajaji/korbet rashtriy udyan	uttaraanchal
annamalaee/parambikulam abhayarany	tamilanadu/keral
nilambur	tamilanadu/keral
nilagiri evan poorvi ghat	tamilanadu, keral, karnatak, aandhr pradesh
bairal-saiphang	asam/meghalay
balaphakaram rashtriy udyan	meghalay
diroo-devamali	arunachal pradesh/asam
kajiranga-karbi	asam/nagalaiand
kameang-sonitapur	arunachal pradesh/asam
dakshin-pashchim bangal-uttari bihar-u disa

bharat mean jangali jivoan ke sath-sath, pakshiyoan ki bhi sankhya achchhi hai. kee sau jatiyoan ke pakshi bharat mean milate hai. ghana rashtriy udyan ya bharatapur pakshi abhyarany jo rajasthan mean hai, yahaan par ghareloo pakshi aur jamin par jine vale pakshi bhi hai. paryatak kee deshoan se ate hai. dudhava jangali jiv abhyaran mean bandar, giddh aur chil pakshi bhi hai. aandaman ke nikobar mean kabootar paye jate haian.

bharat ka vany jivan

thumb|100px|left|mor

sansar mean paudhoan ki 2,50,000 jnat prajatiyoan mean se 15,000 prajatiyaan bharat mean milati haian.
is prakar sansar mean jiv-jantuoan ki kul 15 lakh prajatiyoan mean se 75,000 prajatiyaan bharat mean paee jati haian.
bharat mean pakshiyoan ki 1,200 prajatiyaan aur 900 up-prajatiyaan paee jati haian.
bharat ke suvikhyat pakshiyoan mean bahurangi rashtriy pakshi mor ullekhaniy hai.
paanch phut ki ooanchaee vala bhavy saras tatha sansar ka doosara sabase bhari pakshi hukana (sohanachi diya) mahattvapoorn pakshi haian.
sansar mean prasiddh kevaladev (bharatapur) ke rashtriy udyan mean dhaee lakh pakshiyoan ka ghar hai.

bharatiy bhasha parivar

bharat ki mukhy visheshata yah hai ki yahaan vibhinnata mean ekata hai. bharat mean vibhinnata ka svaroop n keval bhaugolik hai, balki bhashayi tatha saanskritik bhi hai. ek riport ke anusar bharat mean 1652 matribhashayean prachalan mean haian, jabaki sanvidhan dvara 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata pradan ki gayi hai. sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 344 ke aantargat pahale keval 15 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ki manyata di gayi thi, lekin 21vean sanvidhan sanshodhan ke dvara sindhi ko tatha 71vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan dvara nepali, koankani tatha manipuri ko bhi rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya. bad mean 92vaan sanvidhan sanshodhan adhiniyam, 2003 ke dvara sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean char nee bhashaoan bodo, dogari, maithili tatha santhali ko rajabhasha mean shamil kar liya gaya. is prakar ab sanvidhan mean 22 bhashaoan ko rajabhasha ka darja pradan kiya gaya hai. bharat mean in 22 bhashaoan ko bolane vale logoan ki kul sankhya lagabhag 90% hai. in 22 bhashaoan ke atirikt aangrezi bhi sahayak rajabhasha hai aur yah mijoram, nagalaind tatha meghalay ki rajabhasha bhi hai. kul milakar bharat mean 58 bhashaoan mean skooloan mean padhayi ki jati hai. sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean un bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, jinhean rajabhasha ki sanjna di gee hai.

**bharat mean 4 bhasha–parivar**
bhasha-parivar	bharat mean bolane valoan ka %
bharopiy	73%
dravi d	25%
astrik	1.3%
chini–tibbati	0.7%

bharatiy aryabhasha ko tin kal
nam	prayog kal	udaharan
1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha	1500 ee. poo.– 500 ee. poo.	vaidik sanskrit v laukik sanskrit
2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha	500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee.	pali, prakrit, apabhransh
3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha	1000 ee.– ab tak	hindi aur hinditar bhashaean – baangla, u diya, marathi, siandhi, asamiya, gujarati, panjabi adi.

1.prachin bharatiy aryabhasha
nam	prayog kal	any nam
vaidik sanskrit	1500 ee. poo.– 1000 ee. poo.	chhandash (yask, panini)
laukik sanskrit	1000 ee. poo.- 500 ee. poo.	sanskrit bhasha (panini)

2.madhyakalin bharatiy aryabhasha
nam	prayog kal	vishesh tippani
pratham prakrit kal– pali	500 ee. poo.– 1 ee.	bharat ki pratham desh bhasha, bhagavan buddh ke sare upadesh pali mean hi haian.
dvitiy prakrit kal– prakrit	1 ee.– 500 ee.	bhagavan mahavir ke sare upadesh prakrit mean hi haian.
tritiy prakrit kal– apabhransh avahatt	500 ee.– 1000 ee. 900 ee. – 1100 ee.	sankramanakalin/sankrantikalin bhasha

3.adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha (hindi)
nam	prayog kal
prachin hindi	1100 ee. – 1400 ee.
madhyakalin hindi	1400 ee. - 1850 ee.
adhunik hindi	1850 ee. – ab tak

bharatiy bhasha soochi

bhasha	lipi	kshetr	prayogakarta janasankhya

asamiya	asamiya lipi moolat: brahmi lipi ka hi ek vikasit roop hai.	asam rajy ki rajabhasha	ek karo d tis lakh
baangla	baangla ("বাংলা") lipi moolat: brahmi lipi aur asamiya lipi ka vikasit roop hai.	yah baangladesh aur bharat ke pashchim bangal, asam tatha tripura rajyoan mean boli jati hai.	20 karo d se adhik
gujarati	gujarati ("ગુજરાતી") nagari lipi ka naya pravahi svaroop navin gujarati ko iangit karata hai.	gujarat rajy ki rajabhasha	tin karo d se adhik
hindi	brahmi lipi, devanagari lipi, nagari aur farasi lipi,	uttari bharat, m aaurishas v any desh	33.727 karo d
kann d	kann d ("ಕನ್ನಡ") kann d lipi ka vikas ashok ki brahmi lipi ke dakshini prakaroan se hua hai.	karnatak rajy ki rajabhasha	470 lakh
kashmiri	aitihasik roop se kashmiri bhasha ko char lipiyoan mean likha jata hai, sharada, devanagari, farasi-arabi aur roman.	kashmir ki bhasha	3,174,684
koankani	koankani anek lipiyoan mean likhi jati rahi hai; jaise - devanagari, kannd, malayalam aur roman.	koankani gova, maharashtr ke dakshini bhag, karnatak ke uttari bhag, keral ke kuchh kshetroan mean boli jati hai.	1,522,684
malayalam	malayalam ("മലയാളം") mean shalaka lipi	malayalam bhasha mukhyatah dakshin-pashchimi tatiy rajy keral mean boli jati hai, yah keral aur keandrashasit pradesh lakshadvip ki rajabhasha hai; lekin simavarti karnatak aur tamilanadu ke dvibhashi samuday ke log bhi yah bhasha bolate haian.	lagabhag tin karo d sath lakh
manipuri	is bhasha ki apani lipi hai, jise sthaniy log meiteee maek kahate haian.	mukhyatah poorvottar bharat ke lie manipur rajy mean boli jane vali bhasha hai. yah asam, mizoram, tripura, baangladesh aur myaanmar mean bhi boli jati hai.	lagabhag 11 lakh 80 hazar
marathi	"marathi" bhasha ko likhane ke lie devanagari aur isake pravahi svarup modi, donoan lipiyoan ka upayog hota hai.	maharashtr ki rajabhasha hai. ise bolane ka manak svarup pune (bhootapoorv poona) shahar ki boli hai. yah bhasha gova, karnatak, gujarat mean boli jati hai. kendrashasit pradeshoan mean yah daman aur div , aur dadara tatha nagar haveli mean bhi boli jati hai.	lagabhag 9 karo d
nepali	"nepali"	yah bhasha nepal ke atirikt bharat ke sikkim, pashchim bangal, uttar-poorvi rajyoan asam, manipur, arunachal pradesh, meghalay tatha uttarakhand ke anek logoan ki matribhasha hai.	160 lakh
u diya	u diya ("ଓରିୟା")	u disa rajy ki rajabhasha	310 lakh
panjabi	panjabi ("ਪੰਜਾਬੀ")	panjabi bhasha bharat tatha pakistan mean boli jati hai.	lagabhag dhaee karo d
sanskrit	"sanskrit"
siandhi	siandhi bhasha mukhyat: do lipiyoan mean likhi jati hai, arabi-siandhi lipi	bharat, pakistan	lagabhag 22 lakh
tamil	tamil ("தமிழ்") aitihasik roop se tamil lekhan pranali ka vikas brahmi lipi se vatte-lutatu (mu de hue akshar) aur kole-luttu (lambakar akshar) ke sthaniy roopaantaranoan ke sath hua.	tamilanadu ki rajabhasha	vishvabhar mean paanch karo d se adhik bolane valoan mean se lagabhag 90% bharat mean.
urdoo	urdoo ("اردو") ke lie farasi-arabi lipi prayukt hoti	28,600,428	bharat, pakistan
telugu	telugu ("తెలుగు")	andhr pradesh ki sarakari bhasha	750 lakh
bodo		bodo bhasha ko bharat ke uttarapoorv, nepal aur baangladesh mean rahane vale bodo log bolate haian.
dogari	isaki apani lipi hai, jise dogara akhkhar ya dogare kahate haian.	jammoo-kashmir rajy ki doosari mukhy bhasha	lagabhag 15 lakh
maithili	pahale ise mithilakshar tatha kaithi lipi mean likha jata tha jo baangla aur asamiya lipiyoan se milati thi par kalantar mean devanagari lipika prayog hone laga .	maithili bhasha uttari bihar aur nepal ke taraee ke eelaqoan mean boli jane vali bhasha hai.	1 se 1.2 karo d log
santhali		jharakhand, asam, bihar, u disa, tripura, aur pashchim bangal	10 se 30 pratishat

rashtriy chinh aur pratik

120px|link=tiranga|tiranga

140px|link=ashok chinh|ashok chinh

70px|link=jan gan man|jan gan man

110px|link=am|am

115px|link=kamal|kamal

115px|link=bagh|bagh

115px|link=ganga|ganga

110px|link=ganga d aaulfin|ganga d aaulfin

90px|link=mor|mor

110px|link=vandemataram|vandemataram

110px|link=h aauki|h aauki

125px|link=baragad|baragad

REDIRECT saancha:rashtriy chihn aur pratik

tyohar aur mele

tyohar aur mele bharatiy sanskriti ke abhinn aang haian. yah bhi kah sakate haian ki bharatiy sanskriti apane hriday ke madhury ko tyohar aur meloan mean vyakt karati hai, to adhik sarthak hoga. bharatiy sanskriti prem, sauhardr, karuna, maitri, daya aur udarata jaise manaviy gunoan se paripoorn hai. yah ullas, utsah aur vikas ko ek sath samete hue hai. anand aur madhury to jaise isake pran haian. yahaan har kary anand ke sath shuroo hota hai aur madhury ke sath sampann hota hai. bharat jaise vishal dharmapran desh mean astha aur vishvas ke sath mil kar yahi anand aur ullas tyohar aur meloan mean phoot p data hai. tyohar aur mele hamari dharmik asthaoan, samajik paramparaoan aur arthik avashyakataoan ki triveni hai, jinamean samoocha janamanas bhavavibhor hokar gote lagata hai. yahi karan hai ki jitane tyohar aur mele bharat mean manaye jate haian, vishv ke kisi any desh mean nahian. is drishti se yadi bharat ko tyohar aur meloan ka desh kaha jae to atishyokti nahian hogi. himachal se lekar sudoor dakshin tak aur asam se lekar maharashtr tak vrat, parvoan, tyoharoan aur meloan ki avichchhinn parampara vidyaman hai, jo poore varsh anavarat chalati rahati hai.

paryatan

120px|link=tajamahal|tajamahal

70px|link=iandiya get|iandiya get

135px|link=lal qila dilli|lal qila

125px|kamal mandir

125px|getave aauf indiya

140px|aksharadham mandir

120px|link=charaminar|charaminar

120px|link=viktoriya memoriyal kolakata|viktoriya memoriyal

70px|kutub minar

140px|jama masjid dilli

135px|saanchi

125px|link=svarn mandir|svarn mandir

bharatavasi apani dirghakalin, anavarat evan satarangi upalabdhiyoan se yukt itihas par garv kar sakate haian. prachin kal se hi bharat ek atyant hi vividhata sampann desh raha hai aur yah visheshata aj bhi samay ki gh di par aankit hai. yahaan prarambh se anek adhyavasayoan ka anusaran hota raha hai, prithakh-prithakh manyataean haian, logoan ke rivaz aur drishtikonoan ke vibhinn rangoan se saja yah desh atit ko bhoot, vartaman evan bhavishy ki aankhoan se dekhane ke lie ahvan kar raha hai. kintu bahurangi sabhyata evan sanskriti vale desh ke sabhi ayamoan ko samajhane ka prayas itana asan nahian hai.

aitihasik sthal

120px|buddh stoop, saanchi

125px|sherashah soori ka maqabara

115px|gvaliyar ka qila

115px|link=b da imamaba da lakhanoo|b da imamaba da

120px|link=fatehapur sikari|fatehapur sikari, agara

115px|basilik charch, gova

120px|khajuraho, madhy pradesh

120px|jaisalamer ka qila, jaisalamer

130px|link=ambar qila jayapur|ambar qila

130px|jahaangir mahal, orachha

120px|jahahz mahal, mandoo

hamean yah nahian bhoolana chahie ki bharat mean itane adhik vichar evan drishtikon keval isilie phal-phool paean haian ki yahaan vaicharik vividhata aur vad-sanvad ko prayah sarv- sahamati prapt rahi hai. bharat ki vividhata hamean sthaloan ke anushilan mean bhi dikhaee deti hai. aitihasik sthaloan ke adhyayan tatha vivechan mean bharatiy sanskriti ka svaroop svayan prakashit hota hai. isase itihas ke bikhare sootroan ki prabhavi roop se talash sanbhav hai. yah bhi ullekhaniy hai ki nagar evan nagar-jivan ke vikas ka viviran sabhyata ke vikas ka pradhan sootr hai. rajanitik aur arthik pragati tatha shilp, kala evan vidya ka bahumukhi vikas ke sath hi sampann hua hai.

prachin dharmik sthal

prachin kal se hi bhavy devalayoan aur dharm sthaloan se bharapoor bharat sthapaty kala ke lie vishv prasiddh hai.

130px|soory mandir konark

130px|viroopaksh mandir hampi

180px|brihadeshvar mandir tanjaur

160px|hampi karnatak

80px|link=rameshvar jyotirliang|rameshvar jyotirliang

150px|kailashanath mandir

80px|ajanta guphaean

160px|link=govind dev mandir vrindavan|govind dev mandir vrindavan

90px|mahabodhi mandir, bodhagaya

dharmik sthal

anek dharm aur paranparaoan se saja bharat apane bhitar hazaroan dharmik sthal basae hue hai. jo poore bharat mean deshi aur videshi paryatakoan aur shraddhaluoan ka mukhy akarshan haian.

150px|link=krishna janmabhoomi|krishna janmabhoomi

120px|link=dakshineshh‍var mandir kolakata|dakshineshh‍var mandir

100px|vidyashankar mandir, shrangeri pith

120px|link=somanath jyotirliang|somanath jyotirliang

120px|tirupati venkateshavar mandir

140px|minakshi mandir, maduree

120px|link=kedaranath jyotirliang|kedaranath mandir

120px|link=badrinath |badrinath mandir

120px|amaranath gupha

120px|link=dvarikadhish mandir dvaraka|dvarikadhish mandir

70px|vishvanath mandir, varanasi

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑

satyamev jayate nanritan satyen pantha vitato devayanah.
yenakramantyrishayo hyaptakama yatr satsatyasy paraman nidhanamh॥

mundakopanishadh tritiy mundak shlok 6
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 India : Census 2011
↑ Population Density per Square Mile of Countries
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (aangrezi) (e.es.pi) International Monetory Fund. abhigaman tithi: 15 mee, 2012.
↑ sitambar 2006-2011 ki sthiti ke anusar
↑ prachin bharat ki sanskriti aur sabhyata lekhak- damodar dharmanand kosanbi
↑ itihas karoan ke anusar yah prachin bharatoan ka qabila bharat hai jo uttar-pashchim mean tha bharat vanshi bhi inhean hi mana jata hai
↑ 1975 ee॰ mean purtagali shasan ne vastavikata ko samajhakar isako vaidhanik manyata de di hai.
↑ pratyek 170 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe
↑ pratyek 180 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe
↑ sampoorn vishv ka lagabhag 25% vidyaman hai.
↑ (kollar svarn kshetr tatha anantapur zile se bahut kam matra mean sona nikala jata hai)
↑ lagabhag 383 karo d tan
↑ (lakh tan)
↑ khadanoan ki sankhya
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 desh ke kul bhandar ka pratishat Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pratishat" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pratishat" defined multiple times with different content
↑ 2000-01 (lakh tan)
↑ (kyoobik mitar)

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] 

satyamev jayate nanritan satyen pantha vitato devayanah.
yenakramantyrishayo hyaptakama yatr satsatyasy paraman nidhanamh॥

mundakopanishadh tritiy mundak shlok 6

[IS2011-2] 2.0 ^2.1 India : Census 2011

[3] Population Density per Square Mile of Countries

[IMF-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (aangrezi) (e.es.pi) International Monetory Fund. abhigaman tithi: 15 mee, 2012.

[5] sitambar 2006-2011 ki sthiti ke anusar

[6] rachin bharat ki sanskriti aur sabhyata lekhak- damodar dharmanand kosanbi

[7] tihas karoan ke anusar yah prachin bharatoan ka qabila bharat hai jo uttar-pashchim mean tha bharat vanshi bhi inhean hi mana jata hai

[8] 1975 ee॰ mean purtagali shasan ne vastavikata ko samajhakar isako vaidhanik manyata de di hai.

[9] ratyek 170 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe

[10] ratyek 180 kigra vajan vali miliyan gaanthe

[11] sampoorn vishv ka lagabhag 25% vidyaman hai.

[12] (kollar svarn kshetr tatha anantapur zile se bahut kam matra mean sona nikala jata hai)

[13] 383 karo d tan

[14] (lakh tan)

[15] sankhya

[.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.A4-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 desh ke kul bhandar ka pratishat Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pratishat" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pratishat" defined multiple times with different content

[.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.A8-17] 2000-01 (lakh tan)

[18] (kyoobik mitar)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

भारत

itihas (adikal se svatantrata tak)

mahajanapad yug

maury aur shuang

shak, kushan aur satavahan

gupt

rajapoot adi rajavansh

aryoan ke adi sthal soochi

mahajanapad soochi

islam ka pravesh

prithviraj chauhan aur gori

taimoor

mugal

maratha

aangrez

eest iandiya kampani

panipat

regyuletiang ekt

gavarnar-janaraloan ka samay

gadar- pratham svatantry sangram

bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana

prarambhik saphalata

dvaidhashasan pranali

asahayog aur satyagrah

dvitiy vishvayuddh

sampradayik dange

svadhinata

gaandhi ji ki hatya

riyasatoan ka vilay

sangh rajyoan ka vilay

bhautik visheshataean

bhoogarbhiy sanrachana

nadiyaan

himalay se nikalane vali nadiyaan

siandhu nadi

ganga

sahayak nadiyaan

brahmaputr

sahayak nadiyaan

bharat ki pramukh nadiyoan ki soochi

bharat ka sanvidhan

bharatiy sanvidhan ki maang

bharatiy sanvidhan sabha

rajyoan ka gathan ek jhalak

krishi

bharatiy krishi ki visheshataean

bharatiy krishi ke prakar

sasy vijnan

fasaloan ka vargikaran

khanij sanpada

oorja aur eeandhan

paramanu oorja

pahala charan

dvitiy charan

tritiy charan

raksha

aantariksh karyakram

pashu pakshi jagat

bharat ka vany jivan

bharatiy bhasha parivar

bharatiy bhasha soochi

rashtriy chinh aur pratik

tyohar aur mele

paryatan

aitihasik sthal

prachin dharmik sthal

dharmik sthal

tika tippani aur sandarbh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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