Difference between revisions of "भारत का इतिहास"
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लगभग 320 ई. पू. में चन्द्रगुप्त ने गुप्तवंश को प्रचलित किया और [[पाटलिपुत्र]] को फिर से अपनी राजधानी बनाया। गुप्त वंश में एक के बाद एक चार महान शक्तिशाली राजा हुए, जिन्होंने सारे उत्तरी भारत में अपना साम्राज्य विस्तृत कर लिया और दक्षिण के कई राज्यों पर भी अपना प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया। उन्होंने हिन्दू धर्म को राज्य धर्म बनाया, बौद्ध धर्म और जैन धर्म के प्रति सहिष्णुता बरती और ज्ञान-विज्ञान, साहित्य, कला, वास्तुकला और चित्रकला की उन्नति की। इसी युग में [[कालिदास]], [[आर्यभट्ट]] तथा [[वराहमिहिर]] हुए। [[रामायण]], [[महाभारत]], [[पुराण|पुराणों]] तथा मनुसंहिता को भी इसी युग में वर्तमान रूप प्राप्त हुआ। चीनी यात्री [[फ़ाह्यान|फाह्यान]] ने 401 से 410 ई. के बीच भारत की यात्रा की और उसने उस काल का रोचक वर्णन किया है। उसका मत है कि उस काल में देश में पूरा रामराज्य था। '''स्वाभाविक रूप से गुप्त युग को भारतीय इतिहास का 'स्वर्णयुग' माना जाता है''' और उसकी तुलना एथेन्स के परीक्लीज युग से की जाती है। (पेरीक्लीज (लगभग 492-529 ई. पू.) एथेन्स का महान राजनेता तथा सेनापति था। उसके शासनकाल (460-429 ई. पू.) में एथेन्स उन्नति के शिखर पर पहुँच गया)। आंतरिक विघटन तथा हूणों के आक्रमणों के फलस्वरूप छठी शताब्दी में गुप्त वंश का पतन हो गया। परन्तु सातवीं शताब्दी के प्रारम्भ में [[हर्षवर्धन]] ने एक दूसरा साम्राज्य खड़ा कर दिया, जिसकी राजधानी [[कन्नौज]] थी। यह साम्राज्य सारे उत्तरी भारत में विस्तृत था। दक्षिण में चालुक्य राजा [[पुलकेशी द्वितीय]] ने उसका साम्राज्य [[नर्मदा नदी|नर्मदा]] तट से आगे बढ़ने से रोक दिया था। चीनी यात्री [[हुएनसांग]] उसके राज्यकाल में भारत आया था और उसने अपनी यात्रा वर्णन में लिखा है कि हर्षवर्धन बड़ा प्रतापी और शक्तिशाली राजा है। वह 646 ई. में निस्संतान मर गया और उसके बाद सारे उत्तरी भारत में फिर से अव्यवस्था फैल गयी। | लगभग 320 ई. पू. में चन्द्रगुप्त ने गुप्तवंश को प्रचलित किया और [[पाटलिपुत्र]] को फिर से अपनी राजधानी बनाया। गुप्त वंश में एक के बाद एक चार महान शक्तिशाली राजा हुए, जिन्होंने सारे उत्तरी भारत में अपना साम्राज्य विस्तृत कर लिया और दक्षिण के कई राज्यों पर भी अपना प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया। उन्होंने हिन्दू धर्म को राज्य धर्म बनाया, बौद्ध धर्म और जैन धर्म के प्रति सहिष्णुता बरती और ज्ञान-विज्ञान, साहित्य, कला, वास्तुकला और चित्रकला की उन्नति की। इसी युग में [[कालिदास]], [[आर्यभट्ट]] तथा [[वराहमिहिर]] हुए। [[रामायण]], [[महाभारत]], [[पुराण|पुराणों]] तथा मनुसंहिता को भी इसी युग में वर्तमान रूप प्राप्त हुआ। चीनी यात्री [[फ़ाह्यान|फाह्यान]] ने 401 से 410 ई. के बीच भारत की यात्रा की और उसने उस काल का रोचक वर्णन किया है। उसका मत है कि उस काल में देश में पूरा रामराज्य था। '''स्वाभाविक रूप से गुप्त युग को भारतीय इतिहास का 'स्वर्णयुग' माना जाता है''' और उसकी तुलना एथेन्स के परीक्लीज युग से की जाती है। (पेरीक्लीज (लगभग 492-529 ई. पू.) एथेन्स का महान राजनेता तथा सेनापति था। उसके शासनकाल (460-429 ई. पू.) में एथेन्स उन्नति के शिखर पर पहुँच गया)। आंतरिक विघटन तथा हूणों के आक्रमणों के फलस्वरूप छठी शताब्दी में गुप्त वंश का पतन हो गया। परन्तु सातवीं शताब्दी के प्रारम्भ में [[हर्षवर्धन]] ने एक दूसरा साम्राज्य खड़ा कर दिया, जिसकी राजधानी [[कन्नौज]] थी। यह साम्राज्य सारे उत्तरी भारत में विस्तृत था। दक्षिण में चालुक्य राजा [[पुलकेशी द्वितीय]] ने उसका साम्राज्य [[नर्मदा नदी|नर्मदा]] तट से आगे बढ़ने से रोक दिया था। चीनी यात्री [[हुएनसांग]] उसके राज्यकाल में भारत आया था और उसने अपनी यात्रा वर्णन में लिखा है कि हर्षवर्धन बड़ा प्रतापी और शक्तिशाली राजा है। वह 646 ई. में निस्संतान मर गया और उसके बाद सारे उत्तरी भारत में फिर से अव्यवस्था फैल गयी। | ||
[[चित्र:Kirti-Stambh-Chittorgarh.jpg|thumb|100px|कीर्ति स्तम्भ, चित्तौड़गढ़]] | [[चित्र:Kirti-Stambh-Chittorgarh.jpg|thumb|100px|कीर्ति स्तम्भ, चित्तौड़गढ़]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==गुर्जर प्रतिहार राजवंश== | ||
+ | {{main|गुर्जर प्रतिहार वंश}} | ||
+ | इतिहास के अनुसार ५वी शदी मे भीनमाल [[गुर्जर]] सम्राज्य की राजधानी थी तथा इसकी स्थापना गुर्जरो ने की थी।चीनी यात्री ह्वेन्सान्ग अपने लेखो मे गुर्जर सम्राज्य का उल्लेख करता है तथा इसे ''kiu-che-lo'' बोलता है।<ref>{{Cite web | ||
+ | |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201011&ct=90 | ||
+ | |title=Juzr or Jurz. | ||
+ | |work=Persian Texts in Translation | ||
+ | |publisher=The Packard Humanities Institute | ||
+ | |accessdate=2007-05-31 | ||
+ | |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070929130741/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201011&ct=90 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-29}}</ref>६ से १२ वीं सदी में [[गुर्जर]] कई जगह सत्ता में थे।[[गुर्जर प्रतिहार वंश]] की सत्ता कन्नौज से लेकर [[बिहार]], उत्तर प्रदेश, [[महाराष्ट्र]] और [[गुजरात]] तक फैली थी।मिहिरभोज को गुर्जर-प्रतिहार वंश का बड़ा शासक माना जाता है।12वीं सदी के बाद प्रतिहार वंश का पतन होना शुरू हुआ और ये कई हिस्सों में बँट गए।अरब आक्रान्तो ने गुर्जरो की शक्ति तथा प्रसाशन की अपने अभिलेखो मे भुरि-भुरि प्रशन्शा की है।<ref>{{cite book|title=India: a history|author=John Keay|publisher=Grove Press|year=2001|id=ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC&pg=PA195&dq|page=95}}</ref>इतिहासकार बताते है कि मुगल काल से पहले तक लगभग पुरा राजस्थान तथा गुजरात, गुर्जरत्रा (गुर्जरो से रक्षित देश) या गुर्जर-भुमि के नाम से जाना जाता था।<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|coauthor=Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, A. K. Majumdar, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1977|page=153}}</ref>अरब लेखको के अनुसार गुर्जर उनके सबसे भयन्कर शत्रु थे।<ref>{{cite book|title=India: a history|author=John Keay|publisher=Grove Press|year=2001|id=ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC&pg=PA195&dq|page=95}}</ref> | ||
==राजपूत एवं अन्य राजवंश== | ==राजपूत एवं अन्य राजवंश== | ||
− | + | [[गुर्जर प्रतिहार वंश|गुर्जर प्रतिहार साम्राज्य]] के विघटन के बाद उत्तर [[भारत]] में कई राजपूत राज्यों की नींव पड़ी।। इनमें पंजाब का हिन्दूशाही राजवंश, [[अजमेर]] का [[चौहान वंश]], [[कन्नौज]] का [[गहड़वाल वंश]] तथा मगध और बंगाल का [[पाल वंश]] था। दक्षिण में भी [[सातवाहन वंश]] के पतन के बाद इसी प्रकार सत्ता का विघटन हो गया। [[उड़ीसा]] के [[गंग वंश]] जिसने पुरी का प्रसिद्ध [[जगन्नाथ मंदिर पुरी|जगन्नाथ मन्दिर]] बनवाया, [[वातापी कर्नाटक|वातापी]] के [[चालुक्य वंश]], जिसके राज्यकाल में [[अजन्ता की गुफ़ाएँ|अजन्ता]] के कुछ गुफ़ा चित्र बने तथा कांची के [[पल्लव वंश]] ने, जिसकी स्मृति उस काल में बनवाये गये कुछ प्रसिद्ध मन्दिरों में सुरक्षित है, दक्षिण को आपस में बांट लिया और परस्पर युद्धों में एक दूसरे का नाश कर दिया। इसके बाद [[मान्यखेट]] अथवा [[मालखड़]] के [[राष्ट्रकूट वंश]] का उदय हुआ, जिसका उच्छेद पुर के चालुक्य वंश की एक नवीन शाखा ने कर दिया। जिसने [[कल्याणी कर्नाटक|कल्याणी]] को अपनी राजधानी बनाया। उसका उच्छेद [[देवगिरि]] के यादवों तथा द्वारसमुद्र के [[होयसल वंश]] ने कर दिया। सुदूर दक्षिण में चेर, पांड्य और चोल राज्यों का उदय हुआ, जिनमें से अंतिम राज्य सबसे अधिक चला। इस तरह सारे भारत में अनैक्य व्याप्त हो गया। | |
====राजपूत राज्य==== | ====राजपूत राज्य==== | ||
{{main|राजपूत काल}} | {{main|राजपूत काल}} | ||
− | [[ | + | [[प्रतिहार साम्राज्य|गुर्जर प्रतिहार साम्राज्य]] के विघटन के बाद उत्तर भारत में कई राजपूत राज्यों की नींव पड़ी। इनमें सबसे प्रमुख कन्नौज के गहदवाल, [[मालवा]] के [[परमार वंश|परमार]] तथा [[अजमेर]] के [[चौहान वंश|चौहान]] थे। देश के अन्य क्षेत्रों में और भी छोटे-छोटे राज्य थे। जैसे आधुनिक [[जबलपुर]] के निकट कलचुरी, [[बुंदेलखण्ड]] में [[चंदेल वंश|चंदेल]], [[गुजरात]] में [[चालुक्य वंश|चालुक्य]] तथा [[दिल्ली]] में [[तोमर वंश|तोमर]] वंशों का शासन था। [[अखण्डित बंगाल|बंगाल]] पर पहले [[पाल वंश]] का अधिकार था, बाद में [[सेन वंश]] का अधिकार हुआ। |
{{see also|पृथ्वीराज चौहान|पृथ्वीराज रासो}} | {{see also|पृथ्वीराज चौहान|पृथ्वीराज रासो}} | ||
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{{main|पाल साम्राज्य}} | {{main|पाल साम्राज्य}} | ||
[[हर्षवर्धन|हर्ष]] के समय के बाद से उत्तरी भारत के प्रभुत्व का प्रतीक [[कन्नौज]] माना जाता था। बाद में यह स्थान [[दिल्ली]] ने प्राप्त कर लिया। पाल साम्राज्य की नींव 750 ई0 में 'गोपाल' नामक राजा ने डाली। बताया जाता है कि उस क्षेत्र में फैली अशान्ति को दबाने के लिए कुछ प्रमुख लोगों ने उसको राजा के रूप में चुना। इस प्रकार राजा का निर्वाचन एक अभूतपूर्व घटना थी। इसका अर्थ शायद यह है कि गोपाल उस क्षेत्र के सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण लोगों का समर्थन प्राप्त करने में सफल हो सका और इससे उसे अपनी स्थिति मज़बूत करन में काफ़ी सहायता मिली। | [[हर्षवर्धन|हर्ष]] के समय के बाद से उत्तरी भारत के प्रभुत्व का प्रतीक [[कन्नौज]] माना जाता था। बाद में यह स्थान [[दिल्ली]] ने प्राप्त कर लिया। पाल साम्राज्य की नींव 750 ई0 में 'गोपाल' नामक राजा ने डाली। बताया जाता है कि उस क्षेत्र में फैली अशान्ति को दबाने के लिए कुछ प्रमुख लोगों ने उसको राजा के रूप में चुना। इस प्रकार राजा का निर्वाचन एक अभूतपूर्व घटना थी। इसका अर्थ शायद यह है कि गोपाल उस क्षेत्र के सभी महत्त्वपूर्ण लोगों का समर्थन प्राप्त करने में सफल हो सका और इससे उसे अपनी स्थिति मज़बूत करन में काफ़ी सहायता मिली। | ||
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====राष्ट्रकूट साम्राज्य==== | ====राष्ट्रकूट साम्राज्य==== | ||
{{main|राष्ट्रकूट साम्राज्य}} | {{main|राष्ट्रकूट साम्राज्य}} | ||
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==टीका टिप्पणी और संदर्भ== | ==टीका टिप्पणी और संदर्भ== | ||
+ | {{reflist}} | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
==संबंधित लेख== | ==संबंधित लेख== |
Revision as of 21:12, 27 January 2011
pashan yug- 70000 se 3300 ee.poo | |
---|---|
meharagadh sanskriti | 7000-3300 ee.poo |
sindhu ghati sabhyata- 3300-1700 ee.poo | |
h dappa sanskriti | 1700-1300 ee.poo |
vaidik kal- 1500–500 ee.poo | |
prachin bharat - 1200 ee.poo–240 ee. | |
mahajanapad | 700–300 ee.poo |
magadh samrajy | 545–320 ee.poo |
satavahan samrajy | 230 ee.poo-199 ee. |
maury samrajy | 321–184 ee.poo |
shuang samrajy | 184–123 ee.poo |
shak samrajy | 123 ee.poo–200 ee. |
kushan samrajy | 60–240 ee. |
poorv madhyakalin bharat- 240 ee.poo– 800 ee. | |
chol samrajy | 250 ee.poo- 1070 ee. |
gupt samrajy | 280–550 ee. |
pal samrajy | 750–1174 ee. |
pratihar samrajy | 830–963 ee. |
rajapoot kal | 900–1162 ee. |
madhyakalin bharat- 500 ee.– 1761 ee. | |
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adhunik bharat- 1762–1947 ee. | |
maratha samrajy | 1674-1818 ee. |
sikh rajyasangh | 1716-1849 ee. |
aupanivesh kal | 1760-1947 ee. |
100px mean manaviy karyakalap ke jo prachinatam chihn ab tak mile haian, ve 4,00,000 ee. poo. aur 2,00,000 ee. poo. ke bich doosare aur tisare him-yugoan ke sandhikal ke haian aur ve is bat ke sakshy prastut karate haian ki us samay patthar ke upakaran kam mean lae jate the. isake pashchat ek lambe arase tak vikas mand gati se hota raha, jisamean antim samay mean jakar tivrata aee aur usaki parinati 2300 ee. poo. ke lagabhag sindhu ghati ki alishan sabhyata (athava navinatam namakaran ke anusar h dappa sanskriti) ke roop mean huee. h dappa ki poorvavarti sanskritiyaan haian: baloochistani paha diyoan ke gaanvoan ki kulli sanskriti aur rajasthan tatha panjab ki nadiyoan ke kinare base kuchh gram-samudayoan ki sanskriti.[1] jaivik gunasootroan ke pramanoan ke adhar par bharat mean manav ka sabase pahala praman keral se mila hai jo sattar hazar sal purana hone ki sanbhavana hai. jisaka adhar afriqa ke prachin manav se jaivik gunasootroan (jins) ka milana hai. [2] yah kal vah hai jab afriqa se adi manav ne vishv ke anek hissoan mean basana prarambh kiya jo pachas se sattar hazar sal pahale ka mana jata hai.
prachin bharatiy itihas ke strot
bharatiy itihas janane ke strot ko tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata haian-
sahityik sakshy, videshi yatriyoan ka vivaran, puratattv sambandhi sakshy
sahityik sakshy
sahityik sakshy ke antargat sahityik granthoan se prapt aitihasik vastuoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. sahityik sakshy ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya jata sakata hai- dharmik sahity aur laukik sahity. dharmik sahity ke antargat brahman tatha brahmanettar sahity ki charcha ki jati hai.
- brahman granthoan mean -
ved, upanishad, ramayan, mahabharat, puran, smriti granth ate haian.
laukik sahity ke antargat aitihasik granth, jivani, kalpana-pradhan tatha galp sahity ka varnan kiya jata hai.
dharm-granth
prachin kal se hi bharat ke dharm pradhan desh hone ke karan yahaan prayah tin dharmik dharayean- vaidik, jain evan bauddh pravahit hueean. vaidik dharm granth ko brahman dharm granth bhi kaha jata hai.
brahman dharm-granth
brahman dharm - granth ke antargat ved, upanishadh, mahakavy tatha smriti granthoan ko shamil kiya jata hai.
ved
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
ved ek mahattvapoorn brahman dharm-granth hai. ved shabd ka arth ‘jnan‘ mahatajnan arthat ‘pavitr evan adhyatmik jnan‘ hai. yah shabd sanskrit ke ‘vidh‘ dhatu se bana hai jisaka arth hai janana. vedoan ke sankalanakarta 'krishna dvaipayan' the. krishna dvaipayan ko vedoan ke prithakkaran-vyas ke karan 'vedavyas' ki sanjna prapt huee. vedoan se hi hamean aryo ke vishay mean prarambhik janakari milati hai. kuchh log vedoan ko apaurooshey arthat daivakrit manate hai. vedoan ki kul sankhya char hai-
- rrigved- yah rrichaoan ka sangrah hai.
- samaved- yah rrichaoan ka sangrah hai.
- yajurved- isamean yaganushthan ke lie viniyog vakyoan ka samavesh hai.
- atharvaved- yah tantr-mantroan ka sangrah hai.
granthoan ki prakriti
- rrigved, samaved, yajurved aur atharvaved, in charoan vedoan ko 'sanhita' kaha jata hai.
- inamean rrigved, yajurved evan samaved ke sammilit sangrah ko 'vedatrayi' kaha jata hai.
- uparyukt charoan vedoan mean se pratyek ke ek-ek upaved bhi hai.
- rrigved ka upaved 'ayurved' hai, samaved ka upaved 'gandharvaved' hai, jo sangit se sanbadv hai.
- yajurved ka upaved 'dhanurved' hai, jo yudv kalaoan ka varnan karata hai.
- atharvaved ka upaved 'shilpaved' hai.
- isamean sabase mahattvapoorn upaved hai 'ayurved' hai.
- isake ath bhag haian- shaly, shalaky, kay-chikitsa, bhoot vidya, kumarabhrity, aangadatantr, rasayan aur vajikaran.
- ek manyata ke anusar ayurved ke janmadata prajapati (brahma), dhanurved ke janmadata vishvamitr, gandharv ke janmadata narad tatha shilpaved ke janmadata vishvakarma the.
- in granthoan se prachin bharat mean prachalit vibhinn vidhaoan ka jnan hota hai.
brahman granth
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
yajnoan evan karmakandoan ke vidhan evan inaki kriyaoan ko bhali-bhaanti samajhane ke lie hi is brahman granth ki rachana huee. yahaan par 'brahm' ka shabdik arth haian- yajn arthat yajn ke vishayoan ka achchhi tarah se pratipadan karane vale granth hi 'brahman granth' kahe gaye. brahman granthoan mean sarvatha yajnoan ki vaijnanik, adhibhautik tatha adhyatmik mimaansa prastut ki gayi hai. yah granth adhikatar gady mean likhe hue haian. inamean uttarakalin samaj tatha sanskriti ke sambandh ka jnan prapt hota hai. pratyek ved (sanhita) ke apane-apane brahman hote haian.
aranyak
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
arayankoan mean darshanik evan rahasyatmak vishayoan yatha, atma, mrityu, jivan adi ka varnan hota hai. in granthoan ko arayank isalie kaha jata hai kyoanki in granthoan ka manan arany arthat van mean kiya jata tha. ye granth aranyoan (jangaloan) mean nivas karane vale sannyasiyoan ke margadarshan ke lie likhe ge thai. aranyakoan mean aitarey aranyak, shaankhayant aranyak, brihadaranyak, maitrayani upanishad aranyak tatha tavalakar aranyak (ise jaiminiyopanishad brahman bhi kahate haian) mukhy haian. aitarey tatha shaankhayan rrigved se, brihadaranyak shukl yajurved se, maitrayani upanishad aranyak krishna yajurved se tatha tavalakar aranyak samaved se sambaddh haian. atharvaved ka koee aranyak upalabdh nahian hai. aranyak granthoan mean pran vidya ki mahima ka pratipadan vishesh roop se milata hai. inamean kuchh aitihasik tathy bhi haian, jaise- taittiriy aranyak mean kuru, panchal, kashi, videh adi mahajanapadoan ka ullekh hai.
upanishad
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
upanishadoan ki kul sankhya 108 hai. pramukh upanishad haian- eesh, ken, kath, mandooky, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, shvetashvatar, brihadaranyak, kaushitaki, mundak, prashn, maitraniy adi. lekin shankarachary ne jin 10 upanishadoan par spana bhashy likha hai, unako pramanik mana gaya hai.ye haian - eesh, ken, mandooky, mundak, taittiriy, aitarey, prashn, chhandogy aur brihadaranyak upanishad. isake atirikt shvetashvatar aur kaushitaki upanishad bhi mahattvapoorn haian. is prakar 103 upanishadoan mean se keval 13 upanishadoan ko hi pramanik mana gaya hai. bharat ka prasiddh adarsh vaky 'satyamev jayate' mundopanishad se liya gaya hai. upanishad gady aur pady donoan mean haian, jisamean prashn, mandooky, ken, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, brihadaranyak aur kaushitaki upanishad gady mean haian tatha ken, eesh, kath aur shvetashvatar upanishad pady mean haian.
vedaang
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
vedoan ke arth ko achchhi tarah samajhane mean vedaang kafi sahayak hote haian. vedaang shabd se abhipray hai- 'jisake dvara kisi vastu ke svaroop ko samajhane mean sahayata mile'. vedaango ki kul sankhya 6 hai, jo is prakar hai-
- shiksha - vaidik vakyoan ke spasht uchcharan hetu isaka nirman hua. vaidik shiksha sambandhi prachinatam sahity 'pratishakhy' hai.
- kalp - vaidik karmakandoan ko sampann karavane ke lie nishchit kie gaye vidhi niyamoan ka pratipadan 'kalpasootr' mean kiya gaya hai.
- vyakaran - isake antargat samasoan evan sandhi adi ke niyam, namoan evan dhatuoan ki rachana, upasarg evan pratyay ke prayog adi ke niyam bataye gaye haian. panini ki ashtadhyayi prasiddh vyakaran granth hai.
- nirookt - shabdoan ki vyutpatti evan nirvachan batalane vale shastr 'nirookt' kahalatean hai. klisht vaidik shabdoan ke sankalan ‘nighantu‘ ki vyakhya hetu yask ne 'nirookt' ki rachana ki thi, jo bhasha shastr ka pratham granth mana jata hai.
- chhand - vaidik sahity mean mukhy roop se gayatri, trishtup, jagati, vrihati adi chhandoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai. piangal ka chhandashastr prasiddh hai.
- jyotish - isamean jyotish shastr ke vikas ko dikhaya gaya hai. isakean prachinatam achary 'lagadh muni' hai.
brahman granthoan mean dharmashastr ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai.
- dharmashastr mean char sahity ate haian- 1- dharm sootr, 2- smriti, 3- tika evan 4- nibandh .
aryoan ke adi sthal soochi
aryoan ke adi sthal | h dappakalin nadiyoan ke kinare base nagar | vibhinn vidvanoan dvara siandhu sabhyata ka kal nirdharan | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
adi (mool) sthan | mat | nagar | nadi / sagar tat | kal | vidvan |
smritiyaan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
smritiyoan ko 'dharm shastr' bhi kaha jata hai- 'shrastu ved vijneyoan dharmashastran tu vaismritiah.' smritiyoan ka uday sootroan ko bad hua. manushy ke poore jivan se sambadhit anek kriya-kalapoan ke bare mean asankhy vidhi-nishedhoan ki janakari in smritiyoan se milati hai. sambhavatah manusmriti (lagabhag 200 ee.poorv. se 100 ee. madhy) evan yajnavalky smriti sabase prachin haian. us samay ke any mahattvapoorn smritikar the- narad, parashar, brihaspati, katyayan, gautam, sanvart, harit, aangira adi, jinaka samay sambhavatah 100 ee. se lekar 600 ee. tak tha. manusmriti se us samay ke bharat ke bare mean rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik janakari milati hai. narad smriti se gupt vansh ke sandarbh mean janakari milati hai. medhatithi, maroochi, kullook bhatt, govindaraj adi tikakaroan ne 'manusmriti' par, jabaki vishvaroop, aparark, vijnaneshvar adi ne 'yajnavalky smriti' par bhashy likhe haian.
mahakavy
'ramayan' evan 'mahabharat', bharat ke do sarvadhik prachin mahakavy haian. yadyapi in donoan mahakavyoan ke rachanakal ke vishay mean kafi vivad hai, phir bhi kuchh upalabdh sakshyoan ke adhar par in mahakavyoan ka rachanakal chauthi shati ee.poo. se chauthi shati ee. ke madhy mana gaya hai.
ramayan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
ramayan ki rachana maharshi balmiki dvara pahali evan doosari shatabdi ke dauran sanskrit bhasha mean ki gayi . balmiki krit ramayan mean moolatah 6000 shlok the, jo kalantar mean 12000 hue aur phir 24000 ho gaye . ise 'chaturvishiti sahastri sanhita' bhri kaha gaya hai. balmiki dvara rachit ramayan- balakand, ayodhyakand, aranyakand, kishkindhakand, sundarakand, yuddhakand evan uttarakand namak sat kandoan mean banta hua hai. ramayan dvara us samay ki rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik sthiti ka jnan hota hai. ramakatha par adharit granthoan ka anuvad sarvapratham bharat se bahar chin mean kiya gaya. bhooshundi ramayan ko 'adiramayan' kaha jata hai.
mahabharat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
maharshi vyas dvara rachit mahabharat mahakavy ramayan se brihad hai. isaki rachana ka mool samay eesa poorv chauthi shatabdi mana jata hai. mahabharat mean moolatah 8800 shlok the tatha isaka nam 'jayasanhita' (vijay sanbandhi granth) tha. bad mean shlokoan ki sankhya 24000 hone ke pashchat yah vaidik jan bharat ke vanshajoan ki katha hone ke karan ‘bharat‘ kahalaya. kalantar mean gupt kal mean shlokoan ki sankhya badhakar ek lakh hone par yah 'shatasahastri sanhita' ya 'mahabharat' kehalaya. mahabharat ka prarambhik ullekh 'ashvalay grihasootr' mean milata hai. vartaman mean is mahakavy mean lagabhag ek lakh shlokoan ka sankalan hai. mahabharat mahakavy 18 parvo- adi, sabha, van, virat, udyog, bhishm, dron, karn, shaly, sauptik, stri, shanti, anushasan, ashvamegh, ashramavasi, mausal, mahaprasthanik evan svargarohan mean vibhajit hai. mahabharat mean ‘harivansh‘ nam parishisht hai. is mahakavy se tatkalin rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik sthiti ka jnan hota hai.
mahajanapad soochi
nam | vivaran | kshetr |
---|
puran
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
prachin akhyanoan se yukt granth ko puran kahate haian. sambhavatah 5vian se 4thi shatabdi ee.poo. tak puran astitv mean a chuke the. brahm vaivart puran mean puranoan ke paanch lakshan bataye ye haian. yah haian- sarp, pratisarg, vansh, manvantar tatha vanshanucharit. kul puranoan ki sankhya 18 haian- 1. brahm puran 2. padm puran 3. vishnu puran 4. vayu puran 5. bhagavat puran 6. naradiy puran, 7. markandey puran 8. agni puran 9. bhavishy puran 10. brahm vaivart puran, 11. liang puran 12. varah puran 13. skand puran 14. vaman puran 15. koorm puran 16. matsy puran 17. garu d puran aur 18. brahmand puran in puranoan mean vishnu, matsy, vayu, brahmand, tatha bhagavat puran sarvadhik aitihasik mahatv ke haian kyoanki inamean rajaoan ki vanshavaliyaan payi jati haian. atharah puranoan mean sarvadhik prachin evan pramanik matsy puran hai. isake dvara satavahan vansh ke vishay mean vishesh janakari milati hai. isake atirikt vishnu puran se maury vansh evan gupt vansh ki evan vayu puran se shuang vansh evan gupt vansh ke vishay mean vishesh janakari milati hai. is prakar puranoan se hamean shishunag, nand, maury, shuang, satavahan evan gupt vansh ke vishay mean jnan hota hai. markandey puran mukhyatah devi durga se sanbadhit hai. isi mean 'durga saptashati' namak aansh shamil hai. agni puran mean taantrik paddhati ka ullekh hai. isi puran mean ganesh pooja ka pratham bar ullekh milata hai.
bauddh sahity
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bauddh sahity ko ‘tripitak‘ kaha jata hai. mahatma buddh ke parinirvan ke uparant ayojit vibhinn bauddh sangitiyoan mean sankalit kiye gaye tripitak (sanskrit tripitak) sambhavatah sarvadhik prachin dharmagranth haian. vular evan rij devidj mahoday ne ‘pitak‘ ka shabdik arth tokari bataya hai. tripitak haian. suttapitak, vinayapitak aur abhidhammapitak.
jain sahity
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
aitihasik janakari hetu jain sahity bhi bauddh sahity ki hi tarah mahattvapoorn haian. ab tak upalabdh jain sahity prakrit evan sanskrit bhasha mean milatean hai. jain sahity, jise ‘agam‘ kaha jata hai, inaki sankhya 12 batayi jati hai. age chalakar inake 'upaang' bhi likhe gaye . agamoan ke sath-sath jain granthoan mean 10 prakirn, 6 chhand sootr, ek nandi sootr ek anuyogadvar evan char moolasootr haian. in agam granthoan ki rachana sambhavatah shvetambar sampraday ke acharyo dvara mahavir svami ki mrityu ke bad ki gayi.
laukik sahity
is prakar ke sahity ke antargat aitihasik evan samasamayik sahity ate haian, aise sahity ko dharmettar sahity bhi kahate haian is prakar ki kritiyoan se tatkalin bharatiy samaj ke rajanitik evan saanskritik itihas ko janane mean kafi madad milati hai. aisi rachanaoan mean sarvapratham ullekh achary chanaky ke arthashastr ka kiya jata hai. vyakaran ke pitamah achary panini ka ashtadhyayi, vishakhadatt ka mudrarakshas, maharshi patanjali ka mahabhashy, kalidas ka malavikagnimitramh, banabhatt ka harshacharit, bhas ka svapnavasavadattam, shoodrak mrichchhakatikam, kalhan ka rajatarangini adi sahity se vibhinn aitihasik janakari milati hai.
- dakshin bharat ka prarambhik itihas ‘sangam sahity‘ se jnat hota hai.
- sudoor dakshin ke pallav aur chol shasako ka itihas nandikaklambakam, kaliangattuparni, chol charit adi se prapt hota hai.
videshiyoan ke vivaran
videshi yatriyoan evan lekhakoan ke vivaran se bhi hamean bharatiy itihas ki janakariyaan milati hai. inako tin bhagoan mean baant sakate haian-
yoonani-roman lekhak, chini lekhak, arabi lekhak
yoonani-roman lekhak
- yoonani lekhakoan ko tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-
- tesiyas aur herodotas yoonan aur rom ke prachin lekhakoan mean se haian. tesiyas 'eerani rajavaidy' tha, usane bharat ke vishay mean samast janakari eerani adhikariyoan se prapt ki thi. herodotas, jise 'itihas ka pita' kaha jata hai, ne 5vi. shatabdi mean ee.poo. mean ‘historika‘ namak pustak ki rachana ki thi, jisamean bharat aur faras ke sambandhoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
- niyarkas, anesikritas aur aristovulas ye sabhi lekhak sikandar ke samakalin. in lekhakoan dvara jo bhi vivaran tatkalin bharatiy itihas se ju da hai vah apane mean pramanik hai.
- sikandar ke bad ke lekhakoan mean mahattvapoorn tha megasthanij jo yoonani raja selyookas ka rajadoot tha. usane chandragupt maury ke darabar mean karib 14 varsho tak samay vyatit kiya. usane ‘indika ‘ namak granth ki rachana ki jisamean tatkalin mauryavanshiy samaj evan sanskriti ka vivaran diya tha. daimekas, siriyan naresh antiyokas ka rajadoot tha jo bindusar ke rajadarabar mean kafi dinoan tak raha. dayonisiyas misr naresh 't aaulami philadelphas' ke rajadoot ke roop mean kafi dinoan tak samrat ashok ke raj darabar mean raha tha.
- any pustakoan mean 'periplas aauf d erithriyan si', lagabhag 150 ee. ke asapas t aaulami ka bhoogol, plini ka 'nechural historika' (ee. ki pratham sadi) mahattvapoorn hai. ‘periplas aauph d erithriyan si‘ granth jisaki rachana 80 se 115 ee. ke bich huee hai, mean bharatiy bandaragahoan evan vyaparik vastuoan ka vivaran milata hai. plini ke ‘nechural historika‘ se bharatiy pashu, pe d-paudhoan evan khanij padartho ki janakari milati hai.
chini lekhak
chini lekhakoan ke vivaran se bhi bharatiy itihas par prachur prabhav p data hai sabhi chini lekhak yatri bauddh matanuyayi the aur ve is dharm ke vishay mean kuchh vishay janakari ke lie hi bharat aye the. chini bauddh yatriyoan mean se pramukh the- fahyan, hvenasaang, itsiang, malvanalin, chaoo-joo-kua adi.
- malvanalin ne harsh ke poorv abhiyan evan 'chaoo-joo-kua' ne cholakalin itihas par prakash dala.
arabi lekhak
poorv madhyakalin bharat ke samaj aur sanskriti ke vishayoan mean hamean sarvapratham arab vyapariyoan evan lekhakoan se vivaran prapt hota hai. in vyapariyoan aur lekhakoan mean mukhy haian- alaberooni, suleman aur alamasoodi.
- uparyukt videshi yatriyoan ke vivaran ke atirikt kuchh pharasi lekhakoan ke vivaran bhi prapt hote hai jinase bharatiy itihas ke adhyayan mean kafi sahayata milati hai. isamean mahattvapoorn haian-
- phiradausi (940-1020 ee.) kritashahanama, (Book of Kings)
- rashadudvin krit 'jamiet al tavarikh' ali ahamad krit ‘chachanama‘ minahaj-ul-siraj krit ‘tabakat-e-nasiri‘, jiyaudvin barani krit ‘tarikh-e-phirojashahi evan abul fazal krit ‘akabaranama‘ adi.
- yooropiy yatriyoan mean 13 vi shatabdi mean venis (itali) se aye se suprasidv yatri markopoloan dvara dakshin ke pandy rajy ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.
puratatv
puratatvik sakshy ke aantargat mukhyatah abhilekh, sikke, smarak, bhavan, moortiyaan chitrakala adi ate haian.
abhilekh
itihas nimarn mean sahayak puratattv samagri mean abhilekhoan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. ye abhilekh adhikaanshatah stambhoan, shilaoan, tamrapatroan, mudraoan patroan, moortiyoan, guhaoan adi mean khude hue milate haian. yadyapi prachinatam abhilekh madhy eshiya ke ‘bogajakoee‘ nam sthan se karib 1400 ee.poo. mean paye gaye jinamean anek vaidik devataoan - indr, mitr, varoon, nasaty adi ka ullekh milata hai.
apane yatharth roop mean abhilekh hamean sarvapratham ashok ke shasan kal mean hi milatean haian. ek abhilekh, jo haidarabad mean 'maski' namak sthan par sthit hai, mean ashok ke nam ka spasht ullekh milata hai. isake atirikt 'gurjara', madhy pradesh, 'panagudhiya',madhy pradesh se prapt lekhoan mean bhi ashok ka nam milata hai. any abhilekhoan mean usako devataoan ka priy ‘priyadarshi‘ raja kaha gaya hai. ashok ke abhilekh mukhyatah brahyi, kharoshthi tatha aramaik lipiyoan mean milatean haian jisamean adhikaansh brahyi mean khude hue haian. is lipi ko baanyi se dayian or likha jata hai. pashchimottar prant mean prayukt hone vali ‘kharoshthi lipi‘ dayian se bayian or likhi jati thi. pakistan aur afaganistan, mean paye gaye ashok ke abhilekhoan mean prayukt lipi aramaik v yoonani thi.
ashok ke bad abhilekhoan ki parampara se ju de any abhilekh is prakar haian- kharavel ka kharavel ka hathigumpha, shak kshatrap pratham rudradaman ka joonagadh abhilekh, satavahan naresh pulumavi ka nasik guhalekh, harishen dvara likhit samudragupt ka prayag stambh lekh, malav naresh yashovarman ka mandasaur abhilekh, chaluky naresh pulakeshin dvitiy ka aihol abhilekh, |pratihar naresh bhoj ka gvaliyar abhilekh, skandagupt ka bhitari tatha joonagadh lekh, bangal ke shasak vijay sen ka devapa da abhilekh ityadi. kuchh gair sarakari abhilekh haian jaise yavan rajadoot heliyadoras ka besanagar, vidisha se prapt garu d stambh lekh. isase dvitiy shatabdi ee.poo. mean bharat mean bhagavat dharm ke vikasit hone ke sakshy milate haian. madhy pradesh ke eran se prapt varah pratima par hoon raja toraman ke lekhoan ka vivaran hai.
mudrayean
bharatiy itihas adhyayan mean mudraoan ki ativ mahatta hai. bharat ki prachinatam mudraean chhathi shati ee.poo. mean prachalit huee. in par lekh nahian hote the. kuchh pratik jaise parvat, vriksh, pakshi, manav, pushp, jayamitiy akriti adi aankit rahate the. inhean ahat mudra (panch markd kvayans) kaha jata tha. sarvapratham bharat mean shasan karane vale yoonani shasakoan ki mudraoan par lekh evan tithiyaan utkirn milati haian. sarvadhik mudraean uttar maury kal mean milati haian jo pradhanatah sise, potin, tabean, kaanse, chaandi aur sone ki hoti haian. kushanoan ke samay mean sarvadhik shuddh suvarn mudraean prachalan mean the, par sarvadhik suvarn mudraean gupt kal mean jari ki gayi. samudragupt ki kuchh mudraoan par 'yoop' par 'ashvamedh yajn' aur kuchh par vina bajate hue dikhaya gaya hai. kanishk ki mudraoan se yah pata chalata hai ki vah bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. satavahan naresh shatakarni ki ek mudra par jalapot ka chitr utkirn hai jisase anuman lagaya jata hai ki usane samudr vijay ki thi. chandragupt dvitiy ki vyaghrashaili ki mudraoan se usaki pashchimi bharat ke shakoan ki vijay soochit hoti hai.
smarak evan bhavan
itihas nirman mean bharatiy sthapatyakaroan, vastukaroan aur chitrakaroan ne apane hathiyar, chheni, kanni, aur toolika ke dvara vishesh yogadan diya. inake dvara nirmit prachin imaratean, mandir moortiyoan ke avasheshoan se bharat ki prachin samajik, arthik evan dharmik paristhitiyoan ka jnan hota hai. khudaee mean mile mahattvapoorn avasheshoan mean hadappa sabhyata, pataliputr ki khudaee mean chandragupt maury ke samay lak di ke bane rajaprasad ke dhvansavashesh, kaushambi ki khudaee se maharaj udayan ke rajaprasad evan ghoshitaram bihar ke avashesh aantarajikhe da mean khudaee se lohe ke prayog ke sakshy, paandicheri ke arikamedu mean khudaee se roman mudraoan, bartan adi ke avasheshoan se tatkalin itihas evan sanskriti ki janakari prapt hoti hai. us samay mandir nirman ki prachalit nagar shailiyoan mean ‘ nagar shaili‘ uttar bharat mean prachalit thi jabaki dravi d shaili dakshin bharat mean prachalit thi. dakshinapath mean nirmit ve mandir jisamean nagar evan dravi d donoan shailiyoan ka samavesh hai use ‘vesar shaili‘ kaha gaya hai. 8vian shatabdi mean java mean nirmit borabudur mandir se bauddh dharm ki pahachan shakha ke prachalit hone ka praman milata hai.
moortiyaan
prachin kal mean moortiyoan ka nirman kushan kal se arambh hota hai. kushanean, gupt shasakoan evan uttar guptakal mean nirmit moortiyoan ke vikas mean janasamany ki dharmik bhavanaoan ka vishesh yogadan raha hai. kushanakalin moortiyoan evan guptakalin moortiyoan mean vyapt moolabhoot aantar is prakar hai-
- kushanakalin moortiyaan videshi prabhav se otaprot haian vahian par guptakalin moortiyaan svabhavikata se ot-prot haian.
- bharahut, bodhagaya, saanchi aur amaravati mean mili moortiyaan, moortikala mean janasamany ke jivan ki ati sajiv jhaanki prastut karati hai.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
chitrakala
chitrakala se hamean us samay ke jivan ke vishay mean janakari milati hai. ajanta ke chitroan mean manaviy bhavanaoan ki sundar abhivyakti milati hai. chitroan mean ‘mata aur shishu‘ ya ‘maranashil rajakumari‘ jaise chitroan se guptakal ki kalatmak parakashtha ka poorn praman milata hai.
pashan kal
[[chitr:Stone-Tools-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|astr, mohanajoda do 3000 ee.poo.]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
samast itihas ko tin kaloan mean vibhajit kiya ja ekata hai-
- prakhitihas ya pragaitihasik kal(Prehistoric Age),
- ady aitihasik kal(Proto-historic Age)
- aitihasik kal(Historic Age)
bharat ki adim (praranbhik) jatiyaan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
prarambhik kal mean bharat mean kitane prakar ki jatiyaan nivas karati thian, unamean apasi sambangh kis star ke the, adi prashn atyant hi vivadit haian. phir bhi navinatam sarvadhik manyataoan mean 'd aau. bi.es. guha' ka mat hai. bharatavarsh ki prarambhik jatiyoan ko chhah bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. - 1. nigritoan 2. proto-aaustreliyaeed 3. mangolayad 4. bhoomadhy sagariy 5. pashchimi breki sephal 6. n aaurdik
sidhu ghati (saiandhav/h dappa) sabhyata
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
aj se lagabhag 70 varsh poorv pakistan ke 'pashchimi panjab praant' ke 'mantagomari zile' mean sthit 'hariyana' ke nivasiyoan ko shayad is bat ka kianchitmatr bhi abhas nahian tha ki ve apane as-pas ki jamin mean dabi jin eetoan ka prayog itane dh dalle se apane makanoan ka nirman mean kar rahe haian, vah koee sadharan eetean nahian, balki lagabhag 5,000 varsh purani aur poori tarah vikasit sabhyata ke avashesh haian. isaka abhas unhe tab hua jab 1856 ee. mean 'j aaun viliyam brantam' ne karachi se lahaur tak relave lain bichhavane hetu eetoan ki apoorti ke in khandaharoan ki khudaee prarambh karavayi. khudaee ke dauran hi is sabhyata ke pratham avashesh prapt hue, jise is sabhyata ka nam ‘h dappa sabhyata‘ ka nam diya gaya.
vishesh imaratean
siandhu ghati pradesh mean huee khudaee kuchh mahattvapoorn dhvansavasheshoan ke praman mile haian. h dappa ki khudaee mean mile avasheshoan mean mahattvapoorn the - durg, raksha-prachir, nivasagrih, chabootare, annagar adi .
durg
nagar ki pashchimi tile par sambhavatah suraksha hetu ek 'durg' ka nirman hua tha jisaki uttar se dakshin ki or lambaee 460 gaj evan poorv se pashchim ki or lambaee 215 gaj thi. hvilar dvara is tile ko 'maunt e-bi' nam pradan kiya gaya hai. durg ke charoan or karib 45 phit chau di ek suraksha prachir ka nirman kiya gaya tha jisamean jagah-jagah par phatakoan ev rakshak grihoan ka nirman kiya gaya tha. durg ka mukhy pravesh marg uttar evan dakshin disha mean tha.
durg ke bahar uttar ki or 6 mitar ooanche 'eph' namak tile par paki eetoan se nirmit atharah vrittakar chabootare mile haian jisamean pratyek chabootare ka vyas karib 3.2 mitar hai chabootare ke madhy mean ek b da chhed haian, jisamean lak di ki okhali lagi thi, in chhedoan se jau, jale geanhoo evan bhoosi ke avashesh milatean haian. is kshetr mean shramik avas ke roop mean pandrah makanoan ki do panktiyaan mili haian jinamean sat makan uttari pankti ath makan dakshini pankti mean milean hai, pratyek makan mean ek aangan evan karib do kamare avashesh prapt hue haian. ye makan akar mean 17x7.5 mitar ke the. chabootaroan ke uttar ki or nirmit annagaroan ko do panktiyaan mili haian, jinamean pratyek pankti mean 6-6 kamare nirmit haian, donoan panktiyoan ke madhy karib 7 mitar chau da ek rasta bana tha. pratyek annagar karib 15.24 mitar lamba evan 6.10 mitar chau da haian.
h dappa lipi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
h dappa lipi ka sarvadhik purana namoona 1853 ee. mean mila tha par spashtatah yah lipi 1923 tak prakash mean aee. siandhu lipi mean lagabhag 64 mool chinh evan 205 se 400 tak akshar haian jo selakh di ki ayatakar muharoan, taanbe ki gutikaoan adi par milate haian. yah lipi chitratmak thi. yah lipi abhi tak gadhi nahian ja saki hai. is lipi mean prapt sabase b de lekh mean karib 17 chinh haian. kalibanga ke utkhanan se prapt mitti ke thikaroan par utkirn chinh apane parshvavarti dahine chinh ko katate haian. isi adhar par 'brajavasi lal' ne yah nishkarsh nikala hai - 'saiandhav lipi dahini or se bayian or ko likhi jati thi.'
mrinmoortiyaan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
h dappa sabhyata se prapt mrinmoortiyoan ka nirman mitti se kiya gaya hai. in mrinmoortiyoan par manav ke atirikt pashu pakshiyoan mean bail, bhaiansa, bakara, bagh, suar, gaianda, bhaloo, bandar, mor, tota, batakh evan kabootar ki mrinamoortiyaan mili hai. manav mrinmoortiyaan thos hai par pashuoan ki khokhali. nar evan nari mrinmoortiyaan mean sarvadhik nari mrinmoortiyaan thos haian, par pashuo ki khokhali. nar evan nari- mrinmoortiyaan mean sarvadhik nari mrinmoortiyaan mili hai.
h dappa sabhyata ke nagaroan ki visheshataean
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
h dappa sanskriti ki sarvadhik mahattvapoorn visheshata thi- isaki nagar yojana. is sabhyata ke mahattvapoorn sthaloan ke nagar nirman mean samaroopata thi. nagaroan ke bhavano ke bare mean vishisht bat yah thi ki ye jal ki tarah vinyast the.
hadappa janajivan
[[chitr:King-priest-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|pradhan anushthanakarta mohanajoda do 2000 ee.poo.]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
hadapppa sanskriti ki vyapakata evan vikas ko dekhane se aisa lagata hai ki yah sabhyata kisi kendriy shakti se sanchalit hoti thi. vaise yah prashn abhi vivad ka vishay bana hua hai, phir bhi chooanki hadappavasi vanijy ki or adhik akarshit the, isalie aisa mana jata hai ki sambhavatah h dappa sabhyata ka shasan vanik varg ke hath mean tha.
- hnilar ne siandhu pradesh ke logoan ke shasan ko 'madhyam vargiy janatanntratmak shasan' kaha aur usamean dharm ki mahatta ko svikar kiya.
- stuart pigg aaut mahoday ne kaha 'mohanajoda doan ka shasan rajatantratmak n hokar janatantratmak' tha.
- maike ke anusar ‘mohanajod doan ka shasan ek pratinidhi shasak ke hathoan tha.
saiandhav-sabhyata ka vinash
saidhav-sabhyata ke patan ke sandarbh mean hnilar ka mat poori tarah se amany ho chuka hai. hariyoopiya ka ullekh jo rrigved mean prapt hai us hnilar ne h dappa man liya aur kile ko pur aur arya ke devata iandr ko purandar (kile ko nasht karane vala) manakar yah siddhaant pratipadit kar diya ki saiandhav nagaroan ka patan aryo ke akraman ke karanh hua tha. dhyatavy hai ki hnilar ka yah siddhant tabhi khandit ho jata hai jab siandhu-sabhyata ko nagariy sabhyata ghoshit kiya jata hai. mohanajoda do se prapt nar kankal kisi ek ki samay ke nahian hai jinamean vyapak narasanhar dyotit ho raha hai.
mat | itihasakar |
---|---|
1- prashasanik shithilata ke karan is sabhyata ka vinash hua. | j aaun marshal |
2- jalavayu mean hue parivartan ke karan yah sabhyata nasht huee. | aaurel stain |
3- siandhu sabhyata badh ke karan nasht huee. | arnest maike evan j aaun marshal |
4- bhoo tatvik parivartan ke karan sabhyata nasht huee. | em.ar.sahani, ar.el.raiks, j aaurj eph.dels, ech.ti.laimbrik |
5- mohanajoda do ke logoan ki ag lagakar hatya kar di gayi. | di.di. kosambi |
6- saiandhav sabhyata videshi akraman v aryoan ke akraman se nasht huee. | gardan chaild, martimar hvilar, di.ech.gardan, stuard piggt |
pragaitihasik kal
[[chitr:Dancing-girl-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|nrityaangana mohanajoda do 2500 ee.poo.]] bharat ka itihas pragaitihasik kal se arambh hota hai. 3000 ee. poorv tatha 1500 ee. poorv ke bich siandhu ghati mean ek unnat sabhyata vartaman thi, jisake avashesh mohan jod do (muan-jo-da do) aur h dappa mean mile haian. vishvas kiya jata hai ki bharat mean aryoan ka pravesh bad mean hua. aryoan ne paya ki is desh mean unase poorv ke jo log nivas kar rahe the, unaki sabhyata yadi unase shreshth nahian to kisi riti se nikrisht bhi nahian thi. aryoan se poorv ke logoan mean sabase b da varg dravi doan ka tha. aryoan dvara ve kramik riti se uttar se dakshin ki or khade d diye ge. jahaan dirgh kal tak unaka pradhany raha. bad mean unhoanne aryoan ka prabhutv svikar kar liya. unase vivah sambandh sthapit kar liye aur ab ve mahan bharatiy rashtr ke aang haian. dravi doan ke alava desh mean aur mool jatiyaan thi, jinamean se kuchh ka pratinidhitv munda, kol, bhil adi janajatiyaan karati haian jo mon-khmer varg ki bhashaean bolati haian. bharatiy aryoan ka prachinatam sahity hamean vedoan mean vishesh roop se rrigved mean milata hai, jisaka rachanakal kuchh vidvan tin hazar ee. poo. manate haian. vedoan mean hamean us kal ki sabhyata ki ek jhaanki milati hai. aryoan ne is desh ko koee rajanitik ekata pradan nahian ki. yadyapi unhoanne use ek pusht darshan aur dharm pradan kiya, jo hindoo dharm ke nam se prakhyat hai aur kam se kam char hazar varsh se akshunn hai.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
mahajanapad yug
prachin bharatiyoan ne koee tithi kramanusar itihas nahian surakshit rakha hai. sabase prachin sunishchit tithi jo hamean jnat hai, 326 ee. poo. hai, jab maqadooniya ke raja sikandar ne bharat par akraman kiya. is tithi se pahale ki ghatanaoan ka taratamy jo d kar tatha sahity mean surakshit aitihasik anushrutiyoan ka upayog karake bharat ka itihas satavian shatabdi ee. poo. tak pahuanch jata hai. is kal mean bharat qabul ki ghati se lekar godavari tak shodash janapadoan mean vibhajit tha.
in rajyoan me apas mean barabar l daee hoti rahati thi. chhathian shatabdi ee. poo. ke madhy mean bimbisar tatha ajatashatru ke rajy kal mean magadh ne kashi tatha koshal par adhikar karane ke bad apani simaoan ka vistar arambh kiya. inhian donoan magadh rajaoan ke rajyakal mean vardhaman mahavir ne jain dharm tatha gautam buddh ne bauddh dharm ka upadesh diya. bad ke kal mean magadh rajy ka vistar jari raha aur chauthi shatabdi ee. poo. ke aant mean nand rajaoan ke shasanakal mean usaka vistar bangal se lekar panjab mean vyas nadi ke tat tak sare uttari bharat mean ho gaya.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
maury aur shuang
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
[[chitr:Chanakya.jpg|thumb|250px|chanaky]] yoonani itihasakaroan ke dvara varnit 'presiaee' desh ka raja itana shaktishali tha ki sikandar ki senaean vyas par karake presiaee desh mean nahian ghus sakian aur sikandar, jisane 326 ee. mean panjab par hamala kiya, pichhe lautane ke lie vivash ho gaya. vah siandhu ke marg se pichhe laut gaya. is ghatana ke bad hi magadh par chandragupt maury (lagabhag 322 ee. poo.-298 ee. poo.) ne panjab mean sikandar jin yoonani adhikariyoan ko chho d gaya tha, unhean nikal bahar kiya aur bad mean ek yuddh mean sikandar ke senapati selyukas ko hara diya. selyukas ne hindookush tak ka sara pradesh vapas lauta kar chandragupt maury se sandhi kar li. chandragupt ne sare uttari bharat par apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. usane sambhvatah dakshin bhi vijay kar liya. vah apane is vishal samrajy par apani rajadhani pataliputr se shasan karata tha. usaki rajadhani pataliputr vaibhav aur samriddhi mean soosa aur ekabatana nagariyoan ko bhi mat karati thi. usaka pautr ashok tha, jisane kaliang (u disa) ko jita. usaka samrajy himalay ke padamool se lekar dakshin mean pannar nadi tak tatha uttar pashchim mean hindookush se lekar uttar-poorv mean asam ki sima tak vistrit tha. usane apane vishal samrajy ke samay sadhanoan ko manushyoan tatha pashuoan ke kalyan karyoan tatha bauddh dharm ke prasar mean lagakar amit yash prapt kiya. usane bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie bhikshuoan ko misr, maqadooniya tatha korinth (prachin yoonan ki vilas nagari) jaise door-daraj sthanoan mean bheja aur vahaan lokopakari kary karavaye. usake prayatnoan se bauddh dharm vishvadharm ban gaya. parantu usaki yuddh se virat rahane ki shantipoorn niti ne usake vansh ki shakti kshin kar di aur lagabhag adhi shatabdi ke bad pushyamitr ne usaka uchchhed kar diya. pushyamitr ne shuangavansh (lagabhag 185 ee. poo.- 73 ee. poo.) ki sthapana ki, jisaka uchchhed karav vansh (lagabhag 73 ee. poo.-28 ee. poo.) ne kar diya.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
shak, kushan aur satavahan
[[chitr:RabatakInscription.jpg|thumb|130px|rabatak lekh]] [[chitr:kanishk.jpg|thumb|100px|left|kanishk]] mauryavansh ke patan ke bad magadh ki shakti ghatane lagi aur satavahan rajaoan ke netritv mean magadh samrajy dakshin se alag ho gaya. satavahan vansh ko andhr vansh bhi kahate haian aur usane 50 ee. poo. se 225 ee. tak rajy kiya. bharat mean ek shaktishali kendriy sarakar ke abhav mean baiktriya aur parthiya ke rajaoan ne uttari bharat par akraman shuroo kar diye. in akramanakari rajaoan mean minandar sabase vikhyat hai. isake bad hi shak rajaoan ke akraman shuroo ho gaye aur maharashtr, saurashtr tatha mathura shak kshatrapoan ke shasan mean a gaye. is tarah bharat ki jo rajanitik ekata bhang ho gayi thi, vah eesvian pahali shatabdi mean kujul kadafaisis dvara kushan vansh ki shurooat se phir sthapit ho gayi. is vansh ne tisari shatabdi eesvian ke madhy tak uttari bharat par rajy kiya. [[chitr:Kambojika-2.jpg|thumb|130px|kambojika]] is vansh ka sabase prasiddh raja kanishk (lagabhag 120-144 ee.) tha, jisaki rajadhani purushapur athava peshavar thi. usane bauddh dharm grahan kar liya aur ashvaghosh, nagarjun tatha charak jaise bharatiy vidvanoan ko sanrakshan diya. kushanavansh ka ajnat karanoan se tisari shatabdi ke madhy tak patan ho gaya. isake bad bharatiy itihas ka aandhakar yug arambh hota hai. jo chauthi shatabdi ke arambh mean guptavansh ke uday se samapt hua.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
gupt
[[chitr:Xuanzang.jpg|thumb|80px|hven tsaang]] [[chitr:Udaygiri-Caves-Vidisha-1.jpg|thumb|left|varah avatar bhitti moohrtikala, gupt kal, udayagiri gufaean]] lagabhag 320 ee. poo. mean chandragupt ne guptavansh ko prachalit kiya aur pataliputr ko phir se apani rajadhani banaya. gupt vansh mean ek ke bad ek char mahan shaktishali raja hue, jinhoanne sare uttari bharat mean apana samrajy vistrit kar liya aur dakshin ke kee rajyoan par bhi apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. unhoanne hindoo dharm ko rajy dharm banaya, bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ke prati sahishnuta barati aur jnan-vijnan, sahity, kala, vastukala aur chitrakala ki unnati ki. isi yug mean kalidas, aryabhatt tatha varahamihir hue. ramayan, mahabharat, puranoan tatha manusanhita ko bhi isi yug mean vartaman roop prapt hua. chini yatri phahyan ne 401 se 410 ee. ke bich bharat ki yatra ki aur usane us kal ka rochak varnan kiya hai. usaka mat hai ki us kal mean desh mean poora ramarajy tha. svabhavik roop se gupt yug ko bharatiy itihas ka 'svarnayug' mana jata hai aur usaki tulana ethens ke pariklij yug se ki jati hai. (periklij (lagabhag 492-529 ee. poo.) ethens ka mahan rajaneta tatha senapati tha. usake shasanakal (460-429 ee. poo.) mean ethens unnati ke shikhar par pahuanch gaya). aantarik vighatan tatha hoonoan ke akramanoan ke phalasvaroop chhathi shatabdi mean gupt vansh ka patan ho gaya. parantu satavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean harshavardhan ne ek doosara samrajy kh da kar diya, jisaki rajadhani kannauj thi. yah samrajy sare uttari bharat mean vistrit tha. dakshin mean chaluky raja pulakeshi dvitiy ne usaka samrajy narmada tat se age badhane se rok diya tha. chini yatri huenasaang usake rajyakal mean bharat aya tha aur usane apani yatra varnan mean likha hai ki harshavardhan b da pratapi aur shaktishali raja hai. vah 646 ee. mean nissantan mar gaya aur usake bad sare uttari bharat mean phir se avyavastha phail gayi. thumb|100px|kirti stambh, chittau dagadh
gurjar pratihar rajavansh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
itihas ke anusar 5vi shadi me bhinamal gurjar samrajy ki rajadhani thi tatha isaki sthapana gurjaro ne ki thi.chini yatri hvensang apane lekho me gurjar samrajy ka ullekh karata hai tatha ise kiu-che-lo bolata hai.[3]6 se 12 vian sadi mean gurjar kee jagah satta mean the.gurjar pratihar vansh ki satta kannauj se lekar bihar, uttar pradesh, maharashtr aur gujarat tak phaili thi.mihirabhoj ko gurjar-pratihar vansh ka b da shasak mana jata hai.12vian sadi ke bad pratihar vansh ka patan hona shuroo hua aur ye kee hissoan mean bant ge.arab akranto ne gurjaro ki shakti tatha prasashan ki apane abhilekho me bhuri-bhuri prashansha ki hai.[4]itihasakar batate hai ki mugal kal se pahale tak lagabhag pura rajasthan tatha gujarat, gurjaratra (gurjaro se rakshit desh) ya gurjar-bhumi ke nam se jana jata tha.[5]arab lekhako ke anusar gurjar unake sabase bhayankar shatru the.[6]
rajapoot evan any rajavansh
gurjar pratihar samrajy ke vighatan ke bad uttar bharat mean kee rajapoot rajyoan ki nianv p di.. inamean panjab ka hindooshahi rajavansh, ajamer ka chauhan vansh, kannauj ka gah daval vansh tatha magadh aur bangal ka pal vansh tha. dakshin mean bhi satavahan vansh ke patan ke bad isi prakar satta ka vighatan ho gaya. u disa ke gang vansh jisane puri ka prasiddh jagannath mandir banavaya, vatapi ke chaluky vansh, jisake rajyakal mean ajanta ke kuchh gufa chitr bane tatha kaanchi ke pallav vansh ne, jisaki smriti us kal mean banavaye gaye kuchh prasiddh mandiroan mean surakshit hai, dakshin ko apas mean baant liya aur paraspar yuddhoan mean ek doosare ka nash kar diya. isake bad manyakhet athava malakh d ke rashtrakoot vansh ka uday hua, jisaka uchchhed pur ke chaluky vansh ki ek navin shakha ne kar diya. jisane kalyani ko apani rajadhani banaya. usaka uchchhed devagiri ke yadavoan tatha dvarasamudr ke hoyasal vansh ne kar diya. sudoor dakshin mean cher, paandy aur chol rajyoan ka uday hua, jinamean se aantim rajy sabase adhik chala. is tarah sare bharat mean anaiky vyapt ho gaya.
rajapoot rajy
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gurjar pratihar samrajy ke vighatan ke bad uttar bharat mean kee rajapoot rajyoan ki nianv p di. inamean sabase pramukh kannauj ke gahadaval, malava ke paramar tatha ajamer ke chauhan the. desh ke any kshetroan mean aur bhi chhote-chhote rajy the. jaise adhunik jabalapur ke nikat kalachuri, buandelakhand mean chandel, gujarat mean chaluky tatha dilli mean tomar vanshoan ka shasan tha. bangal par pahale pal vansh ka adhikar tha, bad mean sen vansh ka adhikar hua.
- REDIRECT saancha:inhean bhi dekhean
pal samrajy
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
harsh ke samay ke bad se uttari bharat ke prabhutv ka pratik kannauj mana jata tha. bad mean yah sthan dilli ne prapt kar liya. pal samrajy ki nianv 750 ee0 mean 'gopal' namak raja ne dali. bataya jata hai ki us kshetr mean phaili ashanti ko dabane ke lie kuchh pramukh logoan ne usako raja ke roop mean chuna. is prakar raja ka nirvachan ek abhootapoorv ghatana thi. isaka arth shayad yah hai ki gopal us kshetr ke sabhi mahattvapoorn logoan ka samarthan prapt karane mean saphal ho saka aur isase use apani sthiti mazaboot karan mean kafi sahayata mili.
rashtrakoot samrajy
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
jab uttari bharat mean pal aur pratihar vanshoan ka shasan tha, dakkan mean rashtookoot rajy karate the. is vansh ne bharat ko kee yoddha aur kushal prashasak die haian. is samrajy ki nianv 'dantidurg' ne dali. dantidurg ne 750 ee0 mean chalukyoan ke shasan ko samapt kar aj ke sholapur ke nikat apani rajadhani 'manyakhet' athava 'manakhe d' ki nianv rakhi. shighr hi maharashtr ke uttar ke sabhi kshetroan par rashtrakootoan ka adhipaty ho gaya. gujarat aur malava ke prabhutv ke lie inhoanne pratiharoan se bhi loha liya. yadyapi in hamaloan ke karan rashtrakoot apane samrajy ka vistar ganga ghati tak nahian kar sake tathapi inamean unhean bahut b di matra mean dhan rashi mili aur unaki khyati badhi. vangi (vartaman aandhr pradesh) ke poorvi chalukyoan aur dakshin mean kaanchi ke pallavoan tatha maduree ke paandyoan ke sath bhi rashtrakootoan ka barabar sangharsh chalata raha.
chol samrajy nauvian se barahavian shatabdi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
chol samrajy ka abhyuday nauvian shatabdi mean hua aur dakshin pray:dvip ka adhikaansh bhag isake adhikar mean tha. chol shasakoan ne shrilanka par bhi vijay prapt kar li thi aur maladiv dvipoan par bhi inaka adhikar tha. kuchh samay tak inaka prabhav kaliang aur tuangabhadr doab par bhi chhaya tha. inake pas shaktishali nausena thi aur ye dakshin poorvi eshiya mean apana prabhav qayam karane mean saphal ho sake. chol samrajy dakshin bharat ka niahsandeh sabase shaktishali samrajy tha. apani prarambhik kathinaiyoan par vijay prapt karane ke bad qarib do shatabdiyoan tak arthat barahavian eesvi ke madhy tak chol shasakoan ne n keval ek sthir prashasan diya, varan kala aur sahity ko bahut protsahan diya. kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki chol kal dakshin bharat ka 'svarn yug' tha.
bhavy mandiroan ka nirman
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
athavian shatabdi ke bad aur visheshakar dasavian se barahavian shatabdi ke bich ka kal mandir nirman kala ka charamotkarsh mana ja sakata hai. aj ham jin bhavyoan mandiroan ko dekhate haian, unamean se adhikatar usi kal mean banaye ge the. is kal ki mandir nirman kala ki mukhy shaili 'nagar' nam se jani jati hai. yadyapi is shaili ke mandir sare bharat mean pae jate haian tathapi inake mukhy kendr uttar bharat aur dakkan mean the.
- REDIRECT saancha:inhean bhi dekhean
islam ka pravesh
is bich 712 ee. mean bharat mean islam ka pravesh ho chuka tha. muhammad-ibn-qasim ke netritv mean musalaman araboan ne siandh par hamala kar diya aur vahaan ke brahman raja dahir ko hara diya. is tarah bharat ki bhoomi par pahali bar islam ke pair jam gaye aur bad ki shatabdiyoan ke hindoo raja use phir hata nahian sake. parantu siandh par araboan ka shasan vastav mean nirbal tha aur 1176 ee. mean shahabuddin muhammad gori ne use asani se ukha d diya. isase poorv subuktagin ke netritv mean musalamanoan ne hamale karake panjab chhin liya tha aur gazani ke sultan mahamood ne 997 se 1030 ee. ke bich bharat par satrah hamale kiye aur hindoo rajaoan ki shakti kuchal dali, phir bhi hindoo rajaoan ne musalamani akraman ka jis anavarat riti se prabal virodh kiya, usaka mahatv kam karake nahian aankana chahie.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
sangharsh ka yug lagabhag 1000 ee0 se 1200 ee0 tak
pashchim ke sath-sath madhy eshiya tatha uttar bharat mean bhi 1000 ee. tatha 1200 ee. ke bich tezi ke sath parivartan hue. inhian parivartanoan ke parinamasvaroop is kal ke ant mean uttar bharat mean turkoan ke akraman hue. nauvian shatabdi ke ant tak abbasi khalifoan ka patan arambh ho gaya tha. unaka samrajy ab chhote-chhote rajyoan mean bant gaya tha, jin par musalaman turkoan ka shasan tha. turk, abbasi samrajy mean mahal rakshakoan tatha peshevar sainikoan ke roop mean ae the. lekin shighr hi itane shaktishali ban ge ki niyukti par bhi unaka adhikar ho gaya. jaise-jaise kendriy sarakar ki shakti kam hoti gee, prantiy shasak apani svatantrata ki ghoshana karane lage, yadyapi kuchh samay tak is par ekata ka parda p da raha, kyoanki saphal saradaroan ko, jo kisi kshetr mean apana adhikar jamane mean saphal ho jate the, khalifa hi aupacharik roop se 'amir-ul-umara' (senapatiyoan ka senapati) ki padavi deta tha. ye shasak pahale 'amir' ki, par bad mean 'sultan' ki padavi grahan karane lage.
ek ke bad ek samrajy sthapit hote ge aur utani hi jaldi unaka patan hota gaya. inhoanne ek nayi prakar ki yuddhaniti shuroo ki. jisamean pramukh bhoomika bhari astrashastroan se lais ghu dasavar sainikoan ki hoti thi, jo tezi se age-pichhe sarak sakate the aur gho de ki pith se hi tiroan ki bauchhar kar sakate the. yah lohe ki raqaboan se hi sambhav tha. 'lohe ki raqaboan' tatha ek ne tarah ki 'lagam' ke karan yuddhaniti mean is tarah ka parivartan aya. isi bich gurjar-pratiharoan ke samrajy ke vighatan se uttari bharat kee chhot-chhote rajyoan mean bant gaya jinake shasakoan ke pas is nee yuddh niti ke mahatv ko samajhane tatha usaka muqabala karane ke n to sadhan the aur n hi ichchha thi.
mahamood gazanavi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
yah yamini vansh ka turk saradar gazani ke shasak subuktagin ka putr tha . usaka janm san. 1028 vi. (ee. 971) mean hua, 27 varsh ki ayu mean san. 1055 (ee. 998) mean vah shasanadhyaksh bana tha . mahamood bachapan se bharatavarsh ki apar samriddhi aur dhan-daulat ke vishay mean sunata raha tha . usake pita ne ek bar hindoo shahi raja jayapal ke rajy ko loot kar prachur sampatti prapt ki thi, mahamood bharat ki daulat ko lootakar malamal hone ke svapn dekha karata tha . usane 17 bar bharat par akraman kiya aur yahaan ki apar sampatti ko vah loot kar gazani le gaya tha . usake akraman aur lootamar ke kale karanamoan se tatkalin aitihasik granthoan ke panne bhare hue hai .
prithviraj chauhan aur gori
thumb|qutub minar faras tatha pashchim eshiya ke doosare rajyoan ki tarah musalamanoan ko bharat mean shighrata se saphalata nahian mili. yadyapi siandh par arab musalamanoan ka shighrata se qabza ho gaya, parantu vahaan se ve lagabhag char shatabdiyoan tak age nahian badh paye. uttar-pashchim ke musalaman akramanakariyoan ko bhi bharat ne lagabhag tin shatabdiyoan tak roke rakha. shahabuddin muhammad gori ka dilli jitane ka pahala prayas viphal hua aur prithviraj ne 1190 ee. mean taraeen ki pahali l daee mean use hara diya. vah 1193 ee. mean taraeen ki doosari l daee mean hi prithviraj ko harane mean saphal hua. is vijay ke bad shahabuddin aur usake senapatiyoan ne uttari bharat ke doosare hindoo rajaoan ko bhi hara diya aur vahaan musalamani shasan sthapit kar diya. is tarah terahavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean dilli ke sultanoan ki adhinata mean uttari bharat ki rajanitik ekata phir se sthapit ho gee.
taimoor
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
dakshin ek aur shatabdi tak svatantr raha, kintu sultan khilaji ke rajyakal mean dakshin bhi dilli saltanat ke adhin ho gaya aur is tarah chaudahavian shatabdi mean kuchh kal ke lie sare bharat ka shasan phir se ek kendriy satta ke aantargat a gaya. parantu dilli saltanat ka shighr hi patan shuroo ho gaya aur 1336 ee. mean dakshin mean hinduoan ka ek vishal rajy sthapit hua, jisaki rajadhani vijay nagar samrajy thi. bangal (1338 ee.), jaunapur (1393 ee.), gujarat tatha dakshin ke madhyavarti bhag mean bhi bahamani saltanat (1347 ee.) ke nam se svatantr musalamani rajy sthapit ho gaya. 1398 ee. mean taimoor ne bharat par hamala kiya aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use loota. usake hamale se dilli ki saltanat jarjar ho gayi.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
mugal
[[chitr:Akbar.jpg|thumb|100px|akabar]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
[[chitr:Tajmahal-03.jpg|thumb|left|100px|tajamahal]] dilli ki saltanat vastav mean kamazor thi, kyoanki sultanoan ne apani vijit hindoo praja ka hriday jitane ka koee prayas nahian kiya. ve dharmik drishti se atyant kattar the aur unhoanne balapoorvak hinduoan ko musalaman banane ka prayas kiya. isase hindoo praja unase koee sahanubhooti nahian rakhati thi. isak phalasvaroop 1526 ee. mean babar ne asani se dilli ki saltanat ko ukha d phaianka. usane panipat ki pahali l daee mean antim sultan ibrahim lodi ko hara diya aur mugal vansh ki pratishthit kiya, jisane 1526 se 1858 ee. tak bharat par shasan kiya. tisara mugal badashah akabar asadharan roop se yogy aur dooradarshi shasak tha. usane apani vijit hindoo praja ka hriday jitane ki koshish ki aur vishesh roop se yuddh priy rajapoot rajaoan ko apane paksh mean karane ka prayas kiya. akabar ne dharmik sahishnuta tatha mel-milap ki niti barati, hinduoan par se jaziya utha liya aur rajy ke ooanche padoan par bina bhedabhav ke sirph yogyata ke adhar par niyuktiyaan kian.
maratha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
[[chitr:Chatrapati Shivaji-2.jpg|thumb|left|100px|shivaji]] rajapootoan aur mugaloan ke yog se usane apana samrajy kandahar se asam ki sima tak tatha himalay ki talahati se lekar dakshin mean ahamadanagar tak vistrit kar diya. usake putr jahaangir jahaan pautr shahajahaan ki rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar jari raha. shahajahaan ne tajamahal ka nirman karaya, parantu kandahar usake hath se nikal gaya. akabar ke prapautr aurangazeb ke rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar apane charam shikhar par pahuanch gaya aur kuchh kal ke lie sara bharat usake aantargat ho gaya. parantu aurangazeb ne jan-boojhakar akabar ki dharmik sahishnuta ki niti tyag di aur hinduoan ko apane viruddh kar liya. usane hindustan ka shasan sirph musalamanoan ke hit mean chalane ki koshish ki aur hinduoan ko zabardasti musalaman banane ka asaphal prayas kiya. isase rajapootana, buandelakhand tatha panjab ke hindoo usake viruddh uth kh de hue. maharashtr mean shivaji ne 1707 ee. mean aurangazeb ki mrityu se poorv hi ek svatantr hindoo rajy sthapit kar diya. aurangazeb antim shaktishali mugal badashah tha. usake uttaradhikari atyant nirbal aur ayogy the, unake vazir vishvasaghati the. faras ke nadirashah ne mugal badashahat par sabase saanghatik prahar kiya. usane 1739 ee. mean bharat par chadhaee ki aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use nirdayata se poori tarah loota. usake hamale se mugal samrajy poori tarah jarjar ho gaya aur isake bad shighrata se usaka vighatan ho gaya. avadh, akhandit bangal tatha dakshin ke musalaman soobedaroan ne apane ko svatantr kar liya. rajapoot raja bhi arddh-svatantr ho gaye. peshava bajirav pratham ke netritv mean marathoan ne mugal samrajy ke khandaharoan par hindoo pad padashah ki sthapana ka prayas kiya.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
aangrez
firangi log samudri margoan se bharat ki zamin par pair jama chuke the. akabar se lekar aurangazeb tak mugal badashahoan ne bharat ke is naye marg ka mahatv nahian samajha. inamean se koee in navaangatukoan ki rajanitik mahatvakaankshaoan ka anuman nahian laga saka aur unake jangi be de ka muqabala karane ke lie ek shaktishali bharatiy jangi be da taiyar karane ki avashyakata ko anubhav nahian kar saka. is tarah bharatiyoan ki or se kisi pratirodh ka samana kiye bagair sabase pahale purtagali bharat pahuanche. usake bad dach, aangrez, phraansisi aye. solahavian shatabdi mean in phirangiyoan mean apas mean l daiyaan hoti rahi, jo adhikaansh samudr mean huee. dach aur aangrejoan ne milakar sabase pahale purtagaliyoan ki samudrik shakti ko samapt kiya. isake bad dach logoan ko pata chala ki unake lie bharat ki apeksha masale vale dvipoan se vyapar karana adhik labhadayi hai. is tarah bharat mean sirph aangrez aur phraansisi logoan ke bich pratidvandvita huee.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
eest iandiya kampani
[[chitr:Tipu-Sultan.jpg|thumb|100px|tipoo sultan]] atharahavian shatabdi ke shuroo mean aangrejoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne bambee (mumbee), madras (chennee) tatha kalakatta (kolakata) par qabza kar liya. udhar phraansisiyoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne mahe, paandicheri tatha chandranagar par qabza kar liya. unhean apani senaoan mean bharatiy sipahiyoan ko bharati karane ki bhi ijazat mil gayi. ve in bharatiy sipahiyoan ka upayog n keval apani apasi l daiyoan mean karate the balki is desh ke rajaoan ke viruddh bhi karate the. in rajaoan ki apasi pratidvandvita aur kamazori ne inaki rajanitik mahatvakaanksha ko jagrat kar diya aur unhoanne kuchh deshi rajaoan ke viruddh doosare deshi rajaoan se sandhiyaan kar lian. 1744-49 ee. mean mugal badashah ki prabhusatta ki poorn upeksha karake unhoanne apas mean karnatak ki doosari l daee chhe di. ek sal ke bad karnatak ki doosari l daee shuroo huee. jisamean phraansisi gavarnar doople ne pahali l daee se sabaq lete hue n keval karnatak ke prashasan par, balki nizam ke rajy par bhi fraans ka rajanitik niyatrann sthapit karane ki koshish ki. parantu aangrejoan ne usaki mahatvakaanksha poori nahian hone di. aangrejoan ko bangal mean bhari saphalata mili thi. badashah aurangazeb ki mrityu ke keval pachas varsh bad 1757 ee. mean rabart klaiv ke netritv mean aangrejoan ne navab sirajuddaula ke viruddh vishvasaghatapoorn rajadrohatmak sh dayantr rachakar plasi ki l daee jit li aur bangal ko ek prakar se apani mutthi mean kar liya. unhoanne bangal ki gaddi par ek kathaputali navab mir zafar ko bitha diya. isake bad ek ke bad, tezi se kee ghatanaean ghatian.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
panipat
ahamad shah abdali ne 1748 se 1760 ee. ke bich bharat par chadhaiyaan kian aur 1761 ee. mean panipat ki tisari l daee jit kar mugal samrajy ka fatiha padh diya. usane dilli par dakhal karake use loota. panipat ki tisari l daee mean sabase adhik kshati marathoan ko uthani p di. kuchh samay ke lie unaki badh ruk gayi aur is prakar ve mugal badashahoan ki jagah le lene ka mauka kho baithe. yah l daee vastav mean mugal samrajy ke patan ki soochak hai. isane bharat mean mugal samrajy ke sthan par british samrajy ki sthapana mean madad ki. abdali ko panipat mean jo fatah mili, usase n to vah svayan koee labh utha saka aur n usaka sath dene vale musalaman saradar. is l daee se vastavik fayada aangrezi eest iandiya kampani ne uthaya. isake bad kampani ko ek ke bad doosari saphalataean milati gayian.
janaral aur vayasaray | kary / karyakal |
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regyuletiang ekt
bangal ke sadhanoan se balashali hokar aangrejoan ne 1760 ee. mean vandivash ki l daee mean phraansisiyoan ko hara diya aur 1762 ee. mean unase paandecheri le liya. is prakar unhoanne bharat mean phraansisiyoan ki rajanitik shakti samapt kar di. 1764 ee. mean aangrajoan ne baksar ki l daee mean badashah bahadur shah aur avadh ke navab ki sammilit sena ko hara diya aur 1765 ee. mean badashah se bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt kar li. isake phalasvaroop eest iandiya kampani ko pahali bar bangal, u disa tatha bihar ke prashasan ka qanooni adhikar mil gaya. kuchh itihasakar ise bharat mean british rajy ka prarambh manate haian. 1773 ee. mean british parliyameant ne ek regyuletiang ekt pas karake bharat mean british prashasan ko vyavasthit roop dene ka prayas kiya. is ekt ke aantargat bharat mean kampani kshetroan ka prashasan gavarnar-janaral ke adhin kar diya gaya. usaki sahayata ke lie char sadasyoan ki k aauuansil gathit ki gayi. ekt mean bangal ke gavarnar ko gavarnar-janaral ka pad pradan kiya gaya aur kalakatta mean ek suprim kort ki bhi sthapana ki gayi. varen hestiangs, jo us samay bangal ka gavarnar tha, 1773 ee. mean pahala gavarnar-janaral banaya gaya.
1773 ee. se 1947 ee. tak ka kal, jab bharat mean british shasan samapt hua aur bharat svadhin hua, do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. pahala, kampani ka shasanakal, jo 1858 ee. tak chala aur doosara, 1858 se 1947 ee. tak ka kal, jab bharat ka shasan sidhe briten dvara hone laga.
gavarnar-janaraloan ka samay
kampani ke shasan kal mean bharat ka prashasan ek ke bad ek baees gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan me raha. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase ullekhaniy ghatana yah hai ki kampani yuddh tatha kootaniti ke dvara bharat mean apane samrajy ka uttarottar vistar karati rahi. maisoor ke sath char l daiyaan, marathoan ke sath tin, barma (myaanmar) tatha sikhoan ke sath do-do l daiyaan tatha siandh ke amiroan, gorakhoan tatha afaganistan ke sath ek-ek l daee chhe di gayi. inamean se pratyek l daee mean kampani ko ek ya doosare deshi raja ki madad mili. usane jin faujoan se l daee ki unamean se adhikaansh bharatiy sipahi the aur l daee ka kharch poori tarah bharatiy karadata ko uthana p da. in l daiyoan ke phalasvaroop 1857 ee. tak sare bharat par sidhe kampani ka prabhutv sthapit ho gaya. do-tihaee bharat par deshi rajyoan ka shasan bana raha. parantu unhoanne kampani ka sarvabhaum prabhutv svikar kar liya aur adhinasth tatha ashrit mitr raja ke roop mean apani riyasat ka shasan chalate rahe.
gadar- pratham svatantry sangram
[[chitr:Tatya-Tope.jpg|thumb|100px|tatya tope]] is kal mean sati pratha ka ant kar dene ke saman kuchh samajik sudhar ke bhi kary kiye gaye. raja ramamohan ray ne sati pratha jaisi amanaviy pratha ke viruddh nirantar andolan chalaya. unake poorn aur nirantar samarthan ka hi prabhav tha, jisake karan l aaurd viliyam baianntik 1829 mean sati pratha ko band karane mean samarth ho saka. aangrezi ke madhyam se pashchim shiksha ke prasar ki disha mean qadam uthaye gaye, aangrezi desh ki rajabhasha bana di gayi, sare desh mean saman zabta divani aur zabta faujadari qanoon lagoo kar diya gaya, parantu shasan svechchhachari bana raha aur vah poori tarah aangrezoan ke hathoan mean raha. 1833 ke chartar ekt ke viparit ooanche padoan par bharatiyoan ko niyukt nahian kiya gaya. bhap se chalane vale jahazoan aur relaga diyoan ka prachalan, eesaee mishanariyoan dvara akshepajanak riti se eesaee dharm ka prachar, lard dalahauzi dvara zabti ka siddhaant lagoo karake athava kushasan ke adhar par kuchh purani deshi riyasatoan ki zabti tatha british bharatiy sena ke bharatiy sipahiyoan ki shikayatean; in sab karanoan ne milakar sare bharat mean ek gahare asantosh ki ag dhadhaka di, jo 1857-58 ee. mean gadar ke roop mean bh dak uthi.
antim mugal bahadur shah zafar, jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee, taantya tope (ramachanndr paandurang), bihar ke baboo kuanvarasianh, maharashtr se nana sahib, is pratham kranti ke prayas ke nayak the kintu prayas viphal ho gaya. adhikaansh deshi rajaoan ne apane ko gadar se alag rakha. kampani ko balapoorvak gadar ko kuchal dene mean saphalata mili, parantu gadar ke bad british parliyameant ne bharat par kampani ka shasan samapt kar diya. bharat ka shasan ab sidhe briten ke dvara kiya jane laga.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana
is prakar bharat mean british shasan ka doosara kal (1858-1947 ee.) arambh hua. is kal ka shasan ek ke bad ikattis gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. gavarnar-janaral ko ab vaisaray (british samrat ka pratinidhi) kaha jane laga. lard kainiang pahala vaisaray tatha gavarnar-janaral niyukt hua. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase pramukh ghatana hai—bharat mean rashtravadi bhavana ka uday aur 1947 ee. mean bharat ki svadhinata ke roop mean aantim vijay. 1857 ee. mean kalakatta (kolakata), madras (chennee) tatha bambee (mumbee) mean vishvavidyalayoan ki sthapana ke bad shiksha ka prasar hone laga tatha 1869 ee. mean svez nahar khulane ke bad ianglaind tatha yoorop se nikat sampark sthapit ho jane se bharat mean naye madhyavarg ka vikas hua. yah madhy varg pashchimi darshan shastr, rajaniti shastr tatha arthashastr ke vicharoan se prabhavit tha aur british shasan mean bharatiyoan ko jo nicha darja mila hua tha, usase rusht tha. british mean sthapit shanti ke phalasvaroop yah varg sare bharat ko ek desh tatha samast bharatiyoan ko ek qaum manane laga aur briten ki bhaanti sansadiy shasan pranali ki sthapana usaka lakshy ban gaya. vah ek aise sangathan ki avashyakata mahasoos karane laga jo samast bharatiy rashtr ka pratinidhitv kar sake.
isake phalasvaroop 1885 ee. mean bambee mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana huee jisamean desh ke samast bhagoan se 71 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. kaangres ka doosara adhiveshan 1883 ee. mean kalakatta mean hua, jisamean sare desh se nirvachit 434 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. is adhiveshan mean maang ki gayi ki bharat mean kendriy tatha praantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kiya jaye aur usake adhe sadasy nirvachit bharatiy hoan. kaangres har sal apane adhiveshanoan mean apani maangean doharati rahi. lard dafarin ne kaangres par vyangy karate hue use aise alpasankhyak varg ka pratinidhitv karane vali sanstha bataya jise sirf khurdabin se dekha ja sakata hai. lard lainsadaun ne usake prati poorn upeksha ki niti barati, lard karzan ne usaka khuleam mazak u daya tatha lard minto dvitiy ne 1909 ke iandiyan k aauuansil ekt dvara sthapit vidhanamandaloan mean musalamanoan ko anuchit riti se anupat se adhik pratinidhitv dekar unhean pho dane tatha kaangres ko to dane ki koshish ki, phir bhi kaangres jinda rahi.
prarambhik saphalata
kaangres ko pahali mamooli saphalata 1909 mean mili, jab ianglaind mean bharatamantri ke nirdeshan mean kam karane vali bharat parishad mean do bharatiy sadasyoan ki niyukti pahali bar ki gayi, vaisaray ki ekjikyootiv kauansil mean pahali bar ek bharatiy sadasy ki niyukti ki gayi tatha iandiyan kauansil ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya tatha unamean nirvachit bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ka anupat pahale se adhik badha diya gaya. in sudharoan ke prastav lard marle ne halaanki bharat mean sansadiy sansthaoan ki sthapana karane ka koee irada hone se inkar kiya, phir bhi ekt mean jo vyavasthaean ki gayian thi, unaka uddeshy usi disha mean age badhane ke siva aur kuchh nahian ho sakata tha. 1911 ee. mean lard karjan ke dvara 1905 ee. mean kiya bangal ka vibhajan radd kar diya gaya aur bharat ne briten ka poora sath diya. bharat ne yuddh ko jitane ke lie briten ki faujoan se, dhan se tatha samagri se madad ki. bharat asha karata tha ki is rajabhakti pradarshan ke badale yuddh se hone vale labhoan mean use bhi hissa milega.
dvaidhashasan pranali
bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang karane mean pahali bar bharatiy musalaman bhi hinduoan ke sath sanyukt ho gaye aur agast 1917 ee. mean british sarakar ne ghoshana ki ki bharat mean britesh shasan ki niti hai ki shasan ki pratyek shakha mean bharatiyoan ko adhikarik sthan diya jay tatha svayatt shasan ka kramikaroop se vikas kiya jay, taki british samrajy ke aantargat bharat mean uttaradayi sarakar ki uttarottar sthapana ho sake. is ghoshana ke anusar 1919 ka gavarnament aph iandiya ekt pas kiya gaya. is ekt ke dvara vidhan mandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya aur ab unake bahusankhy sadasy bharatiy janata ke nirvachit pratinidhi hone lage. ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy sarakaroan ke karyoan ka vibhajan kar diya gaya aur prantoan mean dvaidhashasan pranali lagoo karake karyapalika ko aanshik riti se vidhanamandal ke prati uttaradayi bana diya gaya. is ekt ke dvara bharat ne sunishchit riti se pragati ki. bharatiy ke itihas mean pahali bar ek aisi sanstha ki sthapana ki gayi, jisake dvara british bharat ke nirvachit pratinidhi sarakari adhar par ekatr ho sakate the. pahali bar unaka bahumat sthapit kar diya gaya aur ab ve sarakar ke karyoan ki nirbhayatapoorvak alochana kar sakate the.
asahayog aur satyagrah
[[chitr:Bhagat-Singh.gif|thumb|200px|100px|saradar bhagatasianh]] in sudharoan se purane kaangresajan santusht ho gaye, parantu nav yuvakoan ka dal, jise mohanadas karamachand gaandhi ke roop mean ek naya neta mil gaya tha, santusht nahian hua. in sudharoan ke aantargat kendriy karyapalika ko kendriy vidhan mandal ke prati uttaradayi nahian banaya gaya tha aur vaisaray ko bahut adhik adhikar pradan kar diye gaye the. atev usane in sudharoan ko asvikrit kar diya. usake man mean jo ashankaean thian, ve galat nahian thi, yah 1919 ke ekt ke bad hi pas kiye gaye raulat ekt jaise damanakari qanoonoan tatha jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaannd jaise damanamoolak karyoan se siddh ho gaya. jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaand ke 21 sal bad 13 march 1940 ko 'r aauyal seantral eshiyan sosayati' ki landan ke 'k aauksatan h aaul' mean baithak mean oodhamasianh ne maikal o dayar par goliyaan chala dian. jisase usaki turant maut ho gee. chandrashekhar azad, rajaguru, sukhadev aur bhagatasianh jaise mahan kraantikariyoan ne british shasan ko aise ghav diye jinhean british shasak bahut dinoan tak nahian bhool pae. kaangres ne 1920 ee. mean apane nagapur adhiveshan mean apana dhyey poorn svarajy ki sthapana ghoshit kar di aur apani maangoan ko manavane ke lie usane ahiansak asahayoang ki niti apanayi. chooanki british sarakar ne usaki maangean svikar nahian ki aur damanakari niti ke dvara vah asahayog aandolan ko daba dene mean saphal ho gayi. isalie kaangres ne disambar 1929 ee. mean lahaur adhiveshan mean apana lakshy poorn svidhinata nishchit kiya aur apani maang ka manavane ke lie usane 1930 mean namak satyagrah aandolan shuroo kar diya.
dvitiy vishvayuddh
sarakar ne pahale ki tarah aandolan ko dabane ke lie daman aur samajhaute ke donoan raste akhtiyar kiye aur 1935 ka gavarnent aph iandiya ekt pas kiya. is ekt ke dvara britash bharat tatha deshi riyasatoan ke lie sammilit roop se ek sanghiy shasan ka prastav kiya, kendr mean ek prakar ke dvaidh shasan ki sthapana ki gayi tatha prantoan ko svashasan pradan kar diya gaya. ekt ka prantoan se sambandhit bhag lagoo kar diya gaya tatha aprail 1937 ee. mean prantiy svashasan ka shriganesh kar diya gaya. parantu ekt ke sangh sarakar se sambandhit bhag ke lagoo hone se pahale hi sitambar 1939 ee. mean dvitiy vishvayuddh shuroo ho gaya jo 1945 ee. tak jari raha. yah vishvavyapi yuddh tha aur briten ko apane sare sadhan usamean jhoank dene p de. bharat ne briten ka sath diya aur bharat ke pas jan aur dhan ki jo vishal shakti thi usase labh uthakar tatha amarika ki sahayata se briten yuddh jit gaya. gaandhi ji ke amit prabhav tatha ahiansa mean unaki dridh nishtha ke karan bharat ne yadyapi british sambandh ko banaye rakha, phir bhi yah spasht ho gaya ki bharat ab british samrajy ki adhinata mean nahian rahana chahata.
sampradayik dange
kuchh british afasaroan ne bharat ko svadhin hone se rokane ke lie aantim durrabh sandhi ki aur musalamanoan ki bharat vibhajan karake pakistan ki sthapana ki maang ka samarthan karana shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop agast 1946 ee. mean sare desh mean bhayanak sampradayik dange shuroo ho gaye, jinhean vaisaray lard vevel apane samast fauji anubhavoan tatha sadhanoan bavajood rokan mean asaphal raha. yah anubhav kiya gaya ki bharat ka prashasan aisi sarakar ke dvara chalana sambhav nahian hai. jisaka niyantran mudhy roop se aangrejoan ke hathoan mean ho. atev sitambar 1946 ee. mean lard vevel ne pandit javahar lal neharoo ke netritv mean bharatiy netaoan ki ek aantarim sarakar gathit ki. british adhikariyoan ki kripapatr hone ke karan muslim lig ke dimag kafi ooanche ho gaye the. usane pahale to ek mahine tak aantarim sarakar se apane ko alag rakha, isake bad vah bhi usamean sammilit ho gayi.
svadhinata
thumb|15 agast 1947 ka akhabar
Newspaper Of 15th August 1947
bharat ka sanvidhan banane ke lie ek bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ka ayojan kiya gaya. 1947 ee. ke shuroo mean lard vevel ke sthan par lard mauantabeten vaisaray niyukt hua. use panjab mean bhayanak sampradayik dangoan ka samana karana p da. jinako bh dakane mean vahaan ke kuchh british aphasaroan ka hath tha. vah pradhanamantri etali ke netritv mean briten ki sarakar ko yah samajhane mean saphal ho gaya ki bharat ka bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan karane se shanti ki sthapana sambhav ho sakegi aur briten bharat mean apane vyaparik hitoan ko surakshit rakh sakega. 3 joon 1947 ko british sarakar ki or se yah ghoshana kar di gayi ki bharat ka; bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan kar di jayagi. british parliyameant ne 15 agast 1947 ko iandipedans aph iandiya ekt pas kar diya. is tarah bharat uttar pashchimi sima prant, baloochistan, siandh, pashchimi panjab, poorvi bangal tatha pashchim bangal ke muslim bahul bhagoan se rahit ho jane ke bad, sat shatabdiyoan ki videshi paradhinata ke bad svadhinata ke ek naye path par agrasar hua.
gaandhi ji ki hatya
[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-1.jpg|thumb|100px|mahatma gaandhi]]
svadhin bharat ko jin samasyaoan ka samana karana p da, ve saral nahian thian. use sabase pahale sampradayik unmad ko shant karana tha. bharat ne janaboojhakar dharm nirapeksh rajy banana pasand kiya. usane ashvasan diya ki jin musalamanoan ne pakistan ko nirgaman karane ke bajay bharat mean rahana pasand kiya hai unako nagarikata ke poorn adhikar pradan kiye jayeange. halaanki pakistan janaboojhakar apane yahaan se hinduoan ko nikal bahar karane athava jin hinduoan ne vahaan rahane ka phaisala kiya tha, unako ek prakar se dvitiy shreni ka nagarik bana dene ki niti par chal raha tha. l aaurd mauantabeten ko svadhin bharat ka pahala gavarnar janaral banaye rakha gaya aur pandit javahar lal neharoo tatha aantarim sarakar mean unake kaangrasi sahayogiyoan ne tho de se herapher ke sath pahale bharatiy mantrimandal ka nirman kiya. is mantrimandal mean saradar patel tatha maulana abulakalam azad ka to sammilit kar liya gaya tha, parantu netaji ke b de bhaee sharatachandr bos ko chho d diya gaya. 30 janavari 1948 ee. ko nathooram godase namak hindoo ne rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ki hatya kar di. sara desh shok ke sagar mean doob gaya. nau mahine ke bad, pakistan ke pahale gavarnar janaral muhammad ali jinnahaki bhi mrityu ho gayi. usi varsh lard mauantabeten ne bhi avakash grahan kar liya aur chakravarti rajagopalachari bharat ke pratham aur aantarim gavarnar janaral niyukt hue.
riyasatoan ka vilay
[[chitr:Sardar-Vallabh-Bhai-Patel.jpg|thumb|100px|saradar ballabh bhaee patel]] adhikaansh deshi riyasatoan ne , jinake samane bharat athava pakistan mean vilay ka prastav rakha gaya tha, bharat mean vilay ke paksh mean nirnay liya, parantu, do riyasatoan—kashmir tatha haidarabad ne koee nirnay nahian kiya. pakistan ne balapoorvak kashmir ki riyasat par adhikar karane ka prayas kiya, parantu aktoobar 1947 ee. mean kashmir ke maharaj ne bharat mean vilay ki ghoshana kar di aur bharatiy senaoan ko vayuyanoan se bhejakar shrinagar sahit kashmiri ghati tak jammoo ki raksha kar li gayi. pakistani akramanakariyoan ne riyasat ke uttari bhag par apana qabza banaye rakha aur isake phalasvaroop pakistan se yuddh chhi d gaya. bharat ne yah mamala sanyukt rashtr sangh mean uthaya aur sanyukt rashtr sangh ne jis kshetr par jisaka qabza tha, usi ke adhar par yuddh viram kar diya. vah aj tak is saval ka koee nipatara nahian kar saka hai. haidarabad ke nizam ne apani riyasat ko svatantrata ka darja dilane ka sh dayantr racha, parantu bharat sarakar ki pulis karravaee ke phalasvaroop vah 1948 ee. mean apani riyasat bharat mean vilayan karane ke lie majaboor ho gaye. riyasatoan ke vilay mean tatkalin grihamantri saradar ballabh bhaee patel ki mukhy bhoomika rahi.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
sangh rajyoan ka vilay
bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ke dvara 26 navambar 1949 mean sanvidhan pas kiya gaya. bharat ka sanvidhan adhiniyam 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo kar diya gaya. is sanvidhan mean bharat ko laukataantrik ganarajy ghoshit kiya gaya tha aur sanghatmak shasan ki vyavastha ki gayi thi. daktar rajendr prasad ko pahala rashtrapati chuna gaya aur bahumat parti ke neta ke roop mean pandit javahar lal neharoo ne pradhan mantri ka pad grahan kiya. is pad par ve 27 mee 1964 ee. mean, apani mrityu tak bane rahe. navodit bharatiy ganarajy ke lie unaka dirghakalin pradhanamantritv b da labhadayi siddh hua. usase prashasan tatha ghareloo evan videsh nitiyoan mean nirantarata bani rahi. pandit neharoo ne vaideshik mamaloan mean gut-nirapekshata ki niti apanayi aur chin se rajanayik sambandh sthapit kiye. phraans ne 1951 ee. mean chandranagar shantipoorn riti se bharat ka hastaantarit kar diya. 1956 ee. mean usane any phreanch bastiyaan (paandicheri, karikal, mahe tatha yunnan) bhi bharat ko sauanp dian. purtagal ne phraans ka anusaran karane aur shantipoorn riti se apani purtagali bastiyaan (gova, daman aur div) chho dane se iankar kar diya. phalasvaroop 1961 ee. mean bharat ko balapoorvak in bastiyoan ko lena p da[7]. is tarah bharat ka ekikaran poora ho gaya.
kram | tithi kram | vivaran |
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bahari k diyaan
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- REDIRECT saancha:tippanisoochi
- ↑ pustak 'bharat ka itihas' romila thapar) prishth sankhya-19
- ↑ dekhean: shodh granth vels, spensar (2002) a jenetik odisi (aangrezi). prinsatan yoonivarsiti prॅs, nyoo jarsi, san.ra.amarika. ISBN 0-691-11532-X.
- ↑ Juzr or Jurz.. Persian Texts in Translation The Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. abhigaman tithi: 2007-05-31.
- ↑ John Keay (2001) India: a history. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.
- ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977) The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
- ↑ John Keay (2001) India: a history. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.
- ↑ 1975 ee. mean purtagali shasan ne vastavikata ko samajhakar isako vaidhanik manyata de di hai.
sanbandhit lekh