प्रेमचंद

premachand vishay soochi

premachand    jivani    vyaktitv    sahityik jivan    sahity ki visheshataean    premachand ke patr    svarnim yug    premachand aur sinema    shishy ki nazar mean premachand    anamol vachan

premachand
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poora nam	muanshi premachand
any nam	navab ray
janm	31 julaee, 1880
janm bhoomi	lamahi gaanv, varanasi, uttar pradesh
mrityu	8 aktoobar 1936
mrityu sthan	varanasi, uttar pradesh
abhibhavak	muanshi ajayab lal aur anandi devi
pati/patni	shivarani devi
santan	shripat ray aur amrit ray (putr)
karm bhoomi	gorakhapur
karm-kshetr	adhyapak, lekhak, upanyasakar
mukhy rachanaean	gaban, godan, b de ghar ki beti, namak ka daroga adi
vishay	samajik
bhasha	hindi
vidyalay	ilahabad vishvavidyalay
shiksha	snatak
prasiddhi	upanyas samrat
nagarikata	bharatiy
sahityik	adarshonmukh yatharthavad
andolan	pragatishil lekhak andolan
any janakari	premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe.
inhean bhi dekhean	kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi

muanshi premachand (aangrezi: Munshi Premchand, janm: 31 julaee, 1880 - mrityu: 8 aktoobar, 1936) bharat ke upanyas samrat mane jate haian jinake yug ka vistar sanh 1880 se 1936 tak hai. yah kalakhand bharat ke itihas mean bahut mahattv ka hai. is yug mean bharat ka svatantrata-sangram nee manziloan se guzara. premachand ka vastavik nam dhanapat ray shrivastav tha. ve ek saphal lekhak, deshabhakt nagarik, kushal vakta, zimmedar sanpadak aur sanvedanashil rachanakar the. bisavian shati ke poorvarddh mean jab hindi mean kam karane ki takaniki suvidhaean nahian thian phir bhi itana kam karane vala lekhak unake siva koee doosara nahian hua.

janm

premachand ka janm varanasi se lagabhag char mil door, lamahi nam ke gaanv mean 31 julaee, 1880 ko hua. premachand ke pitaji muanshi ajayab lal aur mata anandi devi thian. premachand ka bachapan gaanv mean bita tha. ve natakhat aur khila di balak the aur khetoan se shak-sabzi aur pe doan se phal churane mean daksh the. unhean mithaee ka b da shauq tha aur vishesh roop se gu d se unhean bahut prem tha. bachapan mean unaki shiksha-diksha lamahi mean huee aur ek maulavi sahab se unhoanne urdoo aur farasi padhana sikha. ek rupaya churane par ‘bachapan’ mean un par buri tarah mar p di thi. unaki kahani, ‘kazaki’, unaki apani bal-smritiyoan par adharit hai. kazaki dak-vibhag ka harakara tha aur b di lambi-lambi yatraean karata tha. vah balak premachand ke lie sadaiv apane sath kuchh saugat lata tha. kahani mean vah bachche ke liye hiran ka chhauna lata hai aur dakaghar mean deri se pahuanchane ke karan naukari se alag kar diya jata hai. hiran ke bachche ke pichhe dau date-dau date vah ati vilamb se dak ghar lauta tha. kazaki ka vyaktitv atishay manaviyata mean dooba hai. vah shalinata aur atmasamman ka putala hai, kintu manaviy karuna se usaka hriday bhara hai.

parivarik jivan

premachand ka kul daridr kayasthoan ka tha, jinake pas qarib chhah bighe zamin thi aur jinaka parivar b da tha. premachand ke pitamah, muanshi gurusahay lal, patavari the. unake pita, muanshi ajayab lal, dakamuanshi the aur unaka vetan lagabhag pachchis rupaye masik tha. unaki maan, anand devi, sundar sushil aur sugh d mahila thian. chhah mahine ki bimari ke bad premachand ki maan ki mrityu ho gee. tab ve athavian kaksha mean padh rahe the. do varsh ke bad unake pita ne phir vivah kar liya aur unake jivan mean vimata ka avataran hua. premachand ke itihas mean vimata ke anek varnan haian. yah spasht hai ki premachand ke jivan mean maan ke abhav ki poorti vimata dvara n ho saki thi.

vivah

jab premachand pandrah varsh ke the, unaka vivah ho gaya. vah vivah unake sautele nana ne tay kiya tha. us kal ke vivaran se lagata hai ki l daki n to dekhane mean suandar thi, n vah svabhav se shilavati thi. vah jhag daloo bhi thi. premachand ke komal man ka kalpana-bhavan mano nianv rakhate-rakhate hi dhah gaya. premachand ka yah pahala vivah tha. is vivah ka tootana ashchary n tha. premachand ki patni ke lie yah vivah ek du:khad ghatana raha hoga. jivan paryant yah unaka abhishap ban gaya. is sab ka dosh bharat ki paramparagrast vivah-pranali par hai, jisake karan yah vyavastha avashyakata se bhi adhik jue ka khel ban jati hai. premachand ne nishchay kiya ki apana doosara vivah ve kisi vidhava kanya se kareange. yah nishchay unake uchch vicharoan aur adarshoan ke hi anuroop tha.

premachand ka doosara vivah

thumb|250px|left|patni shivarani ke sath premachand san 1905 ke antim dinoan mean apane shivarani devi se shadi kar li. shivarani devi bal-vidhava thian. unake pita fatehapur ke pas ke ilaqe mean ek sahasi zamidar the aur shivarani ji ke punarvivah ke lie utsuk the. sanh 1916 ke adim yug mean aise vichar-matr ki sahasikata ka anuman kiya ja sakata hai. yah kaha ja sakata hai ki doosari shadi ke pashchath inake jivan mean paristhitiyaan kuchh badalian aur ay ki arthik tangi kam huee. inake lekhan mean adhik sajagata aee. premachand ki padonnati huee tatha yah skooloan ke dipti insapektar bana diye ge.

isi khushahali ke jamane mean premachand ki paanch kahaniyoan ka sangrah soje vatan prakash mean aya. yah sangrah kafi mashahoor hua. shivarani ji ki pustak ‘premachand-ghar mean’, premachand ke ghareloo jivan ka sajiv aur aantarang chitr prastut karati hai. premachand apane pita ki tarah pechish ke shikar the aur nirantar pet ki vyadhiyoan se pi dit rahate the. premachand svabhav se saral, adarshavadi vyakti the. ve sabhi ka vishvas karate the, kintu nirantar unhean dhokha khana p da. unhoanne anek logoan ko dhan-rashi karz di, kintu bahudha yah dhan lauta hi nahian. shivarani devi ki drishti kuchh adhik saansarik aur vyavahar-kushal thi. ve nirantar premachand ki udar-hridayata par tane kasati thian, kyoanki anek bar kupatr ne hi is udarata ka labh uthaya. premachand svayan sampann n the aur apani udarata ke karan arth-sankat mean phans jate the. ‘dhaporashankh’ shirshak kahani mean premachand ek kapati sahityik dvara apane thage jane ki marmik katha kahate haian.

shiksha

garibi se l date hue premachand ne apani padhaee maitrik tak pahuanchaee. jivan ke aranbh mean hi inako gaanv se door varanasi padhane ke lie nange paanv jana p data tha. isi bich mean inake pita ka dehant ho gaya. premachand ko padhane ka shauq tha, age chalakar yah vakil banana chahate the, magar garibi ne inhean to d diya. premachand ne skool ane-jane ke jhanjhat se bachane ke lie ek vakil sahab ke yahaan tyooshan pak d liya aur usi ke ghar mean ek kamara lekar rahane lage. inako tyooshan ka paanch rupaya milata tha. paanch rupaye mean se tin rupaye ghar valoan ko aur do rupaye se premachand apani zindagi ki ga di ko age badhate rahe. premachand mahina bhar tangi aur abhav ka jivan bitate the. inhian jivan ki pratikool paristhitiyoan mean premachand ne maitrik pas kiya. unhoanne ilahabad vishvavidyalay se aangrezi sahity, parshiyan (farasi) aur itihas vishayoan se snatak ki upadhi dvitiy shreni mean prapt ki thi. iantaramidiet kaksha mean bhi unhoanne aangrezi sahity ek vishay ke roop mean padha tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif premachand ji kahate haian ki samaj mean zinda rahane mean jitani kathinaiyoan ka samana log kareange utana hi vahaan gunah hoga. agar samaj mean log khushahal hoange to samaj mean achchhaee zyada hogi aur samaj mean gunah nahian ke barabar hoga. premachand ne shoshitavarg ke logoan ko uthane ka har sanbhav prayas kiya. unhoanne avaz lagaee 'e logo jab tumhean sansar mean rahana hai to jindoan ki tarah raho, murdoan ki tarah zinda rahane se kya fayada.' chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

vyaktitv

thumb|250px|left|muanshi premachand sada evan saral jivan ke malik premachand sada mast rahate the. unake jivan mean vishamataoan aur katutaoan se vah lagatar khelate rahe. is khel ko unhoanne bazi man liya jisako hamesha jitana chahate the. kaha jata hai ki premachand hanso d prakriti ke malik the. vishamataoan bhare jivan mean hanso d hona ek bahadur ka kam hai. isase is bat ko bhi samajha ja sakata hai ki vah apoorv jivani-shakti ka dyotak the. saralata, saujany aur udarata ki vah moorti the. jahaan unake hriday mean mitroan ke lie udar bhav tha vahian unake hriday mean gariboan evan pi ditoan ke lie sahanubhooti ka athah sagar tha. premachand uchchakoti ke manav the. inako gaanv jivan se achchha prem tha. vah sada sadharan ganvee libas mean rahate the. jivan ka adhikaansh bhag unhoanne gaanv mean hi guzara. bahar se bilkul sadharan dikhane vale premachand andar se jivani-shakti ke malik the. andar se jara sa bhi kisi ne dekha to use prabhavit hona hi tha. vah adambar evan dikhava se miloan door rahate the. jivan mean n to unako vilas mila aur n hi unako isaki tamanna thi. tamam mahapurushoan ki tarah apana kam svayan karana pasand karate the.

eeshvar ke prati astha

jivan ke prati unaki agadh astha thi lekin jivan ki vishamataoan ke karan vah kabhi bhi eeshvar ke bare mean asthavadi nahian ban sake. dhire- dhire ve anishvaravadi se ban ge the. ek bar unhoanne jainendaji ko likha "tum astikata ki or badhe ja rahe ho- ja nahian rahe pakke bhagat banate ja rahe ho. maian sandeh se pakka nastik banata ja raha hooan." mrityu ke kuchh ghante pahale bhi unhoanne jainendraji se kaha tha - "jainendr, log aise samay mean eeshvar ko yad karate haian mujhe bhi yad dilaee jati hai. par mujhe abhi tak eeshvar ko kasht dene ki avashyakata mahasoos nahian huee."

shoshan aur premachand

premachand aur shoshan ka bahut purana rishta mana ja sakata hai. kyoanki bachapan se hi shoshan ke shikar rahe premachand isase achchhi tarah vaqif ho ge the. samaj mean sada vargavad vyapt raha hai. samaj mean rahane vale har vyakti ko kisi n kisi varg se ju dana hi hoga. premachand ne vargavad ke khilaf likhane ke lie hi sarakari pad se tyagapatr de diya. vah isase sambandhit batoan ko unmukh hokar likhana chahate the. unake mutabik vartaman yug n to dharm ka hai aur n hi moksh ka. arth hi isaka pran banata ja raha hai. avashyakata ke anusar arthoparjan sabake lie anivary hota ja raha hai. isake bina zinda rahana sarvatha asanbhav hai. premachand ji kahate haian ki samaj mean zinda rahane mean jitani kathinaiyoan ka samana log kareange utana hi vahaan gunah hoga. agar samaj mean log khushahal hoange to samaj mean achchhaee zyada hogi aur samaj mean gunah nahian ke barabar hoga. premachand ne shoshitavarg ke logoan ko uthane ka har sanbhav prayas kiya. unhoanne avaz lagaee e logoan jab tumhean sansar mean rahana hai to jindoan ki tarah raho, murdoan ki tarah zinda rahane se kya fayada. premachand ne apani kahaniyoan mean shoshak- samaj ke vibhinn vargoan ki karatootoan v hathakandoan ka pardaphash kiya hai. ye nimnalikhit haian: -

• gram evan nagar ke mahajan
• samantavad ke pratinidhi- jamiandar
• pooanjivad ke pratinidhi- udyogapati
• sarakari ardhasarakari afasar

sahityik jivan

premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe. jab sarakar ne unaka pahala kahani-sangrah, ‘soze vatan’ zabt kiya, tab unhean navab ray nam chho dana p da. bad ka unaka adhikatar sahity premachand ke nam se prakashit hua. isi kal mean premachand ne katha-sahity b de manoyog se padhana shuroo kiya. ek tambakoo-vikreta ki dukan mean unhoanne kahaniyoan ke akshay bhandar, ‘tilisme hosharooba’ ka path suna. is pauranik gatha ke lekhak faizi batae jate haian, jinhoanne akabar ke manoranjan ke lie ye kathaean likhi thian. ek poore varsh premachand ye kahaniyaan sunate rahe aur inhean sunakar unaki kalpana ko b di uttejana mili. katha sahity ki any amooly kritiyaan bhi premachand ne padhian. inamean ‘sarashar’ ki kritiyaan aur renald ki ‘landan-rahasy’ bhi thi. gorakhapur mean buddhilal nam ke pustak-vikreta se unaki mitrata huee. ve unaki dukan ki kuanjiyaan skool mean bechate the aur isake badale mean ve kuchh upanyas alp kal ke lie padhane ko ghar le ja sakate the. is prakar unhoanne do-tin varshoan mean saik doan upanyas padhe hoange. is samay premachand ke pita gorakhapur mean dakamuanshi ki haisiyat se kam kar rahe the. gorakhapur mean hi premachand ne apani sabase pahali sahityik kriti rachi. yah rachana ek avivahit mama se sambandhit prahasan tha. mama ka prem ek chhoti jati ki stri se ho gaya tha. ve premachand ko upanyasoan par samay barbad karane ke lie nirantar daantate rahate the. mama ki prem-katha ko natak ka roop dekar premachand ne unase badala liya. yah pratham rachana upalabdh nahian hai, kyoanki unake mama ne kruddh hokar paandulipi ko agni ko samarpit kar diya. gorakhapur mean premachand ko ek naye mitr mahavir prasad poddar mile aur inase parichay ke bad premachand aur bhi tezi se hindi ki or jhuke. unhoanne hindi mean shekh sadi par ek chhoti-si pustak likhi thi, t aaulsat aauy ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka hindi mean anuvad kiya tha aur ‘prem-pachisi’ ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka roopantar bhi hindi mean kar rahe the. ye kahaniyaan ‘sapt-saroj’ shirshak se hindi sansar ke samane sarvapratham sanh 1917 mean ayian. ye sat kahaniyaan thian:-

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif shayad kam log janate haian ki prakhyat kathakar muanshi premachand apani mahanh rachanaoan ki rooparekha pahale aangrezi mean likhate the aur isake bad use hindi athava urdoo mean anoodit kar vistarit karate the. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

1. b de ghar ki beti
2. saut
3. sajjanata ka dand
4. panch parameshvar
5. namak ka daroga
6. upadesh
7. pariksha

premachand ki sarvashreshth kahaniyoan mean in kahaniyoan ki ganana hoti hai.

sahity ki visheshataean

premachand ki rachana-drishti, vibhinn sahity roopoan mean, abhivyakt huee. vah bahumukhi pratibha sanpann sahityakar the. premachand ki rachanaoan mean tatkalin itihas bolata hai. unhoanne apani rachanaoan mean jan sadharan ki bhavanaoan, paristhitiyoan aur unaki samasyaoan ka marmik chitran kiya. unaki kritiyaan bharat ke sarvadhik vishal aur vistrit varg ki kritiyaan haian. apani kahaniyoan se premachand manav-svabhav ki adharabhoot mahatta par bal dete haian. ‘b de ghar ki beti,’ anandi, apane devar se aprasann huee, kyoanki vah ganvar usase karkashata se bolata hai aur us par khianchakar kh daooan pheankata hai. jab use anubhav hota hai ki unaka parivar toot raha hai aur usaka devar paritap se bhara hai, tab vah use kshama kar deti hai aur apane pati ko shaant karati hai. thumb|250px|muanshi premachand isi prakar 'namak ka daroga' bahut eemanadar vyakti hai. ghoos dekar use biga dane mean sabhi asamarth haian. sarakar use, sakhti se uchit karravaee karane ke karan, naukari se barkhast kar deti hai, kintu jis seth ki ghoos usane asvikar ki thi, vah use apane yahaan ooanche pad par niyukt karata hai. vah apane yahaan eemanadar aur kartavyaparayan karmachari rakhana chahata hai. is prakar premachand ke sansar mean satkarm ka phal sukhad hota hai. vastavik jivan mean aisi ashcharyaprad ghatanaean kam ghatati haian. gaanv ka panch bhi vyaktigat vidvesh aur shikayatoan ko bhoolakar sachcha nyay karata hai. usaki atma use isi disha mean thelati hai. asankhy bhedoan, poorvagrahoan, andhavishvasoan, jat-paant ke jhag doan aur hathadharmiyoan se jarjar gram-samaj mean bhi aisa nyay-dharm kalpanatit lagata hai. hindi mean premachand ki kahaniyoan ka ek sangrah bambee ke ek suprasiddh prakashan grih, hindi granth-ratnakar ne prakashit kiya. yah sangrah ‘navanidhi’ shirshak se nikala aur isamean ‘raja haradaul’ aur ‘rani sarandha’ jaisi bundel virata ki suprasiddh kahaniyaan shamil thian.

rachanaoan ki rooparekha

isake kuchh samay ke bad premachand ne hindi mean kahaniyoan ka ek aur sangrah prakashit kiya. is sangrah ka shirshak tha ‘prem-poornima’. ‘b de ghar ki beti’ aur ‘panch parameshvar’ ki hi parampara ki ek aur adbhut kahani ‘eeshvariy nyay’ is sangrah mean thi. shayad kam log janate hai ki prakhyat kathakar muanshi premachand apani mahanh rachanaoan ki rooparekha pahale aangrezi mean likhate the aur isake bad use hindi athava urdoo mean anoodit kar vistarit karate the. bhopal sthit bahukala keandr bharat bhavan ki rajat jayanti ke upalakshy par premachand ke vyaktitv evan krititv par yahaan ayojit sat divasiy pradarshani mean is tathy ka khulasa karate hue unaki kee hindi evan urdoo rachanaoan ki aangrezi mean likhi rooparekhaean pradarshit ki gee haian. pradarshani ke sanyojak aur hindi ke samalochak d aau. kamal kishor goyanaka ne is avasar par kaha ki premachand hindi aur urdoo ke sath-sath aangrezi bhasha ke achchhe janakar the. d aau. goyanaka ne bataya ki premachand apani kritiyoan ki rooparekha pahale aangrezi mean hi likhate the. usake bad usaka anuvad karate hue hindi ya urdoo mean rachana poori kar dete the. d aau. goyanaka ne kaha ki premachand ne apani mahanh kriti 'godan' ki bhi rooparekha pahale aangrezi mean likhi thi jisaki mool prati yahaan pradarshani mean lagaee gee hai. unake ek alikhit upanyas ki rooparekha bhi aangrezi mean likhi huee unhean mili hai. premachand ne rang bhoomi aur kayakalp upanyasoan ki rooparekha bhi aangrezi mean likhi thi. unaki dayari bhi aangrezi mean likhi huee mili hai. vahian, pradarshani mean pandit javahar lal neharoo ke apani putri ko aangrezi mean likhe ge patroan ka anuvad hindi mean karane ke achary narendr dev ka premachand ko likha gaya agrah patr bhi rakha gaya hai. premachand ne pan neharoo ke in patroan ko hindi mean roopantarit kiya tha. dilli vishvavidyalay mean prophesar rahe da. goyanaka ne kaha ki varsh 1972 mean premachand par pi.ech.di karane ke bad unhoanne premachand dvara rachit 1500 se adhik prishthoan ka aprapy sahity khoja. isamean 30 nee kahaniyaan milian. prophesar mahavir saran jain ne premachand ke katha-sahity ke bhashik svaroop ka vishleshan kiya.

kritiyaan

[[chitr:Godan.jpg|thumb|godan]] premachand ki kritiyaan bharat ke sarvadhik vishal aur vistrit varg ki kritiyaan haian. unhoanne upanyas, kahani, natak, samiksha, lekh, sampadakiy, sansmaran adi anek vidhaoan mean sahity ki srishti ki, kintu pramukh roop se vah kathakar haian. unhean apane jivan kal mean hi upanyas samrat ki padavi mil gayi thi. unhoanne kul 15 upanyas, 300 se kuchh adhik kahaniyaan, 3 natak, 10 anuvad, 7 bal-pustakean tatha hazaroan prishthoan ke lekh, sampadakiy, bhashan, bhoomika, patr adi ki rachana ki. jis yug mean premachand ne qalam uthaee thi, us samay unake pichhe aisi koee thos virasat nahian thi aur n hi vichar aur pragatishilata ka koee m aaudal hi unake samane tha sivay baangla sahity ke. us samay bankim baboo the, sharatachandr the aur isake alava t aaulast aauy jaise roosi sahityakar the. lekin hote-hote unhoanne godan jaise kalajayi upanyas ki rachana ki jo ki ek adhunik klasik mana jata hai. unhoanne chizoan ko khud gadha aur khud akar diya. jab bharat ka svatantrata aandolan chal raha tha tab unhoanne katha sahity dvara hindi aur urdoo donoan bhashaoan ko jo abhivyakti di usane siyasi saragarmi ko, josh ko aur aandolan ko sabhi ko ubhara aur use taqatavar banaya aur isase unaka lekhan bhi taqatavar hota gaya. premachand is arth mean nishchit roop se hindi ke pahale pragatishil lekhak kahe ja sakate haian. 1936 mean unhoanne pragatishil lekhak sangh ke pahale sammelan ko sabhapati ke roop mean sanbodhan kiya tha. unaka yahi bhashan pragatishil aandolan ke ghoshana patr ka adhar bana. premachand ne hindi mean kahani ki ek paranpara ko janm diya aur ek poori pidhi unake qadamoan par age badhi, 50-60 ke dashak mean 'renu', 'nagarjun' aur inake bad shrinath sianh ne gramin parivesh ki kahaniyaan likhi haian, vo ek tarah se premachand ki paranpara ke taratamy mean ati haian. premachand ek kraantikari rachanakar the, unhoanne n keval deshabhakti balki samaj mean vyapt anek kuritiyoan ko dekha aur unako kahani ke madhyam se pahali bar logoan ke samaksh rakha. unhoanne us samay ke samaj ki jo bhi samasyaean thian un sabhi ko chitrit karane ki shuruat kar di thi. usamean dalit bhi ate haian, nari bhi ati haian. ye sabhi vishay age chalakar hindi sahity ke b de vimarsh bane.

premachand ke patr

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

premachand ne apane jivan-kal mean hazaroan patr likhe hoange, lekin unake jo patr kal ka gras banane se bache rah ge aur jo samprati upalabdh haian, unamean sarvadhik patr ve haian jo unhoanne apane kal ki lokapriy urdoo masik patrika ‘zamana’ ke yashasvi sampadak muanshi dayanarayan nigam ko likhe the. yoan to muanshi dayanarayan nigam premachand se do varsh chhote the lekin premachand unako sada b de bhaee jaisa samman dete rahe. in donoan vibhootiyoan ke parasparik sambandhoan ko paribhashit karana to atyant durooh kary hai, lekin premachand ke is adar bhav ka karan yah pratit hota hai ki premachand ko sahityik sansar mean pahachan dilane ka mahaniy kary nigam sahab ne unako ‘zamana’ mean nirantar prakashit karake hi sampadit kiya tha, aur us kal ki patrikaoan mean to yahaan tak prakashit hua ki premachand ko premachand banane ka shrey yadi kisi ko hai to muanshi dayanarayan nigam ko hi hai. dhyatavy yah bhi hai ki navabaray ke lekhakiy nam se likhane vale dhanapataray shrivastav ne premachand ka vah lekhakiy nam bhi muanshi dayanarayan nigam ke sujhav se hi aangikrit kiya tha jisaki chhaya mean unaka vastavik tatha any lekhakiy nam gumanami ke aandheroan mean khokar rah ge. muanshi premachand aur muanshi dayanarayan nigam ke ghanishth atmiy sambandh hi nigam sahab ko sambodhit premachand ke patroan ko atyadhik mahattvapoorn bana dete haian kyoanki in patroan mean premachand ne jahaan samajik aur rajanitik samasyaoan par charcha ki hai vahian apani ghareloo tatha arthik samasyaoan ki charcha karane mean bhi sankoch nahian kiya.

premachand ka svarnim yug

[[chitr:Jaishankar-prasad-premchand.jpg|thumb|jayashankar prasad ke sath premachand]] premachand ki upanyas-kala ka yah svarn yug tha. sanh 1931 ke arambh mean gaban prakashit hua tha. 16 aprail, 1931 ko premachand ne apani ek aur mahanh rachana, karmabhoomi shuroo ki. yah agast, 1932 mean prakashit huee. premachand ke patroan ke anusar sanh 1932 mean hi vah apana antim mahanh upanyas, godan likhane mean lag gaye the, yadyapi ‘hans’ aur ‘jagaran’ se sambandhit anek kathinaiyoan ke karan isaka prakashan joon, 1936 mean hi sambhav ho saka. apani antim bimari ke dinoan mean unhoanne ek aur upanyas, ‘mangalasootr’, likhana shuroo kiya tha, kintu akal mrityu ke karan yah apoorn rah gaya. ‘gaban’, ‘karmabhoomi’ aur ‘godan’- upanyasatrayi par vishv ke kisi bhi kritikar ko garv ho sakata hai. ‘karmabhoomi’ apani kraantikari chetana ke karan vishesh mahattvapoorn hai. lahaur kaangres ke adhiveshan mean adhyaksh-pad se bhashan dete hue javaharalal neharoo ne ghoshit kiya tha. ‘maian ganatantravadi aur samajavadi hooan.’ karmabhoomi is ashant kal ki pratidhvaniyoan se bhara hua upanyas hai. gorki ke upanyas, ‘maan’ ke saman hi yah upanyas bhi kranti ki kala par lagabhag ek prabandh-granth hai. yah upanyas adbhut patroan ki ek sampoorn shriankhala prastut karata hai. amar kaant, samarakant, saqina, sukhada, pathanin, munni. amarakant aur samarakant pathakoan ko pita aur putr, neharoo-dvay ka smaran dilate haian. munni, pathanin, saqina aur lala samarakant sabhi ki parinati ghatanaoan dvara hoti hai.

premachand muanshi kaise bane

suprasiddh sahityakaroan ke mool nam ke sath kabhi-kabhi kuchh upanam ya visheshan aise ghul-mil jate haian ki sahityakar ka mool nam to pichhe rah jata hai aur yah upanam ya visheshan itane prasiddh ho jate haian ki unake bina kavi ya rachanakar ka nam adhoora-sa lagane lagata hai. sath hi mool nam apani pahachan hi khone lagata hai. bharatiy janamanas ki sanvedana mean base upanyas samrat 'premachand' ji bhi is paranparik tathy se achhoote nahian rah sake. unaka nam yadi matr premachand liya jay to adhoora sa pratit hota hai. premachand ji ke nam ke sath 'muanshi' kab aur kaise ju d gaya? is vishay mean adhikaansh log yahi man lete haian ki prarambh mean premachand adhyapak rahe. adhyapakoan ko pray: us samay muanshi ji kaha jata tha. isake atirikt kayasthoan ke nam ke pahale samman svaroop 'muanshi' shabd lagane ki parampara rahi hai. sanbhavat: premachand ji ke nam ke sath muanshi shabd ju dakar roodh ho gaya. is jijnasa ki poorti hetu premachand ji ke suputr evan suprasiddh sahityakar shri amrit ray ji ke anusar premachand ji ne apane nam ke age 'muanshi' shabd ka prayog svayan kabhi nahian kiya. unaka yah bhi manana hai ki muanshi shabd samman soochak hai, jise premachand ke prashansakoan ne kabhi laga diya hoga. yah tathy anuman par adharit hai. yah bat sahi hai ki muanshi shabd samman soochak hai. yah bhi sach hai ki kayasthoan ke nam ke age muanshi lagane ki parampara rahi hai tatha adhyapakoan ko bhi 'muanshi ji' kaha jata tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant 'navab' ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

premachand aur sinema

premachand hindi sinema ke sabase adhik lokapriy sahityakaroan mean se haian. unake dehaant ke do varshoan bad ke. subramanyam ne 1938 mean sevasadan upanyas par film banaee jisamean subbulakshmi ne mukhy bhoomika nibhaee thi. premachand ki kuchh kahaniyoan par aur filmean bhi bani haian, jaise satyajit ray ki film shataranj ke khila di premachand ne mazadoor shirshak film ke lie sanvad likhe. film ke svamiyoan ne kahani ki rooparekha taiyar ki thi. film mean ek desh-premi mil-malik ki katha thi, kintu seansar ko yah bhi sahan n ho saka. phir bhi film ka pradarshan panjab, dilli, uttar pradesh aur madhy pradesh mean hua. film ka mazadooroan par itana asar hua ki pulis bulani p d gee. aant mean film ke pradarshan par bharat sarakar ne rok laga di. is film mean premachand svayan bhi kuchh kshan ke lie rajatapat par avatirn hue. mazadooroan aur malikoan ke bich ek sangharsh mean ve panch ki bhoomika mean ae the. ek lekh mean premachand ne sinema ki halat par apana bharapoor rosh aur asantosh vyakt kiya hai. vah sahity ke dhyey ki tulana karate haian:
“sahity ke bhavoan ki jo uchchata, bhasha ki jo praudhata aur spashtata, sundarata ki jo sadhana hoti hai, vah hamean vahaan nahian milati. unaka uddeshy keval paisa kamana hai, suruchi ya sundarata se unhean koee prayojan nahian. vyapar, vyapar hai. vyapar mean bhavukata aee aur vyapar nasht hua. vahaan to janata ki ruchi par nigah rakhani p dati hai, aur chahe sansar ka sanchalan devataoan ke hi hathoan mean kyoan n ho, manushy par nimn manovrittiyoan hi ka rajy hota hai. jis shauq se log ta di aur sharab pite haian, usake adhe shauq se doodh nahian pite. isaki dava nirmata ke pas nahian. jab tak ek chiz ki maang hai, vah bazar mean aegi. koee use rok nahian sakata. abhi vah zamana bahut door hai, jab sinema aur sahity ka ek roop hoga. lok-ruchi jab itani parishkrit ho jayagi ki vah niche le jane vali chizoan se ghrina karegi, tabhi sinema mean sahity ki suruchi dikhaee p d sakati hai.” 1977 mean mrinal sen ne premachand ki kahani kafan par adharit oka oori katha se ek telugu film banaee jisako sarvashreshth telugu film ka rashtriy puraskar bhi mila. 1963 mean godan aur 1966 mean gaban upanyas par lokapriy filmean banian. 1980 mean unake upanyas par bana tivi dharavahik nirmala bhi bahut lokapriy hua tha.

roodhivad ka virodh

jis samay muanshi premachand ka janm hua vah yug samajik- dharmik roodhivad se bhara hua tha. is roodhivad se svayan premachand bhi prabhavit hue. tab premachand ne katha-sahity ka saphar shuroo kiya, aur anekoan prakar ke roodhivad se grast samaj ko yatha shakti kala ke shasr se mukt karane ka sankalp liya. apani kahani ke balak ke madhyam se yah ghoshana karate hue kaha ki "maian nirarthak roodhiyoan aur vyarth ke bandhanoan ka das nahian hooan."

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif sahity ke bhavoan ki jo uchchata, bhasha ki praudhata aur spashtata, sundarata ki jo sadhana hoti hai, vah hamean sinema mean nahian milati. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif - premachand

samaj mean vyapt rudhiyaan

samajik rudhiyoan ke sandarbh mean premachand ne vaivahik rudhiyoan jaise bemel vivah, bahuvivah, abhibhavakoan dvara ayojit vivah, punarvivah, dahej pratha, vidhava vivah, pardapratha, bal vivah, vriddhavivah, pativrat dharm tatha varangana vriddhi ke sanbandh mean b di sanvedana aur sachetana ke sath likha hai. tatkalin samaj mean yah bat ghar kar gee thi ki tin putroan ke bad janm lene vali putri apashakun hoti hai. unhoanne is roodhi ka apani kahani teantar ke madhyam se k da virodh kiya hai. holi ke avasar par paye jane vali roodhi ki ninda karate hue vah kahate haian ki agar pine- pilane ke bavazood holi ek pavitr tyohar hai to chori aur rishvatakhori ko bhi pavitr manana chahie. unake anusar tyoharoan ka matalab hai apane bhaiyoan se prem aur sahanubhooti karana hi hai. arthik jatilataoan ke bavazood atithy- satkar ko maryada evan pratishtha ka prashn man lene jaise roodhi ki bhi unhoanne ninda ki hai.

dharmik rudhiyaan

premachand mahanh sahityakar ke sath-sath ek mahanh darshanik bhi the. muanshiji ki darshanik nigahoan ne dharm ki a d mean logoan ka shoshan karane valoan ko achchhi tarah bhaanp liya tha. vah unake vahy vidhi-vidhanoan evan aantarik ashuddhiyoan ko pahachan chuke the. in sab ko parakh kar premachand ne pran le liya tha ki vah dharmik roodhivadita ko khatm karane ka prayas kareange.

puraskar

thumb|premachand ke samman mean jari dak tikat muanshi premachand ki smriti mean bharatiy dak vibhag ki or se 31 julaee, 1980 ko unaki janmashati ke avasar par 30 paise mooly ka ek dak tikat jari kiya. gorakhapur ke jis skool mean ve shikshak the, vahaan premachand sahity sansthan ki sthapana ki gee hai. isake baramade mean ek bhittilekh hai jisaka chitr dahini or diya gaya hai. yahaan unase sanbandhit vastuoan ka ek sangrahalay bhi hai. jahaan unaki ek vakshapratima bhi hai. premachand ki patni shivarani devi ne premachand ghar mean nam se unaki jivani likhi aur unake vyaktitv ke us hisse ko ujagar kiya hai, jisase log anabhijn the. unake hi bete amrit ray ne 'qalam ka sipahi' nam se pita ki jivani likhi hai. unaki sabhi pustakoan ke aangrezi v urdoo roopaantar to hue hi haian, chini, roosi adi anek videshi bhashaoan mean unaki kahaniyaan lokapriy huee haian.

alochana

premachand ki badhati huee khyati se kuchh vyaktiyoan ke man mean b di kudhan aur eershya ho rahi thi. inamean se ek, shri avadh upadhyay ne premachand ke viruddh sahityik chori ka abhiyog lagaya aur unake viruddh chhah mahine tak lekh likhe. bijaganit ke many farmooloan se ve siddh karate rahe ki—

k+kh+g / d = p+ph+b / gh

yani premachand ki 1/3 sofiya thaikare ki ¼ amiliya ka smaran dilati hai. ek aur asaphal kathakar ne alochak ka bana dharan karate hue premachand ko ‘ghrina ka pracharak’ kaha tha.

mrityu

aantim dinoan ke ek varsh ko chho dakar (sanh 1934-35 jo muanbee ki filmi duniya mean bita), unaka poora samay varanasi aur lakhanoo mean guzara, jahaan unhoanne anek patr-patrikaoan ka sanpadan kiya aur apana sahity-srijan karate rahe. 8 aktoobar, 1936 ko jalodar rog se unaka dehavasan hua. is tarah vah dip sada ke lie bujh gaya jisane apani jivan ki batti ko kan-kan jalakar bharatiyoan ka path alokit kiya.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• premachand ki jivani (yoo-tyoob vidiyo)
• premachand
• premachand ki jivani
• premachand ki kahaniyaan
• upanyas samrat muanshi premachand
• premachand ka katha-sahityah bhavagat aur bhashik pradey
• prophesar mahavir saran jain ka alekh- premachand ka katha-sahityah bhavagat aur bhashik pradey

sanbandhit lekh

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